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Feng C, Chen P, Zhang W, Luo B, Du G, Liao T, Zheng C. A evidence-based approach to selecting post-exercise cryostimulation techniques for improving exercise performance and fatigue recovery: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e32196. [PMID: 38933969 PMCID: PMC11200300 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e32196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rationale Cryostimulation involves using water environments and low temperatures as intervention mediums, with main methods including CWI (cold water immersion), CWT (contrast water therapy), and WBC (whole-body cryostimulation). Previous systematic reviews focused on the effect of cryostimulation on muscle fatigue and sports performance. However, studies on the selection of different cryostimulation methods and their intervention effects present inconsistent results. Introduction To systematically review and methodologically appraise the quality and effectiveness of existing intervention studies that the effects of various cryostimulation methods, including CWI, CWT, and WBC, on exercise performance and fatigue recovery. Methods Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted searches in PubMed, Embase, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and EBSCO databases to gather randomized controlled trials or self-controlled trials involving CWI/CWT/WBC and their effects on exercise performance or fatigue recovery. The search period ranged from November 2013 to November 2, 2023. Literature screening was performed using EndNote X9.1, and the quality of included studies was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool. Meta-analysis was conducted using RevMan 5.3 software. Results This study included a total of 18 articles, included a total of 499 healthy participants, comprising 479 males and 20 females. Among them, participants underwent cryostimulation, including 102 using CWT, using CWI, and 58 using WBC. Compared to the control group, cryostimulation can significantly alleviate muscle pain intensity (SMD -0.45, 95% CL -0.82 to 0.09, P = 0.01). Specifically, CWI significantly reduced muscle pain intensity (SMD = -0.45, 95% CI: 0.820.09, P = 0.01), WBC significantly decreased C-reactive protein levels (SMD = -1.36, 95% CI: 2.350.36, P = 0.008). While, CWT showed no significant differences from the control group in exercise performance and fatigue recovery indicators (P > 0.05). Conclusion Cryostimulation can significantly reduce muscle pain intensity and perceived fatigue. Specifically, CWI significantly alleviates muscle pain intensity, WBC significantly lowers markers of inflammation caused by fatigue after exercise, in contrast, CWT does not significantly improve exercise performance and fatigue recovery. After exercise, compared with rest, using cryostimulation may have more noticeable benefits for muscle fatigue and muscle pain, with recommendations prioritizing WBC and CWI particularly for addressing inflammation and muscle pain. However, all cryostimulation may have no significant influence on exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Feng
- Aquatic Therapy and Fitness Center, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Bingting Luo
- Aquatic Therapy and Fitness Center, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Geng Du
- Aquatic Therapy and Fitness Center, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ting Liao
- Aquatic Therapy and Fitness Center, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chanjuan Zheng
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Integrated Chinese & Western Medicine, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Grainger A, Comfort P, Twist C, Heffernan SM, Tarantino G. Real-World Fatigue Testing in Professional Rugby Union: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2024; 54:855-874. [PMID: 38114782 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01973-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Professional rugby union is a high-intensity contact sport with position-specific high training and match volumes across a season that may lead to periods of fatigue if above a typically experienced threshold. This study assesses the influence of match play and/or training on fatigue levels in rugby union players. OBJECTIVE We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of measures used to assess fatigue status in male professional rugby union players. METHODS Using electronic databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and MEDLINE), a systematic review of fatigue testing in rugby union was conducted on (1) neuromuscular, (2) subjective self-report, (3) biochemical, and (4) heart rate-derived measures. RESULTS Thirty-seven articles were included in this systematic review, of which 14 were further included in a meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis revealed small, yet not significant, decreases in countermovement jump height immediately after (effect size [ES] = - 0.29; 95% confidence interval [CI] - 0.64 to 0.06), 24 h (ES = - 0.43; 95% CI - 3.99 to 3.21), and 48 h (ES = - 0.22; 95% CI - 0.47 to 0.02) after exposure to rugby union match play or training. Reported wellness (ES = - 0.33; 95% CI - 1.70 to 1.04) and tiredness (ES = - 0.14; 95% CI - 1.30 to 1.03) declined over a period of a few weeks (however, the results were not-statistically significant), meanwhile muscle soreness increased (ES = 0.91; 95% CI 0.06 to 1.75) within the 96 h after the exposure to rugby union match play or training. Finally, while cortisol levels (ES = 1.87; 95% CI - 1.54 to 5.29) increased, testosterone declined (ES = - 1.54; 95% CI - 7.16 to 4.08) within the 24 h after the exposure. However, these results were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Subjective measures of muscle soreness can be used to assess fatigue after match play and training in rugby union players. Within-study and between-study variability for countermovement jump height, biochemical markers, and heart rate-derived measures means the utility (practical application) of these measures to assess fatigue in professional rugby union players after matches and training is unclear. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO ID: CRD42020216706.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Grainger
- Kitman Labs, Dublin, Ireland.
- Institute of Sport and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Paul Comfort
- University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, UK
- Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Craig Twist
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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Poignard M, Guilhem G, Jubeau M, Martin E, Giol T, Montalvan B, Bieuzen F. Cold-water immersion and whole-body cryotherapy attenuate muscle soreness during 3 days of match-like tennis protocol. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1895-1909. [PMID: 37088821 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the effect of whole-body cryotherapy (WBC), cold-water immersion (CWI) and passive recovery (PAS) on tennis recovery. METHODS Thirteen competitive male tennis players completed three consecutive match-like tennis protocols, followed by recovery (WBC, CWI, PAS) in a crossover design. Five tennis drills and serves were performed using a ball machine to standardize the fatiguing protocol. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) peak torque, creatine kinase activity (CK), muscle soreness, ball accuracy and velocity together with voluntary activation, low- and high-frequency torque and EMG activity were recorded before each protocol and 24 h following the third protocol. RESULTS MVC peak torque (- 7.7 ± 11.3%; p = 0.001) and the high- to low-frequency torque ratio (- 10.0 ± 25.8%; p < 0.05) decreased on Day 1 but returned to baseline on Day 2, Day 3 and Day 4 (p = 0.052, all p > 0.06). The CK activity slightly increased from 161.0 ± 100.2 to 226.0 ± 106.7 UA L-1 on Day 1 (p = 0.001) and stayed at this level (p = 0.016) across days with no differences between recovery interventions. Muscle soreness increased across days with PAS recovery (p = 0.005), while no main effect of time was neither observed with WBC nor CWI (all p > 0.292). The technical performance was maintained across protocols with WBC and PAS, while it increased for CWI on Day 3 vs Day 1 (p = 0.017). CONCLUSION Our 1.5-h tennis protocol led to mild muscle damage, though neither the neuromuscular function nor the tennis performance was altered due to accumulated workload induced by consecutive tennis protocols. The muscle soreness resulting from tennis protocols was similarly alleviated by both CWI and WBC. TRIAL REGISTRATION IRB No. 2017-A02255-48, 12/05/2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Poignard
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), 11 Avenue du Tremblay, 75012, Paris, France.
- French Tennis Federation, Paris, France.
| | - Gaël Guilhem
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), 11 Avenue du Tremblay, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Marc Jubeau
- Nantes University, Movement-Interactions-Performance, MIP, UR 4334, 44000, Nantes, France
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Oliveira RFD, Mota GR, Carvalho WRGD, Bertochi GFA, Sasaki JE. EFFECT OF SINGLE AND MULTIPLE SESSIONS OF SELF-MYOFASCIAL RELEASE: SYSTEMATIC REVIEW. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202228042021_0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Self-myofascial release with a roller has been used as a tool to accelerate recovery. The objective of this systematic review was to investigate how one session or multiple sessions of self-myofascial release with a roller affect the recovery of an athlete´s performance. The research was conducted in the PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, BVS, Embase, SPORTDiscus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases using the terms: foam rolling, foam roller, and self-myofascial release combined with recovery, exercise, fatigue, and sport and acute effects, chronic effects and performance, resulting in 12,020 articles. After checking the inclusion criteria, 40 studies were selected and analyzed. It was concluded that multiple sessions of self-myofascial release with a roller are more effective in recovering lower limb power and speed performance than just one session. A single session is more effective for recovering strength performance than multiple sessions. Moreover, both single and multiple sessions showed similar results in the recovery of agility, pain, flexibility, blood lactate removal, and perception of recovery. Finally, multiple sessions between sets of resistance exercise seem to reduce performance, decreasing the number of repetitions and resistance to fatigue, while a single session did not produce a significant effect. Self-myofascial release with a roller demonstrates potential for speeding up the recovery process of athletes. Future studies should evaluate the effect of the regular use of self-myofascial release with a roller on performance recovery. Level of evidence II; Systematic review.
