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Ahmad I, Jimenez-Gasco MDM, Barbercheck ME. Water Stress and Black Cutworm Feeding Modulate Plant Response in Maize Colonized by Metarhizium robertsii. Pathogens 2024; 13:544. [PMID: 39057771 PMCID: PMC11280422 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants face many environmental challenges and have evolved different strategies to defend against stress. One strategy is the establishment of mutualistic associations with endophytic microorganisms which contribute to plant defense and promote plant growth. The fungal entomopathogen Metarhizium robertsii is also an endophyte that can provide plant-protective and growth-promoting benefits to the host plant. We conducted a greenhouse experiment in which we imposed stress from deficit and excess soil moisture and feeding by larval black cutworm (BCW), Agrotis ipsilon, to maize plants that were either inoculated or not inoculated with M. robertsii (Mr). We evaluated plant growth and defense indicators to determine the effects of the interaction between Mr, maize, BCW feeding, and water stress. There was a significant effect of water treatment, but no effect of Mr treatment, on plant chlorophyl, height, and dry biomass. There was no effect of water or Mr treatment on damage caused by BCW feeding. There was a significant effect of water treatment, but not Mr treatment, on the expression of bx7 and rip2 genes and on foliar content of abscisic acid (ABA), 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA), and gibberellin 19 (GA19), whereas GA53 was modulated by Mr treatment. Foliar content of GA19 and cis-Zeatin (cZ) was modulated by BCW feeding. In a redundancy analysis, plant phenology, plant nutrient content, and foliar DIMBOA and ABA content were most closely associated with water treatments. This study contributes toward understanding the sophisticated stress response signaling and endophytic mutualisms in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imtiaz Ahmad
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Maria del Mar Jimenez-Gasco
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Mary E. Barbercheck
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
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2
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Savinkova LK, Sharypova EB, Kolchanov NA. On the Role of TATA Boxes and TATA-Binding Protein in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1000. [PMID: 36903861 PMCID: PMC10005294 DOI: 10.3390/plants12051000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
For transcription initiation by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), all eukaryotes require assembly of basal transcription machinery on the core promoter, a region located approximately in the locus spanning a transcription start site (-50; +50 bp). Although Pol II is a complex multi-subunit enzyme conserved among all eukaryotes, it cannot initiate transcription without the participation of many other proteins. Transcription initiation on TATA-containing promoters requires the assembly of the preinitiation complex; this process is triggered by an interaction of TATA-binding protein (TBP, a component of the general transcription factor TFIID (transcription factor II D)) with a TATA box. The interaction of TBP with various TATA boxes in plants, in particular Arabidopsis thaliana, has hardly been investigated, except for a few early studies that addressed the role of a TATA box and substitutions in it in plant transcription systems. This is despite the fact that the interaction of TBP with TATA boxes and their variants can be used to regulate transcription. In this review, we examine the roles of some general transcription factors in the assembly of the basal transcription complex, as well as functions of TATA boxes of the model plant A. thaliana. We review examples showing not only the involvement of TATA boxes in the initiation of transcription machinery assembly but also their indirect participation in plant adaptation to environmental conditions in responses to light and other phenomena. Examples of an influence of the expression levels of A. thaliana TBP1 and TBP2 on morphological traits of the plants are also examined. We summarize available functional data on these two early players that trigger the assembly of transcription machinery. This information will deepen the understanding of the mechanisms underlying transcription by Pol II in plants and will help to utilize the functions of the interaction of TBP with TATA boxes in practice.
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3
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Snoeck S, Guayazán-Palacios N, Steinbrenner AD. Molecular tug-of-war: Plant immune recognition of herbivory. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:1497-1513. [PMID: 35026025 PMCID: PMC9048929 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plant defense responses against insect herbivores are induced through wound-induced signaling and the specific perception of herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs). In addition, herbivores can deliver effectors that suppress plant immunity. Here we review plant immune recognition of HAMPs and effectors, and argue that these initial molecular interactions upon a plant-herbivore encounter mediate and structure effective resistance. While the number of distinct HAMPs and effectors from both chewing and piercing-sucking herbivores has expanded rapidly with omics-enabled approaches, paired receptors and targets in the host are still not well characterized. Herbivore-derived effectors may also be recognized as HAMPs depending on the host plant species, potentially through the evolution of novel immune receptor functions. We compile examples of HAMPs and effectors where natural variation between species may inform evolutionary patterns and mechanisms of plant-herbivore interactions. Finally, we discuss the combined effects of wounding and HAMP recognition, and review potential signaling hubs, which may integrate both sensing functions. Understanding the precise mechanisms for plant sensing of herbivores will be critical for engineering resistance in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Snoeck
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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4
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Maurya AK, Pazouki L, Frost CJ. Priming Seeds with Indole and (Z)-3-Hexenyl Acetate Enhances Resistance Against Herbivores and Stimulates Growth. J Chem Ecol 2022; 48:441-454. [PMID: 35394556 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-022-01359-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A striking feature of plant ecology is the ability of plants to detect and respond to environmental cues such as herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) by priming or directly activating defenses against future herbivores. However, whether seeds also respond to compounds that are common constituents of HIPV blends and initiate future plant resistance is unknown. Considering that seeds depend on other environmental cues to determine basic survival traits such as germination timing, we predicted that seeds exposed to synthetic constituents of HIPV blends would generate well-defended plants. We investigated the effect of seed exposure to common volatiles on growth, reproduction, and resistance characteristics in the model plants Arabidopsis thaliana and Medicago truncatula using herbivores from two feeding guilds. After seed scarification and vernalization, we treated seeds with one of seven different plant-derived volatile compounds for 24 h. Seeds were then germinated and the resulting plants were assayed for growth, herbivore resistance, and expression of inducible defense genes. Of all the synthetic volatiles tested, indole specifically reduced both beet armyworm growth on A. thaliana and pea aphid fecundity on M. truncatula. The induction of defense genes was not affected by seed exposure to indole in either plant species, indicating that activation of direct resistance rather than inducible resistance is the mechanism by which seed priming operates. Moreover, neither plant species showed any negative effect of seed exposure to any synthetic volatile on vegetative and reproductive growth. Rather, M. truncatula plants derived from seeds exposed to (Z)-3-hexanol and (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate grew larger compared to controls. Our results indicate that seeds are sensitive to specific volatiles in ways that enhance resistance profiles with no apparent costs in terms of growth. Seed priming by HIPVs may represent a novel ecological mechanism of plant-to-plant interactions, with broad potential applications in agriculture and seed conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav K Maurya
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, 40292, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Leila Pazouki
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, 40292, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Christopher J Frost
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, 40292, Louisville, KY, USA. .,BIO5 Institute, University of Arizona, 85721, Tucson, AZ, USA.
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5
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Genome-Wide Analysis of WRKY Gene Family and the Dynamic Responses of Key WRKY Genes Involved in Ostrinia furnacalis Attack in Zea mays. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222313045. [PMID: 34884854 PMCID: PMC8657575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222313045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
WRKY transcription factors comprise one of the largest gene families and serve as key regulators of plant defenses against herbivore attack. However, studies related to the roles of WRKY genes in response to herbivory are limited in maize. In this study, a total of 128 putative maize WRKY genes (ZmWRKYs) were identified from the new maize genome (v4). These genes were divided into seven subgroups (groups I, IIa–e, and III) based on phylogenomic analysis, with distinct motif compositions in each subgroup. Syntenic analysis revealed that 72 (56.3%) of the genes were derived from either segmental or tandem duplication events (69 and 3, respectively), suggesting a pivotal role of segmental duplication in the expansion of the ZmWRKY family. Importantly, transcriptional regulation prediction showed that six key WRKY genes contribute to four major defense-related pathways: L-phenylalanine biosynthesis II and flavonoid, benzoxazinoid, and jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis. These key WRKY genes were strongly induced in commercial maize (Jingke968) infested with the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis, for 0, 2, 4, 12 and 24 h in the field, and their expression levels were highly correlated with predicted target genes, suggesting that these genes have important functions in the response to O. furnacalis. Our results provide a comprehensive understanding of the WRKY gene family based on the new assembly of the maize genome and lay the foundation for further studies into functional characteristics of ZmWRKY genes in commercial maize defenses against O. furnacalis in the field.
