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D'Incà R, Mattioli R, Tomasella M, Tavazza R, Macone A, Incocciati A, Martignago D, Polticelli F, Fraudentali I, Cona A, Angelini R, Tavazza M, Nardini A, Tavladoraki P. A Solanum lycopersicum polyamine oxidase contributes to the control of plant growth, xylem differentiation, and drought stress tolerance. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38761363 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Polyamines are involved in several plant physiological processes. In Arabidopsis thaliana, five FAD-dependent polyamine oxidases (AtPAO1 to AtPAO5) contribute to polyamine homeostasis. AtPAO5 catalyzes the back-conversion of thermospermine (T-Spm) to spermidine and plays a role in plant development, xylem differentiation, and abiotic stress tolerance. In the present study, to verify whether T-Spm metabolism can be exploited as a new route to improve stress tolerance in crops and to investigate the underlying mechanisms, tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) AtPAO5 homologs were identified (SlPAO2, SlPAO3, and SlPAO4) and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated loss-of-function slpao3 mutants were obtained. Morphological, molecular, and physiological analyses showed that slpao3 mutants display increased T-Spm levels and exhibit changes in growth parameters, number and size of xylem elements, and expression levels of auxin- and gibberellin-related genes compared to wild-type plants. The slpao3 mutants are also characterized by improved tolerance to drought stress, which can be attributed to a diminished xylem hydraulic conductivity that limits water loss, as well as to a reduced vulnerability to embolism. Altogether, this study evidences conservation, though with some significant variations, of the T-Spm-mediated regulatory mechanisms controlling plant growth and differentiation across different plant species and highlights the T-Spm role in improving stress tolerance while not constraining growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo D'Incà
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Martina Tomasella
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Raffaela Tavazza
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), BIOAG-BIOTEC C.R. Casaccia, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Macone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences 'A. Rossi Fanelli', Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Incocciati
- Department of Biochemical Sciences 'A. Rossi Fanelli', Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Polticelli
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, 00146, Rome, Italy
- National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Roma Tre Section, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Cona
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, 00146, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Angelini
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, 00146, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Rome, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
| | - Mario Tavazza
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), BIOAG-BIOTEC C.R. Casaccia, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Nardini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, Università di Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paraskevi Tavladoraki
- Department of Science, University Roma Tre, 00146, Rome, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Rome, Italy
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Furumoto T, Yamaoka S, Kohchi T, Motose H, Takahashi T. Thermospermine Is an Evolutionarily Ancestral Phytohormone Required for Organ Development and Stress Responses in Marchantia Polymorpha. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 65:460-471. [PMID: 38179828 PMCID: PMC11020214 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcae002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Thermospermine suppresses auxin-inducible xylem differentiation, whereas its structural isomer, spermine, is involved in stress responses in angiosperms. The thermospermine synthase, ACAULIS5 (ACL5), is conserved from algae to land plants, but its physiological functions remain elusive in non-vascular plants. Here, we focused on MpACL5, a gene in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha, that rescued the dwarf phenotype of the acl5 mutant in Arabidopsis. In the Mpacl5 mutants generated by genome editing, severe growth retardation was observed in the vegetative organ, thallus, and the sexual reproductive organ, gametangiophore. The mutant gametangiophores exhibited remarkable morphological defects such as short stalks, fasciation and indeterminate growth. Two gametangiophores fused together, and new gametangiophores were often initiated from the old ones. Furthermore, Mpacl5 showed altered responses to heat and salt stresses. Given the absence of spermine in bryophytes, these results suggest that thermospermine has a dual primordial function in organ development and stress responses in M. polymorpha. The stress response function may have eventually been assigned to spermine during land plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Furumoto
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushimanaka 3-1-1, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Shohei Yamaoka
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Takayuki Kohchi
- Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Motose
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushimanaka 3-1-1, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
| | - Taku Takahashi
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Environmental, Life, Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushimanaka 3-1-1, Okayama, 700-8530 Japan
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3
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Nishii Y, Koyama D, Fukushima H, Takahashi T. Suppression of the dwarf phenotype of an Arabidopsis mutant defective in thermospermine biosynthesis by a synonymous codon change in the SAC51 uORF. Mol Genet Genomics 2023; 298:1505-1514. [PMID: 37845372 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-023-02076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Thermospermine plays a critical role in negatively regulating xylem development in angiosperms. A mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana that is defective in thermospermine biosynthesis, acaulis5 (acl5), exhibits a dwarf phenotype with excessive xylem formation. Mechanistically thermospermine acts in attenuating the inhibitory effect of an evolutionarily conserved upstream open reading frame (uORF) on the main ORF of SAC51, which encodes a basic helix-loop-helix protein involved in xylem repression. Here, we revealed that a semidominant suppressor of acl5, sac503, which partially restores the acl5 phenotype, has a point mutation in the conserved uORF of SAC51 with no amino acid substitution in the deduced peptide sequence. In transgenic lines carrying the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene fused with the SAC51 5' region containing the uORF, the mutant construct was shown to confer higher GUS activity than does the wild-type SAC51 construct. We confirmed that sac503 mRNA was more stable than SAC51 mRNA in acl5. These results suggest that the single-base change in sac503 positively affects the translation of its main ORF instead of thermospermine. We further found that the uORF-GUS fusion protein could be synthesized in planta from the wild-type and sac503 translational fusion constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Nishii
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700 8530, Japan
| | - Daiki Koyama
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700 8530, Japan
| | - Hiroko Fukushima
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700 8530, Japan
| | - Taku Takahashi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, 700 8530, Japan.