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Effects of graded hypoxia during exhaustive intermittent cycling on subsequent exercise performance and neuromuscular responses. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:3539-3549. [PMID: 34536112 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04809-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined the effect of graded hypoxia during exhaustive intermittent cycling on subsequent exercise performance and neuromuscular fatigue characteristics in normoxia. METHODS Fifteen well-trained cyclists performed an exhaustive intermittent cycling exercise (EICE 1; 15 s at 30% of anaerobic power reserve interspersed with 45 s of passive recovery) at sea level (SL; FiO2 ~ 0.21), moderate (MH; FiO2 ~ 0.16) and severe hypoxia (SH; FiO2 ~ 0.12). This was followed, after 30 min of passive recovery in normoxia, by an identical exercise bout in normoxia (EICE 2). Neuromuscular function of the knee extensors was assessed at baseline, after EICE 1 (post-EICE 1), and EICE 2 (post-EICE 2). RESULTS The number of efforts completed decreased with increasing hypoxic severity during EICE 1 (SL: 39 ± 30, MH: 22 ± 13, SH: 13 ± 6; p ≤ 0.02), whereas there was no difference between conditions during EICE 2 (SL: 16 ± 9, MH: 20 ± 14, SH: 24 ± 17; p ≥ 0.09). Maximal torque (p = 0.007), peripheral (p = 0.02) and cortical voluntary activation (p < 0.001), and twitch torque (p < 0.001) decreased from baseline to post-EICE 1. Overall, there were no significant difference in any neuromuscular parameters from post-EICE 1 to post-EICE 2 (p ≥ 0.08). CONCLUSION Increasing hypoxia severity during exhaustive intermittent cycling hampered exercise capacity, but did not influence performance and associated neuromuscular responses during a subsequent bout of exercise in normoxia performed after 30 min of rest.
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Hou X, Liu J, Weng K, Griffin L, Rice LA, Jan YK. Effects of Various Physical Interventions on Reducing Neuromuscular Fatigue Assessed by Electromyography: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:659138. [PMID: 34497799 PMCID: PMC8419274 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.659138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Various interventions have been applied to improve recovery from muscle fatigue based on evidence from subjective outcomes, such as perceived fatigue and soreness, which may partly contribute to conflicting results of reducing muscle fatigue. There is a need to assess the effectiveness of various intervention on reducing neuromuscular fatigue assessed by a quantitative outcome, such as electromyography (EMG). The objective of this review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the effectiveness of different interventions and intervention timing for reducing fatigue rates during exercise. Methods: The literature was searched from the earliest record to March 2021. Eighteen studies with a total of 87 data points involving 281 participants and seven types of interventions [i.e., active recovery (AR), compression, cooling, electrical stimulation (ES), light-emitting diode therapy (LEDT), massage, and stretching] were included in this meta-analysis. Results: The results showed that compression (SMD = 0.28; 95% CI = -0.00 to 0.56; p = 0.05; I 2 = 58%) and LEDT (SMD = 0.49; 95% CI = 0.11 to 0.88; p = 0.01; I 2 = 52%) have a significant recovery effect on reducing muscle fatigue. Additionally, compression, AR, and cooling have a significant effect on reducing muscle fatigue when conducted during exercise, whereas a non-effective trend when applied after exercise. Discussion: This meta-analysis suggests that compression and LEDT have a significant effect on reducing muscle fatigue. The results also suggest that there is a significant effect or an effective trend on reducing muscle fatigue when compression, AR, cooling, and ES are applied during exercise, but not after exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Hou
- School of Sport Sciences, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingmin Liu
- Department of Sports Science and Physical Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Kaixiang Weng
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Lisa Griffin
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Laura A Rice
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Yih-Kuen Jan
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
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Doherty R, Madigan SM, Nevill A, Warrington G, Ellis JG. The Sleep and Recovery Practices of Athletes. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041330. [PMID: 33920560 PMCID: PMC8072992 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Athletes maintain a balance between stress and recovery and adopt recovery modalities that manage fatigue and enhance recovery and performance. Optimal TST is subject to individual variance. However, 7-9 h sleep is recommended for adults, while elite athletes may require more quality sleep than non-athletes. METHODS A total of 338 (elite n = 115, 74 males and 41 females, aged 23.44 ± 4.91 years; and sub-elite n = 223, 129 males and 94 females aged 25.71 ± 6.27) athletes were recruited from a variety of team and individual sports to complete a battery of previously validated and reliable widely used questionnaires assessing sleep, recovery and nutritional practices. RESULTS Poor sleep was reported by both the elite and sub-elite athlete groups (i.e., global PSQI score ≥5-elite 64% [n = 74]; sub-elite 65% [n = 146]) and there was a significant difference in sport-specific recovery practices (3.22 ± 0.90 vs. 2.91 ± 0.90; p < 0.001). Relatively high levels of fatigue (2.52 ± 1.32), stress (1.7 ± 1.31) and pain (50%, n = 169) were reported in both groups. A range of supplements were used regularly by athletes in both groups; indeed, whey (elite n = 22 and sub-elite n = 48) was the most commonly used recovery supplement in both groups. Higher alcohol consumption was observed in the sub-elite athletes (12%, n = 26) and they tended to consume more units of alcohol per drinking bout. CONCLUSION There is a need for athletes to receive individualised support and education regarding their sleep and recovery practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rónán Doherty
- Sports Lab North West, Letterkenny Institute of Technology, Port Road, Letterkenny, F92 FC93 Donegal, Ireland
- Sport Ireland Institute, National Sport Campus, Abbotstown, D15 PNON Dublin, Ireland;
- Northumbria Centre for Sleep Research, Northumbria University, Newcastle NE7 7XA, UK;
- Correspondence:
| | - Sharon M. Madigan
- Sport Ireland Institute, National Sport Campus, Abbotstown, D15 PNON Dublin, Ireland;
| | - Alan Nevill
- Faculty of Education, Health and Wellbeing, University of Wolverhampton, Walsall Campus, Walsall WV1 1LY, UK;
| | - Giles Warrington
- Health Research Institute, Schuman Building, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland;
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, V94 T9PX Limerick, Ireland
| | - Jason G. Ellis
- Northumbria Centre for Sleep Research, Northumbria University, Newcastle NE7 7XA, UK;
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Upper-Body Resistance Training Following Soccer Match Play: Compatible, Complementary, or Contraindicated? Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:165-175. [PMID: 33440333 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE During heavily congested schedules, professional soccer players can experience exacerbated fatigue responses, which are thought to contribute to an increased risk of injury. Given that match-induced residual fatigue can last up to 72 hours, many coaches naturally prioritize recovery in the days immediately following match day. While it is intuitive for coaches and training staff to decrease the amount of auxiliary training practices to focus on recovery, prescribing upper-body resistance training on the day after match play has recently emerged as a specific training modality in this context. While these sessions may be implemented to increase training stimulus, there are limited data available regarding the efficacy of such a practice to improve recovery kinetics. METHODS In this narrative review, the authors look at the theoretical implications of performing upper-body resistance training on the day after match play on the status of various physiological and psychological systems, including neuromuscular, metabolic, hormonal, perceptual, and immunological recovery. RESULTS The available evidence suggests that in most cases this practice, as currently implemented (ie, low volume, low intensity), is unlikely to be complementary (ie, does not accelerate recovery) but is potentially compatible (ie, does not impair recovery). CONCLUSION Overall, because the perception of such sessions may be player dependent, their programming requires an individualized approach and should take into account match dynamics (eg, fixture scheduling, playing time, travel).
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Preseason Training Improves Perception of Fatigue and Recovery From a Futsal Training Session. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2021; 16:557-564. [PMID: 33440337 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2020-0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the posttraining recovery timeline of elite Brazilian futsal athletes before (Pre-PS) and after 10 weeks of the preseason (Post-PS) period of high-intensity technical-tactical training. METHODS At the start (n = 13) and at the end of the preseason (n = 7), under-20 male futsal players undertook fitness testing for maximal aerobic power, the countermovement jump (CMJ), and the 10-m sprint with change of direction. Furthermore, at both Pre-PS and Post-PS, the players participated in a training session where performance and psychophysiological measures were recorded before, immediately, 3, 24, and 48 hours postsession. The measures included CMJ, 10-m sprint, creatine kinase, Total Quality Recovery Scale, and Brunel Mood Scale. Effect size (ES) analyses compared fitness and posttraining recovery values for each parameter at Pre-PS versus Post-PS. RESULTS Only trivial ES (-0.02 to 0.11) was evident in maximal aerobic power, CMJ, and 10-m sprint at Post-PS compared with Pre-PS. For the timeline of recovery, only trivial and small ESs were evident for the 10-m sprint (-0.12 to 0.49), though CMJ recovery was improved at 3 hours (0.87) and 48 hours (1.27) at Post-PS and creatine kinase was lower at 48 hours (-1.33) at Post-PS. Perception of recovery was improved in Post-PS at 3 hours (1.50) and 24 hours postsession (0.92). Furthermore, perception of effort was lower immediately after the session (-0.29), fatigue was lower at 3 hours (-0.63), and vigor responses were improved in all postseason assessments (0.59 to 1.13). CONCLUSION Despite minimal changes in fitness, preseason training attenuated players' perception of effort and fatigue and improved their recovery profile following a high-intensity technical-tactical training session.
