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Wang L, Hong W, Zhu H, He Q, Yang B, Wang J, Weng Q. Macrophage senescence in health and diseases. Acta Pharm Sin B 2024; 14:1508-1524. [PMID: 38572110 PMCID: PMC10985037 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2024.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophage senescence, manifested by the special form of durable cell cycle arrest and chronic low-grade inflammation like senescence-associated secretory phenotype, has long been considered harmful. Persistent senescence of macrophages may lead to maladaptation, immune dysfunction, and finally the development of age-related diseases, infections, autoimmune diseases, and malignancies. However, it is a ubiquitous, multi-factorial, and dynamic complex phenomenon that also plays roles in remodeled processes, including wound repair and embryogenesis. In this review, we summarize some general molecular changes and several specific biomarkers during macrophage senescence, which may bring new sight to recognize senescent macrophages in different conditions. Also, we take an in-depth look at the functional changes in senescent macrophages, including metabolism, autophagy, polarization, phagocytosis, antigen presentation, and infiltration or recruitment. Furthermore, some degenerations and diseases associated with senescent macrophages as well as the mechanisms or relevant genetic regulations of senescent macrophages are integrated, not only emphasizing the possibility of regulating macrophage senescence to benefit age-associated diseases but also has an implication on the finding of potential targets or drugs clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longling Wang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Nanhu Brain-Computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou 311100, China
| | - Wenxiang Hong
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hong Zhu
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qiaojun He
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Nanhu Brain-Computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou 311100, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Nanhu Brain-Computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou 311100, China
- Taizhou Institute of Zhejiang University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Qinjie Weng
- Center for Drug Safety Evaluation and Research, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Nanhu Brain-Computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou 311100, China
- Taizhou Institute of Zhejiang University, Taizhou 318000, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
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Zheng Y, Shao M, Zheng Y, Sun W, Qin S, Sun Z, Zhu L, Guan Y, Wang Q, Wang Y, Li L. PPARs in atherosclerosis: The spatial and temporal features from mechanism to druggable targets. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00120-6. [PMID: 38555000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is a chronic and complex disease caused by lipid disorder, inflammation, and other factors. It is closely related to cardiovascular diseases, the chief cause of death globally. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are valuable anti-atherosclerosis targets that showcase multiple roles at different pathological stages of atherosclerosis and for cell types at different tissue sites. AIM OF REVIEW Considering the spatial and temporal characteristics of the pathological evolution of atherosclerosis, the roles and pharmacological and clinical studies of PPARs were summarized systematically and updated under different pathological stages and in different vascular cells of atherosclerosis. Moreover, selective PPAR modulators and PPAR-pan agonists can exert their synergistic effects meanwhile reducing the side effects, thereby providing novel insight into future drug development for precise spatial-temporal therapeutic strategy of anti-atherosclerosis targeting PPARs. KEY SCIENTIFIC Concepts of Review: Based on the spatial and temporal characteristics of atherosclerosis, we have proposed the importance of stage- and cell type-dependent precision therapy. Initially, PPARs improve endothelial cells' dysfunction by inhibiting inflammation and oxidative stress and then regulate macrophages' lipid metabolism and polarization to improve fatty streak. Finally, PPARs reduce fibrous cap formation by suppressing the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Therefore, research on the cell type-specific mechanisms of PPARs can provide the foundation for space-time drug treatment. Moreover, pharmacological studies have demonstrated that several drugs or compounds can exert their effects by the activation of PPARs. Selective PPAR modulators (that specifically activate gene subsets of PPARs) can exert tissue and cell-specific effects. Furthermore, the dual- or pan-PPAR agonist could perform a better role in balancing efficacy and side effects. Therefore, research on cells/tissue-specific activation of PPARs and PPAR-pan agonists can provide the basis for precision therapy and drug development of PPARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Mingyan Shao
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanfei Zheng
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenlong Sun
- Institute of Biomedical Research, School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Si Qin
- Lab of Food Function and Nutrigenomics, College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Ziwei Sun
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Linghui Zhu
- Institute of Basic Theory for Chinese Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Yuanyuan Guan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qi Wang
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Yong Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; First School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Lingru Li
- National Institute of TCM Constitution and Preventive Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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Song Y, Zhang Q, Ban R, Zhao X, Sun H, Lin J, Guo T, Wang T, Xia K, Xin Z, Zhang G, Jia X, Xia Z. Single-nucleus RNA sequencing reveals that macrophages and smooth muscle cells promote carotid atherosclerosis progression through mitochondrial autophagy. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37171. [PMID: 38363908 PMCID: PMC10869093 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Carotid atherosclerotic plaques are the manifestation of atherosclerosis in the carotid arteries and can significantly increase the incidence of cerebrovascular disease. Macrophages and smooth muscle cells are crucial for their development. To reveal the mechanism of carotid atherosclerotic plaque formation, we performed single-nucleus RNA sequencing of the carotid plaque tissue and identified 11 cell types, and the macrophages were divided into 5 different macrophage subpopulations. The macrophages and smooth muscle cells in the patients with symptomatic carotid atherosclerotic plaques caused intraplaque cell death via the mitochondrial autophagic pathway, resulting in plaque instability and rupture, which in turn led to clinical cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. The findings provide new insights into carotid atherosclerosis formation, and this may provide new directions for the prevention and treatment of carotid atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamin Song
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, PR China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Medicine Research, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, PR China
| | - Ru Ban
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital and Liaocheng Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Liaocheng, PR China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital and Liaocheng Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Liaocheng, PR China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital and Liaocheng Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Liaocheng, PR China
| | - Jie Lin
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Medicine Research, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, PR China
| | - Tingting Guo
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Liaocheng, PR China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Liaocheng Third People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, PR China
| | - Kai Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second People’s Hospital of Liaocheng, Linqing, PR China
| | - Zhenxue Xin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second People’s Hospital of Liaocheng, Linqing, PR China
| | - Guifeng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital and Liaocheng Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Liaocheng, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Jia
- Joint Laboratory for Translational Medicine Research, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, PR China
| | - Zhangyong Xia
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
- Department of Neurology, Liaocheng People’s Hospital and Liaocheng Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Liaocheng, PR China
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Zhou X, Zhang C, Yang S, Yang L, Luo W, Zhang W, Zhang X, Chao J. Macrophage-derived MMP12 promotes fibrosis through sustained damage to endothelial cells. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132733. [PMID: 37816293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are essential for the maintenance of endothelial cell function. However, the potential impact and mechanisms of crosstalk between macrophages and endothelial cells during silicosis progression remain unexplored. To fill this knowledge gap, a mouse model of silicosis was established. Single cell sequencing, spatial transcriptome sequencing, western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, tube-forming and wound healing assays were used to explore the effects of silicon dioxide on macrophage-endothelial interactions. To investigate the mechanism of macrophage-mediated fibrosis, MMP12 was specifically inactivated using siRNA and pharmacological approaches, and macrophages were depleted using disodium chlorophosphite liposomes. Compared to the normal saline group, the silica dust group showed altered macrophage-endothelial interactions. Matrix metalloproteinase family member MMP12 was identified as a key mediator of the altered function of macrophage-endothelial interactions after silica exposure, which was accompanied by pro-inflammatory macrophage activation and fibrotic progression. By using ablation strategies, macrophage-derived MMP12 was shown to mediate endothelial cell dysfunction by accumulating on the extracellular matrix. During the inflammatory phase of silicosis, MMP12 secreted by pro-inflammatory macrophages caused decreased endothelial cell viability, reduced migration, decreased trans-endothelial resistance and increased permeability; while during the fibrotic phase, macrophage-derived MMP12 sustained endothelial cell injury through accumulation on the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinbei Zhou
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Shaoqi Yang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Liliang Yang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China
| | - Jie Chao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, China; School of Medicine, Xizang Minzu University, Xianyang, Shanxi, 712082, China.
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5
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Zhang Y, Shui J, Wang L, Wang F. Serum proteomics identifies S100A11 and MMP9 as novel biomarkers for predicting the early efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy in allergic rhinitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110857. [PMID: 37647677 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a chronic inflammatory disorder, and sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) is an important therapy. However, SLIT exhibits a wide range of fluctuations and lacks objective monitoring indicators. Therefore, exploring biomarkers for early prediction of the efficacy of SLIT is urgently needed. METHODS We recruited two independent cohorts. In the discovery cohort, house dust mite (HDM) -induced AR patients underwent SLIT for at least 1 year, and were categorized into response and no response groups based on early efficacy. Serum proteomics was conducted to detect variations in protein expression levels between the two groups. The candidate proteins were confirmed in the validation cohort with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and their predictive values and levels of change before and after treatment were evaluated. RESULTS Serum proteomics identified a total of 113 differential proteins between the two groups, including 41 proteins upregulated and 72 downregulated in the no response group than the response group. The top 5 up- and down-regulated proteins were selected for further validation, and ELISA results revealed that serum CCL14, LTA4H, S100A11 and MMP9 levels were significantly elevated, and TGFBI and MASP1 were decreased in the response group than those in the no response group(P < 0.05). Moreover, receiver operating characteristic curves revealed that serum S100A11 and MMP9 exhibited greater ability in predicting the early effectiveness of SLIT (AUC > 0.7, P < 0.05). Furthermore, these two biomarkers exhibited significant reductions 1 year after SLIT, particularly in those patients who responded positively to the treatment (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Serum S100A11 and MMP9 have the potential to serve as biomarkers for early prediction of the effectiveness of SLIT and monitoring the therapeutic effects. The circulating proteomic alterations might contribute to guiding treatment and understanding the mechanism of SLIT in AR patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongquan Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Shui
- Clinical Laboratory, Changsha Central Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- Health Management Center, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengjun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Diseases, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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Yang Y, Karampoor S, Mirzaei R, Borozdkin L, Zhu P. The interplay between microbial metabolites and macrophages in cardiovascular diseases: A comprehensive review. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110546. [PMID: 37364331 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome has emerged as a crucial player in developing and progressing cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Recent studies have highlighted the role of microbial metabolites in modulating immune cell function and their impact on CVD. Macrophages, which have a significant function in the pathogenesis of CVD, are very vulnerable to the effects of microbial metabolites. Microbial metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), have been linked to atherosclerosis and the regulation of immune functions. Butyrate has been demonstrated to reduce monocyte migration and inhibit monocyte attachment to injured endothelial cells, potentially contributing to the attenuation of the inflammatory response and the progression of atherosclerosis. On the other hand, TMAO, another compound generated by gut bacteria, has been linked to atherosclerosis due to its impact on lipid metabolism and the accumulation of cholesterol in macrophages. Indole-3-propionic acid, a tryptophan metabolite produced solely by microbes, has been found to promote the development of atherosclerosis by stimulating macrophage reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) and raising the expression of ABCA1. This review comprehensively discusses how various microbiota-produced metabolites affect macrophage polarization, inflammation, and foam cell formation in CVD. We also highlight the mechanisms underlying these effects and the potential therapeutic applications of targeting microbial metabolites in treating CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzheng Yang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sajad Karampoor
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasoul Mirzaei
- Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Lab, Medical Biotechnology Department, Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leonid Borozdkin
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.
| | - Ping Zhu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510100, China.
