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Janssen Daalen JM, Koopman WJH, Saris CGJ, Meinders MJ, Thijssen DHJ, Bloem BR. The Hypoxia Response Pathway: A Potential Intervention Target in Parkinson's Disease? Mov Disord 2024; 39:273-293. [PMID: 38140810 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder for which only symptomatic treatments are available. Both preclinical and clinical studies suggest that moderate hypoxia induces evolutionarily conserved adaptive mechanisms that enhance neuronal viability and survival. Therefore, targeting the hypoxia response pathway might provide neuroprotection by ameliorating the deleterious effects of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, which underlie neurodegeneration in PD. Here, we review experimental studies regarding the link between PD pathophysiology and neurophysiological adaptations to hypoxia. We highlight the mechanistic differences between the rescuing effects of chronic hypoxia in neurodegeneration and short-term moderate hypoxia to improve neuronal resilience, termed "hypoxic conditioning". Moreover, we interpret these preclinical observations regarding the pharmacological targeting of the hypoxia response pathway. Finally, we discuss controversies with respect to the differential effects of hypoxia response pathway activation across the PD spectrum, as well as intervention dosing in hypoxic conditioning and potential harmful effects of such interventions. We recommend that initial clinical studies in PD should focus on the safety, physiological responses, and mechanisms of hypoxic conditioning, as well as on repurposing of existing pharmacological compounds. © 2023 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules M Janssen Daalen
- Center of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Werner J H Koopman
- Department of Pediatrics, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan G J Saris
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marjan J Meinders
- Center of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dick H J Thijssen
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan R Bloem
- Center of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, the Netherlands, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Papoti M, Manchado-Gobatto FB, Gobatto CA. Inter-effort recovery hypoxia: a new paradigm in sport science? BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001520. [PMID: 37780131 PMCID: PMC10533790 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a popular method for optimising sports performance and, more recently, improving health-related parameters. The inclusion of hypoxia during HIIT can promote additional gains compared with normoxia. However, reductions in the effort intensities compared with the same training performed in normoxia have been reported. Studies have reported that adding hypoxia during periods of inter-effort recovery (IEH) enables maintenance of the intensity of efforts. It also promotes additional gains from exposure to hypoxia. Our call is for researchers to consider IEH in experiments involving different models of HIIT. Additionally, we consider the need to answer the following questions: What is the clinically relevant minimum dose of exposure to hypoxia during the recovery periods between efforts so that favourable adaptations of parameters are associated with health and sports performance? How does the intensity of exertion influence the responses to hypoxia exposure during recovery periods? What are the chronic effects of different models of HIIT and hypoxia recovery on sports performance?
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Papoti
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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He Z, Qiang L, Liu Y, Gao W, Feng T, Li Y, Yan B, Girard O. Effect of Hypoxia Conditioning on Body Composition in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:89. [PMID: 37747653 PMCID: PMC10519915 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00635-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of hypoxia conditioning, which involves recurrent exposure to hypoxia combined with exercise training, on improving body composition in the ageing population have not been extensively investigated. OBJECTIVE This meta-analysis aimed to determine if hypoxia conditioning, compared to similar training near sea level, maximizes body composition benefits in middle-aged and older adults. METHODS A literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus and CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) databases (up to 27th November 2022) was performed, including the reference lists of relevant papers. Three independent reviewers extracted study characteristics and health outcome measures. Search results were limited to original studies of the effects of hypoxia conditioning on body composition in middle-aged and older adults. RESULTS Twelve studies with a total of 335 participants were included. Hypoxia conditioning induced greater reductions in body mass index (MD = -0.92, 95%CI: -1.28 to -0.55, I2 = 0%, p < 0.00001) and body fat (SMD = -0.38, 95%CI: -0.68 to -0.07, I2 = 49%, p = 0.01) in middle-aged and older adults compared with normoxic conditioning. Hypoxia conditioning improved lean mass with this effect not being larger than equivalent normoxic interventions in either middle-aged or older adults (SMD = 0.07, 95%CI -0.12 to 0.25, I2 = 0%, p = 0.48). Subgroup analysis showed that exercise in moderate hypoxia (FiO2 > 15%) had larger effects than more severe hypoxia (FiO2 ≤ 15%) for improving body mass index in middle-aged and older adults. Hypoxia exposure of at least 60 min per session resulted in larger benefits for both body mass index and body fat. CONCLUSION Hypoxia conditioning, compared to equivalent training in normoxia, induced greater body fat and body mass index improvements in middle-aged and older adults. Adding hypoxia exposure to exercise interventions is a viable therapeutic solution to effectively manage body composition in ageing population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian He
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, No. 48 Xinxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
- Department of Sports Teaching and Research, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lijun Qiang
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, No. 48 Xinxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
- Ningxia Vocational College of Sports, Ningxia, China
| | - Yusheng Liu
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, No. 48 Xinxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China
- Tsinghua University High School (Guanghua), Beijing, China
| | - Wenfeng Gao
- Department of Sports Teaching and Research, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tao Feng
- Department of Sports Teaching and Research, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department of Sports Teaching and Research, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bing Yan
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, No. 48 Xinxi Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Li SN, Ihsan M, Shaykevich A, Girard O. Exercise responses to heart rate clamped cycling with graded blood flow restriction. J Sci Med Sport 2023; 26:434-439. [PMID: 37394395 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To quantify the acute effects of graded blood flow restriction on the interaction between changes in mechanical output, muscle oxygenation trends and perceptual responses to heart rate clamped cycling. DESIGN Repeated measures. METHODS Twenty-five adults (21 men) performed six, 6-min cycling bouts (24 min of recovery) at a clamped heart rate corresponding to their first ventilatory threshold at 0 % (unrestricted), 15 %, 30 %, 45 %, 60 % and 75 % of arterial occlusion pressure with the cuffs inflated bilaterally from the fourth to the sixth minute. Power output, arterial oxygen saturation (pulse oximetry) and vastus lateralis muscle oxygenation (near-infrared spectroscopy) were monitored during the final 3 min of pedalling, whilst perceptual responses (modified Borg CR10 scales) were obtained immediately after exercise. RESULTS Compared to unrestricted cycling, average power output for minutes 4-6 decreased exponentially for cuff pressures ranging 45-75 % of arterial occlusion pressure (P < 0.001). Peripheral oxygen saturation averaged ∼96 % across all cuff pressures (P = 0.318). Deoxyhemoglobin changes were larger at 45-75 % versus 0 % of arterial occlusion pressure (P < 0.05), whereas higher total haemoglobin values occurred at 60-75 % of arterial occlusion pressure (P < 0.05). Sense of effort, ratings of perceived exertion, pain from cuff pressure, and limb discomfort were exaggerated at 60-75 % versus 0 % of arterial occlusion pressure (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Blood flow restriction of at least 45 % of arterial occlusion pressure is required to reduce mechanical output during heart rate clamped cycling at the first ventilatory threshold. Whilst power decreases non-linearly above this pressure threshold, higher occlusion levels ranging 60-75 % of arterial occlusion pressure also accentuate muscle deoxygenation and exercise-related sensations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Nam Li
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Mohammed Ihsan
- Human Potential Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Republic of Singapore; Department of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand
| | - Alex Shaykevich
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Australia.
