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Fan M, Gao S, Yang Y, Yang S, Wang H, Shi L. Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the universal stress protein (USP) gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana, Zea mays, and Oryza sativa. Genetica 2024; 152:119-132. [PMID: 38789817 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-024-00209-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The Universal Stress Protein (USP) primarily participates in cellular responses to biotic and abiotic stressors, playing a pivotal role in plant growth, development, and Stress responses to adverse environmental conditions. Totals of 23, 26 and 26 USP genes were recognized in Arabidopsis thaliana, Zea mays, and Oryza sativa, respectively. According to USP genes physicochemical properties, proteins from USP I class were identified as hydrophilic proteins with high stability. Based on phylogenetic analysis, USP genes family were classified into nine groups, USP II were rich in motifs. Additionally, members of the same subgroup exhibited similar numbers of introns/exons, and shared conserved domains, indicating close evolutionary relationships. Motif analysis results demonstrated a high degree of conservation among USP genes. Chromosomal distribution suggested that USP genes might have undergone gene expansion through segmental duplication in Arabidopsis thaliana, Zea mays, and Oryza sativa. Most Ka/Ks ratios were found to be less than 1, suggesting that USP genes in Arabidopsis thaliana, Zea mays, and Oryza sativa have experienced purifying selection. Expression profile analysis revealed that USP genes primarily respond to drought stress in Oryza sativa, temperature, and drought stress in Zea mays, and cold stress in Arabidopsis thaliana. Gene collinearity analysis can reveal correlations between genes, aiding subsequent in-depth investigations. This study sheds new light on the evolution of USP genes in monocots and dicots and lays the foundation for a better understanding of the biological functions of the USP genes family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxia Fan
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110000, China.
| | - Song Gao
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Yating Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Shenyang Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Shenyang, 110161, China
| | - He Wang
- Shenyang Rural Revitalization and Development Center, Shenyang, 110121, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Zea Mays Research Institute, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, 110161, China
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Jahed KR, Saini AK, Sherif SM. Coping with the cold: unveiling cryoprotectants, molecular signaling pathways, and strategies for cold stress resilience. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1246093. [PMID: 37649996 PMCID: PMC10465183 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1246093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Low temperature stress significantly threatens crop productivity and economic sustainability. Plants counter this by deploying advanced molecular mechanisms to perceive and respond to cold stress. Transmembrane proteins initiate these responses, triggering a series of events involving secondary messengers such as calcium ions (Ca2+), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inositol phosphates. Of these, calcium signaling is paramount, activating downstream phosphorylation cascades and the transcription of cold-responsive genes, including cold-regulated (COR) genes. This review focuses on how plants manage freeze-induced damage through dual strategies: cold tolerance and cold avoidance. Tolerance mechanisms involve acclimatization to decreasing temperatures, fostering gradual accumulation of cold resistance. In contrast, avoidance mechanisms rely on cryoprotectant molecules like potassium ions (K+), proline, glycerol, and antifreeze proteins (AFPs). Cryoprotectants modulate intracellular solute concentration, lower the freezing point, inhibit ice formation, and preserve plasma membrane fluidity. Additionally, these molecules demonstrate antioxidant activity, scavenging ROS, preventing protein denaturation, and subsequently mitigating cellular damage. By forming extensive hydrogen bonds with water molecules, cryoprotectants also limit intercellular water movement, minimizing extracellular ice crystal formation, and cell dehydration. The deployment of cryoprotectants is a key adaptive strategy that bolsters plant resilience to cold stress and promotes survival in freezing environments. However, the specific physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying these protective effects remain insufficiently understood. Therefore, this review underscores the need for further research to elucidate these mechanisms and assess their potential impact on crop productivity and sustainability, contributing to the progressive discourse in plant biology and environmental science.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sherif M. Sherif
- Alson H. Smith Jr. Agricultural Research and Extension Center, School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Winchester, VA, United States
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3
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Luo D, Wu Z, Bai Q, Zhang Y, Huang M, Huang Y, Li X. Universal Stress Proteins: From Gene to Function. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054725. [PMID: 36902153 PMCID: PMC10003552 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Universal stress proteins (USPs) exist across a wide range of species and are vital for survival under stressful conditions. Due to the increasingly harsh global environmental conditions, it is increasingly important to study the role of USPs in achieving stress tolerance. This review discusses the role of USPs in organisms from three aspects: (1) organisms generally have multiple USP genes that play specific roles at different developmental periods of the organism, and, due to their ubiquity, USPs can be used as an important indicator to study species evolution; (2) a comparison of the structures of USPs reveals that they generally bind ATP or its analogs at similar sequence positions, which may underlie the regulatory role of USPs; and (3) the functions of USPs in species are diverse, and are generally directly related to the stress tolerance. In microorganisms, USPs are associated with cell membrane formation, whereas in plants they may act as protein chaperones or RNA chaperones to help plants withstand stress at the molecular level and may also interact with other proteins to regulate normal plant activities. This review will provide directions for future research, focusing on USPs to provide clues for the development of stress-tolerant crop varieties and for the generation of novel green pesticide formulations in agriculture, and to better understand the evolution of drug resistance in pathogenic microorganisms in medicine.