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4
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Napieraj N, Janicka M, Reda M. Interactions of Polyamines and Phytohormones in Plant Response to Abiotic Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1159. [PMID: 36904019 PMCID: PMC10005635 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Numerous environmental conditions negatively affect plant production. Abiotic stresses, such as salinity, drought, temperature, and heavy metals, cause damage at the physiological, biochemical, and molecular level, and limit plant growth, development, and survival. Studies have indicated that small amine compounds, polyamines (PAs), play a key role in plant tolerance to various abiotic stresses. Pharmacological and molecular studies, as well as research using genetic and transgenic approaches, have revealed the favorable effects of PAs on growth, ion homeostasis, water maintenance, photosynthesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, and antioxidant systems in many plant species under abiotic stress. PAs display a multitrack action: regulating the expression of stress response genes and the activity of ion channels; improving the stability of membranes, DNA, and other biomolecules; and interacting with signaling molecules and plant hormones. In recent years the number of reports indicating crosstalk between PAs and phytohormones in plant response to abiotic stresses has increased. Interestingly, some plant hormones, previously known as plant growth regulators, can also participate in plant response to abiotic stresses. Therefore, the main goal of this review is to summarize the most significant results that represent the interactions between PAs and plant hormones, such as abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, ethylene, jasmonates, and gibberellins, in plants under abiotic stress. The future perspectives for research focusing on the crosstalk between PAs and plant hormones were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Małgorzata Reda
- Department of Plant Molecular Physiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Wrocław, Kanonia 6/8, 50-328 Wroclaw, Poland
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Matsuo H, Fukushima H, Kurokawa S, Kawano E, Okamoto T, Motose H, Takahashi T. Loss of function of an Arabidopsis homologue of JMJD6 suppresses the dwarf phenotype of acl5, a mutant defective in thermospermine biosynthesis. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:3005-3014. [PMID: 35962471 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, the ACL5 gene encodes thermospermine synthase and its mutant, acl5, exhibits a dwarf phenotype with excessive xylem formation. Studies of suppressor mutants of acl5 reveal the involvement of thermospermine in enhancing mRNA translation of the SAC51 gene family. We show here that a mutant, sac59, which partially suppresses the acl5 phenotype, has a point mutation in JMJ22 encoding a D6-class Jumonji C protein (JMJD6). A T-DNA insertion allele, jmj22-2, also partially suppressed the acl5 phenotype while mutants of its closest two homologs JMJ21 and JMJ20 had no such effects, suggesting a unique role for JMJ22 in plant development. We found that mRNAs of the SAC51 family are more stabilized in acl5 jmj22-2 than in acl5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotoshi Matsuo
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroko Fukushima
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shinpei Kurokawa
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Eri Kawano
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Okamoto
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Motose
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Taku Takahashi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Yariuchi Y, Okamoto T, Noutoshi Y, Takahashi T. Responses of Polyamine-Metabolic Genes to Polyamines and Plant Stress Hormones in Arabidopsis Seedlings. Cells 2021; 10:3283. [PMID: 34943791 PMCID: PMC8699553 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In plants, many of the enzymes in polyamine metabolism are encoded by multiple genes, whose expressions are differentially regulated under different physiological conditions. For comprehensive understanding of their regulation during the seedling growth stage, we examined the expression of polyamine metabolic genes in response to polyamines and stress-related plant hormones in Arabidopsis thaliana. While confirming previous findings such as induction of many of the genes by abscisic acid, induction of arginase genes and a copper amine oxidase gene, CuAOα3, by methyl jasmonate, that of an arginine decarboxylase gene, ADC2, and a spermine synthase gene, SPMS, by salicylic acid, and negative feedback regulation of thermospermine biosynthetic genes by thermospermine, our results showed that expressions of most of the genes are not responsive to exogenous polyamines. We thus examined expression of OsPAO6, which encodes an apoplastic polyamine oxidase and is strongly induced by polyamines in rice, by using the promoter-GUS fusion in transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings. The GUS activity was increased by treatment with methyl jasmonate but neither by polyamines nor by other plant hormones, suggesting a difference in the response to polyamines between Arabidopsis and rice. Our results provide a framework to study regulatory modules directing expression of each polyamine metabolic gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Yariuchi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; (Y.Y.); (T.O.)
| | - Takashi Okamoto
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; (Y.Y.); (T.O.)
| | - Yoshiteru Noutoshi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan;
| | - Taku Takahashi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan; (Y.Y.); (T.O.)