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Widemann E, Bruinsma K, Walshe-Roussel B, Rioja C, Arbona V, Saha RK, Letwin D, Zhurov V, Gómez-Cadenas A, Bernards MA, Grbić M, Grbić V. Multiple indole glucosinolates and myrosinases defend Arabidopsis against Tetranychus urticae herbivory. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:116-132. [PMID: 34618148 PMCID: PMC8418412 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) defenses against herbivores are regulated by the jasmonate (JA) hormonal signaling pathway, which leads to the production of a plethora of defense compounds. Arabidopsis defense compounds include tryptophan-derived metabolites, which limit Arabidopsis infestation by the generalist herbivore two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. However, the phytochemicals responsible for Arabidopsis protection against T. urticae are unknown. Here, we used Arabidopsis mutants disrupted in the synthesis of tryptophan-derived secondary metabolites to identify phytochemicals involved in the defense against T. urticae. We show that of the three tryptophan-dependent pathways found in Arabidopsis, the indole glucosinolate (IG) pathway is necessary and sufficient to assure tryptophan-mediated defense against T. urticae. We demonstrate that all three IGs can limit T. urticae herbivory, but that they must be processed by myrosinases to hinder T. urticae oviposition. Putative IG breakdown products were detected in mite-infested leaves, suggesting in planta processing by myrosinases. Finally, we demonstrate that besides IGs, there are additional JA-regulated defenses that control T. urticae herbivory. Together, our results reveal the complexity of Arabidopsis defenses against T. urticae that rely on multiple IGs, specific myrosinases, and additional JA-dependent defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Widemann
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Kristie Bruinsma
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Brendan Walshe-Roussel
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Natural and Non-Prescription Health Products Directorate Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Cristina Rioja
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Vicent Arbona
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, E-12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Repon Kumer Saha
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - David Letwin
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Vladimir Zhurov
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Aurelio Gómez-Cadenas
- Departament de Ciències Agràries i del Medi Natural, Universitat Jaume I, E-12071 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Mark A. Bernards
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Miodrag Grbić
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Vojislava Grbić
- Department of Biology, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Author for communication:
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7
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Gyan NM, Yaakov B, Weinblum N, Singh A, Cna’ani A, Ben-Zeev S, Saranga Y, Tzin V. Variation Between Three Eragrostis tef Accessions in Defense Responses to Rhopalosiphum padi Aphid Infestation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:598483. [PMID: 33363559 PMCID: PMC7752923 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.598483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Tef (Eragrostis tef), a staple crop that originated in the Horn of Africa, has been introduced to multiple countries over the last several decades. Crop cultivation in new geographic regions raises questions regarding the molecular basis for biotic stress responses. In this study, we aimed to classify the insect abundance on tef crop in Israel, and to elucidate its chemical and physical defense mechanisms in response to insect feeding. To discover the main pests of tef in the Mediterranean climate, we conducted an insect field survey on three selected accessions named RTC-144, RTC-405, and RTC-406, and discovered that the most abundant insect order is Hemiptera. We compared the differences in Rhopalosiphum padi (Hemiptera; Aphididae) aphid performance, preference, and feeding behavior between the three accessions. While the number of aphid progeny was lower on RTC-406 than on the other two, the aphid olfactory assay indicated that the aphids tended to be repelled from the RTC-144 accession. To highlight the variation in defense responses, we investigated the physical and chemical mechanisms. As a physical barrier, the density of non-granular trichomes was evaluated, in which a higher number of trichomes on the RTC-406 than on the other accessions was observed. This was negatively correlated with aphid performance. To determine chemical responses, the volatile and central metabolite profiles were measured upon aphid attack for 4 days. The volatile analysis exposed a rich and dynamic metabolic profile, and the central metabolism profile indicated that tef plants adjust their sugars and organic and amino acid levels. Overall, we found that the tef plants possess similar defense responses as other Poaceae family species, while the non-volatile deterrent compounds are yet to be characterized. A transcriptomic time-series analysis of a selected accession RTC-144 infested with aphids revealed a massive alteration of genes related to specialized metabolism that potentially synthesize non-volatile toxic compounds. This is the first report to reveal the variation in the defense mechanisms of tef plants. These findings can facilitate the discovery of insect-resistance genes leading to enhanced yield in tef and other cereal crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan M. Gyan
- The Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer, Israel
| | - Beery Yaakov
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer, Israel
| | - Nati Weinblum
- The Albert Katz International School for Desert Studies, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer, Israel
| | - Anuradha Singh
- Jacob Blaustein Center for Scientific Cooperation, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer, Israel
| | - Alon Cna’ani
- Jacob Blaustein Center for Scientific Cooperation, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer, Israel
| | - Shiran Ben-Zeev
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yehoshua Saranga
- The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food & Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Vered Tzin
- French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer, Israel
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8
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Pan Y, Zhao S, Wang Z, Wang X, Zhang X, Lee Y, Xi J. Quantitative proteomics suggests changes in the carbohydrate metabolism of maize in response to larvae of the belowground herbivore Holotrichia parallela. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9819. [PMID: 32913681 PMCID: PMC7456535 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The larvae of Holotrichia parallela, a destructive belowground herbivore, may cause yield losses of up to 20% in maize in a typical year. To understand the protein-level mechanisms governing the response of maize to this herbivore, tandem mass tag (TMT) quantitative proteomics was used for the comparative analysis of protein abundance in the maize roots after H. parallela larval attack. A total of 351 upregulated proteins and 303 downregulated proteins were identified. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were most strongly associated with carbohydrate and energy metabolism pathways, such as glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway and fructose and mannose metabolism. Most glycolysis-related proteins were significantly induced. In addition, H. parallela larval attack decreased the glucose concentrations in the roots. This study demonstrates that maize can manipulate carbohydrate metabolism by modifying glycolysis and pentose phosphate pathway response to root-feeding herbivorous attackers. The results of this study may help to establish a foundation for further functional studies of key protein-mediated responses to H. parallela larvae in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pan
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, ChangChun, China
| | - Shiwen Zhao
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, ChangChun, China
| | - Zhun Wang
- Changchun Customs Technology Center, ChangChun, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, ChangChun, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, ChangChun, China
| | - Yunshuo Lee
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, ChangChun, China
| | - Jinghui Xi
- College of Plant Science, Jilin University, ChangChun, China
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9
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Cheah BH, Lin HH, Chien HJ, Liao CT, Liu LYD, Lai CC, Lin YF, Chuang WP. SWATH-MS-based quantitative proteomics reveals a uniquely intricate defense response in Cnaphalocrocis medinalis-resistant rice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6597. [PMID: 32759951 PMCID: PMC7406494 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63470-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cnaphalocrocis medinalis is a major insect pest of rice in Asia. A few defensive enzymes were reported to show higher activities in a resistant rice line (Qingliu) than in a susceptible rice line (TN1) upon leaffolder infestation. However, the overall molecular regulation of the rice defense response against leaffolder herbivory is unknown. Here, differential proteomic analysis by SWATH-MS was performed to identify differentially expressed proteins between the two rice varieties, Qingliu and TN1, at four time points of leaffolder herbivory, 0, 6, 24, and 72 h. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment of the differentially expressed proteins indicated overrepresentation of (1) photosynthesis, (2) amino acid and derivative metabolic process, and (3) secondary metabolic process. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase and chalcone synthase, which catalyze flavonoid biosynthesis, and lipoxygenase, which catalyzes jasmonic acid biosynthesis, exhibited higher expression in Qingliu than in TN1 even before insect herbivory. Momentary activation of the light reaction and Calvin cycle was detected in Qingliu at 6 h and 24 h of insect herbivory, respectively. At 72 h of insect herbivory, amino acid biosynthesis and glutathione-mediated antioxidation were activated in Qingliu. A defense response involving jasmonic acid signaling, carbon remobilization, and the production of flavonoids and glutathione could underlie the resistance of Qingliu to leaffolder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Huat Cheah