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Lu Q, Houbaert A, Ma Q, Huang J, Sterck L, Zhang C, Benjamins R, Coppens F, Van Breusegem F, Russinova E. Adenosine monophosphate deaminase modulates BIN2 activity through hydrogen peroxide-induced oligomerization. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:3844-3859. [PMID: 35876813 PMCID: PMC9520590 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis thaliana GSK3-like kinase, BRASSINOSTEROID-INSENSITIVE2 (BIN2) is a key negative regulator of brassinosteroid (BR) signaling and a hub for crosstalk with other signaling pathways. However, the mechanisms controlling BIN2 activity are not well understood. Here we performed a forward genetic screen for resistance to the plant-specific GSK3 inhibitor bikinin and discovered that a mutation in the ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE DEAMINASE (AMPD)/EMBRYONIC FACTOR1 (FAC1) gene reduces the sensitivity of Arabidopsis seedlings to both bikinin and BRs. Further analyses revealed that AMPD modulates BIN2 activity by regulating its oligomerization in a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-dependent manner. Exogenous H2O2 induced the formation of BIN2 oligomers with a decreased kinase activity and an increased sensitivity to bikinin. By contrast, AMPD activity inhibition reduced the cytosolic reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and the amount of BIN2 oligomers, correlating with the decreased sensitivity of Arabidopsis plants to bikinin and BRs. Furthermore, we showed that BIN2 phosphorylates AMPD to possibly alter its function. Our results uncover the existence of an H2O2 homeostasis-mediated regulation loop between AMPD and BIN2 that fine-tunes the BIN2 kinase activity to control plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lu
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Qian Ma
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jingjing Huang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lieven Sterck
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - René Benjamins
- Plant Developmental Biology, Wageningen University Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik Coppens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frank Van Breusegem
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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Santana I, Jeon SJ, Kim HI, Islam MR, Castillo C, Garcia GFH, Newkirk GM, Giraldo JP. Targeted Carbon Nanostructures for Chemical and Gene Delivery to Plant Chloroplasts. ACS NANO 2022; 16:12156-12173. [PMID: 35943045 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology approaches for improving the delivery efficiency of chemicals and molecular cargoes in plants through plant biorecognition mechanisms remain relatively unexplored. We developed targeted carbon-based nanomaterials as tools for precise chemical delivery (carbon dots, CDs) and gene delivery platforms (single-walled carbon nanotubes, SWCNTs) to chloroplasts, key organelles involved in efforts to improve plant photosynthesis, assimilation of nutrients, and delivery of agrochemicals. A biorecognition approach of coating the nanomaterials with a rationally designed chloroplast targeting peptide improved the delivery of CDs with molecular baskets (TP-β-CD) for delivery of agrochemicals and of plasmid DNA coated SWCNT (TP-pATV1-SWCNT) from 47% to 70% and from 39% to 57% of chloroplasts in leaves, respectively. Plants treated with TP-β-CD (20 mg/L) and TP-pATV1-SWCNT (2 mg/L) had a low percentage of dead cells, 6% and 8%, respectively, similar to controls without nanoparticles, and no permanent cell and chloroplast membrane damage after 5 days of exposure. However, targeted nanomaterials transiently increased leaf H2O2 (0.3225 μmol gFW-1) above control plant levels (0.03441 μmol gFW-1) but within the normal range reported in land plants. The increase in leaf H2O2 levels was associated with oxidative damage in whole plant cell DNA, a transient effect on chloroplast DNA, and a decrease in leaf chlorophyll content (-17%) and carbon assimilation rates at saturation light levels (-32%) with no impact on photosystem II quantum yield. This work provides targeted delivery approaches for carbon-based nanomaterials mediated by biorecognition and a comprehensive understanding of their impact on plant cell and molecular biology for engineering safer and efficient agrochemical and biomolecule delivery tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Santana
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Su-Ji Jeon
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Hye-In Kim
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Md Reyazul Islam
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Christopher Castillo
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Gail F H Garcia
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Gregory M Newkirk
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Juan Pablo Giraldo
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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6
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Zhang Q, Liang M, Zeng J, Yang C, Qin J, Qiang W, Lan X, Chen M, Lin M, Liao Z. Engineering tropane alkaloid production and glyphosate resistance by overexpressing AbCaM1 and G2-EPSPS in Atropa belladonna. Metab Eng 2022; 72:237-246. [PMID: 35390492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Atropa belladonna is an important industrial crop for producing anticholinergic tropane alkaloids (TAs). Using glyphosate as selection pressure, transgenic homozygous plants of A. belladonna are generated, in which a novel calmodulin gene (AbCaM1) and a reported EPSPS gene (G2-EPSPS) are co-overexpressed. AbCaM1 is highly expressed in secondary roots of A. belladonna and has calcium-binding activity. Three transgenic homozygous lines were generated and their glyphosate tolerance and TAs' production were evaluated in the field. Transgenic homozygous lines produced TAs at much higher levels than wild-type plants. In the leaves of T2GC02, T2GC05, and T2GC06, the hyoscyamine content was 8.95-, 10.61-, and 9.96 mg/g DW, the scopolamine content was 1.34-, 1.50- and 0.86 mg/g DW, respectively. Wild-type plants of A. belladonna produced hyoscyamine and scopolamine respectively at the levels of 2.45 mg/g DW and 0.30 mg/g DW in leaves. Gene expression analysis indicated that AbCaM1 significantly up-regulated seven key TA biosynthesis genes. Transgenic homozygous lines could tolerate a commercial recommended dose of glyphosate in the field. In summary, new varieties of A. belladonna not only produce pharmaceutical TAs at high levels but tolerate glyphosate, facilitating industrial production of TAs and weed management at a much lower cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaozhuo Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Mengjiao Liang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Junlan Zeng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Chunxian Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jianbo Qin
- Chongqing Academy of Science and Technology, Chongqing, 401123, China
| | - Wei Qiang
- College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Xiaozhong Lan
- TAAHC-SWU Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, Xizang Agricultural and Husbandry College, Nyingchi of Tibet, 860000, China
| | - Min Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Min Lin
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University/Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chongqing, 400712, China
| | - Zhihua Liao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation, SWU-TAAHC Medicinal Plant Joint R&D Centre, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Academy of Science and Technology, Chongqing, 401123, China.