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7
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Effect of Thermospermine on the Growth and Expression of Polyamine-Related Genes in Rice Seedlings. PLANTS 2019; 8:plants8080269. [PMID: 31390771 PMCID: PMC6724145 DOI: 10.3390/plants8080269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A mutant defective in the biosynthesis of thermospermine, acaulis5 (acl5), shows a dwarf phenotype with excess xylem vessels in Arabidopsis thaliana. Exogenous supply of thermospermine remarkably represses xylem differentiation in the root of seedlings, indicating the role of thermospermine in proper repression of xylem differentiation. However, the effect of thermospermine has rarely been investigated in other plant species. In this paper, we examined its effect on the growth and gene expression in rice seedlings. When grown with thermospermine, rice seedlings had no clearly enlarged metaxylem vessels in the root. Expression of OsACL5 was reduced in response to thermospermine, suggesting a negative feedback control of thermospermine biosynthesis like in Arabidopsis. Unlike Arabidopsis, however, rice showed up-regulation of phloem-expressed genes, OsHB5 and OsYSL16, by one-day treatment with thermospermine. Furthermore, expression of OsPAO2 and OsPAO6, encoding extracellular polyamine oxidase whose orthologs are not present in Arabidopsis, was induced by both thermospermine and spermine. These results suggest that thermospermine affects the expression of a subset of genes in rice different from those affected in Arabidopsis.
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Pál M, Majláth I, Németh E, Hamow KÁ, Szalai G, Rudnóy S, Balassa G, Janda T. The effects of putrescine are partly overlapping with osmotic stress processes in wheat. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 268:67-76. [PMID: 29362086 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyamine metabolism is in relation with several metabolic pathways and linked with plant hormones or signalling molecules; in addition polyamines may modulate the up- or down-regulation of gene expression. However the precise mechanism by which polyamines act at the transcription level is still unclear. In the present study the modifying effect of putrescine pre-treatment has been investigated using the microarray transcriptome profile analysis under the conditions where exogenous putrescine alleviated osmotic stress in wheat plants. Pre-treatment with putrescine induced the unique expression of various general stress-related genes. Although there were obvious differences between the effects of putrescine and polyethylene glycol treatments, there was also a remarkable overlap between the effects of putrescine and osmotic stress responses in wheat plants, suggesting that putrescine has already induced acclimation processes under control conditions. The fatty acid composition in certain lipid fractions and the antioxidant enzyme activities have also been specifically changed under osmotic stress conditions or after treatment with putrescine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Pál
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2462, Martonvásár, POB 19, Hungary.
| | - Imre Majláth
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2462, Martonvásár, POB 19, Hungary
| | - Edit Németh
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2462, Martonvásár, POB 19, Hungary
| | - Kamirán Áron Hamow
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2462, Martonvásár, POB 19, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Szalai
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2462, Martonvásár, POB 19, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Rudnóy
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Pázmány Peter sétány 1/C, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Balassa
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology Eötvös Loránd University (ELTE), Pázmány Peter sétány 1/C, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tibor Janda
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 2462, Martonvásár, POB 19, Hungary
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9
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Abstract
Themospermine is a structural isomer of spermine and is present in some bacteria and most of plants. An Arabidopsis mutant, acaulis5 (acl5), that is defective in the biosynthesis of thermospermine displays excessive proliferation of xylem vessels with dwarfed growth. Recent studies using acl5 and its suppressor mutants that recover the growth without thermospermine have revealed that thermospermine plays a key role in the negative control of the proliferation of xylem vessels through enhancing translation of specific mRNAs that contain a conserved upstream open-reading-frame (uORF) in the 5' leader region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Takahashi
- Division of Earth, Life, and Molecular Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Tsushimanaka 3-1-1, kita-ku, 700-8530, Okayama, Japan.