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hou-Ho Lin
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ju Chien
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ta Liao
- Crop Enviroment Division, Taichung District Agricultural Research and Extension Station, Changhua County, 51544, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yu D Liu
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chen Lai
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fen Lin
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Po Chuang
- Department of Agronomy, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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Kirsch R, Vurmaz E, Schaefer C, Eberl F, Sporer T, Haeger W, Pauchet Y. Plants use identical inhibitors to protect their cell wall pectin against microbes and insects. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:3814-3824. [PMID: 32313638 PMCID: PMC7160172 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As fundamentally different as phytopathogenic microbes and herbivorous insects are, they enjoy plant-based diets. Hence, they encounter similar challenges to acquire nutrients. Both microbes and beetles possess polygalacturonases (PGs) that hydrolyze the plant cell wall polysaccharide pectin. Countering these threats, plant proteins inhibit PGs of microbes, thereby lowering their infection rate. Whether PG-inhibiting proteins (PGIPs) play a role in defense against herbivorous beetles is unknown. To investigate the significance of PGIPs in insect-plant interactions, feeding assays with the leaf beetle Phaedon cochleariae on Arabidopsis thaliana pgip mutants were performed. Fitness was increased when larvae were fed on mutant plants compared to wild-type plants. Moreover, PG activity was higher, although PG genes were downregulated in larvae fed on PGIP-deficient plants, strongly suggesting that PGIPs impair PG activity. As low PG activity resulted in delayed larval growth, our data provide the first in vivo correlative evidence that PGIPs act as defense against insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Kirsch
- Department of EntomologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Esma Vurmaz
- Department of EntomologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Carolin Schaefer
- Department of EntomologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Franziska Eberl
- Department of BiochemistryMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Theresa Sporer
- Research Group Sequestration and Detoxification in InsectsMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Wiebke Haeger
- Department of EntomologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
| | - Yannick Pauchet
- Department of EntomologyMax Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJenaGermany
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11
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Åhman I, Kim SY, Zhu LH. Plant Genes Benefitting Aphids-Potential for Exploitation in Resistance Breeding. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1452. [PMID: 31798609 PMCID: PMC6874142 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Aphids are phloem sap-feeding insects common as pests in various crops. Here we review 62 omics studies of aphid/plant interactions to search for indications of how aphids may manipulate the plants to make them more suitable as hosts, i.e. more susceptible. Our aim is to try to reveal host plant susceptibility (S) genes, knowledge which can be exploited for making a plant more resistant to its pest by using new plant breeding techniques to knock out or down such S genes. S genes may be of two types, those that are involved in reducing functional plant defense and those involved in further increasing plant factors that are positive to the aphid, such as facilitated access to food or improved nutritional quality. Approximately 40% of the omics studies we have reviewed indicate how aphids may modify their host to their advantage. To exploit knowledge obtained so far, we suggest knocking out/down candidate aphid S genes using CRISPR/Cas9 or RNAi techniques in crops to evaluate if this will be sufficient to keep the aphid pest at economically viable levels without severe pleiotropic effects. As a complement, we also propose functional studies of recessively inherited resistance previously discovered in some aphid-crop combinations, to potentially identify new types of S genes that later could be knocked out or down also in other crops to improve their resistance to aphids.
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12
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Body MJA, Neer WC, Vore C, Lin CH, Vu DC, Schultz JC, Cocroft RB, Appel HM. Caterpillar Chewing Vibrations Cause Changes in Plant Hormones and Volatile Emissions in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:810. [PMID: 31297123 PMCID: PMC6607473 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant perception of insect feeding involves integration of the multiple signals involved: wounding, oral secretions, and substrate borne feeding vibrations. Although plant responses to wounding and oral secretions have been studied, little is known about how signals from the rapidly transmitted vibrations caused by chewing insect feeding are integrated to produce effects on plant defenses. In this study, we examined whether 24 h of insect feeding vibrations caused changes in levels of phytohormones and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana when they were subjected to just feeding vibrations or feeding vibrations and wounding + methyl jasmonate (MeJA), compared to their respective controls of silent sham or wounding + MeJA. We showed that feeding vibrations alone caused a decrease in the concentrations of most phytohormones, compared to those found in control plants receiving no vibrations. When feeding vibrations were combined with wounding and application of MeJA, the results were more complex. For hormones whose levels were induced by wounding and MeJA (jasmonic acid, indole-3-butyric acid), the addition of feeding vibrations caused an even larger response. If the level of hormone was unchanged by wounding and MeJA compared with controls, then the addition of feeding vibrations had little effect. The levels of some VOCs were influenced by the treatments. Feeding vibrations alone caused an increase in β-ionone and decrease in methyl salicylate, and wounding + MeJA alone caused a decrease in benzaldehyde and methyl salicylate. When feeding vibrations were combined with wounding + MeJA, the effects on β-ionone and methyl salicylate were similar to those seen with feeding vibrations alone, and levels of benzaldehyde remained low as seen with wounding + MeJA alone. The widespread downregulation of plant hormones observed in this study is also seen in plant responses to cold, suggesting that membrane fluidity changes and/or downstream signaling may be common to both phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie J. A. Body
- Division of Plant Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - William C. Neer
- Division of Plant Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Caitlin Vore
- Division of Plant Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Cornell Cooperative Extension Erie County, East Aurora, NY, United States
| | - Chung-Ho Lin
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Danh C. Vu
- School of Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Jack C. Schultz
- Division of Plant Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Reginald B. Cocroft
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Heidi M. Appel
- Division of Plant Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Department of Environmental Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Heidi M. Appel,
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13
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Warneys R, Gaucher M, Robert P, Aligon S, Anton S, Aubourg S, Barthes N, Braud F, Cournol R, Gadenne C, Heintz C, Brisset MN, Degrave A. Acibenzolar- S-Methyl Reprograms Apple Transcriptome Toward Resistance to Rosy Apple Aphid. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1795. [PMID: 30619387 PMCID: PMC6299034 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) is a chemical compound, which is able to induce resistance in several model and non-model plants, but the end-players of this induced defense remain ill-defined. Here, we test the hypothesis that treatment with ASM can protect apple (Malus × domestica) against the rosy apple aphid (Dysaphis plantaginea) and investigate the defense molecules potentially involved in resistance. We measured aphid life traits and performed behavioral assays to study the effect of ASM on plant resistance against the aphid, and then combined transcriptomic, bioinformatics, metabolic and biochemical analyses to identify the plant compounds involved in resistance. Plants treated with ASM negatively affected several life traits of the aphid and modified its feeding and host seeking behaviors. ASM treatment elicited up-regulation of terpene synthase genes in apple and led to the emission of (E,E)-α-farnesene, a sesquiterpene that was repellent to the aphid. Several genes encoding amaranthin-like lectins were also strongly up-regulated upon treatment and the corresponding proteins accumulated in leaves, petioles and stems. Our results link the production of specific apple proteins and metabolites to the antibiosis and antixenosis effects observed against Dysaphis plantaginea, providing insight into the mechanisms underlying ASM-induced herbivore resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Warneys
