1
|
Zhou L, Liu Y, Wu Y, Yang X, Spring Kong FM, Lu Y, Xue J. Low-dose radiation therapy mobilizes antitumor immunity: New findings and future perspectives. Int J Cancer 2024; 154:1143-1157. [PMID: 38059788 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Radiotherapy has unique immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive effects. Although high-dose radiotherapy has been found to have systemic antitumor effects, clinically significant abscopal effects were uncommon on the basis of irradiating single lesion. Low-dose radiation therapy (LDRT) emerges as a novel approach to enhance the antitumor immune response due to its role as a leverage to reshape the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). In this article, from bench to bedside, we reviewed the possible immunomodulatory role of LDRT on TIME and systemic tumor immune environment, and outlined preclinical evidence and clinical application. We also discussed the current challenges when LDRT is used as a combination therapy, including the optimal dose, fraction, frequency, and combination of drugs. The advantage of low toxicity makes LDRT potential to be applied in multiple lesions to amplify antitumor immune response in polymetastatic disease, and its intersection with other disciplines might also make it a direction for radiotherapy-combined modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laiyan Zhou
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Disaster Medical Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanxin Liu
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanjun Wu
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Feng-Ming Spring Kong
- Department of Clinical Oncology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - You Lu
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianxin Xue
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Laboratory of Clinical Cell Therapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mittal D, Gautam JK, Varma M, Laie A, Mishra S, Behera S, Vadassery J. External jasmonic acid isoleucine mediates amplification of plant elicitor peptide receptor (PEPR) and jasmonate-based immune signalling. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:1397-1415. [PMID: 38229005 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Jasmonic acid-isoleucine (JA-Ile) is a plant defence hormone whose cellular levels are elevated upon herbivory and regulate defence signalling. Despite their pivotal role, our understanding of the rapid cellular perception of bioactive JA-Ile is limited. This study identifies cell type-specific JA-Ile-induced Ca2+ signal and its role in self-amplification and plant elicitor peptide receptor (PEPR)-mediated signalling. Using the Ca2+ reporter, R-GECO1 in Arabidopsis, we have characterized a monophasic and sustained JA-Ile-dependent Ca2+ signature in leaf epidermal cells. The rapid Ca2+ signal is independent of positive feedback by the JA-Ile receptor, COI1 and the transporter, JAT1. Microarray analysis identified up-regulation of receptors, PEPR1 and PEPR2 upon JA-Ile treatment. The pepr1 pepr2 double mutant in R-GECO1 background exhibits impaired external JA-Ile induced Ca2+ cyt elevation and impacts the canonical JA-Ile responsive genes. JA responsive transcription factor, MYC2 binds to the G-Box motif of PEPR1 and PEPR2 promoter and activates their expression upon JA-Ile treatment and in myc2 mutant, this is reduced. External JA-Ile amplifies AtPep-PEPR pathway by increasing the AtPep precursor, PROPEP expression. Our work shows a previously unknown non-canonical PEPR-JA-Ile-Ca2+ -MYC2 signalling module through which plants sense JA-Ile rapidly to amplify both AtPep-PEPR and jasmonate signalling in undamaged cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Mittal
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi, India
| | | | - Mahendra Varma
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi, India
| | - Amrutha Laie
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi, India
| | - Shruti Mishra
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi, India
| | - Smrutisanjita Behera
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tanarsuwongkul S, Fisher KW, Mullis BT, Negi H, Roberts J, Tomlin F, Wang Q, Stratmann JW. Green leaf volatiles co-opt proteins involved in molecular pattern signalling in plant cells. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:928-946. [PMID: 38164082 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The green leaf volatiles (GLVs) Z-3-hexen-1-ol (Z3-HOL) and Z-3-hexenyl acetate (Z3-HAC) are airborne infochemicals released from damaged plant tissues that induce defenses and developmental responses in receiver plants, but little is known about their mechanism of action. We found that Z3-HOL and Z3-HAC induce similar but distinctive physiological and signaling responses in tomato seedlings and cell cultures. In seedlings, Z3-HAC showed a stronger root growth inhibition effect than Z3-HOL. In cell cultures, the two GLVs induced distinct changes in MAP kinase (MAPK) activity and proton fluxes as well as rapid and massive changes in the phosphorylation status of proteins within 5 min. Many of these phosphoproteins are involved in reprogramming the proteome from cellular homoeostasis to stress and include pattern recognition receptors, a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase, MAPK cascade components, calcium signaling proteins and transcriptional regulators. These are well-known components of damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) signaling pathways. These rapid changes in the phosphoproteome may underly the activation of defense and developmental responses to GLVs. Our data provide further evidence that GLVs function like DAMPs and indicate that GLVs coopt DAMP signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirsten W Fisher