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Aloisi I, Cai G, Faleri C, Navazio L, Serafini-Fracassini D, Del Duca S. Spermine Regulates Pollen Tube Growth by Modulating Ca 2+-Dependent Actin Organization and Cell Wall Structure. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1701. [PMID: 29033970 PMCID: PMC5627395 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Proper growth of the pollen tube depends on an elaborate mechanism that integrates several molecular and cytological sub-processes and ensures a cell shape adapted to the transport of gametes. This growth mechanism is controlled by several molecules among which cytoplasmic and apoplastic polyamines. Spermine (Spm) has been correlated with various physiological processes in pollen, including structuring of the cell wall and modulation of protein (mainly cytoskeletal) assembly. In this work, the effects of Spm on the growth of pear pollen tubes were analyzed. When exogenous Spm (100 μM) was supplied to germinating pollen, it temporarily blocked tube growth, followed by the induction of apical swelling. This reshaping of the pollen tube was maintained also after growth recovery, leading to a 30-40% increase of tube diameter. Apical swelling was also accompanied by a transient increase in cytosolic calcium concentration and alteration of pH values, which were the likely cause for major reorganization of actin filaments and cytoplasmic organelle movement. Morphological alterations of the apical and subapical region also involved changes in the deposition of pectin, cellulose, and callose in the cell wall. Thus, results point to the involvement of Spm in cell wall construction as well as cytoskeleton organization during pear pollen tube growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Aloisi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giampiero Cai
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Claudia Faleri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Stefano Del Duca
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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11
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Ragni L, Greb T. Secondary growth as a determinant of plant shape and form. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 79:58-67. [PMID: 28864343 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants are the primary producers of biomass on earth. As an almost stereotypic feature, higher plants generate continuously growing bodies mediated by the activity of different groups of stem cells, the meristems. Shoot and root thickening is one of the fundamental growth processes determining form and function of these bodies. Mediated by a group of cylindrical meristems located below organ surfaces, vascular and protective tissues are continuously generated in a highly plastic manner, a competence essential for the survival in an ever changing environment. Acknowledging the fundamental role of this process, which is overall designated as secondary growth, we discuss in this review our current knowledge about the evolution and molecular regulation of the vascular cambium. The cambium is the meristem responsible for the formation of wood and bast, the two types of vascular tissues important for long-distance transport of water and assimilates, respectively. Although regulatory patterns are only beginning to emerge, we show that cambium activity represents a highly rewarding model for studying cell fate decisions, tissue patterning and differentiation, which has experienced an outstanding phylogenetic diversification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ragni
- ZMBP, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Thomas Greb
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Shinohara N, Sunagawa N, Tamura S, Yokoyama R, Ueda M, Igarashi K, Nishitani K. The plant cell-wall enzyme AtXTH3 catalyses covalent cross-linking between cellulose and cello-oligosaccharide. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46099. [PMID: 28443615 PMCID: PMC5405413 DOI: 10.1038/srep46099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is an economically important material, but routes of its industrial processing have not been fully explored. The plant cell wall - the major source of cellulose - harbours enzymes of the xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase (XTH) family. This class of enzymes is unique in that it is capable of elongating polysaccharide chains without the requirement for activated nucleotide sugars (e.g., UDP-glucose) and in seamlessly splitting and reconnecting chains of xyloglucan, a naturally occurring soluble analogue of cellulose. Here, we show that a recombinant version of AtXTH3, a thus far uncharacterized member of the Arabidopsis XTH family, catalysed the transglycosylation between cellulose and cello-oligosaccharide, between cellulose and xyloglucan-oligosaccharide, and between xyloglucan and xyloglucan-oligosaccharide, with the highest reaction rate observed for the latter reaction. In addition, this enzyme formed cellulose-like insoluble material from a soluble cello-oligosaccharide in the absence of additional substrates. This newly found activity (designated "cellulose endotransglucosylase," or CET) can potentially be involved in the formation of covalent linkages between cellulose microfibrils in the plant cell wall. It can also comprise a new route of industrial cellulose functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Shinohara
- Plant Cell Wall Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Naoki Sunagawa
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Satoru Tamura
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Yokoyama
- Plant Cell Wall Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Minoru Ueda
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kiyohiko Igarashi
- Department of Biomaterial Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.,VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, P.O. Box 1000, Tietotie 2, Espoo FI-02044, Finland
| | - Kazuhiko Nishitani
- Plant Cell Wall Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-Ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
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Zarza X, Atanasov KE, Marco F, Arbona V, Carrasco P, Kopka J, Fotopoulos V, Munnik T, Gómez-Cadenas A, Tiburcio AF, Alcázar R. Polyamine oxidase 5 loss-of-function mutations in Arabidopsis thaliana trigger metabolic and transcriptional reprogramming and promote salt stress tolerance. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2017; 40:527-542. [PMID: 26791972 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The family of polyamine oxidases (PAO) in Arabidopsis (AtPAO1-5) mediates polyamine (PA) back-conversion, which reverses the PA biosynthetic pathway from spermine and its structural isomer thermospermine (tSpm) into spermidine and then putrescine. Here, we have studied the involvement of PA back-conversion in Arabidopsis salinity tolerance. AtPAO5 is the Arabidopsis PAO gene member most transcriptionally induced by salt stress. Two independent loss-of-function mutants (atpao5-2 and atpao5-3) were found to exhibit constitutively higher tSpm levels, with associated increased salt tolerance. Using global transcriptional and metabolomic analyses, the underlying mechanisms were studied. Stimulation of abscisic acid and jasmonate (JA) biosynthesis and accumulation of important compatible solutes, such as sugars, polyols and proline, as well as TCA cycle intermediates were observed in atpao5 mutants under salt stress. Expression analyses indicate that tSpm modulates the transcript levels of several target genes, including many involved in the biosynthesis and signalling of JA, some of which are already known to promote salinity tolerance. Transcriptional modulation by tSpm is isomer-dependent, thus demonstrating the specificity of this response. Overall, we conclude that tSpm triggers metabolic and transcriptional reprogramming that promotes salt stress tolerance in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Zarza
- Department of Natural Products, Plant Biology and Soil Science, Laboratory of Plant Physiology Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kostadin E Atanasov
- Department of Natural Products, Plant Biology and Soil Science, Laboratory of Plant Physiology Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Marco
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Vicent Arbona
- Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Campus Riu Sec, E-12071, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Pedro Carrasco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Plant Physiology, Golm, Germany
| | - Vasileios Fotopoulos
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, P.O. Box 50329, Limassol, Cyprus
| | - Teun Munnik
- Department of Plant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume I, Campus Riu Sec, E-12071, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Antonio F Tiburcio
- Department of Natural Products, Plant Biology and Soil Science, Laboratory of Plant Physiology Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rubén Alcázar
- Department of Natural Products, Plant Biology and Soil Science, Laboratory of Plant Physiology Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Barra-Jiménez A, Ragni L. Secondary development in the stem: when Arabidopsis and trees are closer than it seems. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 35:145-151. [PMID: 28013083 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Secondary growth, the increase in girth of plant organs, is primarily driven by the vascular and cork cambium. In perennial dicotyledons and gymnosperms, it represents a major source of biomass accumulation in the form of wood. However, the molecular framework underlying secondary growth is largely based on studies in the annual herbaceous plant Arabidopsis thaliana. In this review, we will focus on a selection of major regulators of stem secondary growth, which have recently been shown to play a role in woody species. In particular, we will focus on thermospermine and its bivalent role in controlling xylem differentiation and cell proliferation and we will highlight the contributions of the different LRR-Receptor-Like Kinase signaling hubs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azahara Barra-Jiménez
- ZMBP-Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72070 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Laura Ragni
- ZMBP-Center for Plant Molecular Biology, Auf der Morgenstelle 32, 72070 Tübingen, Germany.