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Matthieu Gaucher
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Philippe Robert
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Sophie Aligon
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Sylvia Anton
- IGEPP, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université de Rennes 1, Angers, France
| | - Sébastien Aubourg
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Nicolas Barthes
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175, CNRS – Université de Montpellier – Université Paul Valery Montpellier 3 – EPHE – IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Ferréol Braud
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Raphaël Cournol
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé, France
| | | | - Christelle Heintz
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Brisset
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Alexandre Degrave
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé, France
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14
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Drok S, Bandoly M, Stelzer S, Lortzing T, Steppuhn A. Moth oviposition shapes the species-specific transcriptional and phytohormonal response of Nicotiana attenuata to larval feeding. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10249. [PMID: 29980784 PMCID: PMC6035172 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28233-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Oviposition by lepidopteran herbivores on Nicotiana attenuata primes plant defence responses that are induced by the feeding larvae. While oviposition by both the generalist Spodoptera exigua and the specialist Manduca sexta primes the production of defensive phenylpropanoids, their larvae are differentially affected. We investigate here the impact of prior oviposition on the transcriptome and phytohormone levels of plants that were later attacked by larvae to find regulatory signals of this priming. In a full-factorial design, we evaluated the effects of oviposition and herbivory by both species. Oviposition alone had only subtle effects at the transcriptional level. Laval feeding alone induced species-specific plant responses. Larvae of the generalist regulated phytohormones and gene expression stronger than larvae of the specialist. A day after larvae started to feed, we detected no significant alterations of the plant's response to larval feeding due to prior oviposition by conspecific moths. Yet, oviposition by each of the species profoundly influenced the plant's transcriptional and phytohormonal response to feeding larvae of the other species. Remarkably, the species-specific plant responses to larval feeding shifted towards the response normally elicited by larvae of the ovipositing species. Thus, plants may already recognise an insect's identity upon its oviposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Drok
- Freie Universität of Berlin/Institute of Biology/Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Ecology, Albrecht-Thaer Weg 6, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Michele Bandoly
- Freie Universität of Berlin/Institute of Biology/Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Ecology, Albrecht-Thaer Weg 6, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Sandra Stelzer
- Freie Universität of Berlin/Institute of Biology/Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Ecology, Albrecht-Thaer Weg 6, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Tobias Lortzing
- Freie Universität of Berlin/Institute of Biology/Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Ecology, Albrecht-Thaer Weg 6, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Anke Steppuhn
- Freie Universität of Berlin/Institute of Biology/Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Ecology, Albrecht-Thaer Weg 6, Berlin, 14195, Germany.
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15
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Tan M, Cheng D, Yang Y, Zhang G, Qin M, Chen J, Chen Y, Jiang M. Co-expression network analysis of the transcriptomes of rice roots exposed to various cadmium stresses reveals universal cadmium-responsive genes. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:194. [PMID: 29115926 PMCID: PMC5678563 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The migration of cadmium (Cd) from contaminated soil to rice is a cause for concern. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the response of rice roots to various Cd stresses remains to be clarified from the viewpoint of the co-expression network at a system-wide scale. RESULTS We employed a comparative RNAseq-based approach to identify early Cd-responsive differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in rice 'Nipponbare' seedling roots after 1 h of high-Cd treatment. A multiplicity of the identified 1772 DEGs were implicated in hormone signaling and transcriptional regulation, particularly NACs and WRKYs were all upregulated under Cd stress. All of the 6 Cd-upregulated ABC transporters were pleiotropic drug resistance proteins (PDRs), whereas all of the 6 ZRT/IRT-like proteins (ZIPs) were consistently downregulated by Cd treatment. To further confirm our results of this early transcriptomic response to Cd exposure, we then conducted weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to re-analyze our RNAseq data in combination with other 11 previously published RNAseq datasets for rice roots exposed to diverse concentrations of Cd for extended treatment periods. This integrative approach identified 271 transcripts as universal Cd-regulated DEGs that are key components of the Cd treatment coupled co-expression module. A global view of the 164 transcripts with annotated functions in pathway networks revealed several Cd-upregulated key functional genes, including transporter ABCG36/OsPDR9, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid reductases (OPRs) for JA synthesis, and ZIM domain proteins JAZs in JA signaling, as well as OsWRKY10, NAC, and ZFP transcription factors. More importantly, 104 of these, including ABCG36/OsPDR9, OsNAC3, as well as several orthologs in group metalloendoproteinase, plastocyanin-like domain containing proteins and pectin methylesterase inhibitor, may respond specifically to various Cd pressures, after subtracting the 60 general stress-responsive genes reported to be commonly upregulated following multiple stresses. CONCLUSION An integrative approach was implemented to identify DEGs and co-expression network modules in response to various Cd pressures, and 104 of the 164 annotatable universal Cd-responsive DEGs may specifically respond to various Cd pressures. These results provide insight into the universal molecular mechanisms beneath the Cd response in rice roots, and suggest many promising targets for improving the rice acclimation process against Cd toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingpu Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dan Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuening Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengjie Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yahua Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingyi Jiang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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16
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Tzin V, Hojo Y, Strickler SR, Bartsch LJ, Archer CM, Ahern KR, Zhou S, Christensen SA, Galis I, Mueller LA, Jander G. Rapid defense responses in maize leaves induced by Spodoptera exigua caterpillar feeding. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:4709-4723. [PMID: 28981781 PMCID: PMC5853842 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Insects such as the beet armyworm (Spodoptera exigua) cause extensive damage to maize (Zea mays). Maize plants respond by triggering defense signaling, changes in gene expression, and biosynthesis of specialized metabolites. Leaves of maize inbred line B73, which has an available genome sequence, were infested with S. exigua for 1 to 24 h, followed by comparisons of the transcript and metabolite profiles with those of uninfested controls. The most extensive gene expression responses occurred rapidly, within 4-6 h after caterpillar infestation. However, both gene expression and metabolite profiles were altered within 1 h and continued to change during the entire 24 h experiment. The defensive functions of three caterpillar-induced genes were examined using available Dissociation transposon insertions in maize inbred line W22. Whereas mutations in the benzoxazinoid biosynthesis pathway (Bx1 and Bx2) significantly improved caterpillar growth, the knockout of a 13-lipoxygenase (Lox8) involved in jasmonic acid biosynthesis did not. Interestingly, 9-lipoxygenases, which lead to the production of maize death acids, were more strongly induced by caterpillar feeding than 13-lipoxygenases, suggesting an as yet unknown function in maize defense against herbivory. Together, these results provide a comprehensive view of the dynamic transcriptomic and metabolomic responses of maize leaves to caterpillar feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vered Tzin
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Yuko Hojo
- Okayama University, Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Susan R Strickler
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lee J Bartsch
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Cairo M Archer
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kevin R Ahern
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Shaoqun Zhou
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Shawn A Christensen
- USDA-ARS Chemistry Unit, Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ivan Galis
- Okayama University, Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Kurashiki, Okayama, Japan