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Amer HT, Stein U, El Tayebi HM. The Monocyte, a Maestro in the Tumor Microenvironment (TME) of Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14215460. [PMID: 36358879 PMCID: PMC9658645 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers worldwide, surpassing lung cancer as the leading cause of overall cancer incidence. Available possible treatments nowadays include chemotherapy, hormonal therapy, and HER2-targeted therapy. Chemotherapy is notorious for its severe adverse effects. On the other hand, hormonal and HER2-targeted therapies only cover a narrow range of breast cancer subtypes. Accordingly, it is important to shed light on other therapy options. For this reason, immunotherapy nowadays is one of the most important research topics. It can be accomplished either by enhancing the pro-inflammatory immunity or suppressing the anti-inflammatory immunity. This review article aims to shed light on the importance of monocytes in the TME of breast cancer. The review also aims to highlight the behavior of the monocyte-derived populations, especially the anti-inflammatory populations. Thus, suppressing this anti-inflammatory activity might have a remarkable impact on future immunotherapy research. Abstract Breast cancer (BC) is well-known for being a leading cause of death worldwide. It is classified molecularly into luminal A, luminal B HER2−, luminal B HER2+, HER2+, and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). These subtypes differ in their prognosis; thus, understanding the tumor microenvironment (TME) makes new treatment strategies possible. The TME contains populations that exhibit anti-tumorigenic actions such as tumor-associated eosinophils. Moreover, it contains pro-tumorigenic populations such as tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), or monocyte-derived populations. The monocyte-derived populations are tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and MDSCs. Thus, a monocyte can be considered a maestro within the TME. Moreover, the expansion of monocytes in the TME depends on many factors such as the BC stage, the presence of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), and the presence of some chemoattractants. After expansion, monocytes can differentiate into pro-inflammatory populations such as M1 macrophages or anti-inflammatory populations such as M2 macrophages according to the nature of cytokines present in the TME. Differentiation to TAMs depends on various factors such as the BC subtype, the presence of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and epigenetic factors. Furthermore, TAMs and MDSCs not only have a role in tumor progression but also are key players in metastasis. Thus, understanding the monocytes further can introduce new target therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda T. Amer
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11865, Egypt
| | - Ulrike Stein
- Translational Oncology of Solid Tumors, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité—Universitäsmedizin Berlin and Max-Delbrük-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hend M. El Tayebi
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11865, Egypt
- Correspondence:
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Novel Inflammasome-Based Risk Score for Predicting Survival and Efficacy to Immunotherapy in Early-Stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10071539. [PMID: 35884843 PMCID: PMC9313462 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have been approved to improve outcomes and reduce recurrence. Biomarkers for patient selection are needed. In this paper, we proposed an inflammasome-based risk score (IRS) system for prognosis and prediction of ICI response for early-stage NSCLC. Cox regression analysis was used to identify significant genes (from 141 core inflammasome genes) for overall survival (OS) in a microarray discovery cohort (n = 467). IRS was established and independently validated by other datasets (n = 1320). We evaluated the inflammasome signaling steps based on five gene sets, which were IL1B-, CASP-1-, IL18-, GSDMD-, and inflammasome-regulated genes. Gene set enrichment analysis, the Kaplan–Meier curve, receiver operator characteristic with area under curve (AUC) analysis, and advanced bioinformatic tools were used to confirm the ability of IRS in prognosis and classification of patients into ICI responders and non-responders. A 30-gene IRS was developed, and it indicated good risk stratification at 10-year OS (AUC = 0.726). Patients were stratified into high- and low-risk groups based on optimal cutoff points, and high-risk IRS had significantly poorer OS and relapse-free survival. In addition, the high-risk group was characterized by an inflamed immunophenotype and higher proportion of ICI responders. Furthermore, expression of SLAMF8 was the key gene in IRS and indicated good correlation with biomarkers associated with immunotherapy. It could serve as a therapeutic target in the clinical setting of immunotherapy.
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Circulating MMP-12 as Potential Biomarker in Evaluating Disease Severity and Efficacy of Sublingual Immunotherapy in Allergic Rhinitis. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:3378035. [PMID: 35733520 PMCID: PMC9207019 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3378035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a highly heterogeneous disease, and allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) is an effective treatment. This study aims to evaluate the circulating mas-related G protein-coupled receptor-X2 (MRGPRX2) and matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12) levels in evaluating disease severity and predicting efficacy of SLIT in AR patients. Methods We enrolled 110 moderate-severe persist AR patients (AR group) and 40 healthy controls (HC group). Circulating levels of MRGPRX2 and MMP-12 were measured, and their associations with disease severity were evaluated. All AR patients were assigned to receive sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), and the efficacy was evaluated, and serum samples were collected at 1 year and 3 years after treatment. The correlations between serum MRGPRX2 and MMP-12 and clinical efficacy were assessed. Results The serum concentrations of MRGPRX2 and MMP-12 were significantly higher in the AR group than the HC group, and the elevated MMP-12 levels were correlated with VAS and TNSS, and serum MRGPRX2 levels were correlated with VAS. Finally, 100 and 80 patients completed 1-year and 3-year follow-up and were classified into effective and ineffective groups. Serum MRGPRX2 and MMP-12 levels were lower in the effective group than the ineffective group. Although serum MRGPRX2 and MMP-12 levels did not significantly change after 1 year SLIT, serum MMP-12 levels were decreased 3 years post-SLIT than baseline and 1 year post-SLIT levels. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) showed that serum MMP-12 was a potential biomarker for predicting the efficacy of SLIT. Conclusion Serum MRGPRX2 and MMP-12 appeared to be promising biological indicators in reflecting disease severity in AR patients. Moreover, circulating MMP-12 might serve as a reliable predictor for clinical responsiveness of SLIT.
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Cellular Carcinogenesis: Role of Polarized Macrophages in Cancer Initiation. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14112811. [PMID: 35681791 PMCID: PMC9179569 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14112811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Inflammation is a hallmark of many cancers. Macrophages are key participants in innate immunity and important drivers of inflammation. When chronically polarized beyond normal homeostatic responses to infection, injury, or aging, macrophages can express several pro-carcinogenic phenotypes. In this review, evidence supporting polarized macrophages as endogenous sources of carcinogenesis is discussed. In addition, the depletion or modulation of macrophages by small molecule inhibitors and probiotics are reviewed as emerging strategies in cancer prevention. Abstract Inflammation is an essential hallmark of cancer. Macrophages are key innate immune effector cells in chronic inflammation, parainflammation, and inflammaging. Parainflammation is a form of subclinical inflammation associated with a persistent DNA damage response. Inflammaging represents low-grade inflammation due to the dysregulation of innate and adaptive immune responses that occur with aging. Whether induced by infection, injury, or aging, immune dysregulation and chronic macrophage polarization contributes to cancer initiation through the production of proinflammatory chemokines/cytokines and genotoxins and by modulating immune surveillance. This review presents pre-clinical and clinical evidence for polarized macrophages as endogenous cellular carcinogens in the context of chronic inflammation, parainflammation, and inflammaging. Emerging strategies for cancer prevention, including small molecule inhibitors and probiotic approaches, that target macrophage function and phenotype are also discussed.