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7
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Wi SD, Lee ES, Park JH, Chae HB, Paeng SK, Bae SB, Phan TKA, Kim WY, Yun DJ, Lee SY. Redox-mediated structural and functional switching of C-repeat binding factors enhances plant cold tolerance. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1067-1073. [PMID: 34537981 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
C-repeat binding factors (CBFs) are key cold-responsive transcription factors that play pleiotropic roles in the cold acclimation, growth, and development of plants. Cold-sensitive cbf knockout mutants and cold-tolerant CBF overexpression lines exhibit abnormal phenotypes at warm temperatures, suggesting that CBF activity is precisely regulated, and a critical threshold level must be maintained for proper plant growth under normal conditions. Cold-inducible CBFs also exist in warm-climate plants but as inactive disulfide-bonded oligomers. However, upon translocation to the nucleus under a cold snap, the h2-isotype of cytosolic thioredoxin (Trx-h2), reduces the oxidized (inactive) CBF oligomers and the newly synthesized CBF monomers, thus producing reduced (active) CBF monomers. Thus, the redox-dependent structural switching and functional activation of CBFs protect plants under cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Dong Wi
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Eun Seon Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Joung Hun Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Ho Byoung Chae
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Seol Ki Paeng
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Su Bin Bae
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Thi Kieu Anh Phan
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Woe-Yeon Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Dae-Jin Yun
- Department of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Korea
| | - Sang Yeol Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
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8
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Lee ES, Park JH, Wi SD, Kang CH, Chi YH, Chae HB, Paeng SK, Ji MG, Kim WY, Kim MG, Yun DJ, Stacey G, Lee SY. Redox-dependent structural switch and CBF activation confer freezing tolerance in plants. NATURE PLANTS 2021; 7:914-922. [PMID: 34155371 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-021-00944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The activities of cold-responsive C-repeat-binding transcription factors (CBFs) are tightly controlled as they not only induce cold tolerance but also regulate normal plant growth under temperate conditions1-4. Thioredoxin h2 (Trx-h2)-a cytosolic redox protein identified as an interacting partner of CBF1-is normally anchored to cytoplasmic endomembranes through myristoylation at the second glycine residue5,6. However, after exposure to cold conditions, the demyristoylated Trx-h2 is translocated to the nucleus, where it reduces the oxidized (inactive) CBF oligomers and monomers. The reduced (active) monomers activate cold-regulated gene expression. Thus, in contrast to the Arabidopsis trx-h2 (AT5G39950) null mutant, Trx-h2 overexpression lines are highly cold tolerant. Our findings reveal the mechanism by which cold-mediated redox changes induce the structural switching and functional activation of CBFs, therefore conferring plant cold tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Seon Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Joung Hun Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Seong Dong Wi
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Chang Ho Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Yong Hun Chi
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Ho Byoung Chae
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Seol Ki Paeng
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Myung Geun Ji
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Woe-Yeon Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Min Gab Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea
| | - Dae-Jin Yun
- Department of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gary Stacey
- Divisions of Plant Science and Biochemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sang Yeol Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Korea.
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.
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9
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Budimir J, Treffon K, Nair A, Thurow C, Gatz C. Redox-active cysteines in TGACG-BINDING FACTOR 1 (TGA1) do not play a role in salicylic acid or pathogen-induced expression of TGA1-regulated target genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 230:2420-2432. [PMID: 32315441 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) is an important signaling molecule of the plant immune system. In Arabidopsis thaliana, SA biosynthesis is indirectly modulated by the closely related transcription factors TGACG-BINDING FACTOR 1 and 4 (TGA1 and TGA4, respectively). They activate expression of SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED RESISTANCE DEFICIENT1, the gene product of which regulates the key SA biosynthesis gene ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE 1. Since TGA1 interacts with the SA receptor NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES 1 (NPR1) in a redox-dependent manner and since the redox state of TGA1 is altered in SA-treated plants, TGA1 was assumed to play a role in the NPR1-dependent signaling cascade. Here, we identified 193 out of 2090 SA-induced genes that require TGA1/TGA4 for maximal expression after SA treatment. One robustly TGA1/TGA4-dependent gene encodes for the SA hydroxylase DOWNY MILDEW RESISTANT 6-LIKE OXYGENASE 1, suggesting an additional regulatory role of TGA1/TGA4 in SA catabolism. Expression of TGA1/TGA4-dependent genes in mock/SA-treated or Pseudomonas-infected plants was rescued in the tga1 tga4 double mutant after introduction of a mutant genomic TGA1 fragment encoding a TGA1 protein without any cysteines. Thus, the functional significance of the observed redox modification of TGA1 in SA-treated tissues remains enigmatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Budimir
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Treffon
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Aswin Nair
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Corinnna Thurow
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christiane Gatz
- Albrecht-von-Haller-Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, D-37077, Göttingen, Germany
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10
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Gasperl A, Balogh E, Boldizsár Á, Kemeter N, Pirklbauer R, Möstl S, Kalapos B, Szalai G, Müller M, Zellnig G, Kocsy G. Comparison of Light Condition-Dependent Differences in the Accumulation and Subcellular Localization of Glutathione in Arabidopsis and Wheat. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E607. [PMID: 33435361 PMCID: PMC7827723 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to clarify whether the light condition-dependent changes in the redox state and subcellular distribution of glutathione were similar in the dicotyledonous model plant Arabidopsis (wild-type, ascorbate- and glutathione-deficient mutants) and the monocotyledonous crop species wheat (Chinese Spring variety). With increasing light intensity, the amount of its reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) form and the GSSG/GSH ratio increased in the leaf extracts of both species including all genotypes, while far-red light increased these parameters only in wheat except for GSH in the GSH-deficient Arabidopsis mutant. Based on the expression changes of the glutathione metabolism-related genes, light intensity influences the size and redox state of the glutathione pool at the transcriptional level in wheat but not in Arabidopsis. In line with the results in leaf extracts, a similar inducing effect of both light intensity and far-red light was found on the total glutathione content at the subcellular level in wheat. In contrast to the leaf extracts, the inducing influence of light intensity on glutathione level was only found in the cell compartments of the GSH-deficient Arabidopsis mutant, and far-red light increased it in both mutants. The observed general and genotype-specific, light-dependent changes in the accumulation and subcellular distribution of glutathione participate in adjusting the redox-dependent metabolism to the actual environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gasperl
- Institute of Biology, Plant Sciences, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (A.G.); (N.K.); (R.P.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (G.Z.)