| | - Lukas A Mueller
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Tower Rd, Ithaca, NY, USA
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17
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Bonnet C, Lassueur S, Ponzio C, Gols R, Dicke M, Reymond P. Combined biotic stresses trigger similar transcriptomic responses but contrasting resistance against a chewing herbivore in Brassica nigra. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:127. [PMID: 28716054 PMCID: PMC5513356 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In nature, plants are frequently exposed to simultaneous biotic stresses that activate distinct and often antagonistic defense signaling pathways. How plants integrate this information and whether they prioritize one stress over the other is not well understood. RESULTS We investigated the transcriptome signature of the wild annual crucifer, Brassica nigra, in response to eggs and caterpillars of Pieris brassicae butterflies, Brevicoryne brassicae aphids and the bacterial phytopathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv. raphani (Xcr). Pretreatment with egg extract, aphids, or Xcr had a weak impact on the subsequent transcriptome profile of plants challenged with caterpillars, suggesting that the second stress dominates the transcriptional response. Nevertheless, P. brassicae larval performance was strongly affected by egg extract or Xcr pretreatment and depended on the site where the initial stress was applied. Although egg extract and Xcr pretreatments inhibited insect-induced defense gene expression, suggesting salicylic acid (SA)/jasmonic acid (JA) pathway cross talk, this was not strictly correlated with larval performance. CONCLUSION These results emphasize the need to better integrate plant responses at different levels of biological organization and to consider localized effects in order to predict the consequence of multiple stresses on plant resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Bonnet
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Steve Lassueur
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Camille Ponzio
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Reymond
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, Biophore Building, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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18
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Davila Olivas NH, Frago E, Thoen MPM, Kloth KJ, Becker FFM, van Loon JJA, Gort G, Keurentjes JJB, van Heerwaarden J, Dicke M. Natural variation in life history strategy of Arabidopsis thaliana determines stress responses to drought and insects of different feeding guilds. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:2959-2977. [PMID: 28295823 PMCID: PMC5485070 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Plants are sessile organisms and, consequently, are exposed to a plethora of stresses in their local habitat. As a result, different populations of a species are subject to different selection pressures leading to adaptation to local conditions and intraspecific divergence. The annual brassicaceous plant Arabidopsis thaliana is an attractive model for ecologists and evolutionary biologists due to the availability of a large collection of resequenced natural accessions. Accessions of A. thaliana display one of two different life cycle strategies: summer and winter annuals. We exposed a collection of 308 European Arabidopsis accessions, that have been genotyped for 250K SNPs, to a range of stresses: one abiotic stress (drought), four biotic stresses (Pieris rapae caterpillars, Plutella xylostella caterpillars, Frankliniella occidentalis thrips and Myzus persicae aphids) and two combined stresses (drought plus P. rapae and Botrytis cinerea fungus plus P. rapae). We identified heritable genetic variation for responses to the different stresses, estimated by narrow-sense heritability. We found that accessions displaying different life cycle strategies differ in their response to stresses. Winter annuals are more resistant to drought, aphids and thrips and summer annuals are more resistant to P. rapae and P. xylostella caterpillars. Summer annuals are also more resistant to the combined stresses of drought plus P. rapae and infection by the fungus Botryris cinerea plus herbivory by P. rapae. Adaptation to drought displayed a longitudinal gradient. Finally, trade-offs were recorded between the response to drought and responses to herbivory by caterpillars of the specialist herbivore P. rapae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enric Frago
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Manus P. M. Thoen
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- Wageningen Plant ResearchWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of Plant PhysiologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Karen J. Kloth
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
- Wageningen Plant ResearchWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of Plant PhysiologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Gerrit Gort
- BiometrisWageningen University and ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of EntomologyWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
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19
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Xu L, Yang P, Feng Y, Xu H, Cao Y, Tang Y, Yuan S, Liu X, Ming J. Spatiotemporal Transcriptome Analysis Provides Insights into Bicolor Tepal Development in Lilium "Tiny Padhye". FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:398. [PMID: 28392796 PMCID: PMC5364178 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The bicolor Asiatic hybrid lily cultivar "Tiny Padhye" is an attractive variety because of its unique color pattern. During its bicolor tepal development, the upper tepals undergo a rapid color change from green to white, while the tepal bases change from green to purple. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these changes remain largely uncharacterized. To systematically investigate the dynamics of the lily bicolor tepal transcriptome during development, we generated 15 RNA-seq libraries from the upper tepals (S2-U) and basal tepals (S1-D, S2-D, S3-D, and S4-D) of Lilium "Tiny Padhye." Utilizing the Illumina platform, a total of 295,787 unigenes were obtained from 713.12 million high-quality paired-end reads. A total of 16,182 unigenes were identified as differentially expressed genes during tepal development. Using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis, candidate genes involved in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway (61 unigenes), and chlorophyll metabolic pathway (106 unigenes) were identified. Further analyses showed that most anthocyanin biosynthesis genes were transcribed coordinately in the tepal bases, but not in the upper tepals, suggesting that the bicolor trait of "Tiny Padhye" tepals is caused by the transcriptional regulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes. Meanwhile, the high expression level of chlorophyll degradation genes and low expression level of chlorophyll biosynthetic genes resulted in the absence of chlorophylls from "Tiny Padhye" tepals after flowering. Transcription factors putatively involved in the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway and chlorophyll metabolism in lilies were identified using a weighted gene co-expression network analysis and their possible roles in lily bicolor tepal development were discussed. In conclusion, these extensive transcriptome data provide a platform for elucidating the molecular mechanisms of bicolor tepals in lilies and provide a basis for similar research in other closely related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leifeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Panpan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
- Department of Ornamental Plants, College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yayan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Hua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Yuwei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Yuchao Tang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Suxia Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Xinyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Jun Ming
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
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20
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Simulated herbivory in chickpea causes rapid changes in defense pathways and hormonal transcription networks of JA/ethylene/GA/auxin within minutes of wounding. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44729. [PMID: 28300183 PMCID: PMC5353604 DOI: 10.1038/srep44729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chickpea (C. arietinum L.) is an important pulse crop in Asian and African countries that suffers significant yield losses due to attacks by insects like H. armigera. To obtain insights into early responses of chickpea to insect attack, a transcriptomic analysis of chickpea leaves just 20 minutes after simulated herbivory was performed, using oral secretions of H. armigera coupled with mechanical wounding. Expression profiles revealed differential regulation of 8.4% of the total leaf transcriptome with 1334 genes up-regulated and 501 down-regulated upon wounding at log2-fold change (|FC| ≤ −1 and ≥1) and FDR value ≤ 0.05. In silico analysis showed the activation of defenses through up-regulation of genes of the phenylpropanoid pathway, pathogenesis, oxidases and CYTP450 besides differential regulation of kinases, phosphatases and transcription factors of the WRKY, MYB, ERFs, bZIP families. A substantial change in the regulation of hormonal networks was observed with up-regulation of JA and ethylene pathways and suppression of growth associated hormone pathways like GA and auxin within 20 minutes of wounding. Secondary qPCR comparison of selected genes showed that oral secretions often increased differential expression relative to mechanical damage alone. The studies provide new insights into early wound responses in chickpea.