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Timon R, Martinez-Guardado I, Brocherie F. Effects of Intermittent Normobaric Hypoxia on Health-Related Outcomes in Healthy Older Adults: A Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:19. [PMID: 36843041 PMCID: PMC9968673 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00560-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is a degenerative process that is associated with an increased risk of diseases. Intermittent hypoxia has been investigated in reference to performance and health-related functions enhancement. This systematic review aimed to summarize the effect of either passive or active intermittent normobaric hypoxic interventions compared with normoxia on health-related outcomes in healthy older adults. METHODS Relevant studies were searched from PubMed and Web of Science databases in accordance with PRISMA guidelines (since their inceptions up until August 9, 2022) using the following inclusion criteria: (1) randomized controlled trials, clinical trials and pilot studies; (2) Studies involving humans aged > 50 years old and without any chronic diseases diagnosed; (3) interventions based on in vivo intermittent systemic normobaric hypoxia exposure; (4) articles focusing on the analysis of health-related outcomes (body composition, metabolic, bone, cardiovascular, functional fitness or quality of life). Cochrane Collaboration recommendations were used to assess the risk of bias. RESULTS From 509 articles initially found, 17 studies were included. All interventions were performed in moderate normobaric hypoxia, with three studies using passive exposure, and the others combining intermittent hypoxia with training protocols (i.e., using resistance-, whole body vibration- or aerobic-based exercise). CONCLUSIONS Computed results indicate a limited effect of passive/active intermittent hypoxia (ranging 4-24 weeks, 2-4 days/week, 16-120 min/session, 13-16% of fraction of inspired oxygen or 75-85% of peripheral oxygen saturation) compared to similar intervention in normoxia on body composition, functional fitness, cardiovascular and bone health in healthy older (50-75 years old) adults. Only in specific settings (i.e., intermediate- or long-term interventions with high intensity/volume training sessions repeated at least 3 days per week), may intermittent hypoxia elicit beneficial effects. Further research is needed to determine the dose-response of passive/active intermittent hypoxia in the elderly. TRIAL REGISTRATION SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO 2022 CRD42022338648.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Timon
- Sport Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Extremadura, Av/ Universidad s/n, 10004, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Ismael Martinez-Guardado
- grid.464701.00000 0001 0674 2310BRABE Group. Faculty of Life and Nature Sciences, Universidad de Nebrija, Madrid, Spain
| | - Franck Brocherie
- grid.418501.90000 0001 2163 2398Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
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Camacho-Cardenosa A, Burtscher J, Burtscher M, Camacho-Cardenosa M. Editorial: Hypoxia as a therapeutic tool in search of healthy aging. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1112129. [PMID: 36714319 PMCID: PMC9877216 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1112129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Camacho-Cardenosa
- PROFITH (PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity) Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Johannes Burtscher
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marta Camacho-Cardenosa
- Clinical Management Unit of Endocrinology and Nutrition - GC17, Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain,*Correspondence: Marta Camacho-Cardenosa,
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Tee CCL, Cooke MB, Chong MC, Yeo WK, Camera DM. Mechanisms for Combined Hypoxic Conditioning and Divergent Exercise Modes to Regulate Inflammation, Body Composition, Appetite, and Blood Glucose Homeostasis in Overweight and Obese Adults: A Narrative Review. Sports Med 2023; 53:327-348. [PMID: 36441492 PMCID: PMC9877079 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01782-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a major global health issue and a primary risk factor for metabolic-related disorders. While physical inactivity is one of the main contributors to obesity, it is a modifiable risk factor with exercise training as an established non-pharmacological treatment to prevent the onset of metabolic-related disorders, including obesity. Exposure to hypoxia via normobaric hypoxia (simulated altitude via reduced inspired oxygen fraction), termed hypoxic conditioning, in combination with exercise has been increasingly shown in the last decade to enhance blood glucose regulation and decrease the body mass index, providing a feasible strategy to treat obesity. However, there is no current consensus in the literature regarding the optimal combination of exercise variables such as the mode, duration, and intensity of exercise, as well as the level of hypoxia to maximize fat loss and overall body compositional changes with hypoxic conditioning. In this narrative review, we discuss the effects of such diverse exercise and hypoxic variables on the systematic and myocellular mechanisms, along with physiological responses, implicated in the development of obesity. These include markers of appetite regulation and inflammation, body conformational changes, and blood glucose regulation. As such, we consolidate findings from human studies to provide greater clarity for implementing hypoxic conditioning with exercise as a safe, practical, and effective treatment strategy for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Chow Li Tee
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University, Room SPW224, Mail H21, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Matthew B Cooke
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University, Room SPW224, Mail H21, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Mee Chee Chong
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University, Room SPW224, Mail H21, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Wee Kian Yeo
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Donny M Camera
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University, Room SPW224, Mail H21, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC, 3122, Australia.
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Tee CCL, Parr EB, Cooke MB, Chong MC, Rahmat N, Md Razali MR, Yeo WK, Camera DM. Combined effects of exercise and different levels of acute hypoxic severity: A randomized crossover study on glucose regulation in adults with overweight. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1174926. [PMID: 37123278 PMCID: PMC10133678 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1174926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of manipulating hypoxic severity with low-intensity exercise on glucose regulation in healthy overweight adults. Methods: In a randomized crossover design, 14 males with overweight (age: 27 ± 5 years; body mass index (BMI) 27.1 ± 1.8 kg⋅m2) completed three exercise trials involving 60 min aerobic exercise cycling at 90% lactate threshold in normoxia (NM, FiO2 = 20.9%), moderate hypoxia (MH, FiO2 = 16.5%) and high hypoxia (HH, FiO2 = 14.8%). A post-exercise oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was performed. Venous blood samples were analyzed for incremental area under the curve (iAUC), plasma glucose and insulin, as well as exerkine concentrations (plasma apelin and fibroblast growth factor 21 [FGF-21]) pre- and post-exercise. A 24-h continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) was used to determine interstitial glucose concentrations. Heart rate, oxygen saturation (SpO2) and perceptual measures were recorded during exercise. Results: Post-exercise OGTT iAUC for plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were lower in MH vs. control (p = 0.02). Post-exercise interstitial glucose iAUC, plasma apelin and FGF-21 were not different between conditions. Heart rate was higher in HH vs. NM and MH, and MH vs. NM (p < 0.001), while SpO2 was lower in HH vs. NM and MH, and MH vs. NM (p < 0.001). Overall perceived discomfort and leg discomfort were higher in HH vs. NM and MH (p < 0.05), while perceived breathing difficulty was higher in HH vs. NM only (p = 0.003). Conclusion: Compared to higher hypoxic conditions, performing acute aerobic-based exercise under moderate hypoxia provided a more effective stimulus for improving post-exercise glucose regulation while concomitantly preventing excessive physiological and perceptual stress in healthy overweight adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Chow Li Tee
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne, Hawthorn, VI, Australia
- *Correspondence: Chris Chow Li Tee,
| | - Evelyn B. Parr
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australia Catholic University, Melbourne, VI, Australia
| | - Matthew B. Cooke
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne, Hawthorn, VI, Australia
| | - Mee Chee Chong
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne, Hawthorn, VI, Australia
| | - Nurhamizah Rahmat
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rizal Md Razali
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wee Kian Yeo
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Donny M. Camera
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Group, Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne, Hawthorn, VI, Australia
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Costa GP, Camacho-Cardenosa A, Brazo-Sayavera J, Viliod MCDL, Camacho-Cardenosa M, Foresti YF, de Carvalho CD, Merellano-Navarro E, Papoti M, Trapé ÁA. Effectiveness, implementation, and monitoring variables of intermittent hypoxic bicycle training in patients recovered from COVID-19: The AEROBICOVID study. Front Physiol 2022; 13:977519. [PMID: 36406995 PMCID: PMC9667939 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.977519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic exposure is safely associated with exercise for many pathological conditions, providing additional effects on health outcomes. COVID-19 is a new disease, so the physiological repercussions caused by exercise in affected patients and the safety of exposure to hypoxia in these conditions are still unknown. Due to the effects of the disease on the respiratory system and following the sequence of AEROBICOVID research work, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness, tolerance and acute safety of 24 bicycle training sessions performed under intermittent hypoxic conditions through analysis of peripheral oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2), heart rate (HR), rate of perceived exertion (RPE), blood lactate concentration ([La-]) and symptoms of acute mountain sickness in patients recovered from COVID-19. Participants were allocated to three training groups: the normoxia group (GN) remained in normoxia (inspired fraction of O2 (FiO2) of ∼20.9%, a city with 526 m altitude) for the entire session; the recovery hypoxia group (GHR) was exposed to hypoxia (FiO2 ∼13.5%, corresponding to 3,000 m altitude) all the time except during the effort; the hypoxia group (GH) trained in hypoxia (FiO2 ∼13.5%) throughout the session. The altitude simulation effectively reduced SpO2 mean with significant differences between groups GN, GHR, and GH, being 96.9(1.6), 95.1(3.1), and 87.7(6.5), respectively. Additionally, the proposed exercise and hypoxic stimulus was well-tolerated, since 93% of participants showed no or moderate acute mountain sickness symptoms; maintained nearly 80% of sets at target heart rate; and most frequently reporting session intensity as an RPE of "3" (moderate). The internal load calculation, analyzed through training impulse (TRIMP), calculated using HR [TRIMPHR = HR * training volume (min)] and RPE [TRIMPRPE = RPE * training volume (min)], showed no significant difference between groups. The current strategy effectively promoted the altitude simulation and monitoring variables, being well-tolerated and safely acute exposure, as the low Lake Louise scores and the stable HR, SpO2, and RPE values showed during the sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Peinado Costa