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11
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Ma Y, Xiao F, Lu C, Wen L. Multifunctional Nanosystems Powered Photodynamic Immunotherapy. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:905078. [PMID: 35645842 PMCID: PMC9130658 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.905078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) with the intrinsic advantages including non-invasiveness, spatiotemporal selectivity, low side-effects, and immune activation ability has been clinically approved for the treatment of head and neck cancer, esophageal cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Nevertheless, the PDT is only a strategy for local control of primary tumor, that it is hard to remove the residual tumor cells and inhibit the tumor metastasis. Recently, various smart nanomedicine-based strategies are developed to overcome the barriers of traditional PDT including the drawbacks of traditional photosensitizers, limited tissue penetrability of light, inefficient induction of tumor cell death and tumor resistance to the therapy. More notably, a growing number of studies have focused on improving the therapeutic efficiency by eliciting host immune system with versatile nanoplatforms, which heralds a broader clinical application prospect of PDT in the future. Herein, the pathways of PDT induced-tumor destruction, especially the host immune response is summarized, and focusing on the recent progress of nanosystems-enhanced PDT through eliciting innate immunity and adaptive immunity. We expect it will provide some insights for conquering the drawbacks current PDT and expand the range of clinical application through this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunong Ma
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated With Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Fengfeng Xiao
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated With Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
| | - Cuixia Lu
- Medical College, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- *Correspondence: Cuixia Lu, ; Liewei Wen,
| | - Liewei Wen
- Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People’s Hospital (Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated With Jinan University), Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
- *Correspondence: Cuixia Lu, ; Liewei Wen,
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12
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Barywani SB, Östgärd Thunström E, Mandalenakis Z, Hansson PO. Body iron stores had no impact on coronary heart disease outcomes: a middle-aged male cohort from the general population with 21-year follow-up. Open Heart 2022; 9:openhrt-2021-001928. [PMID: 35410912 PMCID: PMC9003602 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2021-001928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundBody iron stores (BISs) have been proposed to be related to the development of cardiovascular diseases. However, results from epidemiological studies are conflicting. Knowledge on the long-term impact of BIS on cardiovascular outcomes in the general population is lacking.PurposeThe aim of this study was to explore the relationship between BIS and coronary heart disease (CHD) including death due to CHD.MethodsThis investigation is part of ‘The Study of Men Born in 1943’, a longitudinal prospective study of men living in the city of Gothenburg, Sweden. This random population sample was examined in 1993 (all at 50 years of age at baseline). A medical examination was performed, and questionnaires were used to evaluate lifestyle factors. Biomarkers for iron stores (serum ferritin and serum transferrin receptor) was analysed from frozen blood samples in 2014. All hospital admissions were registered through national registers during the entire follow-up from 1993 to 2014. HRs were estimated by Cox proportional-hazard regression analyses.ResultsDuring the 21 years follow-up period, 120 participants (15.2%) developed CHD and 16 patients (2%) died due to CHD. The all-cause mortality was 15.2% (n=120) including 40 cardiovascular deaths (5.1%). In a multivariable Cox regression analysis, the daily smoking, hypertension and the increased resting heart rate was independent predictors of CHD, while no significant association was found between BIS and risk of CHD.ConclusionsIn a cohort of middle-aged men from the general population with well validated and prospectively collected data, we did not find any association between serum ferritin or serum transferrin receptor as markers of BIS and CHD events after 21 years of follow-up.Trail registration numberNCT03138122.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Bary Barywani
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Medicine, Gothemburg, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Geriatrics and Emergency Medicine/Östra, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region VästraGötaland, Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Östgärd Thunström
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Medicine, Gothemburg, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Geriatrics and Emergency Medicine/Östra, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region VästraGötaland, Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zacharias Mandalenakis
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Medicine, Gothemburg, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Geriatrics and Emergency Medicine/Östra, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region VästraGötaland, Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per-Olof Hansson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Medicine, Gothemburg, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Geriatrics and Emergency Medicine/Östra, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Region VästraGötaland, Medicine, Gothenburg, Sweden
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13
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Flow Cytometry and Mass Cytometry for Measuring the Immune Cell Infiltrate in Atherosclerotic Arteries. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2419:779-800. [PMID: 35238001 PMCID: PMC10155218 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1924-7_47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is characterized by the abundant infiltration of immune cells starting at early stages and progressing to late stages of the disease. The study and characterization of immune cells infiltrating and residing in the aorta has being tackled by several methodologies such as flow cytometry and mass cytometry (CyTOF). Flow cytometry has been primarily used to address the aortic leukocyte composition; however, only a limited number of markers can be analyzed simultaneously. CyTOF started to overcome these limitations by employing rare element-tagged antibodies and combines mass spectrometry with the ease and precision of flow cytometry. CyTOF currently allows for the simultaneous measurement of more than 40 cellular parameters at single-cell resolution.In this chapter, we describe the methodology used to isolate single immune cells from mouse aortas, followed by protocols for flow cytometry and CyTOF for aortic immune cell characterization.
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14
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Sauter M, Sauter RJ, Nording H, Lin C, Olbrich M, Autenrieth S, Gleissner C, Thunemann M, Otero N, Lutgens E, Aherrahrou Z, Wolf D, Zender L, Meuth S, Feil R, Langer HF. Apolipoprotein E derived from CD11c + cells ameliorates atherosclerosis. iScience 2022; 25:103677. [PMID: 35036868 PMCID: PMC8749187 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is studied in models with dysfunctional lipid homeostasis—predominantly the ApoE−/− mouse. The role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for lipid homeostasis is not clear. Using a LacZ reporter mouse, we showed that CD11c+ cells were enriched in aortae of ApoE−/− mice. Systemic long-term depletion of CD11c+ cells in ApoE−/− mice resulted in significantly increased plaque formation associated with reduced serum ApoE levels. In CD11ccre+ApoEfl/fl and Albumincre+ApoEfl/fl mice, we could show that ≈70% of ApoE is liver-derived and ≈25% originates from CD11c+ cells associated with significantly increased atherosclerotic plaque burden in both strains. Exposure to acLDL promoted cholesterol efflux from CD11c+ cells and cell-specific deletion of ApoE resulted in increased inflammation reflected by increased IL-1β serum levels. Our results determined for the first time the level of ApoE originating from CD11c+ cells and demonstrated that CD11c+ cells ameliorate atherosclerosis by the secretion of ApoE. CD11c+ cells are enriched in aortae of high cholesterol-fed ApoE−/- mice Depletion of CD11c+ cells increases plaque size in ApoE−/- mice ≈ 20% of serum ApoE derives from CD11c+ cells ApoE from CD11c+ cells contributes to protection from atherosclerosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Sauter
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Medical Clinic II, University Heart Center Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Reinhard J Sauter
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Medical Clinic II, University Heart Center Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Henry Nording
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Medical Clinic II, University Heart Center Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Luebeck, Germany.,DZHK (German Research Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Luebeck/Kiel, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Chaolan Lin
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Medical Clinic II, University Heart Center Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Marcus Olbrich
- University Hospital, Department of Cardiology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Stella Autenrieth
- University Hospital, Department of Hematology and Oncology, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Christian Gleissner
- University Hospital, Department of Cardiology, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martin Thunemann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Nadia Otero
- Philipps University Marburg, Faculty of Medicine, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Esther Lutgens
- University Hospital Munich, Institute for Prophylaxis and Epidemiology of Circulatory Diseases, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Zouhair Aherrahrou
- University of Luebeck, Institute of Cardiogenetics, 23538 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Dennis Wolf
- University Hospital, Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University Heart Center Freiburg - Bad Krozingen, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lars Zender
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology (Internal Medicine VIII), University Hospital Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.,DFG Cluster of Excellence 2180 'Image-guided and Functional Instructed Tumor Therapy' (IFIT), University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany.,German Cancer Research Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Tübingen, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven Meuth
- University Hospital, Department of Neurology, University of Duesseldorf, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Robert Feil
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Harald F Langer
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital, Medical Clinic II, University Heart Center Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Luebeck, Germany
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15
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Jeong H, Lee SY, Seo H, Kim DH, Lee D, Kim BJ. Potential of Mycobacterium tuberculosis chorismate mutase (Rv1885c) as a novel TLR4-mediated adjuvant for dendritic cell-based cancer immunotherapy. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2023340. [PMID: 35083095 PMCID: PMC8786331 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.2023340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
For clinical application by dendritic cell (DC)-based cancer immunotherapy, a proper adjuvant system to elicit a strong anticancer immune response is needed. Here, we investigated the potential of chorismate mutase (TBCM, Rv1885c), a putative Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) virulence factor, as an immunoadjuvant in DC-based tumor immunotherapy. First, we found that TBCM functionally activated DCs by upregulating costimulatory molecules, increasing the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, enhancing migration and inducing the Th1-type immune response in a dose-dependent manner via TLR4-mediated signaling. In addition, subcutaneous injection of TBCM-activated DCs loaded with cell lysates led to reduced tumor mass, enhanced mouse survival and lowered tumor incidence in lung carcinoma (LLC) cell-bearing mice. This is mainly mediated by functional cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated oncolytic activity and inhibition of cancer proliferation- and metastasis-related genes. Moreover, TBCM-induced DCs can also generate memory CD4 T cells and exert long-term tumor prevention effects. In conclusion, our findings suggest that TBCM (Rv1885c), a novel TLR4 agonist, could be used as an immunoadjuvant for DC-based cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyein Jeong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center (SNUMRC), Seoul, South Korea
| | - So-Young Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center (SNUMRC), Seoul, South Korea
- BK21 Four Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyejun Seo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center (SNUMRC), Seoul, South Korea
- BK21 Four Biomedical Science Project, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center (SNUMRC), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Duhyung Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center (SNUMRC), Seoul, South Korea
| | - Bum-Joon Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Liver Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Institute of Endemic Diseases, Seoul National University Medical Research Center (SNUMRC), Seoul, South Korea
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Farahi L, Sinha SK, Lusis AJ. Roles of Macrophages in Atherogenesis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:785220. [PMID: 34899348 PMCID: PMC8660976 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.785220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that may ultimately lead to local proteolysis, plaque rupture, and thrombotic vascular disease, resulting in myocardial infarction, stroke, and sudden cardiac death. Circulating monocytes are recruited to the arterial wall in response to inflammatory insults and differentiate into macrophages which make a critical contribution to tissue damage, wound healing, and also regression of atherosclerotic lesions. Within plaques, macrophages take up aggregated lipoproteins which have entered the vessel wall to give rise to cholesterol-engorged foam cells. Also, the macrophage phenotype is influenced by various stimuli which affect their polarization, efferocytosis, proliferation, and apoptosis. The heterogeneity of macrophages in lesions has recently been addressed by single-cell sequencing techniques. This article reviews recent advances regarding the roles of macrophages in different stages of disease pathogenesis from initiation to advanced atherosclerosis. Macrophage-based therapies for atherosclerosis management are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lia Farahi
- Monoclonal Antibody Research Center, Avicenna Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Satyesh K. Sinha
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Aldons J. Lusis
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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Batty MJ, Chabrier G, Sheridan A, Gage MC. Metabolic Hormones Modulate Macrophage Inflammatory Responses. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184661. [PMID: 34572888 PMCID: PMC8467249 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Macrophages are a type of immune cell which play an important role in the development of cancer. Obesity increases the risk of cancer and obesity also causes disruption to the normal levels of hormones that are produced to coordinate metabolism. Recent research now shows that these metabolic hormones also play important roles in macrophage immune responses and so through macrophages, disrupted metabolic hormone levels may promote cancer. This review article aims to highlight and summarise these recent findings so that the scientific community may better understand how important this new area of research is, and how these findings can be capitalised on for future scientific studies. Abstract Macrophages are phagocytotic leukocytes that play an important role in the innate immune response and have established roles in metabolic diseases and cancer progression. Increased adiposity in obese individuals leads to dysregulation of many hormones including those whose functions are to coordinate metabolism. Recent evidence suggests additional roles of these metabolic hormones in modulating macrophage inflammatory responses. In this review, we highlight key metabolic hormones and summarise their influence on the inflammatory response of macrophages and consider how, in turn, these hormones may influence the development of different cancer types through the modulation of macrophage functions.