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Aging and Recovery After Resistance-Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: Current Evidence and Implications for Future Research. J Aging Phys Act 2020; 29:544-551. [PMID: 33291066 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2020-0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aging is anecdotally associated with a prolonged recovery from resistance training, though current literature remains equivocal. This brief review considers the effects of resistance training on indirect markers of muscle damage and recovery (i.e., muscle soreness, blood markers, and muscle strength) in older males. With no date restrictions, four databases were searched for articles relating to aging, muscle damage, and recovery. Data from 11 studies were extracted for review. Of these, four reported worse symptoms in older compared with younger populations, while two have observed the opposite, and the remaining studies (n = 6) proposed no differences between age groups. It appears that resistance training can be practiced in older populations without concern for impaired recovery. To improve current knowledge, researchers are urged to utilize more ecologically valid muscle-damaging bouts and investigate the mechanisms which underpin the recovery of muscle soreness and strength after exercise in older populations.
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11
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Kwiecien SY, McHugh MP, Howatson G. Don't Lose Your Cool With Cryotherapy: The Application of Phase Change Material for Prolonged Cooling in Athletic Recovery and Beyond. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:118. [PMID: 33345107 PMCID: PMC7739598 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Strenuous exercise can result in muscle damage in both recreational and elite athletes, and is accompanied by strength loss, and increases in soreness, oxidative stress, and inflammation. If the aforementioned signs and symptoms associated with exercise-induced muscle damage are excessive or unabated, the recovery process becomes prolonged and can result in performance decrements; consequently, there has been a great deal of research focussing on accelerating recovery following exercise. A popular recovery modality is cryotherapy which results in a reduction of tissue temperature by the withdrawal of heat from the body. Cryotherapy is advantageous because of its ability to reduce tissue temperature at the site of muscle damage. However, there are logistical limitations to traditional cryotherapy modalities, such as cold-water immersion or whole-body cryotherapy, because they are limited by the duration for which they can be administered in a single dose. Phase change material (PCM) at a temperature of 15°C can deliver a single dose of cooling for a prolonged duration in a practical, efficacious, and safe way; hence overcoming the limitations of traditional cryotherapy modalities. Recently, 15°C PCM has been locally administered following isolated eccentric exercise, a soccer match, and baseball pitching, for durations of 3-6 h with no adverse effects. These data showed that using 15°C PCM to prolong the duration of cooling successfully reduced strength loss and soreness following exercise. Extending the positive effects associated with cryotherapy by prolonging the duration of cooling can enhance recovery following exercise and give athletes a competitive advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Y. Kwiecien
- Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Malachy P. McHugh
- Nicholas Institute of Sports Medicine and Athletic Trauma, Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Water Research Group, North West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Stewart IB, Moghadam P, Borg DN, Kung T, Sikka P, Minett GM. Thermal Infrared Imaging Can Differentiate Skin Temperature Changes Associated With Intense Single Leg Exercise, But Not With Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness. J Sports Sci Med 2020; 19:469-477. [PMID: 32874099 PMCID: PMC7429423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Muscle damage and soreness associated with increased exercise training loads or unaccustomed activity can be debilitating and impact the quality of subsequent activity/performance. Current techniques to assess muscle soreness are either time consuming, invasive or subjective. Infrared thermography has been identified as a quick, non-invasive, portable and athlete friendly method of assessing skin temperature. This study assessed the capability of thermal infrared imaging to detect skin temperature changes that may accompany the inflammatory response associated with delayed onset muscular soreness (DOMS). Eight recreationally trained participants (age 25 ± 3 years, mass 74.9 ± 13.6 kg, training minutes 296 ± 175 min·wk-1) completed 6 sets of 25 maximal concentric/eccentric contractions of the right knee flexors/extensors on a dynamometer to induce muscle damage and DOMS. The left knee extensors acted as a non-exercise control. Neuromuscular performance, subjective pain assessment and infrared thermography were undertaken at baseline, 24 and 48 hr post the DOMS-inducing exercise protocol. Data were analysed using Bayesian hierarchical regression and Cohen's d was also calculated. Maximal voluntary contraction torque was statistically lower at 24 hr (d = -0.70) and 48 hr (d = -0.52) compared to baseline, after the DOMS-inducing exercise protocol. These neuromuscular impairments coincided with statistically higher ratings of muscle soreness at 24 hr (d = 0.96) and 48 hr (d = 0.48). After adjusting for ambient temperature, anterior thigh skin temperature was statistically elevated at 24 hr, but not 48 hr, compared with baseline, in both the exercised and non-exercised leg. Thigh temperature was not different statistically between legs at these time points. Infrared imaging was able to detect elevations in skin temperature, at 24 hrs after the DOMS inducing exercise protocol, in both the exercised and non-exercised thigh. Elevations in the skin temperature of both thighs, potentially identifies a systemic inflammatory response occurring at 24 hr after the DOMS-inducing exercise protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian B Stewart
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Peyman Moghadam
- Robotics and Autonomous Systems, Data61, The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David N Borg
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The Hopkins Centre, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Terry Kung
- Robotics and Autonomous Systems, Data61, The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pavan Sikka
- Robotics and Autonomous Systems, Data61, The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Geoffrey M Minett
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Ardigò LP, Palermi S, Padulo J, Dhahbi W, Russo L, Linetti S, Cular D, Tomljanovic M. External Responsiveness of the SuperOp TM Device to Assess Recovery After Exercise: A Pilot Study. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:67. [PMID: 33345058 PMCID: PMC7739672 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-exercise recovery is a complex process involving a return of performance and a physiological or perceptual feeling close to pre-exercise status. The hypothesis of this study is that the device investigated here is effective in evaluating the recovery state of professional cyclists in order to plan effective training. Ten professional male cyclists belonging to the same team were enrolled in this study. Participants performed a 7-day exercise program [D1, D4, and D7: low-intensity training; D2 and D5: passive recovery; D3: maximum oxygen consumption (VO2Max) test (for maximum mechanical power assessment only); and D6: constant load test]. During the week of monitoring, each morning before getting up, the device assessed each participant's so-called Organic Readiness {OR [arbitrary unit (a.u.)]}, based on blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR), features of past exercise session, and following self-perceived condition. Based on its readings and algorithm, the device graphically displayed four different colors/values, indicating general exercise recommendations: green/3 = "you can train hard," yellow/2 = "you can train averagely," orange/1 = "you can train lightly," or red/0 = "you should recover passively." During the week of research, morning OR values and Bonferroni post-hoc comparisons showed significant differences between days and, namely, values (1) D2 (after low intensity training) was higher than D4 (after VO2Max test; P = 0.033 and d = 1.296) and (2) D3 and D6 (after passive recovery) were higher than D4 (after VO2Max test; P = 0.006 and d = 2.519) and D5 (after low intensity training; P = 0.033 and d = 1.341). The receiver operating characteristic analysis area under curve (AUC) recorded a result of 0.727 and could differentiate between D3 and D4 with a sensitivity and a specificity of 80%. Preliminarily, the device investigated is a sufficiently effective and sensitive/specific device to assess the recovery state of athletes in order to plan effective training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Paolo Ardigò
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Palermi
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Johnny Padulo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Wissem Dhahbi
- Sport Science Program, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Luca Russo
- Faculty of Psychology, University eCampus, Novedrate, Italy
| | - Simone Linetti
- Faculty of Psychology, University eCampus, Novedrate, Italy
| | - Drazen Cular
- Laboratory for Applied Physiology, Sport Systems, Talents Development and Influence of Physical Activities on Health, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Croatian Institute for Kinesiology and Sport, Split, Croatia
- Einstein Craft for Research, Development, Education, Trade and Services, Split, Croatia
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Split, Croatia
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Campbell PG, Stewart IB, Sirotic AC, Minett GM. Does exercise intensity affect wellness scores in a dose-like fashion? Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 20:1395-1404. [PMID: 31903866 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1710264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Wellness questionnaires are common in monitoring systems, yet the sensitivity to variations in acute training intensity is unclear. This study examined the controlled dosage effects of differing exercise intensities on wellness variables and subsequent associations with neuromuscular performance. Participants (n = 10) completed low-, moderate- and high-intensity conditions of a 90 min simulated football match shuttle running protocol scaled relative to beep test scores. The protocols were completed in a randomised and counterbalanced fashion matched for time of day. Wellness (sleep quality, readiness to train, soreness, fatigue, stress, mood, motivation) and neuromuscular performance (maximal voluntary contraction, countermovement jump, 6 s cycle-ergometer sprint) were assessed pre-, post- and 24 h post-exercise. Heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded during, and session RPE (sRPE) after exercise. Generalised linear mixed models demonstrated main effects between conditions with increased HR, RPE and sRPE (P < 0.03; d > 0.8) responses from the low-high condition. Total and z-score wellness showed no significant differences between trials at any time-point (P > 0.05; d = 0.03-0.91). Fatigue was lower 24 h post-exercise for the low, compared to moderate and high conditions (P = 0.006-0.047; d = 1.20-1.77). Ratings of fatigue and soreness increased from pre- to 24 h post-trial (P < 0.003; d = 0.96-2.48), while total wellness and readiness to train decreased over time (P < 0.04; d = 0.91-1.86). Wellness showed limited capacity to differentiate training intensities. Practitioners should be aware while wellness may be highly practical, it may be limited to solely determine athlete accommodation of load considering the strength of association observed with the applied load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick G Campbell
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - Ian B Stewart
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | | | - Geoffrey M Minett
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia.,Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia
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15
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The Temporal Relationship Between Exercise, Recovery Processes, and Changes in Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:1015-1021. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Physiological and psychological demands during training and competition generate fatigue and reduce an athlete’s sport-specific performance capacity. The magnitude of this decrement depends on several characteristics of the exercise stimulus (eg, type, duration, and intensity), as well as on individual characteristics (eg, fitness, profile, and fatigue resistance). As such, the time required to fully recover is proportional to the level of fatigue, and the consequences of exercise-induced fatigue are manifold. Whatever the purpose of the ensuing exercise session (ie, training or competition), it is crucial to understand the importance of optimizing the period between exercise bouts in order to speed up the regenerative processes and facilitate recovery or set the next stimulus at the optimal time point. This implies having a fairly precise understanding of the fatigue mechanisms that contribute to the performance decrement. Failing to respect an athlete’s recovery needs may lead to an excessive accumulation of fatigue and potentially “nonfunctional overreaching” or to maladaptive training. Although research in this area recently increased, considerations regarding the specific time frames for different physiological mechanisms in relation to exercise-induced fatigue are still missing. Furthermore, recommendations on the timing and dosing of recovery based on these time frames are limited. Therefore, the aim of this article is to describe time courses of recovery in relation to the exercise type and on different physiological levels. This summary supports coaches, athletes, and scientists in their decision-making process by considering the relationship of exercise type, physiology, and recovery.