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Alba Camacho-Cardenosa
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Brazo-Sayavera
- Department of Sports and Computer Science, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain,Polo de Desarrollo Universitario EFISAL, Centro Universitario Regional Noreste, Universidad de la República, Rivera, Uruguay
| | | | - Marta Camacho-Cardenosa
- Clinical Management Unit of Endocrinology and Nutrition - GC17, Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Yan Figueiredo Foresti
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Eugenio Merellano-Navarro
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad Católica del Maule, Talca, Chile
| | - Marcelo Papoti
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil,Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil
| | - Átila Alexandre Trapé
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Brazil,*Correspondence: Átila Alexandre Trapé,
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Camacho-Cardenosa A, Camacho-Cardenosa M, Martínez-Guardado I, Leal A, Andrada JMV, Timón R. Resistance circuit training combined with hypoxia stimulates bone system of older adults: A randomized trial. Exp Gerontol 2022; 169:111983. [PMID: 36243220 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2022.111983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Aging leads to gradual irreversible decline in bone mass. As adherence to pharmacological treatment is poor, hypoxia combined with strength training has been suggested for therapeutic benefit for clinical populations. The present study investigated the effects of normobaric cyclic hypoxic exposure combined with resistance circuit training on bone of older adults. METHODS Healthy older adults (n = 50) were randomly assigned to a (1) control group (CON; n = 20), who were instructed to continue with their normal daily activities, (2) a group that performed resistance training in normoxia (RTN; n = 17) and (3) a group that performed resistance training in hypoxia (RTH; n = 13). During 24 weeks, RTH group performed resistance training with elastic bands under normobaric hypoxic conditions (16.1 % FiO2). A session of both exercise groups included nine exercises of several body areas with a structure of 3 sets × 12-15 repetitions per exercise, with a 1-minute rest between sets. Bone mineral density (g·cm-2) was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Bone turnover markers of formation (N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen; PINP) and resorption (C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen; bCTX) were analysed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) microplate reader. RESULTS Values of bCTX and bCTX/PINP significant decreased in RTN (bCTX: 47.79 %; p = 0.002; bCTX/PINP: 61.43 %; p = 0.007) and RTH (bCTX: 59.09 %; p = 0.001; bCTX/PINP: 62.61 %; p = 0.003) groups compared with CON group. Change in bone mineral density was not significantly different between groups. Based on clinically significant change, 23 % of the participants in the RTH group reached this value for femoral neck and trochanter bone mineral density (vs 0 % and 6 % of the RTN group, respectively). CONCLUSIONS 24-Weeks of normobaric cyclic hypoxic exposure combined with resistance circuit training has potential to generate positive effects on bone in older adults. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT04281264 (date of registration: February 24, 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Camacho-Cardenosa
- PROFITH (PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity) Research Group, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, 18007 Granada, Spain.
| | - Marta Camacho-Cardenosa
- Clinical Management Unit of Endocrinology and Nutrition - GC17. Maimónides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.
| | | | - Alejo Leal
- Medical Center Alejo Leal, 10001 Cáceres, Spain.
| | | | - Rafael Timón
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain.
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Behrendt T, Altorjay AC, Bielitzki R, Behrens M, Glazachev OS, Schega L. Influence of acute and chronic intermittent hypoxic-hyperoxic exposure prior to aerobic exercise on cardiovascular risk factors in geriatric patients-a randomized controlled trial. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1043536. [PMID: 36388103 PMCID: PMC9650443 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1043536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Intermittent hypoxic-hyperoxic exposure (IHHE) and aerobic training have been proposed as non-pharmacological interventions to reduce age-related risk factors. However, no study has yet examined the effects of IHHE before aerobic exercise on cardiovascular risk factors in the elderly. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the acute and chronic effects of IHHE prior to aerobic cycling exercise on blood lipid and lipoprotein concentrations as well as blood pressure in geriatric patients. Methods: In a randomized, controlled, and single-blinded trial, thirty geriatric patients (72-94 years) were assigned to two groups: intervention (IG; n = 16) and sham control group (CG; n = 14). Both groups completed 6 weeks of aerobic cycling training, 3 times a week for 20 min per day. The IG and CG were additionally exposed to IHHE or sham IHHE (i.e., normoxia) for 30 min prior to aerobic cycling. Blood samples were taken on three occasions: immediately before the first, ∼10 min after the first, and immediately before the last session. Blood samples were analyzed for total (tCh), high-density (HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride (Tgl) serum concentration. Resting systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was assessed within 1 week before, during (i.e., at week two and four), and after the interventions. Results: The baseline-adjusted ANCOVA revealed a higher LDL-C concentration in the IG compared to the CG after the first intervention session (ηp 2 = 0.12). For tCh, HDL-C, Tgl, and tCh/HDL-C ratio there were no differences in acute changes between the IG and the CG (ηp 2 ≤ 0.01). With regard to the chronic effects on lipids and lipoproteins, data analysis indicated no differences between groups (ηp 2 ≤ 0.03). The repeated measures ANOVA revealed an interaction effect for SBP (ηp 2 = 0.06) but not for DBP (ηp 2 ≤ 0.01). Within-group post-hoc analysis for the IG indicated a reduction in SBP at post-test (d = 0.05). Conclusion: Applying IHHE prior to aerobic cycling seems to be effective to reduce SBP in geriatric patients after 6 weeks of training. The present study suggests that IHHE prior to aerobic cycling can influence the acute exercise-related responses in LDL-C concentration but did not induce chronic changes in basal lipid or lipoprotein concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Behrendt
- Department for Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Altorjay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology and Angiology, University Hospital Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Robert Bielitzki
- Department for Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Behrens
- Department for Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Orthopedics, University Medicine Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Oleg S. Glazachev
- Departement Human Physiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lutz Schega
- Department for Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Dellavechia de Carvalho C, Bertucci DR, Ribeiro FA, Costa GP, Toro DM, Camacho-Cardenosa M, Brazo-Sayavera J, Sorgi CA, Papoti M, Trapé ÁA. Effects of Moderate-Intensity Training Under Cyclic Hypoxia on Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Hematological Parameters in People Recovered From COVID-19: The Aerobicovid Study. Sports Health 2022:19417381221120639. [PMID: 36154544 DOI: 10.1177/19417381221120639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have indicated that people who live at altitude have a lower incidence of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and lesser severity in infection cases. HYPOTHESIS Hypoxia exposure could lead to health benefits, and it could be used in the recovery process as an additional stimulus to physical training to improve cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF). STUDY DESIGN Randomized controlled clinical trial. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 2. METHODS The 43 participants, aged 30 to 69 years, were divided into control group (CG, n = 18) and 2 training groups: normoxia (NG, n = 9) and hypoxia (HG, n = 16). Before and after the intervention were evaluated the lactate threshold 2 (L2), peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak), and a blood sample was collected at rest to evaluate hematological adaptation. Both groups performed an 8-week moderate-intensity physical training on a bike. The HG were trained under normobaric hypoxic conditions (fractional inspired oxygen [FiO2] = 13.5%). RESULTS The 8-week intervention promoted a similar improvement in CRF of people recovered from COVID-19 in the HG (L2 = 34.6%; VO2peak = 16.3%; VO2peak intensity = 24.6%) and NG (L2 = 42.6%; VO2peak = 16.7%; VO2peak intensity = 36.9%). Only the HG presented differences in hematological variables (erythropoietin = 191.7%; reticulocytes = -32.4%; off-score = 28.2%) in comparison with the baseline. CONCLUSION The results of the present study provide evidence that moderate-intensity training in normoxia or hypoxia promoted similar benefits in CRF of people recovered from COVID-19. Furthermore, the hypoxia offered an additional stimulus to training promoting erythropoietin increase and hematological stimulation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The present exercise protocol can be used for the rehabilitation of people recovered from COVID-19, with persistent low CRF. In addition, this is the first study demonstrating that physical training combined with hypoxia, as well as improving CRF, promotes greater hematological stimulation in people recovered from COVID-19.