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Zhang W, Li Z, Yang H, Wang G, Liu G, Wang Y, Bello BK, Zhao P, Liang W, Dong J. Aeromonas sobria Induces Proinflammatory Cytokines Production in Mouse Macrophages via Activating NLRP3 Inflammasome Signaling Pathways. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:691445. [PMID: 34513725 PMCID: PMC8428973 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.691445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas sobria, a common conditional pathogenic bacteria, is widely distributed in the environment and causes gastroenteritis in humans or septicemia in fish. Of all Aeromonas species, A. sobria is the most frequently isolated from human infections especially in immunocompromised subjects. Innate immunity is the first protection system of organism to resist non-specific pathogens invasion; however, the immune response process of hosts against A. sobria infection re\mains unexplored. The present study established an A. sobria infection model using primary mouse peritoneal macrophages (PMφs). The adherence and cytotoxicity of A. sobria on PMφs were determined by May-Grünwald Giemsa staining and LDH release measurement. Pro-inflammatory cytokine expression levels were measured using qPCR, western blotting, and ELISA methods. We also investigated the levels of ASC oligomerization and determined the roles of active caspase-1 in IL-1β secretion through inhibition assays and explored the activated pattern recognition receptors through immunofluorescence. We further elucidated the roles of activated inflammasome in regulating the host's inflammatory response through inhibition combined with ELISA assays. Our results showed that A. sobria induced lytic cell death and LDH release, whereas it had no adhesive properties on PMφs. A. sobria triggered various proinflammatory cytokine transcription level upregulation, and IL-1β occupied the highest levels. The pro-IL-1β protein expression levels increased in a dose-dependent manner with MOI ranging from 1 to 100. This process was regulated by ASC-dependent inflammasome, which cleavage pro-IL-1β into active IL-1β p17 with activated caspase-1 p20. Meanwhile, the expression levels of NLRP3 receptor significantly increased, location analysis revealed puncta-like surrounding nuclear, and inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome downregulated caspase-1 activation and IL-1β secretion. Blocking of NLRP3 inflammasome activation through K+ efflux and cathepsin B or caspase approaches downregulated A. sobria-induced proinflammatory cytokine production. Overall, these data indicated that A. sobria induced proinflammatory cytokine production in PMφs through activating NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Key Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Zhixing Li
- Key Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Haitao Yang
- Key Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Guanglu Wang
- Key Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Key Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Babatunde Kazeem Bello
- State key laboratory of Rice Biology, Lianyungang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lianyungang, China
| | - Panpan Zhao
- Key Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
| | - Wei Liang
- Laboratory Department of Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo Hospital of Zhejiang University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jingquan Dong
- Key Jiangsu Institute of Marine Resources Development, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, China
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Long-circulating XTEN864-annexin A5 fusion protein for phosphatidylserine-related therapeutic applications. Apoptosis 2021; 26:534-547. [PMID: 34405304 PMCID: PMC8370750 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-021-01686-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Annexin A5 (anxA5) is a marker for apoptosis, but has also therapeutic potential in cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and, due to apoptotic mimicry, against dangerous viruses, which is limited by the short blood circulation. An 864-amino-acid XTEN polypeptide was fused to anxA5. XTEN864-anxA5 was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified using XTEN as tag. XTEN864-anxA5 was coupled with DTPA and indium-111. After intravenous or subcutaneous injection of 111In-XTEN864-anxA5, mouse blood samples were collected for blood half-life determination and organ samples for biodistribution using a gamma counter. XTEN864-anxA5 was labeled with 6S-IDCC to confirm binding to apoptotic cells using flow cytometry. To demonstrate targeting of atherosclerotic plaques, XTEN864-anxA5 was labeled with MeCAT(Ho) and administered intravenously to atherosclerotic ApoE−/− mice. MeCAT(Ho)-XTEN864-anxA5 was detected together with MeCAT(Tm)-MAC-2 macrophage antibodies by imaging mass cytometry (CyTOF) of aortic root sections. The ability of anxA5 to bind apoptotic cells was not affected by XTEN864. The blood half-life of XTEN864-anxA5 was 13 h in mice after IV injection, markedly longer than the 7-min half-life of anxA5. 96 h after injection, highest amounts of XTEN864-anxA5 were found in liver, spleen, and kidney. XTEN864-anxA5 was found to target the adventitia adjacent to atherosclerotic plaques. XTEN864-anxA5 is a long-circulating fusion protein that can be efficiently produced in E. coli and potentially circulates in humans for several days, making it a promising therapeutic drug.
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Nasser SA, Afify EA, Kobeissy F, Hamam B, Eid AH, El-Mas MM. Inflammatory Basis of Atherosclerosis: Modulation by Sex Hormones. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:2099-2111. [PMID: 33480335 DOI: 10.2174/1381612827666210122142811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis-related cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally. Several lines of evidence are supportive of the contributory role of vascular inflammation in atherosclerosis. Diverse immune cell types, including monocytes/macrophages, T-cells and neutrophils, as well as specialized proresolving lipid mediators, have been successfully characterized as key players in vascular inflammation. The increased prevalence of atherosclerotic CVD in men in comparison to age-matched premenopausal women and the abolition of sex differences in prevalence during menopause strongly suggest a pivotal role of sex hormones in the development of CVD. Indeed, many animal and human studies conclusively implicate sex hormones as a crucial component in driving the immune response. This is further corroborated by the effective identification of sex hormone receptors in vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and immune cells. Collectively, these findings suggest a cellular communication between sex hormones and vascular or immune cells underlying the vascular inflammation in atherosclerosis. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of vascular inflammation as a causal cue underlying atherosclerotic CVDs within the context of the modulatory effects of sex hormones. Moreover, the cellular and molecular signaling pathways underlying the sex hormones- immune system interactions as potential culprits for vascular inflammation are highlighted with detailed and critical discussion. Finally, the review concludes by speculations on the potential sex-related efficacy of currently available immunotherapies in mitigating vascular inflammation. Conceivably, a deeper understanding of the immunoregulatory influence of sex hormones on vascular inflammation-mediated atherosclerosis permits sex-based management of atherosclerosis-related CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne A Nasser
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, P.O. Box 11-5020, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Elham A Afify
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, American University of Beirut, P.O. Box 11-0236, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Bassam Hamam
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese International University, P.O. Box 146404, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali H Eid
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mahmoud M El-Mas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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Dey A, Ni Z, Johnson MS, Sedger LM. A multi-colour confocal microscopy method for identifying and enumerating macrophage subtypes and adherent cells in the stromal vascular fraction of human adipose. J Immunol Methods 2021; 491:112988. [PMID: 33587915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.112988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This study examines leukocytes present in lymphoedema (LE) adipose tissue (AT) by multi-colour confocal microscopy. LE AT, collected by liposuction surgery, was digested with collagenase to separate adipocytes from other tissue cells, comprising blood and lymphatic endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and all vessel- and tissue-resident leukocytes - the stromal vascular fraction (SVF). SVF cells were activated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin, adding Brefeldin-A to prevent cytokine secretion during the final 4 hours. Cells were incubated with CD11b-FITC and CD40-APC (M1 MØ)' or CD206-APC (M2 MØ) specific antibodies, fixed, permeabilised, then incubated with either (1) anti-TNF-PE, (2) anti- IL-1β-PE, (3) anti-IL-6-PE, (4) anti-IL-4-PE, (5) anti-TGFβ-PE or (6) isotype-IgG-PE (control), and stained with Hoechst 33342, preserved in permanent mounting media and examined by confocal microscopy. The FITC, PE and APC fluorescence channels were set to achieve minimal cross-channel emission using single-colour controls and voltages set for optimal detection by thresholding on isotype-IgG stained activated cells. Finally, transmission and z-stack images were captured. Cells were analysed as regions of interest (ROI) based on Hoechst-33342 then enumerated as FITC+, FITC+APC+ or FITC+APC+PE+ using an ImageJ script and exported into Excel. This permitted the examination of >9000 SVF cells individually, per LE sample. This method allows for the analysis of a high number of heterogeneous cells defined into any subtype or combination by the investigators' choice of surface and intracellular expression profiles. Fibroblasts, or other cytokine producing cells, can also be analysed by using other antibodies, and the cell count data can be correlated with any clinical or laboratory data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnibesh Dey
- School of Life Science, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Zhongran Ni
- School of Life Science, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael S Johnson
- School of Life Science, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lisa M Sedger
- School of Life Science, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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22
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Potential role of M2 TAMs around lymphatic vessels during lymphatic invasion in papillary thyroid carcinoma. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1150. [PMID: 33441903 PMCID: PMC7806843 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80694-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine whether lymphatic invasion in papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) occurs when tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) injure lymphatic vessels together with cancer cells. While there was no difference in the lymphatic vessel density in PTC and follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), the number of TAMs around the lymphatic vessels was increased in PTC compared to that in FTC. In particular, TAMs were observed together with cancer cells in lymphatic invasive lesions, and the number of M2 cells inside and outside the lymphatic vessels showed a significant correlation. MMP-2 mRNA was expressed in nonneoplastic stromal cells as well as cancer cells, and double immunofluorescence staining confirmed M2 positivity. Consequently, this study reveals that M2 TAMs around lymphatic vessels within the tumour border of PTC may be associated with the lymphatic invasion of cancer cells. This study represents a step forward in elucidating the mechanism of lymphatic invasion.