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21
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Song J, Liu H, Zhuang H, Zhao C, Xu Y, Wu S, Qi J, Li J, Hettenhausen C, Wu J. Transcriptomics and Alternative Splicing Analyses Reveal Large Differences between Maize Lines B73 and Mo17 in Response to Aphid Rhopalosiphum padi Infestation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1738. [PMID: 29067035 PMCID: PMC5641392 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is a staple crop worldwide with extensive genetic variations. Various insects attack maize plants causing large yield loss. Here, we investigated the responses of maize B73, a susceptible line, and Mo17, a resistant line, to the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi on metabolite and transcriptome levels. R. padi feeding had no effect on the levels of the defensive metabolites benzoxazinoids (Bxs) in either line, and Mo17 contained substantially greater levels of Bxs than did B73. Profiling of the differentially expressed genes revealed that B73 and Mo17 responded to R. padi infestation specifically, and importantly, these two lines showed large gene expression differences even without R. padi herbivory. Correlation analysis identified four transcription factors (TFs) that might account for the high Bx levels in Mo17. Similarly, genome-wide alternative splicing (AS) analyses indicated that both B73 and Mo17 had temporally specific responses to R. padi infestation, and these two lines also exhibited large differences of AS regulation under normal condition, and 340 genes, including 10 TFs, were constantly differentially spliced. This study provides large-scale resource datasets for further studies on the mechanisms underlying maize-aphid interactions, and highlights the phenotypic divergence in defense against aphids among maize varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Song
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Huifu Zhuang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chunxia Zhao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Dalian, China
| | - Yuxing Xu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shibo Wu
- Yunnan Academy of Science and Technology Development, Kunming, China
| | - Jinfeng Qi
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Jing Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Christian Hettenhausen
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Christian Hettenhausen
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Department of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Jianqiang Wu
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Liu Q, Wang X, Tzin V, Romeis J, Peng Y, Li Y. Combined transcriptome and metabolome analyses to understand the dynamic responses of rice plants to attack by the rice stem borer Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:259. [PMID: 27923345 PMCID: PMC5142284 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0946-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rice (Oryza sativa L.), which is a staple food for more than half of the world's population, is frequently attacked by herbivorous insects, including the rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis. C. suppressalis substantially reduces rice yields in temperate regions of Asia, but little is known about how rice plants defend themselves against this herbivore at molecular and biochemical level. RESULTS In the current study, we combined next-generation RNA sequencing and metabolomics techniques to investigate the changes in gene expression and in metabolic processes in rice plants that had been continuously fed by C. suppressalis larvae for different durations (0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h). Furthermore, the data were validated using quantitative real-time PCR. There were 4,729 genes and 151 metabolites differently regulated when rice plants were damaged by C. suppressalis larvae. Further analyses showed that defense-related phytohormones, transcript factors, shikimate-mediated and terpenoid-related secondary metabolism were activated, whereas the growth-related counterparts were suppressed by C. suppressalis feeding. The activated defense was fueled by catabolism of energy storage compounds such as monosaccharides, which meanwhile resulted in the increased levels of metabolites that were involved in rice plant defense response. Comparable analyses showed a correspondence between transcript patterns and metabolite profiles. CONCLUSION The current findings greatly enhance our understanding of the mechanisms of induced defense response in rice plants against C. suppressalis infestation at molecular and biochemical levels, and will provide clues for development of insect-resistant rice varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xingyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Vered Tzin
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, The Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sede Boqer, Israel
| | - Jörg Romeis
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Agroscope, Biosafety Research Group, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yufa Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunhe Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Kroes A, Broekgaarden C, Castellanos Uribe M, May S, van Loon JJA, Dicke M. Brevicoryne brassicae aphids interfere with transcriptome responses of Arabidopsis thaliana to feeding by Plutella xylostella caterpillars in a density-dependent manner. Oecologia 2016; 183:107-120. [PMID: 27771762 PMCID: PMC5239811 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3758-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants are commonly attacked by multiple herbivorous species. Yet, little is known about transcriptional patterns underlying plant responses to multiple insect attackers feeding simultaneously. Here, we assessed transcriptomic responses of Arabidopsis thaliana plants to simultaneous feeding by Plutella xylostella caterpillars and Brevicoryne brassicae aphids in comparison to plants infested by P. xylostella caterpillars alone, using microarray analysis. We particularly investigated how aphid feeding interferes with the transcriptomic response to P. xylostella caterpillars and whether this interference is dependent on aphid density and time since aphid attack. Various JA-responsive genes were up-regulated in response to feeding by P. xylostella caterpillars. The additional presence of aphids, both at low and high densities, clearly affected the transcriptional plant response to caterpillars. Interestingly, some important modulators of plant defense signalling, including WRKY transcription factor genes and ABA-dependent genes, were differentially induced in response to simultaneous aphid feeding at low or high density compared with responses to P. xylostella caterpillars feeding alone. Furthermore, aphids affected the P. xylostella-induced transcriptomic response in a density-dependent manner, which caused an acceleration in plant response against dual insect attack at high aphid density compared to dual insect attack at low aphid density. In conclusion, our study provides evidence that aphids influence the caterpillar-induced transcriptional response of A. thaliana in a density-dependent manner. It highlights the importance of addressing insect density to understand how plant responses to single attackers interfere with responses to other attackers and thus underlines the importance of the dynamics of transcriptional plant responses to multiple herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke Kroes
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Colette Broekgaarden
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcos Castellanos Uribe
- Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre, University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Sean May
- Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre, University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Joop J A van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Li Y, Dicke M, Kroes A, Liu W, Gols R. Interactive Effects of Cabbage Aphid and Caterpillar Herbivory on Transcription of Plant Genes Associated with Phytohormonal Signalling in Wild Cabbage. J Chem Ecol 2016; 42:793-805. [PMID: 27530535 PMCID: PMC5045842 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0738-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Plants are commonly attacked by a variety of insect herbivores and have developed specific defenses against different types of attackers. At the molecular level, herbivore-specific signalling pathways are activated by plants in response to attackers with different feeding strategies. Feeding by leaf-chewing herbivores predominantly activates jasmonic acid (JA)-regulated defenses, whereas feeding by phloem-sucking herbivores generally activates salicylic acid (SA)-regulated defenses. When challenged sequentially by both phloem-sucking and leaf-chewing herbivores, SA-JA antagonism may constrain the plant's ability to timely and adequately divert defense to the second herbivore that requires activation of a different defensive pathway. We investigated the effect of the temporal sequence of infestation by the aphid Brevicoryne brassicae and three caterpillar species, Plutella xylostella, Pieris brassicae, and Mamestra brassicae, on the interaction between JA and SA signal-transduction pathways in three wild cabbage populations. We found no support for SA-JA antagonism, irrespective of the temporal sequence of herbivore introduction or the identity of the caterpillar species based on the transcript levels of the JA- and SA-regulated marker genes LOX and PR-1, respectively, at the examined time points, 6, 24, and 48 h. In general, infestation with aphids alone had little effect on the transcript levels of the two marker genes, whereas the three caterpillar species upregulated not only LOX but also PR-1. Transcriptional changes were different for plants from the three different natural cabbage populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yehua Li
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke Kroes
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wen Liu