| | - Eszter Balogh
- Agricultural Institute, ELKH Centre for Agricultural Research, 2462 Martonvásár, Hungary; (E.B.); (Á.B.); (B.K.); (G.S.)
| | - Ákos Boldizsár
- Agricultural Institute, ELKH Centre for Agricultural Research, 2462 Martonvásár, Hungary; (E.B.); (Á.B.); (B.K.); (G.S.)
| | - Nadine Kemeter
- Institute of Biology, Plant Sciences, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (A.G.); (N.K.); (R.P.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (G.Z.)
| | - Richard Pirklbauer
- Institute of Biology, Plant Sciences, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (A.G.); (N.K.); (R.P.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (G.Z.)
| | - Stefan Möstl
- Institute of Biology, Plant Sciences, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (A.G.); (N.K.); (R.P.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (G.Z.)
| | - Balázs Kalapos
- Agricultural Institute, ELKH Centre for Agricultural Research, 2462 Martonvásár, Hungary; (E.B.); (Á.B.); (B.K.); (G.S.)
| | - Gabriella Szalai
- Agricultural Institute, ELKH Centre for Agricultural Research, 2462 Martonvásár, Hungary; (E.B.); (Á.B.); (B.K.); (G.S.)
| | - Maria Müller
- Institute of Biology, Plant Sciences, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (A.G.); (N.K.); (R.P.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (G.Z.)
| | - Günther Zellnig
- Institute of Biology, Plant Sciences, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (A.G.); (N.K.); (R.P.); (S.M.); (M.M.); (G.Z.)
| | - Gábor Kocsy
- Agricultural Institute, ELKH Centre for Agricultural Research, 2462 Martonvásár, Hungary; (E.B.); (Á.B.); (B.K.); (G.S.)
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11
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Kang CH, Park JH, Lee ES, Paeng SK, Chae HB, Hong JC, Lee SY. Redox-Dependent Structural Modification of Nucleoredoxin Triggers Defense Responses against Alternaria brassicicola in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239196. [PMID: 33276577 PMCID: PMC7730559 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, thioredoxin (TRX) family proteins participate in various biological processes by regulating the oxidative stress response. However, their role in phytohormone signaling remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the functions of TRX proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) experiments revealed that the expression of ARABIDOPSIS NUCLEOREDOXIN 1 (AtNRX1) is specifically induced by the application of jasmonic acid (JA) and upon inoculation with a necrotrophic fungal pathogen, Alternaria brassicicola. The AtNRX1 protein usually exists as a low molecular weight (LMW) monomer and functions as a reductase, but under oxidative stress AtNRX1 transforms into polymeric forms. However, the AtNRX1M3 mutant protein, harboring four cysteine-to-serine substitutions in the TRX domain, did not show structural modification under oxidative stress. The Arabidopsisatnrx1 null mutant showed greater resistance to A. brassicicola than wild-type plants. In addition, plants overexpressing both AtNRX1 and AtNRX1M3 were susceptible to A. brassicicola infection. Together, these findings suggest that AtNRX1 normally suppresses the expression of defense-responsive genes, as if it were a safety pin, but functions as a molecular sensor through its redox-dependent structural modification to induce disease resistance in plants.
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12
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Li Y, Loake GJ. The immune-related, TGA1 redox-switch: to be or not to be? THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020. [PMID: 32726463 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Gary J Loake
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
- Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, UK
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13
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Prall W, Sharma B, Gregory BD. Transcription Is Just the Beginning of Gene Expression Regulation: The Functional Significance of RNA-Binding Proteins to Post-transcriptional Processes in Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 60:1939-1952. [PMID: 31155676 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcz067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants have developed sophisticated mechanisms to compensate and respond to ever-changing environmental conditions. Research focus in this area has recently shifted towards understanding the post-transcriptional mechanisms that contribute to RNA transcript maturation, abundance and function as key regulatory steps in allowing plants to properly react and adapt to these never-ending shifts in their environments. At the center of these regulatory mechanisms are RNA-binding proteins (RBPs), the functional mediators of all post-transcriptional processes. In plants, RBPs are becoming increasingly appreciated as the critical modulators of core cellular processes during development and in response to environmental stimuli. With the majority of research on RBPs and their functions historically in prokaryotic and mammalian systems, it has more recently been unveiled that plants have expanded families of conserved and novel RBPs compared with their eukaryotic counterparts. To better understand the scope of RBPs in plants, we present past and current literature detailing specific roles of RBPs during stress response, development and other fundamental transition periods. In this review, we highlight examples of complex regulation coordinated by RBPs with a focus on the diverse mechanisms of plant RBPs and the unique processes they regulate. Additionally, we discuss the importance for additional research into understanding global interactions of RBPs on a systems and network-scale, with genome mining and annotation providing valuable insight for potential uses in improving crop plants in order to maintain high-level production in this era of global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wil Prall
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bishwas Sharma
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian D Gregory
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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14
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Chi YH, Koo SS, Oh HT, Lee ES, Park JH, Phan KAT, Wi SD, Bae SB, Paeng SK, Chae HB, Kang CH, Kim MG, Kim WY, Yun DJ, Lee SY. The Physiological Functions of Universal Stress Proteins and Their Molecular Mechanism to Protect Plants From Environmental Stresses. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:750. [PMID: 31231414 PMCID: PMC6560075 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Since the original discovery of a Universal Stress Protein (USP) in Escherichia coli, a number of USPs have been identified from diverse sources including archaea, bacteria, plants, and metazoans. As their name implies, these proteins participate in a broad range of cellular responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Their physiological functions are associated with ion scavenging, hypoxia responses, cellular mobility, and regulation of cell growth and development. Consistent with their roles in resistance to multiple stresses, USPs show a wide range of structural diversity that results from the diverse range of other functional motifs fused with the USP domain. As well as providing structural diversity, these catalytic motifs are responsible for the diverse biochemical properties of USPs and enable them to act in a number of cellular signaling transducers and metabolic regulators. Despite the importance of USP function in many organisms, the molecular mechanisms by which USPs protect cells and provide stress resistance remain largely unknown. This review addresses the diverse roles of USPs in plants and how the proteins enable plants to resist against multiple stresses in ever-changing environment. Bioinformatic tools used for the collection of a set of USPs from various plant species provide more than 2,100 USPs and their functional diversity in plant physiology. Data from previous studies are used to understand how the biochemical activity of plant USPs modulates biotic and abiotic stress signaling. As USPs interact with the redox protein, thioredoxin, in Arabidopsis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulates the activity of USPs, the involvement of USPs in redox-mediated defense signaling is also considered. Finally, this review discusses the biotechnological application of USPs in an agricultural context by considering the development of novel stress-resistant crops through manipulating the expression of USP genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Hun Chi