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23
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Abstract
Leprosy is a disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae (ML) with diverse clinical manifestations, which are strongly correlated with the host's immune response. Skin lesions may be accompanied by peripheral neural damage, leading to sensory and motor losses, as well as deformities of the hands and feet. Both innate and acquired immune responses are involved, but the disease has been classically described along a Th1/Th2 spectrum, where the Th1 pole corresponds to the most limited presentations and the Th2 to the most disseminated ones. We discuss this dichotomy in the light of current knowledge of cytokines, Th subpopulations and regulatory T cells taking part in each leprosy presentation. Leprosy reactions are associated with an increase in inflammatory activity both in limited and disseminated presentations, leading to a worsening of previous symptoms or the development of new symptoms. Despite the efforts of many research groups around the world, there is still no adequate serological test for diagnosis in endemic areas, hindering the eradication of leprosy in these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Angela Bianconcini Trindade
- Departamento de Patologia, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Imunodermatologia, Universidade de São Paulo Hospital das Clínicas, São Paulo, Brazil
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24
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Zaric BL, Radovanovic JN, Gluvic Z, Stewart AJ, Essack M, Motwalli O, Gojobori T, Isenovic ER. Atherosclerosis Linked to Aberrant Amino Acid Metabolism and Immunosuppressive Amino Acid Catabolizing Enzymes. Front Immunol 2020; 11:551758. [PMID: 33117340 PMCID: PMC7549398 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.551758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading global health concern and responsible for more deaths worldwide than any other type of disorder. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease in the arterial wall, which underpins several types of cardiovascular disease. It has emerged that a strong relationship exists between alterations in amino acid (AA) metabolism and the development of atherosclerosis. Recent studies have reported positive correlations between levels of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) such as leucine, valine, and isoleucine in plasma and the occurrence of metabolic disturbances. Elevated serum levels of BCAAs indicate a high cardiometabolic risk. Thus, BCAAs may also impact atherosclerosis prevention and offer a novel therapeutic strategy for specific individuals at risk of coronary events. The metabolism of AAs, such as L-arginine, homoarginine, and L-tryptophan, is recognized as a critical regulator of vascular homeostasis. Dietary intake of homoarginine, taurine, and glycine can improve atherosclerosis by endothelium remodeling. Available data also suggest that the regulation of AA metabolism by indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and arginases 1 and 2 are mediated through various immunological signals and that immunosuppressive AA metabolizing enzymes are promising therapeutic targets against atherosclerosis. Further clinical studies and basic studies that make use of animal models are required. Here we review recent data examining links between AA metabolism and the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozidarka L. Zaric
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, “VINČA” Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena N. Radovanovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, “VINČA” Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Gluvic
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Faculty of Medicine, University Clinical-Hospital Centre Zemun-Belgrade, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Alan J. Stewart
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Magbubah Essack
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), Computational Bioscience Research Center, Computer (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Olaa Motwalli
- College of Computing and Informatics, Saudi Electronic University (SEU), Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Takashi Gojobori
- Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division (CEMSE), Computational Bioscience Research Center, Computer (CBRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Esma R. Isenovic
- Department of Radiobiology and Molecular Genetics, “VINČA” Institute of Nuclear Sciences - National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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25
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Le Y, Cao W, Zhou L, Fan X, Liu Q, Liu F, Gai X, Chang C, Xiong J, Rao Y, Li A, Xu W, Liu B, Wang T, Wang B, Sun Y. Infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Promotes Both M1/M2 Polarization and MMP Production in Cigarette Smoke-Exposed Macrophages. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1902. [PMID: 32973788 PMCID: PMC7468417 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) is a risk factor for COPD. Our previous study revealed more severe emphysema in COPD patients (mostly smokers) with prior tuberculosis. However, the mechanisms of interactions between cigarette smoke (CS) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) are unknown. In this study, we found that the frequencies of both M1 and M2 macrophages, and levels of MMP9 and MMP12 in bronchoalveolar lavage were increased in PTB patients with smoking. Between-group analysis showed that the frequency of M1 macrophages was higher in non-smoker PTB patients while more M2 macrophages were found in smokers without PTB, as compared to the non-smoker healthy controls. Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) infection in CS extract (CSE)-incubated MH-S cells further enhanced secretion of M1-related (iNOS, IFN-γ and TNF-α) and M2-related (TGF-β and IL-10) cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cellular apoptosis, concomitantly with up-regulation of MMP9 and MMP12, but not TIMP1. Moreover, BCG infection in acutely CS-exposed mice promoted macrophage polarization toward both M1 and M2 phenotypes, along with increased lung inflammatory infiltration. MMP9 and MMP12, but not TIMP1, were further up-regulated in lung tissues and BAL fluid after BCG infection in this model. Taken together, Mtb Infection promoted CS-exposed macrophages to polarize toward both M1 and M2 phenotypes, along with enhanced production of MMP9 and MMP12. These findings provide insights into the mechanistic interplay between CS exposure and tuberculosis in the pathogenesis of COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqing Le
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenli Cao
- Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | | | - Xiaoyan Gai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chun Chang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xiong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yafei Rao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Aling Li
- Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Beijing Geriatric Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Beinan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongchang Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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26
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Lee J, Choi JH. Deciphering Macrophage Phenotypes upon Lipid Uptake and Atherosclerosis. Immune Netw 2020; 20:e22. [PMID: 32655970 PMCID: PMC7327152 DOI: 10.4110/in.2020.20.e22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the progression of atherosclerosis, macrophages are the key immune cells for foam cell formation. During hyperlipidemic condition, phagocytic cells such as monocytes and macrophages uptake oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDLs) accumulated in subintimal space, and lipid droplets are accumulated in their cytosols. In this review, we discussed the characteristics and phenotypic changes of macrophages in atherosclerosis and the effect of cytosolic lipid accumulation on macrophage phenotype. Due to macrophage plasticity, the inflammatory phenotypes triggered by oxLDL can be re-programmed by cytosolic lipid accumulation, showing downregulation of NF-κB activation followed by activation of anti-inflammatory genes, leading to tissue repair and homeostasis. We also discuss about various in vivo and in vitro models for atherosclerosis research and next generation sequencing technologies for foam cell gene expression profiling. Analysis of the phenotypic changes of macrophages during the progression of atherosclerosis with adequate approach may lead to exact understandings of the cellular mechanisms and hint therapeutic targets for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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27
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He D, Mao A, Zheng CB, Kan H, Zhang K, Zhang Z, Feng L, Ma X. Aortic heterogeneity across segments and under high fat/salt/glucose conditions at the single-cell level. Natl Sci Rev 2020; 7:881-896. [PMID: 34692110 PMCID: PMC8289085 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The aorta, with ascending, arch, thoracic and abdominal segments, responds to the heartbeat, senses metabolites and distributes blood to all parts of the body. However, the heterogeneity across aortic segments and how metabolic pathologies change it are not known. Here, a total of 216 612 individual cells from the ascending aorta, aortic arch, and thoracic and abdominal segments of mouse aortas under normal conditions or with high blood glucose levels, high dietary salt, or high fat intake were profiled using single-cell RNA sequencing. We generated a compendium of 10 distinct cell types, mainly endothelial (EC), smooth muscle (SMC), stromal and immune cells. The distributions of the different cells and their intercommunication were influenced by the hemodynamic microenvironment across anatomical segments, and the spatial heterogeneity of ECs and SMCs may contribute to differential vascular dilation and constriction that were measured by wire myography. Importantly, the composition of aortic cells, their gene expression profiles and their regulatory intercellular networks broadly changed in response to high fat/salt/glucose conditions. Notably, the abdominal aorta showed the most dramatic changes in cellular composition, particularly involving ECs, fibroblasts and myeloid cells with cardiovascular risk factor-related regulons and gene expression networks. Our study elucidates the nature and range of aortic cell diversity, with implications for the treatment of metabolic pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu He
- Wuxi School of Medicine and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Aiqin Mao
- Wuxi School of Medicine and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chang-Bo Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Yunnan Key Laboratory of Pharmacology for Natural Products, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Hao Kan
- Wuxi School of Medicine and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Ka Zhang
- Wuxi School of Medicine and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhiming Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Lei Feng
- Wuxi School of Medicine and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Wuxi School of Medicine and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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28
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Yang S, Ohe R, Aung NY, Kato T, Kabasawa T, Utsunomiya A, Takakubo Y, Takagi M, Yamakawa M. Comparative study of HO-1 expressing synovial lining cells between RA and OA. Mod Rheumatol 2020; 31:133-140. [PMID: 31829080 DOI: 10.1080/14397595.2019.1704976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to clarify the characteristics of heme oxygenase (HO)-1 expressing cells in the synovium from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA), and to investigate the co-expression of HO-1 and IgG-Fc/HLA-DR complex. METHODS The characteristics of HO-1 expressing cells in the synovium were investigated by using immunohistochemistry. The co-expression of HO-1 and IgG-Fc/HLA-DR complex was examined by an in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) with immunofluorescence. HO-1 mRNA was investigated by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The number of HO-1+ cells from the RA synovium is higher than that from OA synovium. The double positive cells of HO-1 and IgG-Fc/HLA-DR complex were detected by the in situ PLA with immunofluorescence in RA synovium. HO-1 mRNA was detected in both RA and OA synovium. CONCLUSION A portion of HO-1+ cells with IgG-Fc/HLA-DR complex in lining layer of RA may be concluded as one of antigen presenting cells in RA and may be involved in production of RF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suran Yang
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathological Diagnostics, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Rintaro Ohe
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathological Diagnostics, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Naing Ye Aung
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathological Diagnostics, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kato
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathological Diagnostics, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Takanobu Kabasawa
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathological Diagnostics, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Aya Utsunomiya
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathological Diagnostics, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Yuya Takakubo
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Michiaki Takagi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Yamakawa
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathological Diagnostics, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
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29
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Guo L, Sakamoto A, Cornelissen A, Hong CC, Finn AV. Ironing-Out the Role of Hepcidin in Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 39:303-305. [PMID: 30811251 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.312369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Guo
- From the CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (L.G., A.S., A.C., A.V.F.)
| | - Atsushi Sakamoto
- From the CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (L.G., A.S., A.C., A.V.F.)
| | - Anne Cornelissen
- From the CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (L.G., A.S., A.C., A.V.F.)
| | - Charles C Hong
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (C.C.H., A.V.F.)
| | - Aloke V Finn
- From the CVPath Institute, Gaithersburg, MD (L.G., A.S., A.C., A.V.F.).,Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore (C.C.H., A.V.F.)
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30
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Chistiakov DA, Kashirskikh DA, Khotina VA, Grechko AV, Orekhov AN. Immune-Inflammatory Responses in Atherosclerosis: The Role of Myeloid Cells. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8111798. [PMID: 31717832 PMCID: PMC6912749 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8111798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation plays a key role in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis and can be caused by multiple agents, including increased concentration of circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. Areas of the arterial wall affected by atherosclerosis are enriched with lymphocytes and dendritic cells (DCs). Atherosclerotic plaques contain a variety of proinflammatory immune cells, such as macrophages, DCs, T cells, natural killer cells, neutrophils and others. Intracellular lipid accumulation in atherosclerotic plaque leads to formation of so-called foam cells, the cytoplasm of which is filled with lipid droplets. According to current understanding, these cells can also derive from the immune cells that engulf lipids by means of phagocytosis. Macrophages play a crucial role in the initial stages of atherogenesis by engulfing oxidized LDL (oxLDL) in the intima that leads to their transformation to foam cells. Dying macrophages inside the plaque form a necrotic core that further aggravates the lesion. Proinflammatory DCs prime differentiation of naïve T cells to proinflammatory Th1 and Th17 subsets. In this review, we discuss the roles of cell types of myeloid origin in atherosclerosis-associated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A. Chistiakov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.C.); (D.A.K.); (V.A.K.)
| | - Dmitry A. Kashirskikh
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.C.); (D.A.K.); (V.A.K.)
| | - Victoriya A. Khotina
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.C.); (D.A.K.); (V.A.K.)
| | - Andrey V. Grechko
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Intensive Care Medicine and Rehabilitology, 109240 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Laboratory of Angiopathology, Institute of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, 125315 Moscow, Russia; (D.A.C.); (D.A.K.); (V.A.K.)