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15
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16
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Ohashi-Ito K, Fukuda H. Functional mechanism of bHLH complexes during early vascular development. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 33:42-47. [PMID: 27314622 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The vascular system spreads throughout the plant body. This highly organized network contains several types of cells. Vascular cell development is initiated during embryogenesis, and then vascular cells proliferate, form a vascular pattern, and commit to specific cell fates. Recent molecular genetics and modeling approaches have increased our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying early vascular development. Early events during vascular development are tightly linked and controlled by transcriptional complexes consisting of LONESOME HIGHWAY (LHW) and TARGET OF MONOPTEROS5 (TMO5) families. The role of LHW-TMO5 is tightly coupled with biosynthesis and/or signaling of phytohormones such as auxin and cytokinin. In this review, we discuss the regulatory network mediated by LHW-TMO5 during early vascular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Ohashi-Ito
- Department Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Hiroo Fukuda
- Department Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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17
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Cai Q, Fukushima H, Yamamoto M, Ishii N, Sakamoto T, Kurata T, Motose H, Takahashi T. The SAC51 Family Plays a Central Role in Thermospermine Responses in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:1583-92. [PMID: 27388339 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcw113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The acaulis5 (acl5) mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana is defective in the biosynthesis of thermospermine and shows a dwarf phenotype associated with excess xylem differentiation. SAC51 was identified from a dominant suppressor of acl5, sac51-d, and encodes a basic helix-loop-helix protein. The sac51-d mutant has a premature termination codon in an upstream open reading frame (uORF) that is conserved among all four members of the SAC51 family, SAC51 and SACL1-SACL3 This suggests that thermospermine cancels the inhibitory effect of the uORF in main ORF translation. Another suppressor, sac57-d, has a mutation in the conserved uORF of SACL3 To define further the function of the SAC51 family in the thermospermine response, we analyzed T-DNA insertion mutants of each gene. Although sacl1-1 may not be a null allele, the quadruple mutant showed a semi-dwarf phenotype but with an increased level of thermospermine and decreased sensitivity to exogenous thermospermine that normally represses xylem differentiation. The sac51-1 sacl3-1 double mutant was also insensitive to thermospermine. These results suggest that SAC51 and SACL3 play a key role in thermospermine-dependent negative control of thermospermine biosynthesis and xylem differentiation. Using 5' leader-GUS (β-glucuronidase) fusion constructs, however, we detected a significant enhancement of the GUS activity by thermospermine only in SAC51 and SACL1 constructs. Furthermore, while acl5-1 sac51-1 showed the acl5 dwarf phenotype, acl5-1 sacl3-1 exhibited an extremely tiny-plant phenotype. These results suggest a complex regulatory network for the thermospermine response in which SAC51 and SACL3 function in parallel pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Cai
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hiroko Fukushima
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Mai Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Nami Ishii
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Kurata
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Motose
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Taku Takahashi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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18
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Chemical control of xylem differentiation by thermospermine, xylemin, and auxin. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21487. [PMID: 26879262 PMCID: PMC4754900 DOI: 10.1038/srep21487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The xylem conducts water and minerals from the root to the shoot and provides mechanical strength to the plant body. The vascular precursor cells of the procambium differentiate to form continuous vascular strands, from which xylem and phloem cells are generated in the proper spatiotemporal pattern. Procambium formation and xylem differentiation are directed by auxin. In angiosperms, thermospermine, a structural isomer of spermine, suppresses xylem differentiation by limiting auxin signalling. However, the process of auxin-inducible xylem differentiation has not been fully elucidated and remains difficult to manipulate. Here, we found that an antagonist of spermidine can act as an inhibitor of thermospermine biosynthesis and results in excessive xylem differentiation, which is a phenocopy of a thermospermine-deficient mutant acaulis5 in Arabidopsis thaliana. We named this compound xylemin owing to its xylem-inducing effect. Application of a combination of xylemin and thermospermine to wild-type seedlings negates the effect of xylemin, whereas co-treatment with xylemin and a synthetic proauxin, which undergoes hydrolysis to release active auxin, has a synergistic inductive effect on xylem differentiation. Thus, xylemin may serve as a useful transformative chemical tool not only for the study of thermospermine function in various plant species but also for the control of xylem induction and woody biomass production.
