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Hu W, Cheng L, Zhao J, Wu Y, Lin Y, Yin J. Purine metabolite inosine induced by transforming growth factor‑β promotes epithelial‑mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2024; 28:416. [PMID: 38988443 PMCID: PMC11234247 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2024.14549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling pathway serves a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the specific molecular mechanisms by which the TGF-β signaling pathway regulates CRC are still not fully understood. In the present study, metabolomics and transcriptomics were used to screen for key metabolites and regulatory genes most related to the regulation of the TGF-β signaling pathway in CRC. Additionally, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, western blotting and Transwell assays were performed to assess the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Metabolomics analysis indicated that TGF-β1 has an impact on purine metabolism, leading to an increase in the purine metabolite inosine. The increase of inosine is essential for facilitating EMT and cell migration in CRC cells. Furthermore, the integrated analysis of metabolomics and transcriptomics data revealed that TGF-β1 induces the expression of laccase domain-containing 1 (LACC1), an enzyme involved in the regulation of inosine. Knockdown of LACC1 resulted in a reduction of TGF-β1-induced alterations in inosine levels, EMT and cell migration in CRC cells. The results of the present study suggest that the TGF-β signaling pathway is involved in the regulation of purine metabolism in CRC through the modulation of LACC1 expression. Furthermore, LACC1 appears to influence EMT and cell migration by elevating the levels of the purine metabolite inosine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Hu
- Department of Healthcare, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Ling Cheng
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhao
- Department of Chest Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Yonghui Wu
- Department of Chest Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Ying Lin
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
| | - Jun Yin
- Department of Chest Surgery, Affiliated Cancer Hospital and Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510095, P.R. China
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He M, Shi J, Wu C, Xu YJ, Liu Y. Integrating Lipidomics, Metabolomics, and Network Pharmacology to Reveal the Mechanism of Cannabidiol against Inflammation in High-Fat, High-Cholesterol Diet-Induced Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:19246-19256. [PMID: 39150414 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c04994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a critical role in the development of numerous diseases. Cannabidiol (CBD), found in hemp, exhibits significant pharmacological activities. Accumulating evidence suggests that CBD has anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular protection effects, but the potential mechanisms require further exploration. In this study, we aimed to reveal the mechanisms of CBD against high-fat, high-cholesterol (HFC) diet-induced inflammation combining metabolomics with network pharmacology. First, plasma lipidomics results indicated that oxidized lipids could serve as potential biomarkers for HFC diet-induced inflammation, and CBD reversed the elevated levels of oxidized lipids. The HFC diet was also found to enhance intestinal permeability, facilitating the entry of lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) into the circulatory system and subsequently increasing systemic inflammation. Additionally, cell metabolomic results indicated that CBD could reverse 10 important differential metabolites in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Using network pharmacology, we identified 49 core targets, and enrichment analysis revealed that arachidonic acid was the most significantly affected by CBD, which was closely associated with inflammation. Further integrated analysis focused on three key targets, including PTGS2, ALOX5, and ALOX15. Molecular docking showed high affinities between key targets and CBD, and qPCR further demonstrated that CBD could reverse the mRNA expression of these key targets in RAW 264.7 cells. Collectively, this finding integrates lipidomics and metabolomics with network pharmacology to elucidate the anti-inflammatory effects of CBD and validates key therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue He
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jiachen Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Cong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yong-Jiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yuanfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Functional Food, National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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3