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rieta Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Kloth KJ, Wiegers GL, Busscher-Lange J, van Haarst JC, Kruijer W, Bouwmeester HJ, Dicke M, Jongsma MA. AtWRKY22 promotes susceptibility to aphids and modulates salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signalling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3383-96. [PMID: 27107291 PMCID: PMC4892728 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Aphids induce many transcriptional perturbations in their host plants, but the signalling cascades responsible and the effects on plant resistance are largely unknown. Through a genome-wide association (GWA) mapping study in Arabidopsis thaliana, we identified WRKY22 as a candidate gene associated with feeding behaviour of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae The transcription factor WRKY22 is known to be involved in pathogen-triggered immunity, and WRKY22 gene expression has been shown to be induced by aphids. Assessment of aphid population development and feeding behaviour on knockout mutants and overexpression lines showed that WRKY22 increases susceptibility to M. persicae via a mesophyll-located mechanism. mRNA sequencing analysis of aphid-infested wrky22 knockout plants revealed the up-regulation of genes involved in salicylic acid (SA) signalling and down-regulation of genes involved in plant growth and cell-wall loosening. In addition, mechanostimulation of knockout plants by clip cages up-regulated jasmonic acid (JA)-responsive genes, resulting in substantial negative JA-SA crosstalk. Based on this and previous studies, WRKY22 is considered to modulate the interplay between the SA and JA pathways in response to a wide range of biotic and abiotic stimuli. Its induction by aphids and its role in suppressing SA and JA signalling make WRKY22 a potential target for aphids to manipulate host plant defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen J Kloth
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands Plant Research International, Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrie L Wiegers
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands Plant Research International, Business Unit Biointeractions & Plant Health, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Busscher-Lange
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands Plant Research International, Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan C van Haarst
- Plant Research International, Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Kruijer
- Biometris, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harro J Bouwmeester
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten A Jongsma
- Plant Research International, Business Unit Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research Centre, PO Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Tzin V, Fernandez-Pozo N, Richter A, Schmelz EA, Schoettner M, Schäfer M, Ahern KR, Meihls LN, Kaur H, Huffaker A, Mori N, Degenhardt J, Mueller LA, Jander G. Dynamic Maize Responses to Aphid Feeding Are Revealed by a Time Series of Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Assays. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:1727-43. [PMID: 26378100 PMCID: PMC4634079 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
As a response to insect attack, maize (Zea mays) has inducible defenses that involve large changes in gene expression and metabolism. Piercing/sucking insects such as corn leaf aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis) cause direct damage by acquiring phloem nutrients as well as indirect damage through the transmission of plant viruses. To elucidate the metabolic processes and gene expression changes involved in maize responses to aphid attack, leaves of inbred line B73 were infested with corn leaf aphids for 2 to 96 h. Analysis of infested maize leaves showed two distinct response phases, with the most significant transcriptional and metabolic changes occurring in the first few hours after the initiation of aphid feeding. After 4 d, both gene expression and metabolite profiles of aphid-infested maize reverted to being more similar to those of control plants. Although there was a predominant effect of salicylic acid regulation, gene expression changes also indicated prolonged induction of oxylipins, although not necessarily jasmonic acid, in aphid-infested maize. The role of specific metabolic pathways was confirmed using Dissociator transposon insertions in maize inbred line W22. Mutations in three benzoxazinoid biosynthesis genes, Bx1, Bx2, and Bx6, increased aphid reproduction. In contrast, progeny production was greatly decreased by a transposon insertion in the single W22 homolog of the previously uncharacterized B73 terpene synthases TPS2 and TPS3. Together, these results show that maize leaves shift to implementation of physical and chemical defenses within hours after the initiation of aphid feeding and that the production of specific metabolites can have major effects in maize-aphid interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vered Tzin
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853 (V.T., N.F.-P., K.R.A., L.N.M., H.K., L.A.M., G.J.);Martin Luther University Halle, Wittenberg Institute for Pharmacy, D-06108 Halle, Germany (A.R., J.D.);Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, California 92093 (E.A.S., A.H.);Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany (M.Scho., M.Schä.); andGraduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 808-8502, Japan (N.M.)
| | - Noe Fernandez-Pozo
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853 (V.T., N.F.-P., K.R.A., L.N.M., H.K., L.A.M., G.J.);Martin Luther University Halle, Wittenberg Institute for Pharmacy, D-06108 Halle, Germany (A.R., J.D.);Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, California 92093 (E.A.S., A.H.);Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany (M.Scho., M.Schä.); andGraduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 808-8502, Japan (N.M.)
| | - Annett Richter
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853 (V.T., N.F.-P., K.R.A., L.N.M., H.K., L.A.M., G.J.);Martin Luther University Halle, Wittenberg Institute for Pharmacy, D-06108 Halle, Germany (A.R., J.D.);Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, California 92093 (E.A.S., A.H.);Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany (M.Scho., M.Schä.); andGraduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 808-8502, Japan (N.M.)
| | - Eric A Schmelz
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853 (V.T., N.F.-P., K.R.A., L.N.M., H.K., L.A.M., G.J.);Martin Luther University Halle, Wittenberg Institute for Pharmacy, D-06108 Halle, Germany (A.R., J.D.);Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, California 92093 (E.A.S., A.H.);Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany (M.Scho., M.Schä.); andGraduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 808-8502, Japan (N.M.)
| | - Matthias Schoettner
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853 (V.T., N.F.-P., K.R.A., L.N.M., H.K., L.A.M., G.J.);Martin Luther University Halle, Wittenberg Institute for Pharmacy, D-06108 Halle, Germany (A.R., J.D.);Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, California 92093 (E.A.S., A.H.);Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany (M.Scho., M.Schä.); andGraduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 808-8502, Japan (N.M.)
| | - Martin Schäfer
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853 (V.T., N.F.-P., K.R.A., L.N.M., H.K., L.A.M., G.J.);Martin Luther University Halle, Wittenberg Institute for Pharmacy, D-06108 Halle, Germany (A.R., J.D.);Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, California 92093 (E.A.S., A.H.);Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany (M.Scho., M.Schä.); andGraduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 808-8502, Japan (N.M.)
| | - Kevin R Ahern
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853 (V.T., N.F.-P., K.R.A., L.N.M., H.K., L.A.M., G.J.);Martin Luther University Halle, Wittenberg Institute for Pharmacy, D-06108 Halle, Germany (A.R., J.D.);Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, California 92093 (E.A.S., A.H.);Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany (M.Scho., M.Schä.); andGraduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 808-8502, Japan (N.M.)
| | - Lisa N Meihls
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853 (V.T., N.F.-P., K.R.A., L.N.M., H.K., L.A.M., G.J.);Martin Luther University Halle, Wittenberg Institute for Pharmacy, D-06108 Halle, Germany (A.R., J.D.);Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, California 92093 (E.A.S., A.H.);Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany (M.Scho., M.Schä.); andGraduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 808-8502, Japan (N.M.)
| | - Harleen Kaur
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853 (V.T., N.F.-P., K.R.A., L.N.M., H.K., L.A.M., G.J.);Martin Luther University Halle, Wittenberg Institute for Pharmacy, D-06108 Halle, Germany (A.R., J.D.);Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, California 92093 (E.A.S., A.H.);Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany (M.Scho., M.Schä.); andGraduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 808-8502, Japan (N.M.)
| | - Alisa Huffaker
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853 (V.T., N.F.-P., K.R.A., L.N.M., H.K., L.A.M., G.J.);Martin Luther University Halle, Wittenberg Institute for Pharmacy, D-06108 Halle, Germany (A.R., J.D.);Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, California 92093 (E.A.S., A.H.);Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany (M.Scho., M.Schä.); andGraduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 808-8502, Japan (N.M.)
| | - Naoki Mori
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853 (V.T., N.F.-P., K.R.A., L.N.M., H.K., L.A.M., G.J.);Martin Luther University Halle, Wittenberg Institute for Pharmacy, D-06108 Halle, Germany (A.R., J.D.);Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, California 92093 (E.A.S., A.H.);Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany (M.Scho., M.Schä.); andGraduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 808-8502, Japan (N.M.)
| | - Joerg Degenhardt
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853 (V.T., N.F.-P., K.R.A., L.N.M., H.K., L.A.M., G.J.);Martin Luther University Halle, Wittenberg Institute for Pharmacy, D-06108 Halle, Germany (A.R., J.D.);Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, California 92093 (E.A.S., A.H.);Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany (M.Scho., M.Schä.); andGraduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 808-8502, Japan (N.M.)
| | - Lukas A Mueller
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853 (V.T., N.F.-P., K.R.A., L.N.M., H.K., L.A.M., G.J.);Martin Luther University Halle, Wittenberg Institute for Pharmacy, D-06108 Halle, Germany (A.R., J.D.);Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, California 92093 (E.A.S., A.H.);Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany (M.Scho., M.Schä.); andGraduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 808-8502, Japan (N.M.)