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Faster and Slower Posttraining Recovery in Futsal: Multifactorial Classification of Recovery Profiles. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:1089-1095. [PMID: 30702357 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the existence of faster vs slower recovery profiles in futsal and factors distinguishing them. METHODS 22 male futsal players were evaluated in countermovement jump, 10-m sprint, creatine kinase, total quality of recovery (TQR), and Brunel Mood Scale (fatigue and vigor) before and immediately and 3, 24, and 48 h posttraining. Hierarchical cluster analysis allocated players to different recovery profiles using the area under the curve (AUC) of the percentage differences from baseline. One-way ANOVA compared the time course of each variable and players' characteristics between clusters. RESULTS Three clusters were identified and labeled faster recovery (FR), slower physiological recovery (SLphy), and slower perceptual recovery (SLperc). FR presented better AUC in 10-m sprint than SLphy (P = .001) and SLperc (P = .008), as well as better TQR SLphy (P = .018) and SLperc (P = .026). SLperc showed better AUC in countermovement jump than SLphy (P = .014) but presented worse fatigue AUC than SLphy (P = .014) and FR (P = .008). AUC of creatine kinase was worse in SLphy than in FR (P = .001) and SLperc (P < .001). The SLphy players were younger than SLperc players (P = .027), whereas FR were slower 10-m sprinters than SLphy players (P = .003) and SLperc (P = .013) and tended to have higher maximal oxygen consumption than SLphy (effect size =1.13). CONCLUSION Different posttraining recovery profiles exist in futsal players, possibly influenced by their physical abilities and age/experience.
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Effects of different recovery strategies following a half-marathon on fatigue markers in recreational runners. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207313. [PMID: 30412626 PMCID: PMC6226207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the effects of different recovery strategies on fatigue markers following a prolonged running exercise. Methods 46 recreational male runners completed a half-marathon, followed by active recovery (ACT), cold water immersion (CWI), massage (MAS) or passive recovery (PAS). Countermovement jump height, muscle soreness and perceived recovery and stress were measured 24h before the half-marathon (pre), immediately after the recovery intervention (postrec) and 24h after the race (post24). In addition, muscle contractile properties and blood markers of fatigue were determined at pre and post24. Results Magnitude-based inferences revealed substantial differences in the changes between the groups. At postrec, ACT was harmful to perceived recovery (ACT vs. PAS: effect size [ES] = −1.81) and serum concentration of creatine kinase (ACT vs. PAS: ES = 0.42), with CWI being harmful to jump performance (CWI vs. PAS: ES = −0.98). It was also beneficial for reducing muscle soreness (CWI vs. PAS: ES = −0.88) and improving perceived stress (CWI vs. PAS: ES = −0.64), with MAS being beneficial for reducing muscle soreness (MAS vs. PAS: ES = −0.52) and improving perceived recovery (MAS vs. PAS: ES = 1.00). At post24, both CWI and MAS were still beneficial for reducing muscle soreness (CWI vs. PAS: ES = 1.49; MAS vs. PAS: ES = 1.12), with ACT being harmful to perceived recovery (ACT vs. PAS: ES = −0.68), serum concentration of creatine kinase (ACT vs. PAS: ES = 0.84) and free-testosterone (ACT vs. PAS: ES = −0.91). Conclusions In recreational runners, a half-marathon results in fatigue symptoms lasting at least 24h. To restore subjective fatigue measures, the authors recommend CWI and MAS, as these recovery strategies are more effective than PAS, with ACT being even disadvantageous. However, runners must be aware that neither the use of ACT nor CWI or MAS had any beneficial effect on objective fatigue markers.
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Ramos-Álvarez JJ, Maffulli N, Bragazzi NL, Ardigò LP, Jiménez-Herranz E, Naranjo-Ortiz C, Padulo J, Calderón Montero FJ. Cardio-respiratory values during recovery from exercise in soccer Spanish leagues. Physiol Meas 2018; 39:105003. [PMID: 30306893 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/aae0e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this cross-sectional study, we compared Spanish division one (n = 114) and division two (n = 80) soccer players in terms of their cardio-respiratory response during recovery following a maximum laboratory effort test. APPROACH Following the maximum laboratory effort protocol, we measured oxygen consumption ([Formula: see text]), heart rate (HR), and ventilation ([Formula: see text]) during recovery. MAIN RESULTS Over the first 60 s of recovery, no significant differences were seen in either [Formula: see text] (28.7 versus 28.3 ml/kg/m, in division one and two players, respectively), HR, or [Formula: see text] (p > 0.05). After 90 s, however, significant differences appeared between the players of the two divisions (p < 0.01), although not among playing positions. Significant differences in [Formula: see text] (21.1 versus 26.0 ml/kg/m, in division one and two players, respectively) and HR were still apparent at 180 s into the recovery period. The change in professional soccer players' cardio-respiratory values over the recovery period following maximum effort are independent of the position played, but are associated with the division in which a player competes. Second division players show significantly higher [Formula: see text] and HR values than first division players at 180 s into the recovery period. SIGNIFICANCE These differences might influence performance in soccer and in other athletes whose sports require intermittent bouts of maximum effort and consequently times to repeat high-intensity efforts as short as possible.
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Missau E, Teixeira ADO, Franco OS, Martins CN, Paulitsch FDS, Peres W, Silva AMVD, Signori LU. COLD WATER IMMERSION AND INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE AFTER RESISTANCE EXERCISES. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220182405182913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: High-intensity resistance exercises (RE) cause an inflammatory response that reduces functionality. Objective: To evaluate the effects of Cold Water Immersion (CWI) on leukocytosis, oxidative stress parameters, inflammatory markers and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) resulting from a RE session in untrained volunteers. Methods: Thirteen volunteers (aged 26 ± 5 years) who do not engage in RE were randomized and underwent Control RE and RE with CWI sessions. Exercise sessions (leg extension machine, squats and leg presses) consisted of four sets of 10 maximum repetitions (one-week interval between the assessment and the sessions). CWI consisted of immersion in water (15°C) to the umbilicus for 10 minutes immediately after the exercise session. Complete blood count, CRP, creatine kinase (CK) and lipoperoxidation (LPO) were assessed previously (baseline) and immediately, 30 minutes and 2 hours after RE. DOMS was assessed 24 hours after the sessions. Results: RE induced progressive leukocytosis (P<0.001). CRP was elevated 2 hours after exercise (P=0.008) only in the Control RE session. CK increased 30 minutes and 2 hours after exercise (P<0.001) in the Control session, whereas in the CWI session the increase was observed after 2 hours (P<0.001). LPO increased only in the Control session after 2 hours (P=0.025). CWI reduced DOMS by 57% (P<0.001). Conclusion: CWI slows the inflammatory response and reduces DOMS in untrained individuals undergoing RE. Level of Evidence I; Randomized Clinical Trial.