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Yang Z, Liu H, Wei J, Liu R, Zhang J, Sun M, Shen C, Liu J, Men K, Chen Y, Yang X, Yu P, Chen L, Tang NJ. Bisphenol mixtures, metal mixtures and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Insights from metabolite profiling. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 190:108921. [PMID: 39098088 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about the combined effect of bisphenol mixtures and metal mixtures on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk, and the mediating roles of metabolites. METHODS The study included 606 pairs of T2DM cases and controls matched by age and sex, and information of participants was collected through questionnaires and laboratory tests. Serum bisphenol and plasma metal concentrations were measured using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), respectively. Widely targeted metabolomics was employed to obtain the serum metabolomic profiles. Conditional logistic regression models were used to assess the single associations of bisphenols and metals with T2DM risk after multivariable adjustment. Additionally, the joint effects of bisphenol mixtures and metal mixtures were examined using quantile-based g-computation (QG-C) models. Furthermore, differential metabolites associated with T2DM were identified, and mediation analyses were performed to explore the role of metabolites in the associations of bisphenols and metals with T2DM risk. RESULTS The results showed bisphenol mixtures were associated with an increased T2DM risk, with bisphenol A (BPA) identified as the primary contributor. While the association between metal mixtures and T2DM remained inconclusive, cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) showed the highest weight indices for T2DM risk. A total of 154 differential metabolites were screened between the T2DM cases and controls. Mediation analyses indicated that 9 metabolites mediated the association between BPA and T2DM, while L-valine mediated the association between Zn and T2DM risk. CONCLUSIONS The study indicated that BPA, Co, Fe, and Zn were the primary contributors to increased T2DM risk, and metabolites played a mediating role in the associations of BPA and Zn with the risk of T2DM. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the associations of bisphenols and metals with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition, and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Major Diseases in the Population, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050017, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition, and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Major Diseases in the Population, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Jiemin Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition, and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Major Diseases in the Population, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Ruifang Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition, and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Major Diseases in the Population, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Jingyun Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Meiqing Sun
- Wuqing District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin 301700, China
| | - Changkun Shen
- Wuqing District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin 301700, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Wuqing District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin 301700, China
| | - Kun Men
- Department of Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300202, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300202, China
| | - Xueli Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition, and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Major Diseases in the Population, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Pei Yu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Liming Chen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Hormones and Development, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Metabolic Diseases, Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital & Tianjin Institute of Endocrinology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300134, China
| | - Nai-Jun Tang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition, and Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Center for International Collaborative Research on Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China; Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Major Diseases in the Population, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
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4
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Song P, Peng Z, Guo X. Gut microbial metabolites in cancer therapy. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024:S1043-2760(24)00177-2. [PMID: 39004537 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
The gut microbiota plays a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis and promoting health. A growing number of studies have indicated that gut microbiota can affect cancer development, prognosis, and treatment through their metabolites. By remodeling the tumor microenvironment and regulating tumor immunity, gut microbial metabolites significantly influence the efficacy of anticancer therapies, including chemo-, radio-, and immunotherapy. Several novel therapies that target gut microbial metabolites have shown great promise in cancer models. In this review, we summarize the current research status of gut microbial metabolites in cancer, aiming to provide new directions for future tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panwei Song
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; SXMU-Tsinghua Collaborative Innovation Center for Frontier Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province 030001, China
| | - Zhi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Holistic Integrative Management of Gastrointestinal Cancers, Beijing Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research, Department of Gastrointestinal Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing 100142, China.
| | - Xiaohuan Guo
- Institute for Immunology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Lab for Immunological Research on Chronic Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; SXMU-Tsinghua Collaborative Innovation Center for Frontier Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi Province 030001, China.