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Li Tee CC, Chong MC, Sundar V, Chok CL, Md Razali MR, Yeo WK, Girard O. Influence of exercise intensity and hypoxic exposure on physiological, perceptual and biomechanical responses to treadmill running. Eur J Sport Sci 2022:1-10. [PMID: 35912915 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2109066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAcute physiological, perceptual and biomechanical consequences of manipulating both exercise intensity and hypoxic exposure during treadmill running were determined. On separate days, eleven trained individuals ran for 45 s (separated by 135 s of rest) on an instrumented treadmill at seven running speeds (8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18 and 20 km.h-1) in normoxia (NM, FiO2 = 20.9%), moderate hypoxia (MH, FiO2 = 16.1%), high hypoxia (HH, FiO2 = 14.1%) and severe hypoxia (SH, FiO2 = 13.0%). Running mechanics were collected over 20 consecutive steps (i.e., after running ∼25 s), with concurrent assessment of physiological (heart rate and arterial oxygen saturation) and perceptual (overall perceived discomfort, difficulty breathing and leg discomfort) responses. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVA (seven speeds × four conditions) were used. There was a speed × condition interaction for heart rate (p = 0.045, ηp2 = 0.22), with lower values in NM, MH and HH compared to SH at 8 km.h-1 (125 ± 12, 125 ± 11, 128 ± 12 vs 132 ± 10 b.min-1). Overall perceived discomfort (8 and 16 km.h-1; p = 0.019 and p = 0.007, ηp2 =0.21, respectively) and perceived difficulty breathing (all speeds; p = 0.023, ηp2 =0.37) were greater in SH compared to MH, whereas leg discomfort was not influenced by hypoxic exposure. Minimal difference was observed in the twelve kinetics/kinematics variables with hypoxia (p > 0.122; ηp2 = 0.19). Running at slower speeds in combination with severe hypoxia elevates physiological and perceptual responses without a corresponding increase in ground reaction forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Chow Li Tee
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mee Chee Chong
- School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Viswanath Sundar
- Division of Sports Performance, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chuen Leang Chok
- Division of Sports Performance, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rizal Md Razali
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wee Kian Yeo
- Division of Research and Innovation, National Sports Institute of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
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Behrendt T, Bielitzki R, Behrens M, Herold F, Schega L. Effects of Intermittent Hypoxia-Hyperoxia on Performance- and Health-Related Outcomes in Humans: A Systematic Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:70. [PMID: 35639211 PMCID: PMC9156652 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00450-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intermittent hypoxia applied at rest or in combination with exercise promotes multiple beneficial adaptations with regard to performance and health in humans. It was hypothesized that replacing normoxia by moderate hyperoxia can increase the adaptive response to the intermittent hypoxic stimulus. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to systematically review the current state of the literature on the effects of chronic intermittent hypoxia-hyperoxia (IHH) on performance- and health-related outcomes in humans. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science™, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases were searched in accordance with PRISMA guidelines (January 2000 to September 2021) using the following inclusion criteria: (1) original research articles involving humans, (2) investigation of the chronic effect of IHH, (3) inclusion of a control group being not exposed to IHH, and (4) articles published in peer-reviewed journals written in English. RESULTS Of 1085 articles initially found, eight studies were included. IHH was solely performed at rest in different populations including geriatric patients (n = 1), older patients with cardiovascular (n = 3) and metabolic disease (n = 2) or cognitive impairment (n = 1), and young athletes with overtraining syndrome (n = 1). The included studies confirmed the beneficial effects of chronic exposure to IHH, showing improvements in exercise tolerance, peak oxygen uptake, and global cognitive functions, as well as lowered blood glucose levels. A trend was discernible that chronic exposure to IHH can trigger a reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The evidence of whether IHH exerts beneficial effects on blood lipid levels and haematological parameters is currently inconclusive. A meta-analysis was not possible because the reviewed studies had a considerable heterogeneity concerning the investigated populations and outcome parameters. CONCLUSION Based on the published literature, it can be suggested that chronic exposure to IHH might be a promising non-pharmacological intervention strategy for improving peak oxygen consumption, exercise tolerance, and cognitive performance as well as reducing blood glucose levels, and systolic and diastolic blood pressure in older patients with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases or cognitive impairment. However, further randomized controlled trials with adequate sample sizes are needed to confirm and extend the evidence. This systematic review was registered on the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO-ID: CRD42021281248) ( https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/ ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Behrendt
- Department of Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Robert Bielitzki
- Department of Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Behrens
- Department of Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Orthopaedics, Rostock University Medical Center, Doberaner Str. 142, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Fabian Herold
- Research Group Degenerative and Chronic Disease, Movement, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Lutz Schega
- Department of Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39104 Magdeburg, Germany
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Behrendt T, Bielitzki R, Behrens M, Glazachev OS, Schega L. Effects of Intermittent Hypoxia-Hyperoxia Exposure Prior to Aerobic Cycling Exercise on Physical and Cognitive Performance in Geriatric Patients—A Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Physiol 2022; 13:899096. [PMID: 35694402 PMCID: PMC9178199 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.899096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: It was recently shown that intermittent hypoxic-hyperoxic exposure (IHHE) applied prior to a multimodal training program promoted additional improvements in cognitive and physical performance in geriatric patients compared to physical training only. However, there is a gap in the literature to which extent the addition of IHHE can enhance the effects of an aerobic training. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of IHHE applied prior to aerobic cycling exercise on cognitive and physical performance in geriatric patients. Methods: In a randomized, two-armed, controlled, and single-blinded trial, 25 geriatric patients (77–94 years) were assigned to two groups: intervention group (IG) and sham control group (CG). Both groups completed 6 weeks of aerobic training using a motorized cycle ergometer, three times a week for 20 min per day. The IG was additionally exposed to intermittent hypoxic and hyperoxic periods for 30 min prior to exercise. The CG followed the similar procedure breathing sham hypoxia and hyperoxia (i.e., normoxia). Within 1 week before and after the interventions, cognitive performance was assessed with the Dementia-Detection Test (DemTect) and the Clock Drawing Test (CDT), while physical performance was measured using the Timed “Up and Go” Test (TUG) and the Short-Physical-Performance-Battery (SPPB). Results: No interaction effect was found with respect to the DemTect (ηp2 = 0.02). An interaction effect with medium effect size (ηp2 = 0.08) was found for CDT performance with a higher change over time for IG (d = 0.57) compared to CG (d = 0.05). The ANCOVA with baseline-adjustment indicated between-group differences with a large and medium effect size at post-test for the TUG (ηp2 = 0.29) and SPPB (ηp2 = 0.06) performance, respectively, in favour of the IG. Within-group post-hoc analysis showed that the TUG performance was worsened in the CG (d = 0.65) and remained unchanged in the IG (d = 0.19). Furthermore, SPPB performance was increased (d = 0.58) in IG, but no relevant change over time was found for CG (d = 0.00). Conclusion: The current study suggests that an additional IHHE prior to aerobic cycling exercise seems to be more effective to increase global cognitive functions as well as physical performance and to preserve functional mobility in geriatric patients in comparison to aerobic exercise alone after a 6-week intervention period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Behrendt