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - B Todd Mullis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
- IMCS, Irmo, South Carolina, USA
| | - Harshita Negi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Jamie Roberts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Fallon Tomlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Johannes W Stratmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Heil M. Self-DNA driven inflammation in COVID-19 and after mRNA-based vaccination: lessons for non-COVID-19 pathologies. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1259879. [PMID: 38439942 PMCID: PMC10910434 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1259879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic triggered an unprecedented concentration of economic and research efforts to generate knowledge at unequalled speed on deregulated interferon type I signalling and nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer in B-cells (NF-κB)-driven interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-18 secretion causing cytokine storms. The translation of the knowledge on how the resulting systemic inflammation can lead to life-threatening complications into novel treatments and vaccine technologies is underway. Nevertheless, previously existing knowledge on the role of cytoplasmatic or circulating self-DNA as a pro-inflammatory damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) was largely ignored. Pathologies reported 'de novo' for patients infected with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 to be outcomes of self-DNA-driven inflammation in fact had been linked earlier to self-DNA in different contexts, e.g., the infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1, sterile inflammation, and autoimmune diseases. I highlight particularly how synergies with other DAMPs can render immunogenic properties to normally non-immunogenic extracellular self-DNA, and I discuss the shared features of the gp41 unit of the HIV-1 envelope protein and the SARS-CoV 2 Spike protein that enable HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 to interact with cell or nuclear membranes, trigger syncytia formation, inflict damage to their host's DNA, and trigger inflammation - likely for their own benefit. These similarities motivate speculations that similar mechanisms to those driven by gp41 can explain how inflammatory self-DNA contributes to some of most frequent adverse events after vaccination with the BNT162b2 mRNA (Pfizer/BioNTech) or the mRNA-1273 (Moderna) vaccine, i.e., myocarditis, herpes zoster, rheumatoid arthritis, autoimmune nephritis or hepatitis, new-onset systemic lupus erythematosus, and flare-ups of psoriasis or lupus. The hope is to motivate a wider application of the lessons learned from the experiences with COVID-19 and the new mRNA vaccines to combat future non-COVID-19 diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Heil
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV)-Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Leclerc L, Nguyen TH, Duval P, Mariotti V, Petitot AS, Orjuela J, Ogier JC, Gaudriault S, Champion A, Nègre N. Early transcriptomic responses of rice leaves to herbivory by Spodoptera frugiperda. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2836. [PMID: 38310172 PMCID: PMC10838271 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53348-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
During herbivory, chewing insects deposit complex oral secretions (OS) onto the plant wound. Understanding how plants respond to the different cues of herbivory remains an active area of research. In this study, we used an herbivory-mimick experiment to investigate the early transcriptional response of rice plants leaves to wounding, OS, and OS microbiota from Spodoptera frugiperda larvae. Wounding induced a massive early response associated to hormones such as jasmonates. This response switched drastically upon OS treatment indicating the activation of OS specific pathways. When comparing native and dysbiotic OS treatments, we observed few gene regulation. This suggests that in addition to wounding the early response in rice is mainly driven by the insect compounds of the OS rather than microbial. However, microbiota affected genes encoding key phytohormone synthesis enzymes, suggesting an additional modulation of plant response by OS microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Nicolas Nègre