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Sung Sun Koo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Hun Taek Oh
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Eun Seon Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Joung Hun Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Kieu Anh Thi Phan
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Seong Dong Wi
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Su Bin Bae
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Seol Ki Paeng
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Ho Byoung Chae
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Chang Ho Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Min Gab Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Woe-Yeon Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
- Institute of Agricultural and Life Science (IALS), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Dae-Jin Yun
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Yeol Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Sang Yeol Lee,
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15
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Jegadeesan S, Chaturvedi P, Ghatak A, Pressman E, Meir S, Faigenboim A, Rutley N, Beery A, Harel A, Weckwerth W, Firon N. Proteomics of Heat-Stress and Ethylene-Mediated Thermotolerance Mechanisms in Tomato Pollen Grains. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1558. [PMID: 30483278 PMCID: PMC6240657 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Heat stress is a major cause for yield loss in many crops, including vegetable crops. Even short waves of high temperature, becoming more frequent during recent years, can be detrimental. Pollen development is most heat-sensitive, being the main cause for reduced productivity under heat-stress across a wide range of crops. The molecular mechanisms involved in pollen heat-stress response and thermotolerance are however, not fully understood. Recently, we have demonstrated that ethylene, a gaseous plant hormone, plays a role in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) pollen thermotolerance. These results were substantiated in the current work showing that increasing ethylene levels by using an ethylene-releasing substance, ethephon, prior to heat-stress exposure, increased pollen quality. A proteomic approach was undertaken, to unravel the mechanisms underlying pollen heat-stress response and ethylene-mediated pollen thermotolerance in developing pollen grains. Proteins were extracted and analyzed by means of a gel LC-MS fractionation protocol, and a total of 1,355 proteins were identified. A dataset of 721 proteins, detected in three biological replicates of at least one of the applied treatments, was used for all analyses. Quantitative analysis was performed based on peptide count. The analysis revealed that heat-stress affected the developmental program of pollen, including protein homeostasis (components of the translational and degradation machinery), carbohydrate, and energy metabolism. Ethephon-pre-treatment shifted the heat-stressed pollen proteome closer to the proteome under non-stressful conditions, namely, by showing higher abundance of proteins involved in protein synthesis, degradation, tricarboxylic acid cycle, and RNA regulation. Furthermore, up-regulation of protective mechanisms against oxidative stress was observed following ethephon-treatment (including higher abundance of glutathione-disulfide reductase, glutaredoxin, and protein disulfide isomerase). Taken together, the findings identified systemic and fundamental components of pollen thermotolerance, and serve as a valuable quantitative protein database for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridharan Jegadeesan
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture of The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Palak Chaturvedi
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arindam Ghatak
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Etan Pressman
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Shimon Meir
- Institute of Postharvest and Food Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Adi Faigenboim
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Nicholas Rutley
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Avital Beery
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Arye Harel
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nurit Firon
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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16
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Zubimendi JP, Martinatto A, Valacco MP, Moreno S, Andreo CS, Drincovich MF, Tronconi MA. The complex allosteric and redox regulation of the fumarate hydratase and malate dehydratase reactions of Arabidopsis thaliana Fumarase 1 and 2 gives clues for understanding the massive accumulation of fumarate. FEBS J 2018; 285:2205-2224. [PMID: 29688630 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana possesses two fumarase genes (FUM), AtFUM1 (At2g47510) encoding for the mitochondrial Krebs cycle-associated enzyme and AtFUM2 (At5g50950) for the cytosolic isoform required for fumarate massive accumulation. Here, the comprehensive biochemical studies of AtFUM1 and AtFUM2 shows that they are active enzymes with similar kinetic parameters but differential regulation. For both enzymes, fumarate hydratase (FH) activity is favored over the malate dehydratase (MD) activity; however, MD is the most regulated activity with several allosteric activators. Oxalacetate, glutamine, and/or asparagine are modulators causing the MD reaction to become preferred over the FH reaction. Activity profiles as a function of pH suggest a suboptimal FUM activity in Arabidopsis cells; moreover, the direction of the FUM reaction is sensitive to pH changes. Under mild oxidation conditions, AtFUMs form high mass molecular aggregates, which present both FUM activities decreased to a different extent. The biochemical properties of oxidized AtFUMs (oxAtFUMs) were completely reversed by NADPH-supplied Arabidopsis leaf extracts, suggesting that the AtFUMs redox regulation can be accomplished in vivo. Mass spectrometry analyses indicate the presence of an active site-associated intermolecular disulfide bridge in oxAtFUMs. Finally, a phylogenetic approach points out that other plant species may also possess cytosolic FUM2 enzymes mainly encoded by paralogous genes, indicating that the evolutionary history of this trait has been drawn through a process of parallel evolution. Overall, according to our results, a multilevel regulatory pattern of FUM activities emerges, supporting the role of this enzyme as a carbon flow monitoring point through the organic acid metabolism in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Zubimendi