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5
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Tenebro CP, Marcial NBJM, Salcepuedes JJ, Torrecampo JC, Hernandez RD, Francisco JAP, Infante KMG, Belardo VJ, Paderes MC, Alvero RGY, Saludes JP, Dalisay DS. Visualization of renal rotenone accumulation after oral administration and in situ detection of kidney injury biomarkers via MALDI mass spectrometry imaging. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1366278. [PMID: 39011141 PMCID: PMC11246995 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1366278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The examination of drug accumulation within complex biological systems offers valuable insights into the molecular aspects of drug metabolism and toxicity. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI MSI) is an innovative methodology that enables the spatial visualization and quantification of biomolecules as well as drug and its metabolites in complex biological system. Hence, this method provides valuable insights into the metabolic profile and any molecular changes that may occur as a result of drug treatment. The renal system is particularly vulnerable to adverse effects of drug-induced harm and toxicity. In this study, MALDI MSI was utilized to examine the spatial distribution of drug and renal metabolites within kidney tissues subsequent to a single oral dosage of the anticancer compound rotenone. The integration of ion mobility spectrometry with MALDI MSI enhanced the data acquisition and analysis, resulting to improved mass resolution. Subsequently, the MS/MS fragment ions of rotenone reference drug were detected and characterized using MALDI HDMS/MS imaging. Notably, drug accumulation was observed in the cortical region of the representative kidney tissue sections treated with rotenone. The histological examination of treated kidney tissues did not reveal any observable changes. Differential ion intensity of renal endogenous metabolites was observed between untreated and rotenone-treated tissues. In the context of treated kidney tissues, the ion intensity level of sphingomyelin (D18:1/16:0), a sphingolipid indicator of glomerular cell injury and renal damage, was found to be elevated significantly compared to untreated kidney tissues. Conversely, the ion intensities of choline, glycero-3-phosphocholine (GPC), inosine, and a lysophosphatidylcholine LysoPC(18:0) exhibited a significant decrease. The results of this study demonstrate the potential of MALDI MSI as a novel technique for investigating the in situ spatial distribution of drugs and renal endogenous molecules while preserving the anatomical integrity of the kidney tissue. This technique can be used to study drug-induced metabolism and toxicity in a dynamic manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuckcris P Tenebro
- Center for Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, University of San Agustin, Iloilo City, Philippines
| | - Neaven Bon Joy M Marcial
- Center for Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, University of San Agustin, Iloilo City, Philippines
| | - Janine J Salcepuedes
- Center for Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, University of San Agustin, Iloilo City, Philippines
| | - Josie C Torrecampo
- Center for Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, University of San Agustin, Iloilo City, Philippines
| | - Rajelle D Hernandez
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | | | | | | | - Monissa C Paderes
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | | | - Jonel P Saludes
- Center for Natural Drug Discovery and Development, University of San Agustin, Iloilo City, Philippines
- Department of Chemistry, University of San Agustin, Iloilo City, Philippines
- Balik Scientist Program, Department of Science and Technology-Philippine Council for Health Research and Development, Taguig City, Philippines
| | - Doralyn S Dalisay
- Center for Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, University of San Agustin, Iloilo City, Philippines
- Balik Scientist Program, Department of Science and Technology-Philippine Council for Health Research and Development, Taguig City, Philippines
- Department of Biology, University of San Agustin, Iloilo City, Philippines
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Dos Santos B, Piermartiri T, Tasca CI. The impact of purine nucleosides on neuroplasticity in the adult brain. Purinergic Signal 2024:10.1007/s11302-024-09988-9. [PMID: 38367178 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-024-09988-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroplasticity refers to the nervous system's ability to adapt and reorganize its cell structures and neuronal networks in response to internal and external stimuli. In adults, this process involves neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and synaptic and neurochemical plasticity. Several studies have reported the significant impact of the purinergic system on neuroplasticity modulation. And, there is considerable evidence supporting the role of purine nucleosides, such as adenosine, inosine, and guanosine, in this process. This review presents extensive research on how these nucleosides enhance the neuroplasticity of the adult central nervous system, particularly in response to damage. The mechanisms through which these nucleosides exert their effects involve complex interactions with various receptors and signaling pathways. Adenosine's influence on neurogenesis involves interactions with adenosine receptors, specifically A1R and A2AR. A1R activation appears to inhibit neuronal differentiation and promote astrogliogenesis, while A2AR activation supports neurogenesis, neuritogenesis, and synaptic plasticity. Inosine and guanosine positively impact cell proliferation, neurogenesis, and neuritogenesis. Inosine seems to modulate extracellular adenosine levels, and guanosine might act through interactions between purinergic and glutamatergic systems. Additionally, the review discusses the potential therapeutic implications of purinergic signaling in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases, emphasizing the importance of these nucleosides in the neuroplasticity of brain function and recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Dos Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Tetsade Piermartiri