- Department for Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Tom Behrendt,
| | - Robert Bielitzki
- Department for Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Behrens
- Department for Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Orthopedics, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Oleg S. Glazachev
- Department Human Physiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lutz Schega
- Department for Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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16
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Pramsohler S, Burtscher M, Rausch L, Netzer NC. Weight Loss and Fat Metabolism during Multi-Day High-Altitude Sojourns: A Hypothesis Based on Adipocyte Signaling. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12040545. [PMID: 35455035 PMCID: PMC9026814 DOI: 10.3390/life12040545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several publications and random observations have reported weight loss in high-altitude sojourners of both sexes. This could be a result of multiple adaptations, which hypoxia and mountaineering provoke on a cellular and organic level. Several publications have discussed the effect on appetite-regulating hormones to be one of the main contributing factors. We aimed to review the available data and show the current state of knowledge regarding nutritional aspects in high altitude with a special focus on fatty dietary forms. To reach this aim we conducted a literature search via PubMed according to the PRISMA 2020 protocol to identify relevant studies. We found that very few studies cover this field with scientifically satisfying evidence. For final analysis, reviews as well as papers that were not clearly related to the topic were excluded. Six articles were included discussing hormonal influences and the impact of exercise on appetite regulation as well as genetic factors altering metabolic processes at altitude. Leptin expression seems to be the biggest contributor to appetite reduction at altitude with an initial increase followed by a decrease in the course of time at high altitude. Its expression is greatly dependent on the amount of white adipose tissue. Since the expression of leptin is associated with an increased β-oxidation of fatty acids, a high-fat diet could be advantageous at a certain time point in the course of high-altitude sojourns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Pramsohler
- Hermann Buhl Institute for Hypoxia and Sleep Medicine Research, 83043 Bad Aibling, Germany;
- Institute of Sports Science, University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.B.); (L.R.)
- Department Medicine, Division of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospitals, 89070 Ulm, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)163-628-6366
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Institute of Sports Science, University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Linda Rausch
- Institute of Sports Science, University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Nikolaus C. Netzer
- Hermann Buhl Institute for Hypoxia and Sleep Medicine Research, 83043 Bad Aibling, Germany;
- Institute of Sports Science, University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.B.); (L.R.)
- Department Medicine, Division of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, University Hospitals, 89070 Ulm, Germany
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, Eurac Research, 39100 Bozen, Italy
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17
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Lemieux P, Birot O. Altitude, Exercise, and Skeletal Muscle Angio-Adaptive Responses to Hypoxia: A Complex Story. Front Physiol 2021; 12:735557. [PMID: 34552509 PMCID: PMC8450406 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.735557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia, defined as a reduced oxygen availability, can be observed in many tissues in response to various physiological and pathological conditions. As a hallmark of the altitude environment, ambient hypoxia results from a drop in the oxygen pressure in the atmosphere with elevation. A hypoxic stress can also occur at the cellular level when the oxygen supply through the local microcirculation cannot match the cells’ metabolic needs. This has been suggested in contracting skeletal myofibers during physical exercise. Regardless of its origin, ambient or exercise-induced, muscle hypoxia triggers complex angio-adaptive responses in the skeletal muscle tissue. These can result in the expression of a plethora of angio-adaptive molecules, ultimately leading to the growth, stabilization, or regression of muscle capillaries. This remarkable plasticity of the capillary network is referred to as angio-adaptation. It can alter the capillary-to-myofiber interface, which represent an important determinant of skeletal muscle function. These angio-adaptive molecules can also be released in the circulation as myokines to act on distant tissues. This review addresses the respective and combined potency of ambient hypoxia and exercise to generate a cellular hypoxic stress in skeletal muscle. The major skeletal muscle angio-adaptive responses to hypoxia so far described in this context will be discussed, including existing controversies in the field. Finally, this review will highlight the molecular complexity of the skeletal muscle angio-adaptive response to hypoxia and identify current gaps of knowledges in this field of exercise and environmental physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Lemieux
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Olivier Birot
- Muscle Health Research Centre, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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18
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Kelly LP, Basset FA, McCarthy J, Ploughman M. Normobaric Hypoxia Exposure During Treadmill Aerobic Exercise After Stroke: A Safety and Feasibility Study. Front Physiol 2021; 12:702439. [PMID: 34483958 PMCID: PMC8415265 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.702439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the safety and feasibility of performing treadmill aerobic exercise in moderate normobaric hypoxia among chronic hemiparetic stroke survivors. Design Observational study using convenience sampling. Setting Research laboratory in a tertiary rehabilitation hospital. Participants Chronic hemiparetic stroke survivors who could walk at least 10-m with or without assistance and had no absolute contraindications to exercise testing. Intervention Participants (three male and four female) were asked to complete three normobaric hypoxia exposure protocols within a single session. First, they were passively exposed to normobaric hypoxia through gradual reductions in the fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2 = 20.9, 17.0, and 15.0%) while seated (5-min at each level of FIO2). Participants were then exposed to the same reductions in FIO2 during constant-load exercise performed on a treadmill at 40% of heart rate reserve. Finally, participants completed 20-min of exercise while intermittently exposed to moderate normobaric