- Institute of Human Morphology, Tsyrupa st. 3, 117418 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-903-169-08-66
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31
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Feng Y, Sun ZL, Liu SY, Wu JJ, Zhao BH, Lv GZ, Du Y, Yu S, Yang ML, Yuan FL, Zhou XJ. Direct and Indirect Roles of Macrophages in Hypertrophic Scar Formation. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1101. [PMID: 31555142 PMCID: PMC6724447 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic scars are pathological scars that result from abnormal responses to trauma, and could cause serious functional and cosmetic disability. To date, no optimal treatment method has been established. A variety of cell types are involved in hypertrophic scar formation after wound healing, but the underlying molecular mechanisms and cellular origins of hypertrophic scars are not fully understood. Macrophages are major effector cells in the immune response after tissue injury that orchestrates the process of wound healing. Depending on the local microenvironment, macrophages undergo marked phenotypic and functional changes at different stages during scar pathogenesis. This review intends to summarize the direct and indirect roles of macrophages during hypertrophic scar formation. The in vivo depletion of macrophages or blocking their signaling reduces scar formation in experimental models, thereby establishing macrophages as positive regulatory cells in the skin scar formation. In the future, a significant amount of attention should be given to molecular and cellular mechanisms that cause the phenotypic switch of wound macrophages, which may provide novel therapeutic targets for hypertrophic scars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Feng
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Li Sun
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, China.,Wuxi Clinical Medicine School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Si-Yu Liu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, China
| | - Jun-Jie Wu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, China
| | - Bin-Hong Zhao
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, China.,Wuxi Clinical Medicine School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Guo-Zhong Lv
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, China.,Wuxi Clinical Medicine School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Yong Du
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, China
| | - Shun Yu
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, China
| | - Ming-Lie Yang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, China.,Wuxi Clinical Medicine School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Wuxi, China
| | - Feng-Lai Yuan
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiao-Jin Zhou
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Wuxi, China
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32
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de Sousa JR, Da Costa Vasconcelos PF, Quaresma JAS. Functional aspects, phenotypic heterogeneity, and tissue immune response of macrophages in infectious diseases. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:2589-2611. [PMID: 31686866 PMCID: PMC6709804 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s208576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are a functionally heterogeneous group of cells with specialized functions depending not only on their subgroup but also on the function of the organ or tissue in which the cells are located. The concept of macrophage phenotypic heterogeneity has been investigated since the 1980s, and more recent studies have identified a diverse spectrum of phenotypic subpopulations. Several types of macrophages play a central role in the response to infectious agents and, along with other components of the immune system, determine the clinical outcome of major infectious diseases. Here, we review the functions of various macrophage phenotypic subpopulations, the concept of macrophage polarization, and the influence of these cells on the evolution of infections. In addition, we emphasize their role in the immune response in vivo and in situ, as well as the molecular effectors and signaling mechanisms used by these cells. Furthermore, we highlight the mechanisms of immune evasion triggered by infectious agents to counter the actions of macrophages and their consequences. Our aim here is to provide an overview of the role of macrophages in the pathogenesis of critical transmissible diseases and discuss how elucidation of this relationship could enhance our understanding of the host-pathogen association in organ-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rodrigues de Sousa
- Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
| | - Pedro Fernando Da Costa Vasconcelos
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
- Center of Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Juarez Antonio Simões Quaresma
- Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Ministry of Health, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
- Center of Biological and Health Sciences, State University of Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
- School of Medicine, São Paulo University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Chen Q, Lv J, Yang W, Xu B, Wang Z, Yu Z, Wu J, Yang Y, Han Y. Targeted inhibition of STAT3 as a potential treatment strategy for atherosclerosis. Theranostics 2019; 9:6424-6442. [PMID: 31588227 PMCID: PMC6771242 DOI: 10.7150/thno.35528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the main pathological basis of ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and has attracted more attention in recent years. Multiple studies have demonstrated that the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) plays essential roles in the process of atherosclerosis. Moreover, aberrant STAT3 activation has been shown to contribute to the occurrence and development of atherosclerosis. Therefore, the study of STAT3 inhibitors has gradually become a focal research topic. In this review, we describe the crucial roles of STAT3 in endothelial cell dysfunction, macrophage polarization, inflammation, and immunity during atherosclerosis. STAT3 in mitochondria is mentioned as well. Then, we present a summary and classification of STAT3 inhibitors, which could offer potential treatment strategies for atherosclerosis. Furthermore, we enumerate some of the problems that have interfered with the development of mature therapies utilizing STAT3 inhibitors to treat atherosclerosis. Finally, we propose ideas that may help to solve these problems to some extent. Collectively, this review may be useful for developing future STAT3 inhibitor therapies for atherosclerosis.
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Lin JD, Nishi H, Poles J, Niu X, Mccauley C, Rahman K, Brown EJ, Yeung ST, Vozhilla N, Weinstock A, Ramsey SA, Fisher EA, Loke P. Single-cell analysis of fate-mapped macrophages reveals heterogeneity, including stem-like properties, during atherosclerosis progression and regression. JCI Insight 2019; 4:124574. [PMID: 30830865 PMCID: PMC6478411 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.124574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of death worldwide in industrialized countries. Disease progression and regression are associated with different activation states of macrophages derived from inflammatory monocytes entering the plaques. The features of monocyte-to-macrophage transition and the full spectrum of macrophage activation states during either plaque progression or regression, however, are incompletely established. Here, we use a combination of single-cell RNA sequencing and genetic fate mapping to profile, for the first time to our knowledge, plaque cells derived from CX3CR1+ precursors in mice during both progression and regression of atherosclerosis. The analyses revealed a spectrum of macrophage activation states with greater complexity than the traditional M1 and M2 polarization states, with progression associated with differentiation of CXC3R1+ monocytes into more distinct states than during regression. We also identified an unexpected cluster of proliferating monocytes with a stem cell-like signature, suggesting that monocytes may persist in a proliferating self-renewal state in inflamed tissue, rather than differentiating immediately into macrophages after entering the tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hitoo Nishi
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Xiang Niu
- Tri-Institutional Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Karishma Rahman
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Emily J. Brown
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Ada Weinstock
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stephen A. Ramsey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Edward A. Fisher
- Department of Microbiology and
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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35
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Del Porto F, Cifani N, Proietta M, Dezi T, Panzera C, Ficarelli R, Taurino M. Inflammation and immune response in carotid artery stenosis. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF VASCULAR AND ENDOVASCULAR SURGERY 2019. [DOI: 10.23736/s1824-4777.18.01385-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Cervadoro A, Palomba R, Vergaro G, Cecchi R, Menichetti L, Decuzzi P, Emdin M, Luin S. Targeting Inflammation With Nanosized Drug Delivery Platforms in Cardiovascular Diseases: Immune Cell Modulation in Atherosclerosis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:177. [PMID: 30542650 PMCID: PMC6277804 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a disorder of large and medium-sized arteries; it consists in the formation of lipid-rich plaques in the intima and inner media, whose pathophysiology is mostly driven by inflammation. Currently available interventions and therapies for treating atherosclerosis are not always completely effective; side effects associated with treatments, mainly caused by immunodepression for anti-inflammatory molecules, limit the systemic administration of these and other drugs. Given the high degree of freedom in the design of nanoconstructs, in the last decades researchers have put high effort in the development of nanoparticles (NPs) formulations specifically designed for either drug delivery, visualization of atherosclerotic plaques, or possibly the combination of both these and other functionalities. Here we will present the state of the art of these subjects, the knowledge of which is necessary to rationally address the use of NPs for prevention, diagnosis, and/or treatment of AS. We will analyse the work that has been done on: (a) understanding the role of the immune system and inflammation in cardiovascular diseases, (b) the pathological and biochemical principles in atherosclerotic plaque formation, (c) the latest advances in the use of NPs for the recognition and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, (d) the cellular and animal models useful to study the interactions of NPs with the immune system cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Palomba
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vergaro
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy.,Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Cecchi
- NEST Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy.,Center for Nanotechnology Innovation (CNI@NEST), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Decuzzi
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Michele Emdin
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy.,Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Luin
- NEST Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy.,NEST Laboratory, Istituto Nanoscienze, CNR, Pisa, Italy
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37
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de Sousa JR, Lucena Neto FD, Sotto MN, Quaresma JAS. Immunohistochemical characterization of the M4 macrophage population in leprosy skin lesions. BMC Infect Dis 2018; 18:576. [PMID: 30442123 PMCID: PMC6238386 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-018-3478-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since macrophages are one of the major cell types involved in the Mycobacterium leprae immune response, roles of the M1 and M2 macrophage subpopulations have been well defined. However, the role of M4 macrophages in leprosy or other infectious diseases caused by mycobacteria has not yet been clearly characterized. This study aimed to investigate the presence and potential role of M4 macrophages in the immunopathology of leprosy. Methods We analyzed the presence of M4 macrophage markers (CD68, MRP8, MMP7, IL-6, and TNF-α) in 33 leprosy skin lesion samples from 18 patients with tuberculoid leprosy and 15 with lepromatous leprosy by immunohistochemistry. Results The M4 phenotype was more strongly expressed in patients with the lepromatous form of the disease, indicating that this subpopulation is less effective in the elimination of the bacillus and consequently is associated with the evolution to one of the multibacillary clinical forms of infection. Conclusion M4 macrophages are one of the cell types involved in the microbial response to M. leprae and probably are less effective in controlling bacillus replication, contributing to the evolution to the lepromatous form of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Rodrigues de Sousa
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil.,Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Mirian Nacagami Sotto
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Juarez Antonio Simões Quaresma
- Instituto Evandro Chagas, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil. .,Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil. .,Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade do Estado do Pará, Belém, PA, Brazil. .,Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. .,Núcleo de Medicina Tropical, UFPA, Av. Generalíssimo Deodoro 92, Umarizal, Belém, Pará, 66055-190, Brazil.