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
| | - Carla I Tasca
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
- Programa de Pós-Graduação Em Neurociências, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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7
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Giurini EF, Godla A, Gupta KH. Redefining bioactive small molecules from microbial metabolites as revolutionary anticancer agents. Cancer Gene Ther 2024; 31:187-206. [PMID: 38200347 PMCID: PMC10874892 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-023-00715-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Cancer treatment remains a significant challenge due to issues such as acquired resistance to conventional therapies and the occurrence of adverse treatment-related toxicities. In recent years, researchers have turned their attention to the microbial world in search of novel and effective drugs to combat this devastating disease. Microbial derived secondary metabolites have proven to be a valuable source of biologically active compounds, which exhibit diverse functions and have demonstrated potential as treatments for various human diseases. The exploration of these compounds has provided valuable insights into their mechanisms of action against cancer cells. In-depth studies have been conducted on clinically established microbial metabolites, unraveling their anticancer properties, and shedding light on their therapeutic potential. This review aims to comprehensively examine the anticancer mechanisms of these established microbial metabolites. Additionally, it highlights the emerging therapies derived from these metabolites, offering a glimpse into the immense potential they hold for anticancer drug discovery. Furthermore, this review delves into approved treatments and major drug candidates currently undergoing clinical trials, focusing on specific molecular targets. It also addresses the challenges and issues encountered in the field of anticancer drug research and development. It also presents a comprehensive exposition of the contemporary panorama concerning microbial metabolites serving as a reservoir for anticancer agents, thereby illuminating their auspicious prospects and the prospect of forthcoming strides in the domain of cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileena F Giurini
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Aishvarya Godla
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Kajal H Gupta
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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8
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Sijko-Szpańska M, Kozłowska L. Analysis of Relationships between Metabolic Changes and Selected Nutrient Intake in Women Environmentally Exposed to Arsenic. Metabolites 2024; 14:75. [PMID: 38276310 PMCID: PMC10820439 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14010075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Nutrients involved in the metabolism of inorganic arsenic (iAs) may play a crucial role in mitigating the adverse health effects associated with such exposure. Consequently, the objective of this study was to analyze the association between the intake levels of nutrients involved in iAs metabolism and alterations in the metabolic profile during arsenic exposure. The study cohort comprised environmentally exposed women: WL (lower total urinary arsenic (As), n = 73) and WH (higher As, n = 73). The analysis included urinary untargeted metabolomics (conducted via liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) and the assessment of nutrient intake involved in iAs metabolism, specifically methionine, vitamins B2, B6, and B12, folate, and zinc (based on 3-day dietary records of food and beverages). In the WL group, the intake of all analyzed nutrients exhibited a negative correlation with 5 metabolites (argininosuccinic acid, 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan, 11-trans-LTE4, mevalonic acid, aminoadipic acid), while in the WH group, it correlated with 10 metabolites (5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan, dihyroxy-1H-indole glucuronide I, 11-trans-LTE4, isovalerylglucuronide, 18-oxocortisol, 3-hydroxydecanedioic acid, S-3-oxodecanoyl cysteamine, L-arginine, p-cresol glucuronide, thromboxane B2). Furthermore, nutrient intake demonstrated a positive association with 3 metabolites in the WL group (inosine, deoxyuridine, glutamine) and the WH group (inosine, N-acetyl-L-aspartic acid, tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone). Altering the intake of nutrients involved in iAs metabolism could be a pivotal factor in reducing the negative impact of arsenic exposure on the human body. This study underscores the significance of maintaining adequate nutrient intake, particularly in populations exposed to arsenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Sijko-Szpańska
- Laboratory of Human Metabolism Research, Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lucyna Kozłowska
- Laboratory of Human Metabolism Research, Department of Dietetics, Institute of Human Nutrition Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02776 Warsaw, Poland
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9