hypoxia (5 × 2-min at FIO2 = 15.0%) interspaced with 2-min normoxia intervals (FIO2 = 20.9%). Outcome Measures The primary outcome was occurrence of adverse events, which included standardized criteria for terminating exercise testing, blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) <80%, or acute mountain sickness score >2. The increased cardiovascular strain imposed by normobaric hypoxia exposure at rest and during exercise was evaluated by changes in SpO2, heart rate (HR), blood pressure, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Results One participant reported mild symptoms of nausea during exercise in normobaric hypoxia and discontinued participation. No other adverse events were recorded. Intermittent normobaric hypoxia exposure was associated with reduced SpO2 (MD = −7.4%, CI: −9.8 to −5.0) and increased HR (MD = 8.2, CI: 4.6 to 11.7) compared to intervals while breathing typical room air throughout the 20-min constant-load exercise period. The increase in HR was associated with a 10% increase in relative effort. However, reducing FIO2 had little effect on blood pressure and RPE measurements. Conclusion Moderate normobaric hypoxia appeared to be a safe and feasible method to increase the cardiovascular strain of submaximal exercise in chronic hemiparetic stroke survivors. Future studies evaluating the effects of pairing normobaric hypoxia exposure with existing therapies on secondary prevention and functional recovery are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam P Kelly
- Recovery and Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada.,School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Fabien Andre Basset
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Jason McCarthy
- Recovery and Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Michelle Ploughman
- Recovery and Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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Post-exercise cardiac autonomic and cardiovascular responses to heart rate-matched and work rate-matched hypoxic exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2061-2076. [PMID: 33811558 PMCID: PMC8192382 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04678-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study investigated the effect of performing hypoxic exercise at the same heart rate (HR) or work rate (WR) as normoxic exercise on post-exercise autonomic and cardiovascular responses. Methods Thirteen men performed three interval-type exercise sessions (5 × 5-min; 1-min recovery): normoxic exercise at 80% of the WR at the first ventilatory threshold (N), hypoxic exercise (FiO2 = 14.2%) at the same WR as N (H-WR) and hypoxic exercise at the same HR as N (H-HR). Autonomic and cardiovascular assessments were conducted before and after exercise, both at rest and during active squat–stand manoeuvres (SS). Results Compared to N, H-WR elicited a higher HR response (≈ 83% vs ≈ 75%HRmax, p < 0.001) and H-HR a reduced exercise WR (− 21.1 ± 9.3%, p < 0.001). Cardiac parasympathetic indices were reduced 15 min after exercise and recovered within 60 min in N and H-HR, but not after H-WR (p < 0.05). H-WR altered cardiac baroreflex sensitivity (cBRS) both at rest and during SS (specifically in the control of blood pressure fall during standing phases) in the first 60 min after the exercise bout (p < 0.05). Post-exercise hypotension (PEH) did not occur in H-HR (p > 0.05) but lasted longer in H-WR than in N (p < 0.05). Conclusions Moderate HR-matched hypoxic exercise mimicked post-exercise autonomic responses of normoxic exercise without resulting in significant PEH. This may relate to the reduced WR and the limited associated mechanical/metabolic strain. Conversely, WR-matched hypoxic exercise impacted upon post-exercise autonomic and cardiovascular responses, delaying cardiac autonomic recovery, temporarily decreasing cBRS and evoking prolonged PEH. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00421-021-04678-5.
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Hobbins L, Hunter S, Gaoua N, Girard O. Short-Term Perceptually Regulated Interval-Walk Training in Hypoxia and Normoxia in Overweight-to-Obese Adults. JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCE AND MEDICINE 2021; 20:45-51. [PMID: 33707985 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2021.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We compared the effects of short-term, perceptually regulated training using interval-walking in hypoxia vs. normoxia on health outcomes in overweight-to-obese individuals. Sixteen adults (body mass index = 33 ± 3 kg·m-2) completed eight interval-walk training sessions (15 × 2 min walking at a rating of perceived exertion of 14 on the 6-20 Borg scale; rest = 2 min) either in hypoxia (FiO2 = 13.0%) or normoxia during two weeks. Treadmill velocity did not differ between conditions or over time (p > 0.05). Heart rate was higher in hypoxia (+10 ± 3%; p = 0.04) during the first session and this was consistent within condition across the training sessions (p > 0.05). Similarly, arterial oxygen saturation was lower in hypoxia than normoxia (83 ± 1% vs. 96 ± 1%, p < 0.05), and did not vary over time (p > 0.05). After training, perceived mood state (+11.8 ± 2.7%, p = 0.06) and exercise self-efficacy (+10.6 ± 4.1%, p = 0.03) improved in both groups. Body mass (p = 0.55), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.19 and 0.07, respectively) and distance covered during a 6-min walk test (p = 0.11) did not change from pre- to post-tests. Short term (2-week) perceptually regulated interval-walk training sessions with or without hypoxia had no effect on exercise-related sensations, health markers and functional performance. This mode and duration of hypoxic conditioning does not appear to modify the measured cardiometabolic risk factors or improve exercise tolerance in overweight-to-obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Hobbins
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre (SESRC), London South Bank University, London, UK
| | - Steve Hunter
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre (SESRC), London South Bank University, London, UK
| | - Nadia Gaoua
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre (SESRC), London South Bank University, London, UK
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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The Use of Artificial Hypoxia in Endurance Training in Patients after Myocardial Infarction. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041633. [PMID: 33572082 PMCID: PMC7915043 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The presence of a well-developed collateral circulation in the area of the artery responsible for the infarction improves the prognosis of patients and leads to a smaller area of infarction. One of the factors influencing the formation of collateral circulation is hypoxia, which induces angiogenesis and arteriogenesis, which in turn cause the formation of new vessels. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of endurance training conducted under normobaric hypoxia in patients after myocardial infarction at the level of exercise tolerance and hemodynamic parameters of the left ventricle. Thirty-five patients aged 43–74 (60.48 ± 4.36) years who underwent angioplasty with stent implantation were examined. The program included 21 training units lasting about 90 min. A statistically significant improvement in exercise tolerance assessed with the cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) was observed: test duration (p < 0.001), distance covered (p < 0.001), HRmax (p = 0.039), maximal systolic blood pressure (SBPmax) (p = 0.044), peak minute ventilation (VE) (p = 0.004) and breathing frequency (BF) (p = 0.044). Favorable changes in left ventricular hemodynamic parameters were found for left ventricular end-diastolic dimension LVEDD (p = 0.002), left ventricular end-systolic dimension LVESD (p = 0.015), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (p = 0.021), lateral e’ (p < 0.001), septal e’ (p = 0.001), and E/A (p = 0.047). Endurance training conducted in hypoxic conditions has a positive effect on exercise tolerance and the hemodynamic indicators of the left ventricle.