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Andrea Martinatto
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Maria P Valacco
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Argentina
| | - Silvia Moreno
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Argentina
| | - Carlos S Andreo
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María F Drincovich
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Marcos A Tronconi
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Santa Fe, Argentina
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17
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Lee ES, Kang CH, Park JH, Lee SY. Physiological Significance of Plant Peroxiredoxins and the Structure-Related and Multifunctional Biochemistry of Peroxiredoxin 1. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:625-639. [PMID: 29113450 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Sessile plants respond to oxidative stress caused by internal and external stimuli by producing diverse forms of enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant molecules. Peroxiredoxins (Prxs) in plants, including the Prx1, Prx5, Prx6, and PrxQ isoforms, constitute a family of antioxidant enzymes and play important functions in cells. Each Prx localizes to a specific subcellular compartment and has a distinct function in the control of plant growth, development, cellular metabolism, and various aspects of defense signaling. Recent Advances: Prx1, a typical Prx in plant chloroplasts, has redox-dependent multiple functions. It acts as a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-catalyzing peroxidase, a molecular chaperone, and a biological circadian marker. Prx1 undergoes a functional switching from a peroxidase to a molecular chaperone in response to oxidative stress, concomitant with the structural changes from a low-molecular-weight species to high-molecular-weight complexes mediated by the post-translational modification of its active site Cys residues. The redox status of the protein oscillates diurnally between hyperoxidation and reduction, showing a circadian rhythmic output. These dynamic structural and functional transformations mediate the effect of plant Prx1 on protecting plants from a myriad of harsh environmental stresses. CRITICAL ISSUES The multifunctional diversity of plant Prxs and their roles in cellular defense signaling depends on their specific interaction partners, which remain largely unidentified. Therefore, the identification of Prx-interacting proteins is necessary to clarify their physiological significance. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Since the functional specificity of the four plant Prx isoforms remains unclear, future studies should focus on investigating the physiological importance of each Prx isotype. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 625-639.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Seon Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+ Program) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju, Korea
| | - Chang Ho Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+ Program) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju, Korea
| | - Joung Hun Park
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+ Program) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju, Korea
| | - Sang Yeol Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+ Program) and PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University , Jinju, Korea
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18
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Roeschlin RA, Favaro MA, Chiesa MA, Alemano S, Vojnov AA, Castagnaro AP, Filippone MP, Gmitter FG, Gadea J, Marano MR. Resistance to citrus canker induced by a variant of Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri is associated with a hypersensitive cell death response involving autophagy-associated vacuolar processes. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:1267-1281. [PMID: 27647752 PMCID: PMC6638218 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Xanthomonas citri ssp. citri (X. citri) is the causal agent of Asiatic citrus canker, a disease that seriously affects most commercially important Citrus species worldwide. We have identified previously a natural variant, X. citri AT , that triggers a host-specific defence response in Citrus limon. However, the mechanisms involved in this canker disease resistance are unknown. In this work, the defence response induced by X. citri AT was assessed by transcriptomic, physiological and ultrastructural analyses, and the effects on bacterial biofilm formation were monitored in parallel. We show that X. citri AT triggers a hypersensitive response associated with the interference of biofilm development and arrest of bacterial growth in C. limon. This plant response involves an extensive transcriptional reprogramming, setting in motion cell wall reinforcement, the oxidative burst and the accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) and phenolic compounds. Ultrastructural analyses revealed subcellular changes involving the activation of autophagy-associated vacuolar processes. Our findings show the activation of SA-dependent defence in response to X. citri AT and suggest a coordinated regulation between the SA and flavonoid pathways, which is associated with autophagy mechanisms that control pathogen invasion in C. limon. Furthermore, this defence response protects C. limon plants from disease on subsequent challenges by pathogenic X. citri. This knowledge will allow the rational exploitation of the plant immune system as a biotechnological approach for the management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana A. Roeschlin
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET)Área Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda s/nRosarioS2000FHNArgentina
| | - María A. Favaro
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET)Área Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda s/nRosarioS2000FHNArgentina
| | - María A. Chiesa
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET)Área Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda s/nRosarioS2000FHNArgentina
| | - Sergio Alemano
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico‐Químicas y NaturalesUniversidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Ruta 36 Km. 601Río Cuarto X5804ZABCórdobaArgentina
| | - Adrián A. Vojnov
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. Cesar MilsteinFundación Pablo Cassará‐CONICET, Saladillo 2468Ciudad de Buenos AiresC1440FFXArgentina
| | - Atilio P. Castagnaro
- Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino (ITA‐NOA)Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres (EEAOC)‐CONICET, Av. William Cross 3150Las TalitasTucumánT4101XACArgentina
| | - María P. Filippone
- Instituto de Tecnología Agroindustrial del Noroeste Argentino (ITA‐NOA)Estación Experimental Agroindustrial Obispo Colombres (EEAOC)‐CONICET, Av. William Cross 3150Las TalitasTucumánT4101XACArgentina
| | - Frederick G. Gmitter
- Citrus Research and Education Center (CREC)University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Rd.Lake AlfredFL33850USA
| | - José Gadea
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP)Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV)‐Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Ed. 8E, C/Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/nValencia46022Spain