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38
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Fang P, Li X, Dai J, Cole L, Camacho JA, Zhang Y, Ji Y, Wang J, Yang XF, Wang H. Immune cell subset differentiation and tissue inflammation. J Hematol Oncol 2018; 11:97. [PMID: 30064449 PMCID: PMC6069866 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-018-0637-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune cells were traditionally considered as major pro-inflammatory contributors. Recent advances in molecular immunology prove that immune cell lineages are composed of different subsets capable of a vast array of specialized functions. These immune cell subsets share distinct duties in regulating innate and adaptive immune functions and contribute to both immune activation and immune suppression responses in peripheral tissue. Here, we summarized current understanding of the different subsets of major immune cells, including T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages. We highlighted molecular characterization, frequency, and tissue distribution of these immune cell subsets in human and mice. In addition, we described specific cytokine production, molecular signaling, biological functions, and tissue population changes of these immune cell subsets in both cardiovascular diseases and cancers. Finally, we presented a working model of the differentiation of inflammatory mononuclear cells, their interaction with endothelial cells, and their contribution to tissue inflammation. In summary, this review offers an updated and comprehensive guideline for immune cell development and subset differentiation, including subset characterization, signaling, modulation, and disease associations. We propose that immune cell subset differentiation and its complex interaction within the internal biological milieu compose a “pathophysiological network,” an interactive cross-talking complex, which plays a critical role in the development of inflammatory diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Fang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Kats School of Medicine, Temple University, Medical Education and Research Building, Room 1060, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Xinyuan Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jin Dai
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Kats School of Medicine, Temple University, Medical Education and Research Building, Room 1060, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Lauren Cole
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Kats School of Medicine, Temple University, Medical Education and Research Building, Room 1060, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Javier Andres Camacho
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Kats School of Medicine, Temple University, Medical Education and Research Building, Room 1060, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Yong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- Cardiovascular Medicine Department, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Yang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Kats School of Medicine, Temple University, Medical Education and Research Building, Room 1060, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Kats School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Lewis Kats School of Medicine, Temple University, Medical Education and Research Building, Room 1060, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Kats School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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39
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Franko J, McCall JL, Barnett JB. Evaluating Macrophages in Immunotoxicity Testing. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1803:255-296. [PMID: 29882145 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8549-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages are a heterogeneous group of cells that have a multitude of functions depending on their differentiation state. While classically known for their phagocytic and antigen presentation abilities, it is now evident that these cells fulfill homeostatic functions beyond the elimination of invading pathogens. In addition, macrophages have also been implicated in the downregulation of inflammatory responses following pathogen removal, tissue remodeling, repair, and angiogenesis. Alterations in macrophage differentiation and/or activity due to xenobiotic exposure can have grave consequences on organismal homeostasis, potentially contributing to disease due to immunosuppression or chronic inflammatory responses, depending upon the pathways affected. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the macrophages subtypes, their origin and a general discussion of several different assays used to assess their functional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Franko
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jamie L McCall
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - John B Barnett
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA.
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40
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Fu L, Song J, Wang C, Fu S, Wang Y. Bifidobacterium infantis Potentially Alleviates Shrimp Tropomyosin-Induced Allergy by Tolerogenic Dendritic Cell-Dependent Induction of Regulatory T Cells and Alterations in Gut Microbiota. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1536. [PMID: 29176981 PMCID: PMC5686061 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shellfish is one of the major allergen sources worldwide, and tropomyosin (Tm) is the predominant allergic protein in shellfish. Probiotics has been appreciated for its beneficial effects on the host, including anti-allergic and anti-inflammatory effects, although the underlying mechanisms were not fully understood. In this study, oral administration of probiotic strain Bifidobacterium infantis 14.518 (Binf) effectively suppressed Tm-induced allergic response in a mouse model by both preventive and therapeutic strategies. Further results showed that Binf stimulated dendritic cells (DCs) maturation and CD103+ tolerogenic DCs accumulation in gut-associated lymphoid tissue, which subsequently induced regulatory T cells differentiation for suppressing Th2-biased response. We also found that Binf regulates the alterations of gut microbiota composition. Specifically, the increase of Dorea and decrease of Ralstonia is highly correlated with Th2/Treg ratio and may contribute to alleviating Tm-induced allergic responses. Our findings provide molecular insight into the application of Binf in alleviating food allergy and even gut immune homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglin Fu
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology and Food Research, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jinyu Song
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chong Wang
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology and Food Research, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shujie Fu
- Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology and Food Research, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanbo Wang
- Food Safety Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Mucosal Immunology and Food Research, School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, China
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41
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Abstract
Ferritin and increased iron stores first appeared on the list of cardiovascular risk factors more than 30 years ago and their causal role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has been heavily discussed since the early 1990s. It seems that besides traditional factors such as hyperlipoproteinemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, physical inactivity, smoking and family history, high iron stores represent an additional parameter that could modify individual cardiovascular risk. The role of iron in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis was originally primarily associated with its ability to catalyze the formation of highly reactive free oxygen radicals and the oxidation of atherogenic lipoproteins. Later, it became clear that the mechanism is more complex. Atherosclerosis is a chronic fibroproliferative inflammatory process and iron, through increased oxidation stress as well as directly, can control both native and adaptive immune responses. Within the arterial wall, iron affects all of the cell types that participate in the atherosclerotic process (monocytes/macrophages, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells and platelets). Most intracellular iron is bound in ferritin, whereas redox-active iron forms labile iron pool. Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory macrophages within arterial plaque differ with regard to the amount of intracellular iron and most probably with regard to their labile iron pool. Yet, the relation between plasma ferritin and intracellular labile iron pool has not been fully clarified. Data from population studies document that the consumption of meat and lack of physical activity contribute to increased iron stores. Patients with hereditary hemochromatosis, despite extreme iron storage, do not show increased manifestation of atherosclerosis probably due to the low expression of hepcidin in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kraml
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Hospital Královské Vinohrady, Prague, Czech Republic.
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42
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Hesketh M, Sahin KB, West ZE, Murray RZ. Macrophage Phenotypes Regulate Scar Formation and Chronic Wound Healing. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071545. [PMID: 28714933 PMCID: PMC5536033 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 489] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages and inflammation play a beneficial role during wound repair with macrophages regulating a wide range of processes, such as removal of dead cells, debris and pathogens, through to extracellular matrix deposition re-vascularisation and wound re-epithelialisation. To perform this range of functions, these cells develop distinct phenotypes over the course of wound healing. They can present with a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype, more often found in the early stages of repair, through to anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes that are pro-repair in the latter stages of wound healing. There is a continuum of phenotypes between these ranges with some cells sharing phenotypes of both M1 and M2 macrophages. One of the less pleasant consequences of quick closure, namely the replacement with scar tissue, is also regulated by macrophages, through their promotion of fibroblast proliferation, myofibroblast differentiation and collagen deposition. Alterations in macrophage number and phenotype disrupt this process and can dictate the level of scar formation. It is also clear that dysregulated inflammation and altered macrophage phenotypes are responsible for hindering closure of chronic wounds. The review will discuss our current knowledge of macrophage phenotype on the repair process and how alterations in the phenotypes might alter wound closure and the final repair quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Hesketh
- The Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane QLD 4059, Australia.
| | - Katherine B Sahin
- The Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane QLD 4059, Australia.
| | - Zoe E West
- The Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane QLD 4059, Australia.
| | - Rachael Z Murray
- The Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane QLD 4059, Australia.
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43
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Jackaman C, Tomay F, Duong L, Abdol Razak NB, Pixley FJ, Metharom P, Nelson DJ. Aging and cancer: The role of macrophages and neutrophils. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 36:105-116. [PMID: 28390891 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Impaired immune function has been implicated in the declining health and higher incidence of cancer in the elderly. However, age-related changes to immunity are not completely understood. Neutrophils and macrophages represent the first line of defence yet their ability to phagocytose pathogens decrease with aging. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes are critical in eliminating tumors, but T cell function is also compromised with aging. T cell responses can be regulated by macrophages and may depend on the functional phenotype macrophages adopt in response to microenvironmental signals. This can range from pro-inflammatory, anti-tumorigenic M1 to anti-inflammatory, pro-tumorigenic M2 macrophages. Macrophages in healthy elderly adipose and hepatic tissue exhibit a more pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype compared to young hosts whilst immunosuppressive M2 macrophages increase in elderly lymphoid tissues, lung and muscle. These M2-like macrophages demonstrate altered responses to stimuli. Recent studies suggest that neutrophils also regulate T cell function and, like macrophages, neutrophil function is modulated with aging. It is possible that age-modified tissue-specific macrophages and neutrophils contribute to chronic low-grade inflammation that is associated with dysregulated macrophage-mediated immunosuppression, which together are responsible for development of multiple pathologies, including cancer. This review discusses recent advances in macrophage and neutrophil biology in healthy aging and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Jackaman
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia.
| | - Federica Tomay
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
| | - Lelinh Duong
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
| | - Norbaini Bintu Abdol Razak
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
| | - Fiona J Pixley
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Pat Metharom
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
| | - Delia J Nelson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health and Innovation Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
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44
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Nicolls MR, Voelkel NF. The Roles of Immunity in the Prevention and Evolution of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 195:1292-1299. [PMID: 27786553 PMCID: PMC5443903 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201608-1630pp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Nicolls
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto/Stanford University, Palo Alto, California; and
| | - Norbert F. Voelkel
- School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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45
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Bone marrow-derived and peritoneal macrophages have different inflammatory response to oxLDL and M1/M2 marker expression - implications for atherosclerosis research. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35234. [PMID: 27734926 PMCID: PMC5062347 DOI: 10.1038/srep35234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are heterogeneous and can polarize into specific subsets, e.g. pro-inflammatory M1-like and re-modelling M2-like macrophages. To determine if peritoneal macrophages (PEMs) or bone marrow derived macrophages (BMDMs) resembled aortic macrophages from ApoE-/- mice, their M1/M2 phenotype, inflammatory status, and lipid metabolism signatures were compared. oxLDL accumulation was similar in PEMs and BMDMs. On protein expression level, BMDMs showed an M2-like CD206highCD11clow profile, while cholesterol loading led to enhanced CD11c expression and reduced MCP-1 secretion. In contrast, PEMs expressed low levels of CD206 and CD11c, and responded to cholesterol loading by increasing CD11c expression and MCP-1 secretion. mRNA expression of M1/M2 markers was higher in PEMS than BMDMs, while lipid metabolism genes were similarly expressed. Whole aorta flow cytometry showed an accumulation of M2-like CD206highCD11clow macrophages in advanced versus early atherosclerotic disease in ApoE-/- mice. In isolated lesions, mRNA levels of the M2 markers Socs2, CD206, Retnla, and IL4 were downregulated with increasing disease severity. Likewise, mRNA expression of lipid metabolism genes (SREBP2, ACSL1, SRB1, DGAT1, and cpt1a) was decreased in advanced versus early lesions. In conclusion, PEMs and BMDMs are phenotypically distinct and differ from macrophages in lesions with respect to expression of M1/M2 markers and lipid metabolism genes.