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Chacaroun S, Borowik A, Vega-Escamilla Y Gonzalez I, Doutreleau S, Wuyam B, Belaidi E, Tamisier R, Pepin JL, Flore P, Verges S. Hypoxic Exercise Training to Improve Exercise Capacity in Obese Individuals. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 52:1641-1649. [PMID: 32102058 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Combining exercise training with hypoxic exposure has been recently proposed as a new therapeutic strategy to improve health status of obese individuals. Whether hypoxic exercise training (HET) provides greater benefits regarding body composition and cardiometabolic parameters than normoxic exercise training (NET) remains, however, unclear. We hypothesized that HET would induce greater improvement in exercise capacity and health status than NET in overweight and obese individuals. METHODS Twenty-three subjects were randomized into 8-wk HET (11 men and 1 woman; age, 52 ± 12 yr; body mass index, 31.2 ± 2.4 kg·m) or NET (eight men and three women; age, 56 ± 11 yr; body mass index, 31.8 ± 3.2 kg·m) programs (three sessions per week; constant-load cycling at 75% of maximal heart rate; target arterial oxygen saturation for HET 80%, FiO2 ~0.13, i.e., ~3700 m a.s.l.). Before and after the training programs, the following evaluations were performed: incremental maximal and submaximal cycling tests, measurements of pulse-wave velocity, endothelial function, fasting glucose, insulin and lipid profile, blood NO metabolites and oxidative stress, and determination of body composition by magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Peak oxygen consumption and maximal power output increased significantly after HET only (peak oxygen consumption HET + 10% ± 11% vs NET + 1% ± 10% and maximal power output HET + 11% ± 7% vs NET + 3% ± 10%, P < 0.05). Submaximal exercise responses improved similarly after HET and NET. Except diastolic blood pressure which decreased significantly after both HET and NET, no change in vascular function, metabolic status and body composition was observed after training. Hypoxic exercise training only increased nitrite and reduced superoxide dismutase concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Combining exercise training and hypoxic exposure may provide some additional benefits to standard NET for obese individual health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarmar Chacaroun
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, FRANCE
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23
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Girard O, Matic Girard I, Peeling P. Hypoxic conditioning: a novel therapeutic solution for load-compromised individuals to achieve similar exercise benefits by doing less mechanical work! Br J Sports Med 2020; 55:944-945. [PMID: 33132206 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-103186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Ivana Matic Girard
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Peeling
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Kleinnibbelink G, Stens NA, Fornasiero A, Speretta GF, Van Dijk AP, Low DA, Oxborough DL, Thijssen DH. The acute and chronic effects of high-intensity exercise in hypoxia on blood pressure and post-exercise hypotension: A randomized cross-over trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e22411. [PMID: 32991471 PMCID: PMC7523751 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000022411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute exercise leads to an immediate drop in blood pressure (BP), also called post-exercise hypotension (PEH). Exercise in hypoxia is related to additional vasodilation, potentially contributing to more profound PEH. Therefore, we investigated the impact of hypoxia versus normoxia on the magnitude of PEH. Second, we examined whether these changes in PEH relate to the BP-lowering effects of 12-week exercise training under hypoxia. METHODS In this prospective study, 21 healthy individuals (age 22.2 ± 3.0 years, 14 male) performed a 45-minute high-intensity running exercise on 2 different days in a random order, under hypoxia (fraction of inspired oxygen 14.5%) and normoxia (fraction of inspired oxygen 20.9%). BP was examined pre-exercise (t = 0) and at t = 15, t = 30, t = 45, and t = 60 minutes post-exercise. Afterward, subjects took part in a 12-week hypoxic running exercise training program. Resting BP was measured before and after the 12-week training program. RESULTS Acute exercise induced a significant decrease in systolic BP (systolic blood pressure [SBP], P = .001), but not in diastolic BP (diastolic blood pressure [DBP], P = .113). No significant differences were observed in post-exercise BP between hypoxic and normoxic conditions (SBP, P = .324 and DBP, P = .204). Post-exercise changes in SBP, DBP, and mean arterial pressure significantly correlated to the 12-week exercise training-induced changes in SBP (r = 0.557, P = .001), DBP (r = 0.615, P < .001), and mean arterial pressure (r = 0.458, P = .011). CONCLUSION Our findings show that hypoxia does not alter the magnitude of PEH in healthy individuals, whilst PEH relates to the BP-lowering effects of exercise. These data highlight the strong link between acute and chronic changes in BP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert Kleinnibbelink
- Department of Physiology
- Department of Cardiology, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Niels A. Stens
- Department of Physiology
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandro Fornasiero
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- CeRiSM Sport Mountain and Health Research Centre, University of Verona, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Guilherme F. Speretta
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Arie P.J. Van Dijk
- Department of Cardiology, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - David A. Low
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - David L. Oxborough
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Dick H.J. Thijssen
- Department of Physiology
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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25
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Glazachev OS, Dudnik EN, Zapara MA, Samarceva VG, Kofler WW. Adaptation to Dosed Hypoxia-Hyperoxia as a Factor in the Improvement of Quality of Life for Elderly Patients with Cardiac Pathology. ADVANCES IN GERONTOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079057019040052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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Chobanyan-Jürgens K, Scheibe RJ, Potthast AB, Hein M, Smith A, Freund R, Tegtbur U, Das AM, Engeli S, Jordan J, Haufe S. Influences of Hypoxia Exercise on Whole-Body Insulin Sensitivity and Oxidative Metabolism in Older Individuals. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:5238-5248. [PMID: 30942862 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2019-00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Aging is a primary risk factor for most chronic diseases, including type 2 diabetes. Both exercise and hypoxia regulate pathways that ameliorate age-associated metabolic muscle dysfunction. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that the combination of hypoxia and exercise would be more effective in improving glucose metabolism than normoxia exercise. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS We randomized 29 older sedentary individuals (62 ± 6 years; 14 women, 15 men) to bicycle exercise under normobaric hypoxia (fraction of inspired oxygen = 15%) or normoxia (fraction of inspired oxygen = 21%). INTERVENTION Participants trained thrice weekly for 30 to 40 minutes over 8 weeks at a heart rate corresponding to 60% to 70% of peak oxygen update. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Insulin sensitivity measured by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic glucose clamp and muscle protein expression before and after hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic glucose clamp. RESULTS Heart rate and perceived exertion during training were similar between groups, with lower oxygen saturation when exercising under hypoxia (88.7 ± 1.5 vs 96.2 ± 1.2%, P < 0.01). Glucose infusion rate after 8 weeks increased in both the hypoxia (5.7 ± 1.1 to 6.7 ± 1.3 mg/min/kg; P < 0.01) and the normoxia group (6.2 ± 2.1 to 6.8 ± 2.1 mg/min/kg; P = 0.04), with a mean difference between groups of -0.44 mg/min/kg; 95% CI, -1.22 to 0.34; (P = 0.25). Markers of mitochondrial content and oxidative capacity in skeletal muscle were similar after training in both groups. Changes in Akt phosphorylation and glucose transporter 4 under fasting and insulin-stimulated conditions were not different between groups over time. CONCLUSIONS Eight weeks of hypoxia endurance training led to similar changes in insulin sensitivity and markers of oxidative metabolism compared with normoxia training. Normobaric hypoxia exercise did not enhance metabolic effects in sedentary older women and men beyond exercise alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Chobanyan-Jürgens
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Renate J Scheibe
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Arne B Potthast
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Metabolic Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Hein
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Smith
- Institute of Biometry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Robert Freund
- Institute of Cell Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Uwe Tegtbur
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anibh M Das
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Metabolic Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Engeli
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jens Jordan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sven Haufe
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Hobbins L, Gaoua N, Hunter S, Girard O. Psycho-physiological responses to perceptually-regulated interval runs in hypoxia and normoxia. Physiol Behav 2019; 209:112611. [PMID: 31295451 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether perceptually-regulated high-intensity intervals in hypoxia are associated with slower running velocities versus normoxia, when physiological responses and exercise-related sensations remain the same. Nineteen trained runners (33.4 ± 9.1 years) completed a high-intensity interval running protocol (4 × 4-min intervals at a clamped perceived rating exertion of 16 on the 6-20 Borg scale, 3-min passive recoveries) in either hypoxic (HYP; FiO2 15.0%) or normoxic (NOR; FiO2 20.9%) conditions. Participants adjusted to a progressively slower running velocity from interval 1-4 (-7.0%), and more so in HYP vs. NOR for intervals 2, 3 and 4 (-4.6%, -6.4% and - 7.9%, respectively; p < .01). Heart rate increased from interval 1-4 (+4.8%; p < .01), independent of condition. Arterial oxygen saturation was lower in HYP vs. NOR (86.0% vs. 94.8%; p < .01). Oxyhemoglobin (-23.7%) and total hemoglobin (-77.0%) decreased, whilst deoxyhemoglobin increased (+44.9%) from interval 1-4 (p < .01), independent of condition. Perceived recovery (-41.6%) and motivation (-21.8%) were progressively lower from interval 1-4, and more so in HYP vs. NOR for intervals 2, 3 and 4 (recovery: -8.8%, -24.2% and - 29.3%; motivation: -5.3%, -20.3% and - 22.4%, respectively; p < .01). Perceived breathlessness (+18.6%), limb discomfort (+44.0%) and pleasure (-32.2%) changed from interval 1-4, with significant differences (+21.8%, +11.3% and - 31.3%, respectively) between HYP and NOR (p < .01). Slower interval running velocities in hypoxia achieve similar heart rate and muscle oxygenation responses to those observed in normoxia when perceptually-regulated, yet at the expense of less favourable exercise-related sensations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hobbins
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre (SESRC), London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom.