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, New York 14853 (V.T., N.F.-P., K.R.A., L.N.M., H.K., L.A.M., G.J.);Martin Luther University Halle, Wittenberg Institute for Pharmacy, D-06108 Halle, Germany (A.R., J.D.);Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, La Jolla, California 92093 (E.A.S., A.H.);Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany (M.Scho., M.Schä.); andGraduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto 808-8502, Japan (N.M.)
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27
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Zhou S, Lou YR, Tzin V, Jander G. Alteration of Plant Primary Metabolism in Response to Insect Herbivory. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:1488-98. [PMID: 26378101 PMCID: PMC4634104 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants in nature, which are continuously challenged by diverse insect herbivores, produce constitutive and inducible defenses to reduce insect damage and preserve their own fitness. In addition to inducing pathways that are directly responsible for the production of toxic and deterrent compounds, insect herbivory causes numerous changes in plant primary metabolism. Whereas the functions of defensive metabolites such as alkaloids, terpenes, and glucosinolates have been studied extensively, the fitness benefits of changes in photosynthesis, carbon transport, and nitrogen allocation remain less well understood. Adding to the complexity of the observed responses, the feeding habits of different insect herbivores can significantly influence the induced changes in plant primary metabolism. In this review, we summarize experimental data addressing the significance of insect feeding habits, as related to herbivore-induced changes in plant primary metabolism. Where possible, we link these physiological changes with current understanding of their underlying molecular mechanisms. Finally, we discuss the potential fitness benefits that host plants receive from altering their primary metabolism in response to insect herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqun Zhou
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research (S.Z., Y.-R.L., V.T., G.J.) and School of Integrated Plant Sciences (S.Z., Y.-R.L.), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Yann-Ru Lou
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research (S.Z., Y.-R.L., V.T., G.J.) and School of Integrated Plant Sciences (S.Z., Y.-R.L.), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Vered Tzin
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research (S.Z., Y.-R.L., V.T., G.J.) and School of Integrated Plant Sciences (S.Z., Y.-R.L.), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research (S.Z., Y.-R.L., V.T., G.J.) and School of Integrated Plant Sciences (S.Z., Y.-R.L.), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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Zhou S, Lou YR, Tzin V, Jander G. Alteration of Plant Primary Metabolism in Response to Insect Herbivory. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:1488-1498. [PMID: 26378101 PMCID: PMC4634104 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01405%0a%0a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants in nature, which are continuously challenged by diverse insect herbivores, produce constitutive and inducible defenses to reduce insect damage and preserve their own fitness. In addition to inducing pathways that are directly responsible for the production of toxic and deterrent compounds, insect herbivory causes numerous changes in plant primary metabolism. Whereas the functions of defensive metabolites such as alkaloids, terpenes, and glucosinolates have been studied extensively, the fitness benefits of changes in photosynthesis, carbon transport, and nitrogen allocation remain less well understood. Adding to the complexity of the observed responses, the feeding habits of different insect herbivores can significantly influence the induced changes in plant primary metabolism. In this review, we summarize experimental data addressing the significance of insect feeding habits, as related to herbivore-induced changes in plant primary metabolism. Where possible, we link these physiological changes with current understanding of their underlying molecular mechanisms. Finally, we discuss the potential fitness benefits that host plants receive from altering their primary metabolism in response to insect herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqun Zhou
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research (S.Z., Y.-R.L., V.T., G.J.) and School of Integrated Plant Sciences (S.Z., Y.-R.L.), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Yann-Ru Lou
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research (S.Z., Y.-R.L., V.T., G.J.) and School of Integrated Plant Sciences (S.Z., Y.-R.L.), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Vered Tzin
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research (S.Z., Y.-R.L., V.T., G.J.) and School of Integrated Plant Sciences (S.Z., Y.-R.L.), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Georg Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research (S.Z., Y.-R.L., V.T., G.J.) and School of Integrated Plant Sciences (S.Z., Y.-R.L.), Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853
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Sircar S, Parekh N. Functional characterization of drought-responsive modules and genes in Oryza sativa: a network-based approach. Front Genet 2015; 6:256. [PMID: 26284112 PMCID: PMC4519691 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2015.00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Drought is one of the major environmental stress conditions affecting the yield of rice across the globe. Unraveling the functional roles of the drought-responsive genes and their underlying molecular mechanisms will provide important leads to improve the yield of rice. Co-expression relationships derived from condition-dependent gene expression data is an effective way to identify the functional associations between genes that are part of the same biological process and may be under similar transcriptional control. For this purpose, vast amount of freely available transcriptomic data may be used. In this study, we consider gene expression data for different tissues and developmental stages in response to drought stress. We analyze the network of co-expressed genes to identify drought-responsive genes modules in a tissue and stage-specific manner based on differential expression and gene enrichment analysis. Taking cues from the systems-level behavior of these modules, we propose two approaches to identify clusters of tightly co-expressed/co-regulated genes. Using graph-centrality measures and differential gene expression, we identify biologically informative genes that lack any functional annotation. We show that using orthologous information from other plant species, the conserved co-expression patterns of the uncharacterized genes can be identified. Presence of a conserved neighborhood enables us to extrapolate functional annotation. Alternatively, we show that single 'guide-gene' approach can help in understanding tissue-specific transcriptional regulation of uncharacterized genes. Finally, we confirm the predicted roles of uncharacterized genes by the analysis of conserved cis-elements and explain the possible roles of these genes toward drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanchari Sircar
- Centre for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad, India
| | - Nita Parekh
- Centre for Computational Natural Sciences and Bioinformatics, International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad, India
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Ferrieri AP, Appel HM, Schultz JC. Plant vascular architecture determines the pattern of herbivore-induced systemic responses in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123899. [PMID: 25879926 PMCID: PMC4399992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of systemic responses in plants is associated with the connectivity between damaged and undamaged leaves, as determined by vascular architecture. Despite the widespread appreciation for studying variation in induced plant defense, few studies have characterized spatial variability of induction in the model species, Arabidopsis thaliana. Here we show that plant architecture generates fine scale spatial variation in the systemic induction of invertase and phenolic compounds. We examined whether the arrangement of leaves along the stem (phyllotaxy) produces predictable spatial patterns of cell-wall bound and soluble invertase activities, and downstream phenolic accumulation following feeding by the dietary specialist herbivore, Pieris rapae and the generalist, Spodoptera exigua. Responses were measured in leaves within and outside of the damaged orthostichy (leaves sharing direct vascular connections), and compared to those from plants where source-sink transport was disrupted by source leaf removal and by an insertional mutation in a sucrose transporter gene (suc2-1). Following herbivore damage to a single, middle-aged leaf, induction of cell-wall and soluble invertase was most pronounced in young and old leaves within the damaged orthostichy. The pattern of accumulation of phenolics was also predicted by these vascular connections and was, in part, dependent on the presence of source leaves and intact sucrose transporter function. Induction also occurred in leaves outside of the damaged orthostichy, suggesting that mechanisms may exist to overcome vascular constraints in this system. Our results demonstrate that systemic responses vary widely according to orthostichy, are often herbivore-specific, and partially rely on transport between source and sink leaves. We also provide evidence that patterns of induction are more integrated in A. thaliana than previously described. This work highlights the importance of plant vascular architecture in determining patterns of systemic induction, which is likely to be ecologically important to insect herbivores and plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail P. Ferrieri
- Root-Herbivore Interactions Group, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Heidi M. Appel
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jack C. Schultz
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
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