| | - María R. Marano
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR)–Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET)Área Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario (UNR), Ocampo y Esmeralda s/nRosarioS2000FHNArgentina
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19
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Melencion SMB, Chi YH, Pham TT, Paeng SK, Wi SD, Lee C, Ryu SW, Koo SS, Lee SY. RNA Chaperone Function of a Universal Stress Protein in Arabidopsis Confers Enhanced Cold Stress Tolerance in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122546. [PMID: 29186920 PMCID: PMC5751149 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological function of Arabidopsis thaliana universal stress protein (AtUSP) in plant has remained unclear. Thus, we report here the functional role of the Arabidopsis universal stress protein, AtUSP (At3g53990). To determine how AtUSP affects physiological responses towards cold stress, AtUSP overexpression (AtUSP OE) and T-DNA insertion knock-out (atusp, SALK_146059) mutant lines were used. The results indicated that AtUSP OE enhanced plant tolerance to cold stress, whereas atusp did not. AtUSP is localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm, and cold stress significantly affects RNA metabolism such as by misfolding and secondary structure changes of RNA. Therefore, we investigated the relationship of AtUSP with RNA metabolism. We found that AtUSP can bind nucleic acids, including single- and double-stranded DNA and luciferase mRNA. AtUSP also displayed strong nucleic acid-melting activity. We expressed AtUSP in RL211 Escherichia coli, which contains a hairpin-loop RNA structure upstream of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), and observed that AtUSP exhibited anti-termination activity that enabled CAT gene expression. AtUSP expression in the cold-sensitive Escherichia coli (E. coli) mutant BX04 complemented the cold sensitivity of the mutant cells. As these properties are typical characteristics of RNA chaperones, we conclude that AtUSP functions as a RNA chaperone under cold-shock conditions. Thus, the enhanced tolerance of AtUSP OE lines to cold stress is mediated by the RNA chaperone function of AtUSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mae Boyles Melencion
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+ Program), PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Yong Hun Chi
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+ Program), PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Thuy Thi Pham
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+ Program), PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Seol Ki Paeng
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+ Program), PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Seong Dong Wi
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+ Program), PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Changyu Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+ Program), PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Seoung Woo Ryu
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+ Program), PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Sung Sun Koo
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+ Program), PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
| | - Sang Yeol Lee
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21+ Program), PMBBRC, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea.
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20
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Chmielowska-Bąk J, Izbiańska K, Ekner-Grzyb A, Bayar M, Deckert J. Cadmium Stress Leads to Rapid Increase in RNA Oxidative Modifications in Soybean Seedlings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:2219. [PMID: 29375597 PMCID: PMC5767183 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.02219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Increase in the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a common response to stress factors, including exposure to metals. ROS over-production is associated with oxidation of lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. It is suggested that the products of oxidation are not solely the markers of oxidative stress but also signaling elements. For instance, it has been shown in animal models that mRNA oxidation is a selective process engaged in post-transcriptional regulation of genes expression and that it is associated with the development of symptoms of several neurodegenerative disorders. In the present study, we examined the impact of short-term cadmium (Cd) stress on the level of two RNA oxidation markers: 8-hydroxyguanosine (8-OHG) and apurinic/apyrimidinic sites (AP-sites, abasic sites). In the case of 8-OHG, a significant increase was observed after 3 h of exposure to moderate Cd concentration (10 mg/l). In turn, high level of AP-sites, accompanied by strong ROS accumulation and lipid peroxidation, was noted only after 24 h of treatment with higher Cd concentration (25 mg/l). This is the first report showing induction of RNA oxidations in plants response to stress factors. The possible signaling and gene regulatory role of oxidatively modified transcripts is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagna Chmielowska-Bąk
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
- *Correspondence: Jagna Chmielowska-BąK,
| | - Karolina Izbiańska
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Ekner-Grzyb
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
| | - Melike Bayar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Joanna Deckert
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poznań, Poland
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21
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Li H, Wei JC. Functional analysis of thioredoxin from the desert lichen-forming fungus, Endocarpon pusillum Hedwig, reveals its role in stress tolerance. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27184. [PMID: 27251605 PMCID: PMC4890037 DOI: 10.1038/srep27184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocarpon pusillum is a lichen-forming fungus with an outstanding stress resistance property closely related to its antioxidant system. In this study, thioredoxin (Trx), one of the main components of antioxidant defense systems in E. pusillum (EpTrx), was characterized and analyzed both in transgenic yeasts and in vitro. Our analyses identified that the heterologous expression of EpTrx in the yeast Pichia pastoris significantly enhanced its resistance to osmotic and oxidative stresses. Assays in vitro showed EpTrx acted as a disulfide reductase as well as a molecular chaperone by assembling into various polymeric structures. Upon exposure to heat-shock stress, EpTrx exhibited weaker disulfide reductase activity but stronger chaperone activity, which coincided with the switching of the protein complexes from low molecular weight forms to high molecular weight complexes. Specifically, we found that Cys31 near but not at the active site was crucial in promoting the structural and functional transitions, most likely by accelerating the formation of intermolecular disulfide bond. Transgenic Saccharomyces cerevisiae harboring the native EpTrx exhibited stronger tolerance to oxidative, osmotic and high temperature stresses than the corresponding yeast strain containing the mutant EpTrx (C31S). Our results provide the first molecular evidence on how Trx influences stress response in lichen-forming fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiang-Chun Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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22