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19
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Tong W, Imai A, Tabata R, Shigenobu S, Yamaguchi K, Yamada M, Hasebe M, Sawa S, Motose H, Takahashi T. Polyamine Resistance Is Increased by Mutations in a Nitrate Transporter Gene NRT1.3 (AtNPF6.4) in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:834. [PMID: 27379127 PMCID: PMC4904021 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Polyamines are small basic compounds present in all living organisms and act in a variety of biological processes. However, the mechanism of polyamine sensing, signaling and response in relation to other metabolic pathways remains to be fully addressed in plant cells. As one approach, we isolated Arabidopsis mutants that show increased resistance to spermine in terms of chlorosis. We show here that two of the mutants have a point mutation in a nitrate transporter gene of the NRT1/PTR family (NPF), NRT1.3 (AtNPF6.4). These mutants also exhibit increased resistance to putrescine and spermidine while loss-of-function mutants of the two closest homologs of NRT1.3, root-specific NRT1.1 (AtNPF6.3) and petiole-specific NRT1.4 (AtNPF6.2), were shown to have a normal sensitivity to polyamines. When the GUS reporter gene was expressed under the control of the NRT1.3 promoter, GUS staining was observed in leaf mesophyll cells and stem cortex cells but not in the epidermis, suggesting that NRT1.3 specifically functions in parenchymal tissues. We further found that the aerial part of the mutant seedling has normal levels of polyamines but shows reduced uptake of norspermidine compared with the wild type. These results suggest that polyamine transport or metabolism is associated with nitrate transport in the parenchymal tissue of the shoot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wurina Tong
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama UniversityOkayama, Japan
| | - Akihiro Imai
- National Institute for Basic BiologyOkazaki, Japan
| | - Ryo Tabata
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto UniversityKumamoto, Japan
| | | | | | - Masashi Yamada
- National Institute for Basic BiologyOkazaki, Japan
- Department of Biology, Duke UniversityDurham, NC, USA
| | | | - Shinichiro Sawa
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto UniversityKumamoto, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Motose
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama UniversityOkayama, Japan
| | - Taku Takahashi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama UniversityOkayama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Taku Takahashi,
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20
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Vera-Sirera F, De Rybel B, Úrbez C, Kouklas E, Pesquera M, Álvarez-Mahecha J, Minguet E, Tuominen H, Carbonell J, Borst J, Weijers D, Blázquez M. A bHLH-Based Feedback Loop Restricts Vascular Cell Proliferation in Plants. Dev Cell 2015; 35:432-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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21
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Pál M, Szalai G, Janda T. Speculation: Polyamines are important in abiotic stress signaling. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 237:16-23. [PMID: 26089148 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The main role of polyamines was originally assumed to be as direct protective compounds important under stress conditions. Although in some cases a correlation was found between the endogenous polyamine content and stress tolerance, this relationship cannot be generalized. Polyamines should no longer be considered simply as protective molecules, but rather as compounds that are involved in a complex signaling system and have a key role in the regulation of stress tolerance. The major links in polyamine signaling may be H2O2 and NO, which are not only produced in the course of the polyamine metabolism, but also transmit signals that influence gene expression via an increase in the cytoplasmic Ca(2+) level. Polyamines can also influence Ca(2+) influx independently of the H2O2- and/or NO-mediated pathways. Furthermore, these pathways may converge. In addition, several protein kinases have been shown to be influenced at the transcriptional or post-translational level by polyamines. Individual polyamines can be converted into each other in the polyamine cycle. In addition, their metabolism is linked with other hormones or signaling molecules. However, as individual polyamines trigger different transcriptional responses, other mechanisms and the existence of polyamine-responsive elements and the corresponding transacting protein factors are also involved in polyamine-related signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Pál
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 19, H-2462 Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Szalai
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 19, H-2462 Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Tibor Janda
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, POB 19, H-2462 Martonvásár, Hungary.