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Giboin LS, Amiri E, Bertschinger R, Gruber M. Active recovery affects the recovery of the corticospinal system but not of muscle contractile properties. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197339. [PMID: 29758055 PMCID: PMC5951565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Active recovery is often used by athletes after strenuous exercise or competition but its underlying mechanisms are not well understood. We hypothesized that active recovery speeds-up recovery processes within the muscle and the central nervous system (CNS). METHODS We assessed muscular and CNS recovery by measuring the voluntary activation (VA) in the vastus lateralis muscle with transcranial magnetic stimulation (VATMS) and peripheral nerve stimulation (VAPNS) during maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) of the knee extensors in 11 subjects. Measurements were performed before and after a fatiguing cycling time-trial, after an active and a passive recovery treatment and after another fatiguing task (1 min MVC). The measurements were performed a second time 24 h after the time-trial. RESULTS We observed a time × group interaction effect for VATMS (p = 0.013). Post-hoc corrected T-tests demonstrated an increased VATMS after active recovery when measured after the 1 min MVC performed 24 h after the time-trial (mean ± SD; 95.2 ± 4.1% vs. 89.2 ± 6.6%, p = 0.026). No significant effects were observed for all other variables. CONCLUSIONS Active recovery increased aspects of central, rather than muscle recovery. However, no effect on MVC was seen, implying that even if active recovery speeds up CNS recovery, without affecting the recovery of muscle contractile properties, this doesn´t translate into increases in overall performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ehsan Amiri
- Faculty of Sport Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Markus Gruber
- Sensorimotor Performance Lab, University Konstanz, Germany
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Dupuy O, Douzi W, Theurot D, Bosquet L, Dugué B. An Evidence-Based Approach for Choosing Post-exercise Recovery Techniques to Reduce Markers of Muscle Damage, Soreness, Fatigue, and Inflammation: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2018; 9:403. [PMID: 29755363 PMCID: PMC5932411 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of the present work was to perform a meta-analysis evaluating the impact of recovery techniques on delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), perceived fatigue, muscle damage, and inflammatory markers after physical exercise. Method: Three databases including PubMed, Embase, and Web-of-Science were searched using the following terms: ("recovery" or "active recovery" or "cooling" or "massage" or "compression garment" or "electrostimulation" or "stretching" or "immersion" or "cryotherapy") and ("DOMS" or "perceived fatigue" or "CK" or "CRP" or "IL-6") and ("after exercise" or "post-exercise") for randomized controlled trials, crossover trials, and repeated-measure studies. Overall, 99 studies were included. Results: Active recovery, massage, compression garments, immersion, contrast water therapy, and cryotherapy induced a small to large decrease (-2.26 < g < -0.40) in the magnitude of DOMS, while there was no change for the other methods. Massage was found to be the most powerful technique for recovering from DOMS and fatigue. In terms of muscle damage and inflammatory markers, we observed an overall moderate decrease in creatine kinase [SMD (95% CI) = -0.37 (-0.58 to -0.16), I2 = 40.15%] and overall small decreases in interleukin-6 [SMD (95% CI) = -0.36 (-0.60 to -0.12), I2 = 0%] and C-reactive protein [SMD (95% CI) = -0.38 (-0.59 to-0.14), I2 = 39%]. The most powerful techniques for reducing inflammation were massage and cold exposure. Conclusion: Massage seems to be the most effective method for reducing DOMS and perceived fatigue. Perceived fatigue can be effectively managed using compression techniques, such as compression garments, massage, or water immersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Dupuy
- Laboratoire MOVE (EA6314), Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
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The Role of Visual Feedback on Power Output During Intermittent Wingate Testing in Ice Hockey Players. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6020032. [PMID: 29910336 PMCID: PMC6026878 DOI: 10.3390/sports6020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Visual feedback may help elicit peak performance during different types of strength and power testing, but its effect during the anaerobic Wingate test is unexplored. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of visual feedback on power output during a hockey-specific intermittent Wingate test (AnWT6x6) consisting of 6 stages of 6 s intervals with a 1:1 work-to-rest ratio. Methods: Thirty elite college-aged hockey players performed the AnWT6x6 with either constant (n = 15) visual feedback during all 6 stages (CVF) or restricted (n = 15) visual feedback (RVF) where feedback was shown only during the 2nd through 5th stages. Results: In the first stage, there were moderate-to-large effect sizes for absolute peak power (PP) output and PP relative to body mass and PP relative to fat-free mass. However, the remaining stages (2⁻6) displayed small or negligible effects. Conclusions: These data indicate that visual feedback may play a role in optimizing power output in a non-fatigued state (1st stage), but likely does not play a role in the presence of extreme neuromuscular fatigue (6th stage) during Wingate testing. To achieve the highest peak power, coaches and researchers could provide visual feedback during Wingate testing, as it may positively influence performance in the early stages of testing, but does not result in residual fatigue or negatively affect performance during subsequent stages.
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Macgregor LJ, Hunter AM. High-threshold motor unit firing reflects force recovery following a bout of damaging eccentric exercise. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195051. [PMID: 29630622 PMCID: PMC5890972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is associated with impaired muscle function and reduced neuromuscular recruitment. However, motor unit firing behaviour throughout the recovery period is unclear. EIMD impairment of maximal voluntary force (MVC) will, in part, be caused by reduced high-threshold motor unit firing, which will subsequently increase to recover MVC. Fourteen healthy active males completed a bout of eccentric exercise on the knee extensors, with measurements of MVC, rate of torque development and surface electromyography performed pre-exercise and 2, 3, 7 and 14 days post-exercise, on both damaged and control limb. EIMD was associated with decreased MVC (235.2 ± 49.3 Nm vs. 161.3 ± 52.5 Nm; p <0.001) and rate of torque development (495.7 ± 136.9 Nm.s-1 vs. 163.4 ± 163.7 Nm.s-1; p <0.001) 48h post-exercise. Mean motor unit firing rate was reduced (16.4 ± 2.2 Hz vs. 12.6 ± 1.7 Hz; p <0.01) in high-threshold motor units only, 48h post-exercise, and common drive was elevated (0.36 ± 0.027 vs. 0.56 ± 0.032; p< 0.001) 48h post-exercise. The firing rate of high-threshold motor units was reduced in parallel with impaired muscle function, whilst early recruited motor units remained unaltered. Common drive of motor units increased in offset to the firing rate impairment. These alterations correlated with the recovery of force decrement, but not of pain elevation. This study provides fresh insight into the central mechanisms associated with EIMD recovery, relative to muscle function. These findings may in turn lead to development of novel management and preventative procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis J. Macgregor
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
| | - Angus M. Hunter
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland
- * E-mail:
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24
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Terrados N, Mielgo-Ayuso J, Delextrat A, Ostojic SM, Calleja-Gonzalez J. Dietetic-nutritional, physical and physiological recovery methods post-competition in team sports. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 59:415-428. [PMID: 29589411 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08169-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
To a proper recovery, is absolutely necessary to know that athletes with enhanced recovery after maximal exercise are likely to perform better in sports. Recovery strategies are commonly used in team sports despite limited scientific evidence to support their effectiveness in facilitating optimal recovery and the players spend a much greater proportion of their time recovering than they do in training. According to authors, some studies investigated the effect of recovery strategies on physical performance in team sports, lack of experimental studies about the real origin of the fatigue, certify the need for further study this phenomenon. Thus, developing effective methods for helping athletes to recover is deemed essential. Therefore, the aim of this review is provide information for his practical application, based on scientific evidence about recovery in team sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Terrados
- Regional Unit of Sport Medicine-Avilés City-Council Foundation, Functional Biology Department, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Juan Mielgo-Ayuso
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Physiology, School of Physical Therapy, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Anne Delextrat
- Movement Science Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Sergej M Ostojic
- Center for Health, Exercise and Sport Sciences, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Julio Calleja-Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Analysis of Sport Performance, Sport and Physical Education Department, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain -
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Brownstein CG, Dent JP, Parker P, Hicks KM, Howatson G, Goodall S, Thomas K. Etiology and Recovery of Neuromuscular Fatigue following Competitive Soccer Match-Play. Front Physiol 2017; 8:831. [PMID: 29118716 PMCID: PMC5661001 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Previous research into the etiology of neuromuscular fatigue following competitive soccer match-play has primarily focused on peripheral perturbations, with limited research assessing central nervous system function in the days post-match. The aim of the present study was to examine the contribution and time-course of recovery of central and peripheral factors toward neuromuscular fatigue following competitive soccer match-play. Methods: Sixteen male semi-professional soccer players completed a 90-min soccer match. Pre-, post- and at 24, 48, and 72 h participants completed a battery of neuromuscular, physical, and perceptual tests. Maximal voluntary contraction force (MVC) and twitch responses to electrical (femoral nerve) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) of the motor cortex during isometric knee-extension and at rest were measured to assess central nervous system (voluntary activation, VA) and muscle contractile (potentiated twitch force, Qtw, pot) function. Electromyography responses of the rectus femoris to single- and paired-pulse TMS were used to assess corticospinal excitability and short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), respectively. Fatigue and perceptions of muscle soreness were assessed via visual analog scales, and physical function was assessed through measures of jump (countermovement jump height and reactive strength index) and sprint performance. Results: Competitive match-play elicited significant post-match declines in MVC force (−14%, P < 0.001) that persisted for 48 h (−4%, P = 0.01), before recovering by 72 h post-exercise. VA (motor point stimulation) was reduced immediately post-match (−8%, P < 0.001), and remained depressed at 24 h (−5%, P = 0.01) before recovering by 48 h post-exercise. Qtw,pot was reduced post-match (−14%, P < 0.001), remained depressed at 24 h (−6%, P = 0.01), before recovering by 48 h post-exercise. No changes were evident in corticospinal excitability or SICI. Jump performance took 48 h to recover, while perceptions of fatigue persisted at 72 h. Conclusion: Competitive soccer match-play elicits substantial impairments in central nervous system and muscle function, requiring up to 48 h to resolve. The results of the study could have important implications for fixture scheduling, the optimal management of the training process, squad rotation during congested competitive schedules, and the implementation of appropriate recovery interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum G Brownstein
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jack P Dent