- DGIMI, Univ Montpellier, INRAE, Montpellier, France.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sivaramakrishnan M, Goel S, Ratnaparkhi N, Chandrasekar B. Chemiluminescence-Based Assay to Monitor Early Oxidative Bursts in Soybean (Glycine max) Lateral Roots. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e869. [PMID: 37625015 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst assay is a valuable tool for studying pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) in plants. During PTI, the interaction between pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) leads to the rapid production of ROS in the apoplastic space. The resultant ROS can be measured using a chemiluminescent approach that involves the usage of horseradish peroxidase and luminol. Although several methods and protocols are available to detect early ROS bursts in leaf tissues, no dedicated method is available for root tissues. Here, we have established a reliable method to measure the PAMP-triggered ROS burst response in soybean lateral roots. In plants, lateral roots are the potential entry and colonization sites for pathogens in the rhizosphere. We have used important PAMPs such as chitohexaose, flagellin 22 peptide fragment, and laminarin to validate our method. In addition, we provide a detailed methodology for the isolation and application of fungal cell wall components to monitor the oxidative burst in soybean lateral roots. Furthermore, we provide methodology for performing ROS burst assays in soybean leaf discs with laminarin and fungal cell walls. This approach could also be applied to leaf and root tissues of other plant species to study the PTI response upon elicitor treatment. © 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst assay in soybean lateral root tissues Alternate Protocol: ROS burst assay in soybean leaf discs Support Protocol: Isolating fungal cell wall fractions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sakshi Goel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS Pilani), Pilani, India
| | - Nikhil Ratnaparkhi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS Pilani), Pilani, India
| | - Balakumaran Chandrasekar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology & Science (BITS Pilani), Pilani, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Duan X, Hu M, Yang L, Zhang S, Wang B, Li T, Tan Y, Li Y, Liu X, Zhan Z. IRG1 prevents excessive inflammatory responses and cardiac dysfunction after myocardial injury. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 213:115614. [PMID: 37209857 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (MI) and chemotherapeutic drug administration can induce myocardial damage and cardiomyocyte cell death, and trigger the release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that initiate the aseptic inflammatory response. The moderate inflammatory response is beneficial for repairing damaged myocardium, while an excessive inflammatory response exacerbates myocardial injury, promotes scar formation, and results in a poor prognosis of cardiac diseases. Immune responsive gene 1 (IRG1) is specifically highly expressed in activated macrophages and mediates the production of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle metabolite itaconate. However, the role of IRG1 in the inflammation and myocardial injury of cardiac stress-related diseases remains unknown. Here, we found that IRG1 knockout mice exhibited increased cardiac tissue inflammation and infarct size, aggravated myocardial fibrosis, and impaired cardiac function after MI and in vivo doxorubicin (Dox) administration. Mechanically, IRG1 deficiency enhanced the production of IL-6 and IL-1β by suppressing the nuclear factor red lineage 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3) pathway in cardiac macrophages. Importantly, 4-octyl itaconate (4-OI), a cell-permeable derivative of itaconate, reversed the inhibited expression of NRF2 and ATF3 caused by IRG1 deficiency. Moreover, in vivo 4-OI administration inhibited the cardiac inflammation and fibrosis, and prevented adverse ventricle remodeling in IRG1 knockout mice with MI or Dox-induced myocardial injury. Our study uncovers the critical protective role of IRG1 in suppressing inflammation and preventing cardiac dysfunction under ischemic or toxic injury conditions, providing a potential target for the treatment of myocardial injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuewen Duan
- Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200081, China; Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Meiling Hu
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Linshan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Tong Li
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yong Tan
- Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Yingke Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Changzheng Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Xingguang Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Zhenzhen Zhan
- Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200081, China; Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias of the Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Cascone P, Vuts J, Birkett MA, Rasmann S, Pickett JA, Guerrieri E. Small volatile lipophilic molecules induced belowground by aphid attack elicit a defensive response in neighbouring un-infested plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1154587. [PMID: 37426972 PMCID: PMC10326905 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1154587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