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Pfeifer A, Mikhael M, Niemann B. Inosine: novel activator of brown adipose tissue and energy homeostasis. Trends Cell Biol 2024; 34:72-82. [PMID: 37188562 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular purinergic molecules act as signaling molecules that bind to cellular receptors and regulate signaling pathways. Growing evidence suggests that purines regulate adipocyte function and whole-body metabolism. Here, we focus on one specific purine: inosine. Brown adipocytes, which are important regulators of whole-body energy expenditure (EE), release inosine when they are stressed or become apoptotic. Unexpectedly, inosine activates EE in neighboring brown adipocytes and enhances differentiation of brown preadipocytes. Increasing extracellular inosine, either directly by increasing inosine intake or indirectly via pharmacological inhibition of cellular inosine transporters, increases whole-body EE and counteracts obesity. Thus, inosine and other closely related purines might be a novel approach to tackle obesity and associated metabolic disorders by enhancing EE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pfeifer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Mickel Mikhael
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Birte Niemann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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10
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Gutierrez MJ, Nino G, Restrepo-Gualteros S, Mondell E, Chorvinsky E, Bhattacharya S, Bera BS, Welham A, Hong X, Wang X. Purine degradation pathway metabolites at birth and the risk of lower respiratory tract infections in infancy. ERJ Open Res 2024; 10:00693-2023. [PMID: 38410704 PMCID: PMC10895431 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00693-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are the leading cause of infant morbidity and mortality worldwide, and altered metabolite production is recognised as a critical factor in LRTI pathogenesis. Methods This study aimed to identify prenatal metabolic changes associated with LRTI risk in infancy, using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry unbiased metabolomics analysis on cord blood from 810 full-term newborns. Results We identified 22 compounds linked to LRTIs in infancy, enriched for purine degradation pathway (PDP) metabolites. High cord blood PDP metabolites, including xanthine, hypoxanthine, xanthosine and inosine, were linked to reduced LRTI risk during infancy. Notably, a low xanthine to uric acid ratio at birth predicted a four-fold increased LRTI risk. Conclusion This study is the first to reveal that high cord blood PDP metabolites identify newborns at lower LRTI risk, stratifying disease risk at birth. Moreover, our results prompt further study on PDP enzymes as pharmacological targets to decrease LRTI morbidity and mortality for at-risk newborns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Gutierrez
- Division of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Gustavo Nino
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Hospital, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Sonia Restrepo-Gualteros
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonology, Fundación Hospital Pediátrico La Misericordia (HOMI), Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ethan Mondell
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth Chorvinsky
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Surajit Bhattacharya
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bethlehem Solomon Bera
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Allison Welham
- Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's Research Institute, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Xiumei Hong
- Center on the Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiaobin Wang
- Center on the Early Life Origins of Disease, Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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11
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Vignon M, Bastide A, Attina A, David A, Bousquet P, Orti V, Vialaret J, Lehmann S, Periere DD, Hirtz C. Multiplexed LC-MS/MS quantification of salivary RNA modifications in periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2023; 58:959-967. [PMID: 37349891 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyse the salivary epitranscriptomic profiles as periodontitis biomarkers using multiplexed mass spectrometry (MS). BACKGROUND The field of epitranscriptomics, which relates to RNA chemical modifications, opens new perspectives in the discovery of diagnostic biomarkers, especially in periodontitis. Recently, the modified ribonucleoside N6-methyladenosine (m6A) was revealed as a crucial player in the etiopathogenesis of periodontitis. However, no epitranscriptomic biomarker has been identified in saliva to date. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-four saliva samples were collected from periodontitis patients (n = 16) and from control subjects (n = 8). Periodontitis patients were stratified according to stage and grade. Salivary nucleosides were directly extracted and, in parallel, salivary RNA was digested into its constituent nucleosides. Nucleoside samples were then quantified by multiplexed MS. RESULTS Twenty-seven free nucleosides were detected and an overlapping set of 12 nucleotides were detected in digested RNA. Among the free nucleosides, cytidine and three other modified nucleosides (inosine, queuosine and m6Am) were significantly altered in periodontitis patients. In digested RNA, only uridine was significantly higher in periodontitis patients. Importantly there was no correlation between free salivary nucleoside levels and the levels of those same nucleotides in digested salivary RNA, except for cytidine, m5C and uridine. This statement implies that the two detection methods are complementary. CONCLUSION The high specificity and sensitivity of MS allowed the detection and quantification of multiple nucleosides from RNA and free nucleosides in saliva. Some ribonucleosides appear to be promising biomarkers of periodontitis. Our analytic pipeline opens new perspectives for diagnostic periodontitis biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Vignon
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Faculty, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- INM, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- LBPC-PPC, University of Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, INM INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Aurore Attina
- LBPC-PPC, University of Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, INM INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Philippe Bousquet