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Parker
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty M Hicks
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom.,Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Stuart Goodall
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Thomas
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
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Girard O, Billaut F, Christian RJ, Bradley PS, Bishop DJ. Exercise-related sensations contribute to decrease power during repeated cycle sprints with limited influence on neural drive. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:2171-2179. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3705-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Carroll TJ, Taylor JL, Gandevia SC. Recovery of central and peripheral neuromuscular fatigue after exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 122:1068-1076. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00775.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained physical exercise leads to a reduced capacity to produce voluntary force that typically outlasts the exercise bout. This “fatigue” can be due both to impaired muscle function, termed “peripheral fatigue,” and a reduction in the capacity of the central nervous system to activate muscles, termed “central fatigue.” In this review we consider the factors that determine the recovery of voluntary force generating capacity after various types of exercise. After brief, high-intensity exercise there is typically a rapid restitution of force that is due to recovery of central fatigue (typically within 2 min) and aspects of peripheral fatigue associated with excitation-contraction coupling and reperfusion of muscles (typically within 3–5 min). Complete recovery of muscle function may be incomplete for some hours, however, due to prolonged impairment in intracellular Ca2+ release or sensitivity. After low-intensity exercise of long duration, voluntary force typically shows rapid, partial, recovery within the first few minutes, due largely to recovery of the central, neural component. However, the ability to voluntarily activate muscles may not recover completely within 30 min after exercise. Recovery of peripheral fatigue contributes comparatively little to the fast initial force restitution and is typically incomplete for at least 20–30 min. Work remains to identify what factors underlie the prolonged central fatigue that usually accompanies long-duration single joint and locomotor exercise and to document how the time course of neuromuscular recovery is affected by exercise intensity and duration in locomotor exercise. Such information could be useful to enhance rehabilitation and sports performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. J. Carroll
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland; and
| | - J. L. Taylor
- Neuroscience Research Australia and University of New South Wales
| | - S. C. Gandevia
- Neuroscience Research Australia and University of New South Wales
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THOMAS KEVIN, DENT JACK, HOWATSON GLYN, GOODALL STUART. Etiology and Recovery of Neuromuscular Fatigue after Simulated Soccer Match Play. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:955-964. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Ihsan M, Tan F, Sahrom S, Choo HC, Chia M, Aziz AR. Pre-game perceived wellness highly associates with match running performances during an international field hockey tournament. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 17:593-602. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1301559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Ihsan
- Sports Physiology Department, Singapore Sports Institute, Singapore
| | - Frankie Tan
- Sports Physiology Department, Singapore Sports Institute, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sofyan Sahrom
- Sports Physiology Department, Singapore Sports Institute, Singapore
- Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
| | - Hui Cheng Choo
- Centre for Exercise and Sport Science Research, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Perth, Australia
- Physical Education and Sports Science Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Michael Chia
- Physical Education and Sports Science Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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Peake JM, Gandevia SC. Replace, restore, revive: the keys to recovery after exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 122:531-532. [PMID: 28153939 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00086.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Peake
- Tissue Repair and Translational Physiology Research Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; .,Center of Excellence for Applied Sport Science Research, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Australia; and
| | - Simon C Gandevia
- Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA) and the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Page W, Swan R, Patterson SD. The effect of intermittent lower limb occlusion on recovery following exercise-induced muscle damage: A randomized controlled trial. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 20:729-733. [PMID: 28153608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effectiveness of intermittent lower limb occlusion in augmenting recovery from exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD) in physically active males. DESIGN Randomized controlled trial, double blind. METHODS Sixteen healthy recreationally active male participants were randomly assigned to an intermittent occlusion (OCC; n=8) or control (SHAM; n=8) group. The EIMD protocol comprised of 100 drop-jumps, from a 0.6m box. Indices of muscle damage were creatine kinase (CK), thigh-circumference (TC), muscle soreness (DOMS), counter-movement jump (CMJ) and maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MIVC). Measurements were assessed pre, 24h, 48h and 72h following exercise. RESULTS There was a significant time effect for all indices of muscle damage suggesting EIMD was present following the exercise protocol. The decrease in MIVC was significantly attenuated in the OCC group compared to the SHAM group at 24 (90.4±10.7 vs. 81.5±6.7%), 48 (96.2±6.1 vs. 84.5±7.1%) and 72h (101.1±4.2 vs. 89.7±7.5%). The CK response was reduced in the OCC group at 24 (335±87 vs. 636±300 IU) and 48h (244±70 vs. 393±248 IU), compared to the SHAM group. DOMS was significantly lower in the OCC compared to the SHAM group at 24, 48 and 72h post EIMD. There was no effect of OCC on CMJ or TC. CONCLUSIONS This investigation shows that intermittent lower limb occlusion administered after a damaging bout of exercise reduces indices of muscle damage and accelerates the recovery in physically active males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will Page
- School of Sport, Health, and Applied Science, St. Mary's University, UK
| | - Rachael Swan
- School of Sport, Health, and Applied Science, St. Mary's University, UK
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Machado AF, Almeida AC, Micheletti JK, Vanderlei FM, Tribst MF, Netto Junior J, Pastre CM. Dosages of cold-water immersion post exercise on functional and clinical responses: a randomized controlled trial. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:1356-1363. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. F. Machado
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Departamento de Fisioterapia; Univ. Estadual Paulista; Presidente Prudente Brazil
| | - A. C. Almeida
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde; Departamento de Fisioterapia; Univ. Federal de São Carlos; São Carlos Brazil
| | - J. K. Micheletti
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Departamento de Fisioterapia; Univ. Estadual Paulista; Presidente Prudente Brazil
| | - F. M. Vanderlei
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Departamento de Fisioterapia; Univ. Estadual Paulista; Presidente Prudente Brazil
| | - M. F. Tribst
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Departamento de Fisioterapia; Univ. Estadual Paulista; Presidente Prudente Brazil
| | - J. Netto Junior
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Departamento de Fisioterapia; Univ. Estadual Paulista; Presidente Prudente Brazil
| | - C. M. Pastre
- Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Departamento de Fisioterapia; Univ. Estadual Paulista; Presidente Prudente Brazil
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Girard O, Bula S, Faiss R, Brocherie F, Millet GY, Millet GP. Does altitude level of a prior time-trial modify subsequent exercise performance in hypoxia and associated neuromuscular responses? Physiol Rep 2016. [PMCID: PMC4962066 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the influence of prior time‐trials performed at different altitudes on subsequent exercise in moderate hypoxia and associated cardiometabolic and neuromuscular responses. In normobaric hypoxia (simulated altitude 2000 m; FiO2: 0.163), 10 healthy males performed (1) an incremental test to exhaustion (VO2max_2000) and (2) a test to exhaustion at 80% of the power output associated to VO2max_2000 for a reference time (947 ± 336 sec). Thereafter, two sessions were conducted in a randomized order: a cycle time‐trial corresponding to the reference time (TT1) followed 22 min later (passive rest at 2000 m) by a 6‐min cycle time‐trial (TT2). TT1 was either performed at 2000 or 3500 m (FiO2: 0.135), while TT2 was always performed at 2000 m. As expected, during TT1, the mean power output (247 ± 42 vs. 227 ± 37 W; P < 0.001) was higher at 2000 than 3500 m. During TT2, the mean power output (256 ± 42 vs. 252 ± 36 W) did not differ between conditions. Before and after TT1, maximal isometric voluntary contraction torque in knee extensors (pooled conditions: −7.9 ± 8.4%; P < 0.01), voluntary activation (−4.1 ± 3.1%; P < 0.05), and indices of muscle contractility (peak twitch torque: −39.1 ± 11.9%; doublet torques at 100 Hz: −15.4 ± 8.9%; 10/100 Hz ratio: −25.8 ± 7.7%; all P < 0.001) were equally reduced at 2000 m or 3500 m. Irrespective of the altitude of TT1, neuromuscular function remained similarly depressed after TT1 both before and after TT2 at 2000 m. A prior time‐trial performed at different altitude influenced to the same extent performance and associated cardiometabolic and neuromuscular responses during a subsequent exercise in moderate hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- Department of Physiology; Faculty of Biology and Medicine; ISSUL; Institute of Sport Sciences; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Simone Bula
- Department of Physiology; Faculty of Biology and Medicine; ISSUL; Institute of Sport Sciences; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Raphaël Faiss
- Department of Physiology; Faculty of Biology and Medicine; ISSUL; Institute of Sport Sciences; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Department of Physiology; Faculty of Biology and Medicine; ISSUL; Institute of Sport Sciences; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Y. Millet
- Human Performance Laboratory; Faculty of Kinesiology; University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
| | - Grégoire P. Millet
- Department of Physiology; Faculty of Biology and Medicine; ISSUL; Institute of Sport Sciences; University of Lausanne; Lausanne Switzerland
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Effects of Intermittent Neck Cooling During Repeated Bouts of High-Intensity Exercise. Sports (Basel) 2016; 4:sports4030038. [PMID: 29910286 PMCID: PMC5968886 DOI: 10.3390/sports4030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of intermittent neck cooling during exercise bouts designed to mimic combat sport competitions. Participants (n = 13, age = 25.3 ± 5.0 year height = 176.9 ± 7.5 cm, mass = 79.3 ± 9.0 kg, body fat = 11.8% ± 3.1%) performed three trials on a cycle ergometer. Each trial consisted of two, 5-min high-intensity exercise (HEX) intervals (HEX1 and HEX2—20 s at 50% peak power, followed by 15 s of rest), and a time to exhaustion (TTE) test. One-minute rest intervals were given between each round (RI1 and RI2), during which researchers treated the participant’s posterior neck with either (1) wet-ice (ICE); (2) menthol spray (SPRAY); or (3) no treatment (CON). Neck (TNECK) and chest (TCHEST) skin temperatures were significantly lower following RI1 with ICE (vs. SPRAY). Thermal sensation decreased with ICE compared to CON following RI1, RI2, TTE, and a 2-min recovery. Rating of perceived exertion was also lower with ICE following HEX2 (vs. CON) and after RI2 (vs. SPRAY). Treatment did not influence TTE (68.9 ± 18.9s). The ability of intermittent ICE to attenuate neck and chest skin temperature rises during the initial HEX stages likely explains why participants felt cooler and less exerted during equivalent HEX bouts. These data suggest intermittent ICE improves perceptual stress during short, repeated bouts of vigorous exercise.