| | - N Gaoua
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre (SESRC), London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - S Hunter
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre (SESRC), London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - O Girard
- Murdoch Applied Sports Science (MASS) Laboratory, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia; Athlete Health and Performance Research Center, ASPETAR, Qatar Orthopedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, Qatar
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28
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Park HY, Jung WS, Kim J, Lim K. Twelve weeks of exercise modality in hypoxia enhances health-related function in obese older Korean men: A randomized controlled trial. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19:311-316. [PMID: 30788892 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.13625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of exercise intervention in hypoxia as a novel treatment method for obesity in older men. METHODS A total of 24 obese 65-70-year-old Korean men (66.5 ± 0.8 years) were randomly assigned to undergo hypoxic training (n = 12) or normoxic training (n = 12), and all participants carried out an exercise intervention composed of aerobic exercise on a treadmill (30 min) and bicycle (30 min), and resistance exercise (30-40 min) in normoxia, and 3000-m normobaric hypoxia separately for a total of 12 weeks, three times a week. Health-related dependent variables (body composition, physical fitness, pulmonary function and heart rate variability) were evaluated at pre- and post-exercise intervention. RESULTS Hypoxic training showed more improved body composition (bodyweight -5.68 vs -3.16 kg, %body fat -5.50 vs -1.97%, fat-free mass 2.09 vs 1.06 kg), physical fitness (chair sit-to-stand 5.67 vs 4.58, pegboard 3.58 vs 2.17, tandem test -1.74 vs -1.31 s, one leg standing 6.27 vs 3.71 s), pulmonary function (forced vital capacity 0.15 vs 0.02 L, forced expiratory volume in 1 s 0.23 vs 0.01 L, percent of forced expiratory volume in 1 s 0.87 vs 0.08, maximal voluntary ventilation 5.26 vs 2.22 L) and heart rate variability (high frequency 0.94 vs 0.19 ms2 , low frequency/high frequency -0.28 vs -0.08, salivary cortisol -0.13 vs -0.04 μg/dL) than normoxic training. CONCLUSIONS Compared with normoxic training, hypoxic training is a novel and successful health promotion method in obese older populations. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 311-316.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun-Young Park
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won-Sang Jung
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jisu Kim
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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29
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Chacaroun S, Vega-Escamilla Y Gonzalez I, Flore P, Doutreleau S, Verges S. Physiological responses to hypoxic constant-load and high-intensity interval exercise sessions in healthy subjects. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 119:123-134. [PMID: 30315366 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-4006-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to assess the acute cardiorespiratory as well as muscle and cerebral tissue oxygenation responses to submaximal constant-load (CL) and high-intensity interval (HII) cycling exercise performed in normoxia and in hypoxia at similar intensity, reproducing whole-body endurance exercise training sessions as performed in sedentary and clinical populations. METHODS Healthy subjects performed two CL (30 min, 75% of maximal heart rate, n = 12) and two HII (15 times 1-min high-intensity exercise-1-min passive recovery, n = 12) cycling exercise sessions in normoxia and in hypoxia [mean arterial oxygen saturation 76 ± 1% (clamped) during CL and 77 ± 5% (inspiratory oxygen fraction 0.135) during HII]. Cardiorespiratory and near-infrared spectroscopy parameters as well as the rate of perceived exertion were continuously recorded. RESULTS Power output was 21 ± 11% and 15% (according to protocol design) lower in hypoxia compared to normoxia during CL and HII exercise sessions, respectively. Heart rate did not differ between normoxic and hypoxic exercise sessions, while minute ventilation was higher in hypoxia during HII exercise only (+ 13 ± 29%, p < 0.05). Quadriceps tissue saturation index did not differ significantly between normoxia and hypoxia (CL 60 ± 8% versus 59 ± 5%; HII 59 ± 10% versus 56 ± 9%; p > 0.05), while prefrontal cortex deoxygenation was significantly greater in hypoxia during both CL (66 ± 4% versus 56 ± 6%) and HII (58 ± 5% versus 55 ± 5%; p < 0.05) sessions. The rate of perceived exertion did not differ between normoxic and hypoxic CL (2.4 ± 1.7 versus 2.9 ± 1.8) and HII (6.9 ± 1.4 versus 7.5 ± 0.8) sessions (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION This study indicates that at identical heart rate, reducing arterial oxygen saturation near 75% does not accentuate muscle deoxygenation during both CL and HII exercise sessions compared to normoxia. Hence, within these conditions, larger muscle hypoxic stress should not be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chacaroun
- HP2 Laboratory, INSERM U1042, UM Sports Pathologies, Hôpital Sud, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Avenue Kimberley, 38 434, Echirolles, France
| | - I Vega-Escamilla Y Gonzalez
- HP2 Laboratory, INSERM U1042, UM Sports Pathologies, Hôpital Sud, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Avenue Kimberley, 38 434, Echirolles, France
| | - P Flore
- HP2 Laboratory, INSERM U1042, UM Sports Pathologies, Hôpital Sud, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Avenue Kimberley, 38 434, Echirolles, France
| | - S Doutreleau
- HP2 Laboratory, INSERM U1042, UM Sports Pathologies, Hôpital Sud, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Avenue Kimberley, 38 434, Echirolles, France.,Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Samuel Verges
- HP2 Laboratory, INSERM U1042, UM Sports Pathologies, Hôpital Sud, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Avenue Kimberley, 38 434, Echirolles, France. .,Grenoble Alpes University Hospital, Grenoble, France.
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30
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Mourot L. Limitation of Maximal Heart Rate in Hypoxia: Mechanisms and Clinical Importance. Front Physiol 2018; 9:972. [PMID: 30083108 PMCID: PMC6064954 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of exercise intervention in hypoxia has grown in popularity amongst patients, with encouraging results compared to similar intervention in normoxia. The prescription of exercise for patients largely rely on heart rate recordings (percentage of maximal heart rate (HRmax) or heart rate reserve). It is known that HRmax decreases with high altitude and the duration of the stay (acclimatization). At an altitude typically chosen for training (2,000-3,500 m) conflicting results have been found. Whether or not this decrease exists or not is of importance since the results of previous studies assessing hypoxic training based on HR may be biased due to improper intensity. By pooling the results of 86 studies, this literature review emphasizes that HRmax decreases progressively with increasing hypoxia. The dose–response is roughly linear and starts at a low altitude, but with large inter-study variabilities. Sex or age does not seem to be a major contributor in the HRmax decline with altitude. Rather, it seems that the greater the reduction in arterial oxygen saturation, the greater the reduction in HRmax, due to an over activity of the parasympathetic nervous system. Only a few studies reported HRmax at sea/low level and altitude with patients. Altogether, due to very different experimental design, it is difficult to draw firm conclusions in these different clinical categories of people. Hence, forthcoming studies in specific groups of patients are required to properly evaluate (1) the HRmax change during acute hypoxia and the contributing factors, and (2) the physiological and clinical effects of exercise training in hypoxia with adequate prescription of exercise training intensity if based on heart rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Mourot
- EA 3920 Prognostic Markers and Regulatory Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases and Exercise Performance, Health, Innovation Platform, University of Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.,Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
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