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The N-Terminus of the Floral Arabidopsis TGA Transcription Factor PERIANTHIA Mediates Redox-Sensitive DNA-Binding. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153810. [PMID: 27128442 PMCID: PMC4851370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Arabidopsis TGA transcription factor (TF) PERIANTHIA (PAN) regulates the formation of the floral organ primordia as revealed by the pan mutant forming an abnormal pentamerous arrangement of the outer three floral whorls. The Arabidopsis TGA bZIP TF family comprises 10 members, of which PAN and TGA9/10 control flower developmental processes and TGA1/2/5/6 participate in stress-responses. For the TGA1 protein it was shown that several cysteines can be redox-dependently modified. TGA proteins interact in the nucleus with land plant-specific glutaredoxins, which may alter their activities posttranslationally. Here, we investigated the DNA-binding of PAN to the AAGAAT motif under different redox-conditions. The AAGAAT motif is localized in the second intron of the floral homeotic regulator AGAMOUS (AG), which controls stamen and carpel development as well as floral determinacy. Whereas PAN protein binds to this regulatory cis-element under reducing conditions, the interaction is strongly reduced under oxidizing conditions in EMSA studies. The redox-sensitive DNA-binding is mediated via a special PAN N-terminus, which is not present in other Arabidopsis TGA TFs and comprises five cysteines. Two N-terminal PAN cysteines, Cys68 and Cys87, were shown to form a disulfide bridge and Cys340, localized in a C-terminal putative transactivation domain, can be S-glutathionylated. Comparative land plant analyses revealed that the AAGAAT motif exists in asterid and rosid plant species. TGA TFs with N-terminal extensions of variable length were identified in all analyzed seed plants. However, a PAN-like N-terminus exists only in the rosids and exclusively Brassicaceae homologs comprise four to five of the PAN N-terminal cysteines. Redox-dependent modifications of TGA cysteines are known to regulate the activity of stress-related TGA TFs. Here, we show that the N-terminal PAN cysteines participate in a redox-dependent control of the PAN interaction with a highly conserved regulatory AG cis-element, emphasizing the importance of redox-modifications in the regulation of flower developmental processes.
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23
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Chmielowska-Bąk J, Izbiańska K, Deckert J. Products of lipid, protein and RNA oxidation as signals and regulators of gene expression in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:405. [PMID: 26082792 PMCID: PMC4451250 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are engaged in several processes essential for normal cell functioning, such as differentiation, anti-microbial defense, stimulus sensing and signaling. Interestingly, recent studies imply that cellular signal transduction and gene regulation are mediated not only directly by ROS but also by the molecules derived from ROS-mediated oxidation. Lipid peroxidation leads to non-enzymatic formation of oxylipins. These molecules were shown to modulate expression of signaling associated genes including genes encoding phosphatases, kinases and transcription factors. Oxidized peptides derived from protein oxidation might be engaged in organelle-specific ROS signaling. In turn, oxidation of particular mRNAs leads to decrease in the level of encoded proteins and thus, contributes to the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Present mini review summarizes latest findings concerning involvement of products of lipid, protein and RNA oxidation in signal transduction and gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joanna Deckert
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
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24
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Kiirika LM, Schmitz U, Colditz F. The alternative Medicago truncatula defense proteome of ROS-defective transgenic roots during early microbial infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:341. [PMID: 25101099 PMCID: PMC4101433 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
ROP-type GTPases of plants function as molecular switches within elementary signal transduction pathways such as the regulation of ROS synthesis via activation of NADPH oxidases (RBOH-respiratory burst oxidase homolog in plants). Previously, we reported that silencing of the Medicago truncatula GTPase MtROP9 led to reduced ROS production and suppressed induction of ROS-related enzymes in transgenic roots (MtROP9i) infected with pathogenic (Aphanomyces euteiches) and symbiotic microorganisms (Glomus intraradices, Sinorhizobium meliloti). While fungal infections were enhanced, S. meliloti infection was drastically impaired. In this study, we investigate the temporal proteome response of M. truncatula MtROP9i transgenic roots during the same microbial interactions under conditions of deprived potential to synthesize ROS. In comparison with control roots (Mtvector), we present a comprehensive proteomic analysis using sensitive MS protein identification. For four early infection time-points (1, 3, 5, 24 hpi), 733 spots were found to be different in abundance: 213 spots comprising 984 proteins (607 unique) were identified after S. meliloti infection, 230 spots comprising 796 proteins (580 unique) after G. intraradices infection, and 290 spots comprising 1240 proteins (828 unique) after A. euteiches infection. Data evaluation by GelMap in combination with a heatmap tool allowed recognition of key proteome changes during microbial interactions under conditions of hampered ROS synthesis. Overall, the number of induced proteins in MtROP9i was low as compared with controls, indicating a dual function of ROS in defense signaling as well as alternative response patterns activated during microbial infection. Qualitative analysis of induced proteins showed that enzymes linked to ROS production and scavenging were highly induced in control roots, while in MtROP9i the majority of proteins were involved in alternative defense pathways such as cell wall and protein degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Frank Colditz
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics, Leibniz University HannoverHannover, Germany
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25
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Cejudo FJ, Meyer AJ, Reichheld JP, Rouhier N, Traverso JA. Thiol-based redox homeostasis and signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:266. [PMID: 24959171 PMCID: PMC4050284 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Cejudo
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasSevilla, Spain
- *Correspondence: ; ; ; ;
| | - Andreas J. Meyer
- INRES - Chemical Signalling, University of BonnBonn, Germany
- *Correspondence: ; ; ; ;
| | - Jean-Philippe Reichheld
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, Université Perpignan Via DomitiaPerpignan, France
- Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, CNRSPerpignan, France
- *Correspondence: ; ; ; ;
| | - Nicolas Rouhier
- Faculté des Sciences, UMR1136 Université de Lorraine-INRA, Interactions Arbres/Micro-organismesVandoeuvre, France
- *Correspondence: ; ; ; ;
| | - Jose A. Traverso
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de GranadaGranada, Spain
- Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasGranada, Spain
- *Correspondence: ; ; ; ;
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