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46
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Aung NY, Ohe R, Meng H, Kabasawa T, Yang S, Kato T, Yamakawa M. Specific Neuropilins Expression in Alveolar Macrophages among Tissue-Specific Macrophages. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147358. [PMID: 26900851 PMCID: PMC4764655 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the immune system, neuropilins (NRPs), including NRP-1 and NRP-2, are expressed in thymocytes, dendritic cells, regulatory T cells and macrophages. Their functions on immune cells around the neoplastic cells vary into pro-angiogenesis, tumor progression and anti-angiogenesis according to their ligands. Even though NRPs expression on malignant tumors and immune system has studied, a PubMed-based literature query did not yield any articles describing NRPs expression on tissue-specific macrophages. The aims of this study were (i) to detect NRPs expression on tissue-specific macrophages in the brain, liver, spleen, lymph node and lung; (ii) to observe NRPs expression in classes of macrophages, including alveolar macrophages (AMs), bronchial macrophages (BMs), interstitial macrophages (IMs), intravascular macrophages (IVMs) and macrophage subsets (M1, M2 and Mox) in lung; and (iii) to detect the co-expression of NRPs and dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN) in AMs. Both NRPs were specifically detected in AMs among tissue-specific macrophages by immunohistochemistry (IHC). NRPs mRNA expression levels were characterized in normal lung by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and in situ-polymerase chain reaction (in situ-PCR). The expression of both NRPs was detected in AMs, BMs and IVMs by IHC. The frequency of NRPs+ AMs in lung tissue adjacent to the cancer margin was significantly higher than the frequencies in inflamed and normal lung tissue. Double and triple IHC demonstrated that NRPs are expressed on all macrophage subsets in lung. Double IHC showed co-expression of DC-SIGN and NRPs in AMs. This study demonstrated for the first time the specific expression of both NRPs in AMs among tissue-specific macrophages and their expression on M1, M2 and Mox macrophages. Furthermore, the possible origin of AMs from blood monocytes could be suggested from a co-expression of NRPs and DC-SIGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naing Ye Aung
- Department of Pathological Diagnostics, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Rintaro Ohe
- Department of Pathological Diagnostics, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Hongxue Meng
- Department of Pathological Diagnostics, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Takanobu Kabasawa
- Department of Pathological Diagnostics, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Suran Yang
- Department of Pathological Diagnostics, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kato
- Department of Pathological Diagnostics, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Yamakawa
- Department of Pathological Diagnostics, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
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Hemopexin therapy reverts heme-induced proinflammatory phenotypic switching of macrophages in a mouse model of sickle cell disease. Blood 2015; 127:473-86. [PMID: 26675351 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-08-663245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemolytic diseases, such as sickle cell anemia and thalassemia, are characterized by enhanced release of hemoglobin and heme into the circulation, heme-iron loading of reticulo-endothelial system macrophages, and chronic inflammation. Here we show that in addition to activating the vascular endothelium, hemoglobin and heme excess alters the macrophage phenotype in sickle cell disease. We demonstrate that exposure of cultured macrophages to hemolytic aged red blood cells, heme, or iron causes their functional phenotypic change toward a proinflammatory state. In addition, hemolysis and macrophage heme/iron accumulation in a mouse model of sickle disease trigger similar proinflammatory phenotypic alterations in hepatic macrophages. On the mechanistic level, this critically depends on reactive oxygen species production and activation of the Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway. We further demonstrate that the heme scavenger hemopexin protects reticulo-endothelial macrophages from heme overload in heme-loaded Hx-null mice and reduces production of cytokines and reactive oxygen species. Importantly, in sickle mice, the administration of human exogenous hemopexin attenuates the inflammatory phenotype of macrophages. Taken together, our data suggest that therapeutic administration of hemopexin is beneficial to counteract heme-driven macrophage-mediated inflammation and its pathophysiologic consequences in sickle cell disease.
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48
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Zareba P, Duivenvoorden W, Leong DP, Pinthus JH. Androgen deprivation therapy and cardiovascular disease: what is the linking mechanism? Ther Adv Urol 2015; 8:118-29. [PMID: 27034724 DOI: 10.1177/1756287215617872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The past decade has brought increased awareness of the potential adverse effects of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in men with prostate cancer. Arguably the most important and controversial of these is the increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although multiple observational studies have shown that men treated with ADT are at increased risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, our understanding of the biological mechanisms that might underlie this phenomenon is still evolving. In this review, we discuss some of the mechanisms that have been proposed to date, including ADT-induced metabolic changes that promote the development and progression of atherosclerotic plaques as well as direct local effects of hormonal factors on plaque growth, rupture and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Zareba
- Division of Urology, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wilhelmina Duivenvoorden
- Division of Urology, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Darryl P Leong
- Population Health Research Institute, McMaster University and Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jehonathan H Pinthus
- Department of Surgery, Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, 711 Concession St, Hamilton, Ontario L8V 1C3, Canada
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Macrophage foam cells are important cells in the vascular wall that contribute to the inflammation associated with atherosclerotic lesions. Recent studies have demonstrated the heterogeneity of macrophages in lesions. In this review, advances in our understanding of the formation of foam cells by macrophage subsets in atherosclerotic plaques will be discussed. RECENT FINDINGS Macrophage subsets develop in response to the microenvironment in the arterial wall. The uptake of lipoproteins, particularly oxidized LDL, has been considered the major mechanism of foam cell formation. However, native and aggregated LDL can also be taken up by macrophages and M2 macrophages have been shown to be efficient in the uptake of apoptotic cells that can contribute lipids to the cells. The ability of the macrophage subsets to respond to bioactive lipids in the artery wall to either promote macrophage subset polarization and/or to promote foam cell formation is only beginning to be understood. SUMMARY Although we are beginning to appreciate the heterogeneity of macrophages present in atherosclerotic plaques, further work is required to fully understand the molecular basis for the differential ability of macrophage subsets to form foam cells and to respond to bioactive lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godfrey S Getz
- The University of Chicago, Department of Pathology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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50
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Haka AS, Singh RK, Grosheva I, Hoffner H, Capetillo-Zarate E, Chin HF, Anandasabapathy N, Maxfield FR. Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells Upregulate Extracellular Catabolism of Aggregated Low-Density Lipoprotein on Maturation, Leading to Foam Cell Formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:2092-103. [PMID: 26293468 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.305843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although dendritic cells are known to play a role in atherosclerosis, few studies have examined the contribution of the wide variety of dendritic cell subsets. Accordingly, their roles in atherogenesis remain largely unknown. We investigated the ability of different dendritic cell subsets to become foam cells after contact with aggregated low-density lipoprotein (LDL; the predominant form of LDL found in atherosclerotic plaques). APPROACH AND RESULTS We demonstrate that both murine and human monocyte-derived dendritic cells use exophagy to degrade aggregated LDL, leading to foam cell formation, whereas monocyte-independent dendritic cells are unable to clear LDL aggregates by this mechanism. Exophagy is a catabolic process in which objects that cannot be internalized by phagocytosis (because of their size or association with extracellular structures) are initially digested in an extracellular acidic lytic compartment. Surprisingly, we found that monocyte-derived dendritic cells upregulate exophagy on maturation. This contrasts various forms of endocytic internalization in dendritic cells, which decrease on maturation. Finally, we show that our in vitro results are consistent with dendritic cell lipid accumulation in plaques of an ApoE(-/-) mouse model of atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that monocyte-derived dendritic cells use exophagy to degrade aggregated LDL and become foam cells, whereas monocyte-independent dendritic cells are unable to clear LDL deposits. Furthermore, we find that exophagy is upregulated on dendritic cell maturation. Thus, exophagy-mediated foam cell formation in monocyte-derived dendritic cells could play a significant role in atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail S Haka
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (A.S.H., R.K.S., I.G., H.H., E.C.-Z., H.F.C., F.R.M.); and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Bringham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (N.A.)
| | - Rajesh K Singh
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (A.S.H., R.K.S., I.G., H.H., E.C.-Z., H.F.C., F.R.M.); and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Bringham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (N.A.)
| | - Inna Grosheva
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (A.S.H., R.K.S., I.G., H.H., E.C.-Z., H.F.C., F.R.M.); and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Bringham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (N.A.)
| | - Haley Hoffner
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (A.S.H., R.K.S., I.G., H.H., E.C.-Z., H.F.C., F.R.M.); and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Bringham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (N.A.)
| | - Estibaliz Capetillo-Zarate
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (A.S.H., R.K.S., I.G., H.H., E.C.-Z., H.F.C., F.R.M.); and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Bringham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (N.A.)
| | - Harvey F Chin
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (A.S.H., R.K.S., I.G., H.H., E.C.-Z., H.F.C., F.R.M.); and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Bringham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (N.A.)
| | - Niroshana Anandasabapathy
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (A.S.H., R.K.S., I.G., H.H., E.C.-Z., H.F.C., F.R.M.); and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Bringham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (N.A.)
| | - Frederick R Maxfield
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY (A.S.H., R.K.S., I.G., H.H., E.C.-Z., H.F.C., F.R.M.); and Department of Dermatology, Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Bringham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA (N.A.).
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