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22
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Ghuge SA, Tisi A, Carucci A, Rodrigues-Pousada RA, Franchi S, Tavladoraki P, Angelini R, Cona A. Cell Wall Amine Oxidases: New Players in Root Xylem Differentiation under Stress Conditions. PLANTS 2015; 4:489-504. [PMID: 27135338 PMCID: PMC4844406 DOI: 10.3390/plants4030489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) are aliphatic polycations present in all living organisms. A growing body of evidence reveals their involvement as regulators in a variety of physiological and pathological events. They are oxidatively deaminated by amine oxidases (AOs), including copper amine oxidases (CuAOs) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent polyamine oxidases (PAOs). The biologically-active hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a shared compound in all of the AO-catalyzed reactions, and it has been reported to play important roles in PA-mediated developmental and stress-induced processes. In particular, the AO-driven H2O2 biosynthesis in the cell wall is well known to be involved in plant wound healing and pathogen attack responses by both triggering peroxidase-mediated wall-stiffening events and signaling modulation of defense gene expression. Extensive investigation by a variety of methodological approaches revealed high levels of expression of cell wall-localized AOs in root xylem tissues and vascular parenchyma of different plant species. Here, the recent progresses in understanding the role of cell wall-localized AOs as mediators of root xylem differentiation during development and/or under stress conditions are reviewed. A number of experimental pieces of evidence supports the involvement of apoplastic H2O2 derived from PA oxidation in xylem tissue maturation under stress-simulated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip A Ghuge
- Institute of Crystallography, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Monterotondo 00015, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Tisi
- Department of Sciences, Università Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy.
| | - Andrea Carucci
- Department of Sciences, Università Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy.
| | | | - Stefano Franchi
- Department of Sciences, Università Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy.
| | - Paraskevi Tavladoraki
- Department of Sciences, Università Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy.
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Rome 00136, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Angelini
- Department of Sciences, Università Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy.
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Rome 00136, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Cona
- Department of Sciences, Università Roma Tre, Roma 00146, Italy.
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), Rome 00136, Italy.
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23
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Kakehi JI, Kawano E, Yoshimoto K, Cai Q, Imai A, Takahashi T. Mutations in ribosomal proteins, RPL4 and RACK1, suppress the phenotype of a thermospermine-deficient mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117309. [PMID: 25625317 PMCID: PMC4308196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermospermine acts in negative regulation of xylem differentiation and its deficient mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana, acaulis5 (acl5), shows excessive xylem formation and severe dwarfism. Studies of two dominant suppressors of acl5, sac51-d and sac52-d, have revealed that SAC51 and SAC52 encode a transcription factor and a ribosomal protein L10 (RPL10), respectively, and these mutations enhance translation of the SAC51 mRNA, which contains conserved upstream open reading frames in the 5’ leader. Here we report identification of SAC53 and SAC56 responsible for additional suppressors of acl5. sac53-d is a semi-dominant allele of the gene encoding a receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1) homolog, a component of the 40S ribosomal subunit. sac56-d represents a semi-dominant allele of the gene for RPL4. We show that the GUS reporter activity driven by the CaMV 35S promoter plus the SAC51 5’ leader is reduced in acl5 and restored by sac52-d, sac53-d, and sac56-d as well as thermospermine. Furthermore, the SAC51 mRNA, which may be a target of nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, was found to be stabilized in these ribosomal mutants and by thermospermine. These ribosomal proteins are suggested to act in the control of uORF-mediated translation repression of SAC51, which is derepressed by thermospermine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Kakehi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Eri Kawano
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kaori Yoshimoto
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Qingqing Cai
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Akihiro Imai
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Taku Takahashi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Cheng WH, Wang FL, Cheng XQ, Zhu QH, Sun YQ, Zhu HG, Sun J. Polyamine and Its Metabolite H2O2 Play a Key Role in the Conversion of Embryogenic Callus into Somatic Embryos in Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:1063. [PMID: 26697030 PMCID: PMC4667013 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.01063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to increase understanding about the mechanism by which polyamines (PAs) promote the conversion of embryogenic calli (EC) into somatic embryos in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). We measured the levels of endogenous PAs and H2O2, quantified the expression levels of genes involved in the PAs pathway at various stages of cotton somatic embryogenesis (SE), and investigated the effects of exogenous PAs and H2O2 on differentiation and development of EC. Putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd), and spermine (Spm) significantly increased from the EC stage to the early phase of embryo differentiation. The levels of Put then decreased until the somatic embryo stage whereas Spd and Spm remained nearly the same. The expression profiles of GhADC genes were consistent with changes in Put during cotton SE. The H2O2 concentrations began to increase significantly at the EC stage, during which time both GhPAO1 and GhPAO4 expressions were highest and PAO activity was significantly increased. Exogenous Put, Spd, Spm, and H2O2 not only enhanced embryogenic callus growth and embryo formation, but also alleviated the effects of D-arginine and 1, 8-diamino-octane, which are inhibitors of PA synthesis and PAO activity. Overall, the results suggest that both PAs and their metabolic product H2O2 are essential for the conversion of EC into somatic embryos in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Han Cheng
- College of Agriculture/The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Shihezi UniversityShihezi, China
| | - Fan-Long Wang
- College of Agriculture/The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Shihezi UniversityShihezi, China
| | - Xin-Qi Cheng
- College of Agriculture/The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Shihezi UniversityShihezi, China
| | - Qian-Hao Zhu
- Agriculture, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research OrganisationCanberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Yu-Qiang Sun
- College of Agriculture/The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Shihezi UniversityShihezi, China
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Hangzhou Normal UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Hua-Guo Zhu
- College of Agriculture/The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Shihezi UniversityShihezi, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Sun, ; Hua-Guo Zhu,
| | - Jie Sun
- College of Agriculture/The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-Agriculture, Shihezi UniversityShihezi, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Sun, ; Hua-Guo Zhu,
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25
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Polyamines are common players in different facets of plant programmed cell death. Amino Acids 2014; 47:27-44. [PMID: 25399055 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1865-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a process that occurs throughout the life span of every plant life, from initial germination of the seed to the senescence of the plant. It is a normal physiological milestone during the plant's developmental process, but it can also be induced by external factors, including a variety of environmental stresses and as a response to pathogen infections. Changes in the morphology of the nucleus is one of the most noticeable during PCD but all the components of the plant cell (cytoplasm, cytoskeleton and organelles) are involved in this fascinating process. To date, relatively little is known about PCD in plants, but several factors, among which polyamines (PAs) and plant growth regulators, have been shown to play an important role in the initiation and regulation of the process. The role of PAs in plant PCD appears to be multifaceted acting in some instances as pro-survival molecules, whereas in others seem to be implicated in accelerating PCD. The molecular mechanism is still under study. Here we present some PCD plant models, focusing on the role of the enzyme responsible for PA conjugation to proteins: transglutaminase (TGase), an enzyme linked with the process of PCD also in some animal models. The role of PAs and plant TGase in the senescence and PCD in flowers, leaf and the self-incompatibility of pollen will be discussed and examined in depth.