In pioneering studies on plant-aphid interactions, we have observed that Vicia faba plants infested by aphids can transmit signals via the rhizosphere that induce aboveground defence in intact, neighbouring plants. The aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi is significantly attracted towards intact broad bean plants grown in a hydroponic solution previously harbouring Acyrtosiphon pisum-infested plants. To identify the rhizosphere signal(s) possibly mediating this belowground plant-plant communication, root exudates were collected using Solid-Phase Extraction (SPE) from 10-day old A. pisum-infested and un-infested Vicia faba plants hydroponically grown. To verify the ability of these root exudates to trigger defence mechanisms against the aphids we added them to V. fabae plants grown in hydroponic solution, and tested these plants in the wind-tunnel bioassay to assess their attractiveness towards the aphids' parasitoids A. ervi. We identified three small volatile lipophilic molecules as plant defence elicitors: 1-octen-3-ol, sulcatone and sulcatol, in SPE extracts of A. pisum-infested broad bean plants. In wind tunnel assays, we recorded a significant increase in the attractiveness towards A. ervi of V. faba plants grown in hydroponic solution treated with these compounds, compared to plants grown in hydroponic treated with ethanol (control). Both 1-octen-3-ol and sulcatol have asymmetrically substituted carbon atoms at positions 3 and 2, respectively. Hence, we tested both their enantiomers alone or in mixture. We highlighted a synergistic effect on the level of attractiveness towards the parasitoid when testing the three compounds together in respect to the response recorded against them singly tested. These behavioural responses were supported by the characterization of headspace volatiles released by tested plants. These results shed new light on the mechanisms underlying plant-plant communication belowground and prompt the use of bio-derived semiochemicals for a sustainable protection of agricultural crops.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Cascone
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - Jozsef Vuts
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Michael A. Birkett
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Sergio Rasmann
- Institute of Biology, University of Neuchatel, Neuchatel, Switzerland
| | - John A. Pickett
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Emilio Guerrieri
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Portici, Napoli, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Torino, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rai P, Prasad L, Rai PK. Fungal effectors versus defense-related genes of B. juncea and the status of resistant transgenics against fungal pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1139009. [PMID: 37360735 PMCID: PMC10285668 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1139009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Oilseed brassica has become instrumental in securing global food and nutritional security. B. juncea, colloquially known as Indian mustard, is cultivated across tropics and subtropics including Indian subcontinent. The production of Indian mustard is severely hampered by fungal pathogens which necessitates human interventions. Chemicals are often resorted to as they are quick and effective, but due to their economic and ecological unsustainability, there is a need to explore their alternatives. The B. juncea-fungal pathosystem is quite diverse as it covers broad-host range necrotrophs (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum), narrow-host range necrotrophs (Alternaria brassicae and A. brassicicola) and biotrophic oomycetes (Albugo candida and Hyaloperonospora brassica). Plants ward off fungal pathogens through two-step resistance mechanism; PTI which involves recognition of elicitors and ETI where the resistance gene (R gene) interacts with the fungal effectors. The hormonal signalling is also found to play a vital role in defense as the JA/ET pathway is initiated at the time of necrotroph infection and SA pathway is induced when the biotrophs attack plants. The review discuss the prevalence of fungal pathogens of Indian mustard and the studies conducted on effectoromics. It covers both pathogenicity conferring genes and host-specific toxins (HSTs) that can be used for a variety of purposes such as identifying cognate R genes, understanding pathogenicity and virulence mechanisms, and establishing the phylogeny of fungal pathogens. It further encompasses the studies on identifying resistant sources and characterisation of R genes/quantitative trait loci and defense-related genes identified in Brassicaceae and unrelated species which, upon introgression or overexpression, confer resistance. Finally, the studies conducted on developing resistant transgenics in Brassicaceae have been covered in which chitinase and glucanase genes are mostly used. The knowledge gained from this review can further be used for imparting resistance against major fungal pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prajjwal Rai