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Romero-Franco N, Jiménez-Reyes P. Unipedal Postural Balance and Countermovement Jumps After a Warm-up and Plyometric Training Session: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 29:3216-22. [PMID: 26506062 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the immediate effects of a plyometric training protocol on unipedal postural balance and countermovement jumps. In addition, we analyzed the effects of a warm-up on these parameters. Thirty-two amateur male sprinters (24.9 ± 4.1 years; 72.3 ± 10.7 kg; 1.78 ± 0.05 m; 22.6 ± 3.3 kg·m) were randomly sorted into a control group (n = 16) (they did not perform any physical activity) and a plyometric training group (n = 16) (they performed a 15-minute warm-up and a high-intensity plyometric protocol consisting of 10 sets of 15 vertical jumps). Before and after the warm-up, and immediately after and 5 minutes after the plyometric protocol, all athletes indicated the perceived exertion on calf and quad regions on a scale from 0 (no exertion) to 10 (maximum exertion). They also carried out a maximum countermovement jump and a unipedal postural balance test (athletes would remain as still as possible for 15 seconds in a left leg and right leg support stance). Results showed that, in the plyometric group, length and velocity of center-of-pressure movement in right leg support stance increased compared with baseline (p = 0.001 and p = 0.004, respectively) and to the control group (p = 0.035 and p = 0.029, respectively) immediately after the plyometric protocol. In addition, the countermovement jump height decreased right after the plyometric protocol (p < 0.001). The perceived exertion on calf and quad regions increased after the plyometry (p < 0.001). Five minutes later, these parameters remained deteriorated despite a slight recovery (length: p = 0.044; velocity: p = 0.05; countermovement jump height: p < 0.001; local exertion: p < 0.001). Data also showed that countermovement jump height improved after the warm-up (p = 0.021), but unipedal postural balance remained unaltered. As a conclusion, high-intensity plyometric exercises blunt unipedal postural balance and countermovement jump performance. The deterioration lasts at least 5 minutes, which may influence future exercises in the training session. Coaches should plan the training routine according to the immediate effects of plyometry on postural balance and vertical jumps, which play a role in injury prevention and sports performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Romero-Franco
- Departments of 1Physiotherapy; and 2Sports Sciences, Catholic University of San Antonio of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Ruddock AD, Wilson DC, Thompson SW, Hembrough D, Winter EM. Strength and Conditioning for Professional Boxing. Strength Cond J 2016. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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de França E, Xavier AP, Hirota VB, Côrrea SC, Caperuto ÉC. Data reproducibility of pace strategy in a laboratory test run. Data Brief 2016; 7:946-50. [PMID: 27081672 PMCID: PMC4818343 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2016.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This data paper contains data related to a reproducibility test for running pacing strategy in an intermittent running test until exhaustion. Ten participants underwent a crossover study (test and retest) with an intermittent running test. The test was composed of three-minute sets (at 1 km/h above Onset Blood Lactate Accumulation) until volitional exhaustion. To assess pace strategy change, in the first test participants chose the rest time interval (RTI) between sets (ranging from 30 to 60 s) and in the second test the maximum RTI values were either the RTI chosen in the first test (maximum RTI value), or less if desired. To verify the reproducibility of the test, rating perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate (HR) and blood plasma lactate concentration ([La]p) were collected at rest, immediately after each set and at the end of the tests. As results, RTI, RPE, HR, [La]p and time to exhaustion were not statistically different (p>0.05) between test and retest, as well as they demonstrated good intraclass correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias de França
- Laboratory of Exercise and Movement Sciences, Mackenzie Presbiterian University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Human Movement, Department of Physical Education, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Xavier
- Laboratory of Exercise and Movement Sciences, Mackenzie Presbiterian University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Barroso Hirota
- Laboratory of Exercise and Movement Sciences, Mackenzie Presbiterian University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sônia Cavalcanti Côrrea
- Laboratory of Exercise and Movement Sciences, Mackenzie Presbiterian University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Érico Chagas Caperuto
- Laboratory of Exercise and Movement Sciences, Mackenzie Presbiterian University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Human Movement, Department of Physical Education, São Judas Tadeu University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Tofari PJ, Opar DA, Kemp JG, Billaut F, Cormack S. Reliability of measures of quadriceps muscle function using magnetic stimulation. Muscle Nerve 2016; 53:770-8. [PMID: 26427047 DOI: 10.1002/mus.24926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Tofari
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, 115 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, 3065, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David A Opar
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, 115 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, 3065, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Justin G Kemp
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, 115 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, 3065, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Francois Billaut
- Département de Kinésiologie, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stuart Cormack
- School of Exercise Science, Australian Catholic University, 115 Victoria Parade, Fitzroy, 3065, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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What are the Physiological Mechanisms for Post-Exercise Cold Water Immersion in the Recovery from Prolonged Endurance and Intermittent Exercise? Sports Med 2016; 46:1095-109. [DOI: 10.1007/s40279-016-0483-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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41
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Morel B, Hautier CA. The neuromuscular fatigue induced by repeated scrums generates instability that can be limited by appropriate recovery. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 27:209-216. [PMID: 26799622 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the fatigue on the machine scrum pushing sagittal forces during repeated scrums and to determine the origin of the knee extensor fatigue. Twelve elite U23 rugby union front row players performed six 6-s scrums every 30 s against a dynamic scrum machine with passive or active recovery. The peak, average, and the standard deviation of the force were measured. A neuromuscular testing procedure of the knee extensors was carried out before and immediately after the repeated scrum protocol including maximal voluntary force, evoked force, and voluntary activation. The average and peak forces did not decrease after six scrums with passive recovery. The standard deviation of the force increased by 70.2 ± 42.7% (P < 0.001). Maximal voluntary/evoked force and voluntary activation decreased (respectively 25.1 ± 7.0%, 14.6 ± 5.5%, and 24 ± 9.9%; P < 0.001). The standard deviation of the force did not increase with active recovery and was associated with lower decrease of maximal voluntary/evoked force and voluntary activation (respectively 12.8 ± 7.9%, 4.9 ± 6.5%, and 7.6 ± 4.1%; all P < 0.01). As a conclusion repeated scrummaging induced an increased machine scrum pushing instability associated with central and peripheral fatigue of the knee extensors. Active recovery seems to limit all these manifestations of fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Morel
- LUNAM Université, Université du Maine, Laboratoire Motricité, Interaction, Performance EA4334, UFR Sciences et Technique, Le Mans Cedex, France
| | - C A Hautier
- Centre de Recherche et d'Innovation sur le Sport, UFRSTAPS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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Radman I, Wessner B, Bachl N, Ruzic L, Hackl M, Prpic T, Markovic G. The acute effects of graded physiological strain on soccer kicking performance: a randomized, controlled cross-over study. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 116:373-82. [PMID: 26577208 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3293-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present study was to examine the acute effects of graded physiological strain on soccer kicking performance. METHODS Twenty-eight semi-professional soccer players completed both experimental and control procedure. The experimental protocol incorporated repeated shooting trials combined with a progressive discontinuous maximal shuttle-run intervention. The initial running velocity was 8 km/h and increasing for 1 km/h every 3 min until exhaustion. The control protocol comprised only eight subsequent shooting trials. The soccer-specific kicking accuracy (KA; average distance from the ball-entry point to the goal center), kicking velocity (KV), and kicking quality (KQ; kicking accuracy divided by the time elapsed from hitting the ball to the point of entry) were evaluated via reproducible and valid test over five individually determined exercise intensity zones. RESULTS Compared with baseline or exercise at intensities below the second lactate threshold (LT2), physiological exertion above the LT2 (blood lactate > 4 mmol/L) resulted in meaningful decrease in KA (11-13%; p < 0.05), KV (3-4%; p < 0.05), and overall KQ (13-15%; p < 0.01). The light and moderate-intensity exercise below the LT2 had no significant effect on soccer kicking performance. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that high-intensity physiological exertion above the player's LT2 impairs soccer kicking performance. In contrast, light to moderate physiological stress appears to be neither harmful nor beneficial for kicking performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Radman
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Vienna, Auf der Schmelz 6, 1150, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Wessner
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Vienna, Auf der Schmelz 6, 1150, Vienna, Austria
| | - Norbert Bachl
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Vienna, Auf der Schmelz 6, 1150, Vienna, Austria.,Austrian Institute of Sports Medicine, Auf der Schmelz 6, 1150, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lana Ruzic