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26
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Kim DW, Watanabe K, Murayama C, Izawa S, Niitsu M, Michael AJ, Berberich T, Kusano T. Polyamine Oxidase5 Regulates Arabidopsis Growth through Thermospermine Oxidase Activity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:1575-1590. [PMID: 24906355 PMCID: PMC4119040 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.242610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The major plant polyamines (PAs) are the tetraamines spermine (Spm) and thermospermine (T-Spm), the triamine spermidine, and the diamine putrescine. PA homeostasis is governed by the balance between biosynthesis and catabolism; the latter is catalyzed by polyamine oxidase (PAO). Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) has five PAO genes, AtPAO1 to AtPAO5, and all encoded proteins have been biochemically characterized. All AtPAO enzymes function in the back-conversion of tetraamine to triamine and/or triamine to diamine, albeit with different PA specificities. Here, we demonstrate that AtPAO5 loss-of-function mutants (pao5) contain 2-fold higher T-Spm levels and exhibit delayed transition from vegetative to reproductive growth compared with that of wild-type plants. Although the wild type and pao5 are indistinguishable at the early seedling stage, externally supplied low-dose T-Spm, but not other PAs, inhibits aerial growth of pao5 mutants in a dose-dependent manner. Introduction of wild-type AtPAO5 into pao5 mutants rescues growth and reduces the T-Spm content, demonstrating that AtPAO5 is a T-Spm oxidase. Recombinant AtPAO5 catalyzes the conversion of T-Spm and Spm to triamine spermidine in vitro. AtPAO5 specificity for T-Spm in planta may be explained by coexpression with T-Spm synthase but not with Spm synthase. The pao5 mutant lacking T-Spm oxidation and the acl5 mutant lacking T-Spm synthesis both exhibit growth defects. This study indicates a crucial role for T-Spm in plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wook Kim
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan (D.W.K., K.W., C.M., S.I., T.K.);Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 370-0290, Japan (M.N.);University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9041 (A.J.M.); andBiodiversity and Climate Research Center, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (T.B.)
| | - Kanako Watanabe
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan (D.W.K., K.W., C.M., S.I., T.K.);Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 370-0290, Japan (M.N.);University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9041 (A.J.M.); andBiodiversity and Climate Research Center, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (T.B.)
| | - Chihiro Murayama
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan (D.W.K., K.W., C.M., S.I., T.K.);Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 370-0290, Japan (M.N.);University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9041 (A.J.M.); andBiodiversity and Climate Research Center, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (T.B.)
| | - Sho Izawa
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan (D.W.K., K.W., C.M., S.I., T.K.);Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 370-0290, Japan (M.N.);University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9041 (A.J.M.); andBiodiversity and Climate Research Center, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (T.B.)
| | - Masaru Niitsu
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan (D.W.K., K.W., C.M., S.I., T.K.);Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 370-0290, Japan (M.N.);University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9041 (A.J.M.); andBiodiversity and Climate Research Center, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (T.B.)
| | - Anthony J Michael
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan (D.W.K., K.W., C.M., S.I., T.K.);Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 370-0290, Japan (M.N.);University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9041 (A.J.M.); andBiodiversity and Climate Research Center, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (T.B.)
| | - Thomas Berberich
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan (D.W.K., K.W., C.M., S.I., T.K.);Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 370-0290, Japan (M.N.);University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9041 (A.J.M.); andBiodiversity and Climate Research Center, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (T.B.)
| | - Tomonobu Kusano
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan (D.W.K., K.W., C.M., S.I., T.K.);Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, Sakado, Saitama 370-0290, Japan (M.N.);University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-9041 (A.J.M.); andBiodiversity and Climate Research Center, D-60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany (T.B.)
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Alcázar R, Tiburcio AF. Plant polyamines in stress and development: an emerging area of research in plant sciences. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:319. [PMID: 25071802 PMCID: PMC4080260 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
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