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Faculty, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Valérie Orti
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Faculty, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jérôme Vialaret
- INM, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- LBPC-PPC, University of Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, INM INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Lehmann
- INM, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- LBPC-PPC, University of Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, INM INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Christophe Hirtz
- INM, University of Montpellier, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- LBPC-PPC, University of Montpellier, CHU Montpellier, INM INSERM, Montpellier, France
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12
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Artymowicz M, Struck-Lewicka W, Wiczling P, Markuszewski M, Markuszewski MJ, Siluk D. Targeted quantitative metabolomics with a linear mixed-effect model for analysis of urinary nucleosides and deoxynucleosides from bladder cancer patients before and after tumor resection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:5511-5528. [PMID: 37460824 PMCID: PMC10444683 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04826-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we developed and validated a fast, simple, and sensitive quantitative method for the simultaneous determination of eleven nucleosides and deoxynucleosides from urine samples. The analyses were performed with the use of liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. The sample pretreatment procedure was limited to centrifugation, vortex mixing of urine samples with a methanol/water solution (1:1, v/v), evaporation and dissolution steps. The analysis lasted 20 min and was performed in dynamic multiple reaction monitoring mode (dMRM) in positive polarity. Process validation was conducted to determine the linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of quantification, stability, recovery and matrix effect. All validation procedures were carried out in accordance with current FDA and EMA regulations. The validated method was applied for the analysis of 133 urine samples derived from bladder cancer patients before tumor resection and 24 h, 2 weeks, and 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after the surgery. The obtained data sets were analyzed using a linear mixed-effect model. The analysis revealed that concentration level of 2-methylthioadenosine was decreased, while for inosine, it was increased 24 h after tumor resection in comparison to the preoperative state. The presented quantitative longitudinal study of urine nucleosides and deoxynucleosides before and up to 12 months after bladder tumor resection brings additional prospective insight into the metabolite excretion pattern in bladder cancer disease. Moreover, incurred sample reanalysis was performed proving the robustness and repeatability of the developed targeted method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Artymowicz
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Aleja Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Struck-Lewicka
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Aleja Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paweł Wiczling
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Aleja Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marcin Markuszewski
- Department of Urology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Michał J Markuszewski
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Aleja Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Danuta Siluk
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Gdańsk, Aleja Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416, Gdańsk, Poland.
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13
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Li MX, Wu XT, Jing WQ, Hou WK, Hu S, Yan W. Inosine enhances tumor mitochondrial respiration by inducing Rag GTPases and nascent protein synthesis under nutrient starvation. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:492. [PMID: 37532694 PMCID: PMC10397262 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic heterogeneity of tumor microenvironment (TME) is a hallmark of cancer and a big barrier to cancer treatment. Cancer cells display diverse capacities to utilize alternative carbon sources, including nucleotides, under poor nutrient circumstances. However, whether and how purine, especially inosine, regulates mitochondrial metabolism to buffer nutrient starvation has not been well-defined yet. Here, we identify the induction of 5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic II (NT5C2) gene expression promotes inosine accumulation and maintains cancer cell survival in the nutrient-poor region. Inosine elevation further induces Rag GTPases abundance and mTORC1 signaling pathway by enhancing transcription factor SP1 level in the starved tumor. Besides, inosine supplementary stimulates the synthesis of nascent TCA cycle enzymes, including citrate synthesis (CS) and aconitase 1 (ACO1), to further enhance oxidative phosphorylation of breast cancer cells under glucose starvation, leading to the accumulation of iso-citric acid. Inhibition of the CS activity or knockdown of ACO1 blocks the rescue effect of inosine on cancer survival under starvation. Collectively, our finding highlights the vital signal role of inosine linking mitochondrial respiration and buffering starvation, beyond serving as direct energy carriers or building blocks for genetic code in TME, shedding light on future cancer treatment by targeting inosine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Xin Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Wen-Qiang Jing
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Wen-Kui Hou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Sheng Hu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China.