- Motor Control and Human Performance Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Horvacanski zavoj 15, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Markus Hackl
- Austrian Institute of Sports Medicine, Auf der Schmelz 6, 1150, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tomislav Prpic
- University Hospital for Orthopaedic Surgery Lovran, Marsala Tita 1, 51415, Lovran, Croatia
| | - Goran Markovic
- Motor Control and Human Performance Laboratory, School of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Horvacanski zavoj 15, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Perrey S. Editorial: Investigating the human brain and muscle coupling during whole-body challenging exercise. Front Physiol 2015; 6:285. [PMID: 26539123 PMCID: PMC4612150 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Girard O, Brocherie F, Morin JB, Millet GP. Neuro-mechanical determinants of repeated treadmill sprints - Usefulness of an "hypoxic to normoxic recovery" approach. Front Physiol 2015; 6:260. [PMID: 26441679 PMCID: PMC4585155 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve our understanding of the limiting factors during repeated sprinting, we manipulated hypoxia severity during an initial set and examined the effects on performance and associated neuro-mechanical alterations during a subsequent set performed in normoxia. On separate days, 13 active males performed eight 5-s sprints (recovery = 25 s) on an instrumented treadmill in either normoxia near sea-level (SL; FiO2 = 20.9%), moderate (MH; FiO2 = 16.8%) or severe normobaric hypoxia (SH; FiO2 = 13.3%) followed, 6 min later, by four 5-s sprints (recovery = 25 s) in normoxia. Throughout the first set, along with distance covered [larger sprint decrement score in SH (−8.2%) compared to SL (−5.3%) and MH (−7.2%); P < 0.05], changes in contact time, step frequency and root mean square activity (surface electromyography) of the quadriceps (Rectus femoris muscle) in SH exceeded those in SL and MH (P < 0.05). During first sprint of the subsequent normoxic set, the distance covered (99.6, 96.4, and 98.3% of sprint 1 in SL, MH, and SH, respectively), the main kinetic (mean vertical, horizontal, and resultant forces) and kinematic (contact time and step frequency) variables as well as surface electromyogram of quadriceps and plantar flexor muscles were fully recovered, with no significant difference between conditions. Despite differing hypoxic severity levels during sprints 1–8, performance and neuro-mechanical patterns did not differ during the four sprints of the second set performed in normoxia. In summary, under the circumstances of this study (participant background, exercise-to-rest ratio, hypoxia exposure), sprint mechanical performance and neural alterations were largely influenced by the hypoxia severity in an initial set of repeated sprints. However, hypoxia had no residual effect during a subsequent set performed in normoxia. Hence, the recovery of performance and associated neuro-mechanical alterations was complete after resting for 6 min near sea level, with a similar fatigue pattern across conditions during subsequent repeated sprints in normoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland ; Athlete Health and Performance Research Center, Aspetar, Qatar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital Doha, Qatar
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Benoit Morin
- Laboratory of Human Motricity, Education Sport and Health, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis Nice, France
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
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Boullosa DA, Abreu L. Dr. Boullosa's forgotten pieces don't fit the puzzle: a response to Dr. Buchheit and Dr. Laursen. Sports Med 2015; 44:1625-8. [PMID: 25288508 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0271-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Boullosa
- Post-Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia, QS 07, LT1 S/N-Sala 111-Bloco G, 71966-700, Águas Claras, DF, Brazil,
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Minett GM, Costello JT. Specificity and context in post-exercise recovery: it is not a one-size-fits-all approach. Front Physiol 2015; 6:130. [PMID: 25964762 PMCID: PMC4408838 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M Minett
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia ; Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology Kelvin Grove, QLD, Australia
| | - Joseph T Costello
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth Portsmouth, UK
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Rattray B, Argus C, Martin K, Northey J, Driller M. Is it time to turn our attention toward central mechanisms for post-exertional recovery strategies and performance? Front Physiol 2015; 6:79. [PMID: 25852568 PMCID: PMC4362407 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Key PointsCentral fatigue is accepted as a contributor to overall athletic performance, yet little research directly investigates post-exercise recovery strategies targeting the brain Current post-exercise recovery strategies likely impact on the brain through a range of mechanisms, but improvements to these strategies is needed Research is required to optimize post-exercise recovery with a focus on the brain
Post-exercise recovery has largely focused on peripheral mechanisms of fatigue, but there is growing acceptance that fatigue is also contributed to through central mechanisms which demands that attention should be paid to optimizing recovery of the brain. In this narrative review we assemble evidence for the role that many currently utilized recovery strategies may have on the brain, as well as potential mechanisms for their action. The review provides discussion of how common nutritional strategies as well as physical modalities and methods to reduce mental fatigue are likely to interact with the brain, and offer an opportunity for subsequent improved performance. We aim to highlight the fact that many recovery strategies have been designed with the periphery in mind, and that refinement of current methods are likely to provide improvements in minimizing brain fatigue. Whilst we offer a number of recommendations, it is evident that there are many opportunities for improving the research, and practical guidelines in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Rattray
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra Canberra, ACT, Australia ; University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Christos Argus
- University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Kristy Martin
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra Canberra, ACT, Australia ; University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Joseph Northey
- Discipline of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra Canberra, ACT, Australia ; University of Canberra Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Matthew Driller
- Department of Sport and Leisure Studies, The University of Waikato Hamilton, New Zealand
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Girard O, Brocherie F, Millet GP. Can analysis of performance and neuromuscular recoveries from repeated sprints shed more light on its fatigue-causing mechanisms? Front Physiol 2015; 6:5. [PMID: 25674064 PMCID: PMC4309176 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
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49
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Leeder JDC, van Someren KA, Bell PG, Spence JR, Jewell AP, Gaze D, Howatson G. Effects of seated and standing cold water immersion on recovery from repeated sprinting. J Sports Sci 2015; 33:1544-52. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.996914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. C. Leeder
- Physiology Department, English Institute of Sport, Manchester, UK
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Ken A. van Someren
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
- GSK Human Performance Lab, GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, UK
| | - Phillip G. Bell
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
- GSK Human Performance Lab, GlaxoSmithKline, Brentford, UK
| | - John R. Spence
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
| | | | - David Gaze
- Department of Chemical Pathology, St Georges Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Glyn Howatson
- Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK
- Water Research Group, Northwest University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Roberts LA, Nosaka K, Coombes JS, Peake JM. Cold water immersion enhances recovery of submaximal muscle function after resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2014; 307:R998-R1008. [PMID: 25121612 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00180.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effect of cold water immersion (CWI) on the recovery of muscle function and physiological responses after high-intensity resistance exercise. Using a randomized, cross-over design, 10 physically active men performed high-intensity resistance exercise followed by one of two recovery interventions: 1) 10 min of CWI at 10°C or 2) 10 min of active recovery (low-intensity cycling). After the recovery interventions, maximal muscle function was assessed after 2 and 4 h by measuring jump height and isometric squat strength. Submaximal muscle function was assessed after 6 h by measuring the average load lifted during 6 sets of 10 squats at 80% of 1 repetition maximum. Intramuscular temperature (1 cm) was also recorded, and venous blood samples were analyzed for markers of metabolism, vasoconstriction, and muscle damage. CWI did not enhance recovery of maximal muscle function. However, during the final three sets of the submaximal muscle function test, participants lifted a greater load (P < 0.05, Cohen's effect size: 1.3, 38%) after CWI compared with active recovery. During CWI, muscle temperature decreased ∼7°C below postexercise values and remained below preexercise values for another 35 min. Venous blood O2 saturation decreased below preexercise values for 1.5 h after CWI. Serum endothelin-1 concentration did not change after CWI, whereas it decreased after active recovery. Plasma myoglobin concentration was lower, whereas plasma IL-6 concentration was higher after CWI compared with active recovery. These results suggest that CWI after resistance exercise allows athletes to complete more work during subsequent training sessions, which could enhance long-term training adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Llion A Roberts
- School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Centre of Excellence for Applied Sport Science Research, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kazunori Nosaka
- School of Exercise and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia; and
| | - Jeff S Coombes
- School of Human Movement Studies, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Peake
- Centre of Excellence for Applied Sport Science Research, Queensland Academy of Sport, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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