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agriculture Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Laxman Prasad
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agriculture Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Rai
- Division of Plant Pathology, Directorate of Rapeseed-Mustard Research, Bharatpur, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dou X, Chen R, Yang J, Dai M, Long J, Sun S, Lin Y. The potential role of T-cell metabolism-related molecules in chronic neuropathic pain after nerve injury: a narrative review. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1107298. [PMID: 37266437 PMCID: PMC10229812 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1107298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a common type of chronic pain, primarily caused by peripheral nerve injury. Different T-cell subtypes play various roles in neuropathic pain caused by peripheral nerve damage. Peripheral nerve damage can lead to co-infiltration of neurons and other inflammatory cells, thereby altering the cellular microenvironment and affecting cellular metabolism. By elaborating on the above, we first relate chronic pain to T-cell energy metabolism. Then we summarize the molecules that have affected T-cell energy metabolism in the past five years and divide them into two categories. The first category could play a role in neuropathic pain, and we explain their roles in T-cell function and chronic pain, respectively. The second category has not yet been involved in neuropathic pain, and we focus on how they affect T-cell function by influencing T-cell metabolism. By discussing the above content, this review provides a reference for studying the direct relationship between chronic pain and T-cell metabolism and searching for potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of chronic pain on the level of T-cell energy metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Dou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Juexi Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Maosha Dai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junhao Long
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shujun Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Pain, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vega-Muñoz I, Herrera-Estrella A, Martínez-de la Vega O, Heil M. ATM and ATR, two central players of the DNA damage response, are involved in the induction of systemic acquired resistance by extracellular DNA, but not the plant wound response. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1175786. [PMID: 37256140 PMCID: PMC10225592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1175786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The plant immune response to DNA is highly self/nonself-specific. Self-DNA triggered stronger responses by early immune signals such as H2O2 formation than nonself-DNA from closely related plant species. Plants lack known DNA receptors. Therefore, we aimed to investigate whether a differential sensing of self-versus nonself DNA fragments as damage- versus pathogen-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs/PAMPs) or an activation of the DNA-damage response (DDR) represents the more promising framework to understand this phenomenon. Results We treated Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 plants with sonicated self-DNA from other individuals of the same ecotype, nonself-DNA from another A. thaliana ecotype, or nonself-DNA from broccoli. We observed a highly self/nonself-DNA-specific induction of H2O2 formation and of jasmonic acid (JA, the hormone controlling the wound response to chewing herbivores) and salicylic acid (SA, the hormone controlling systemic acquired resistance, SAR, to biotrophic pathogens). Mutant lines lacking Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) or ATM AND RAD3-RELATED (ATR) - the two DDR master kinases - retained the differential induction of JA in response to DNA treatments but completely failed to induce H2O2 or SA. Moreover, we observed H2O2 formation in response to in situ-damaged self-DNA from plants that had been treated with bleomycin or SA or infected with virulent bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 or pv. glycinea carrying effector avrRpt2, but not to DNA from H2O2-treated plants or challenged with non-virulent P. syringae pv. glycinea lacking avrRpt2. Conclusion We conclude that both ATM and ATR are required for the complete activation of the plant immune response to extracellular DNA whereas an as-yet unknown mechanism allows for the self/nonself-differential activation of the JA-dependent wound response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Vega-Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas, Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV)—Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, GTO, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Herrera-Estrella
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV)—Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Irapuato, GTO, Mexico
| | - Octavio Martínez-de la Vega
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV)—Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Irapuato, GTO, Mexico