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14
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He D, Hu S, Huang Z, Mo C, Cheng X, Song P, Li Y, Song T, Guan Z, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Liao M. Metabolomics analyses of serum metabolites perturbations associated with Naja atra bite. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011507. [PMID: 37639406 PMCID: PMC10461852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Naja atra bite is one of the most common severe snakebites in emergency departments. Unfortunately, the pathophysiological changes caused by Naja atra bite are unclear due to the lack of good animal models. In this study, an animal model of Naja atra bite in Guangxi Bama miniature pigs was established by intramuscular injection at 2 mg/kg of Naja atra venom, and serum metabolites were systematically analyzed using untargeted metabolomic and targeted metabolomic approaches. Untargeted metabolomic analysis revealed that 5045 chromatographic peaks were obtained in ESI+ and 3871 chromatographic peaks were obtained in ESI-. Screening in ESI+ modes and ESI- modes identified 22 and 36 differential metabolites compared to controls. The presence of 8 core metabolites of glutamine, arginine, proline, leucine, phenylalanine, inosine, thymidine and hippuric acid in the process of Naja atra bite was verified by targeted metabolomics significant difference (P<0.05). At the same time, during the verification process of the serum clinical samples with Naja atra bite, we found that the contents of three metabolites of proline, phenylalanine and inosine in the serum of the patients were significantly different from those of the normal human serum (P<0.05). By conducting functional analysis of core and metabolic pathway analysis, we revealed a potential correlation between changes in key metabolites after the Naja atra bite and the resulting pathophysiological alterations, and our research aims to establish a theoretical foundation for the prompt diagnosis and treatment of Naja atra bite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongling He
- Life Science Institute Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, PR China
| | - Shaocong Hu
- Life Science Institute Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, PR China
| | - Zhi Huang
- Life Science Institute Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, PR China
| | - Caifeng Mo
- Life Science Institute Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, PR China
| | - Xiaoyang Cheng
- Life Science Institute Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, PR China
| | - Pengshu Song
- Life Science Institute Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, PR China
| | - Yalan Li
- Life Science Institute Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, PR China
| | - Tianlin Song
- Life Science Institute Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, PR China
| | - Zhezhe Guan
- Life Science Institute Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, PR China
| | - Yi Zhou
- Life Science Institute Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, PR China
| | - Xuerong Zhang
- Life Science Institute Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, PR China
| | - Ming Liao
- Life Science Institute Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, PR China
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15
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Alba C, Castejón D, Remiro V, Rodríguez JM, Sobrino OJ, de María J, Fumanal P, Fumanal A, Cambero MI. Ligilactobacillus salivarius MP100 as an Alternative to Metaphylactic Antimicrobials in Swine: The Impact on Production Parameters and Meat Composition. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101653. [PMID: 37238083 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The metaphylactic use of antimicrobials in swine farms contributes to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which constitutes a major challenge for public health. Alternative strategies are required to eradicate their routine use. In a previous study, metaphylactic antimicrobials were replaced by the administration of Ligilactobacillus salivarius MP100 to sows and piglets for two years. This practice positively modified the fecal microbiota and metabolic profiles in the farm. In this work, the farm dataset was used to compare the productivity-related parameters between a 2-year period of routine metaphylactic antibiotherapy and the first 2 years of a replacement with the probiotic strain. The probiotic period improved these productivity-related parameters, from litter size to growth performance. In addition, samples of Longissimus lumborum, including skin and subcutaneous fat, were obtained from the animals ingesting the probiotic strain and controls (metaphylactic antibiotherapy) and analyzed for their pH, water holding capacity, composition, and metabolic profiling. The probiotic intake did not negatively affect the meat composition and was associated with an increase in inosine concentration and a slight tendency for increasing the intramuscular fat content. These factors are considered as biomarkers of meat quality. In conclusion, the substitution of metaphylactic antimicrobials with the administration of the probiotic strain was associated with beneficial productivity and meat quality outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Alba
- Department Nutrition and Food Science, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Castejón
- ICTS Bioimagen Complutense (BIOIMAC), Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Pº de Juan XXIII 1, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Remiro
- Department Galenic Pharmacy and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan M Rodríguez
- Department Nutrition and Food Science, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Odón J Sobrino
- Scientific Society of Veterinary Public and Community Health (SOCIVESC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - M Isabel Cambero
- Department Galenic Pharmacy and Food Technology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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