| | - Martin Heil
- Laboratorio de Ecología de Plantas, Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV)—Unidad Irapuato, Irapuato, GTO, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Han J, Dong L, Wu M, Ma F. Dynamic polarization of tumor-associated macrophages and their interaction with intratumoral T cells in an inflamed tumor microenvironment: from mechanistic insights to therapeutic opportunities. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1160340. [PMID: 37251409 PMCID: PMC10219223 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1160340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has brought a paradigm shift in the treatment of tumors in recent decades. However, a significant proportion of patients remain unresponsive, largely due to the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) play crucial roles in shaping the TME by exhibiting dual identities as both mediators and responders of inflammation. TAMs closely interact with intratumoral T cells, regulating their infiltration, activation, expansion, effector function, and exhaustion through multiple secretory and surface factors. Nevertheless, the heterogeneous and plastic nature of TAMs renders the targeting of any of these factors alone inadequate and poses significant challenges for mechanistic studies and clinical translation of corresponding therapies. In this review, we present a comprehensive summary of the mechanisms by which TAMs dynamically polarize to influence intratumoral T cells, with a focus on their interaction with other TME cells and metabolic competition. For each mechanism, we also discuss relevant therapeutic opportunities, including non-specific and targeted approaches in combination with checkpoint inhibitors and cellular therapies. Our ultimate goal is to develop macrophage-centered therapies that can fine-tune tumor inflammation and empower immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiashu Han
- 4+4 Medical Doctor Program, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng, Beijing, China
| | - Luochu Dong
- 4+4 Medical Doctor Program, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Dongcheng, Beijing, China
| | - Mengwei Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (CAMS), Beijing, China
| | - Fei Ma
- Center for National Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ma J, Wang H, Jin L, Zhang P. Comparative analysis of physiological responses to environmental stress in Hedysarum scoparium and Caragana korshinskii seedlings due to roots exposure. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14905. [PMID: 36874966 PMCID: PMC9983421 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hedysarum scoparium and Caragana korshinskii seedlings were used as the test materials to carry out the roots exposure stress model test. By comparing the physiological growth indexes in the leaves of the tested plants, the stress resistance ability was evaluated. The results showed (1) root exposure resulted in excessive oxygen free radicals, which resulted in membrane lipid peroxidation and increased MDA content in two plants. The increase of MDA content in H. scoparium was greater than that in C. korshinskii. (2) H. scoparium mainly regulate their own adaptation to the stress by regulating carotenoids. C. korshinskii adjusts itself to adapt to the stress by regulating chlorophyll. (3) H. scoparium resist this stress mainly by regulating their respiration rate. (4) H. scoparium mainly through the mobilization of proline, by adjusting the proline concentration to reduce their water potential; C. korshinskii reduced its water potential mainly by regulating the concentration of soluble sugar to adapt to the stress. (5) H. scoparium and C. korshinskii activated peroxidase (H. scoparium) and catalase (C. korshinskii) to clean up intracellular peroxides, respectively. To sum up, under the same root exposure ratio, there were significant differences in physiological regulation and morphological indexes between H. and C. korshinskii, but their stress resistance mechanisms were quite different.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juanli Ma
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Huan Wang
- Chabuchaer County Forestry and Grassland Adminstraton, Ili Valley, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lei Jin
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Doan Ngoc TM, Tilly G, Danger R, Bonizec O, Masset C, Guérif P, Bruneau S, Glemain A, Harb J, Cadoux M, Vivet A, Mai HL, Garcia A, Laplaud D, Liblau R, Giral M, Blandin S, Feyeux M, Dubreuil L, Pecqueur C, Cyr M, Ni W, Brouard S, Degauque N. Effector Memory-Expressing CD45RA (TEMRA) CD8 + T Cells from Kidney Transplant Recipients Exhibit Enhanced Purinergic P2X4 Receptor-Dependent Proinflammatory and Migratory Responses. J Am Soc Nephrol 2022; 33:2211-2231. [PMID: 36280286 PMCID: PMC9731633 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2022030286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mechanisms regulating CD8+ T cell migration to nonlymphoid tissue during inflammation have not been fully elucidated, and the migratory properties of effector memory CD8+ T cells that re-express CD45RA (TEMRA CD8+ T cells) remain unclear, despite their roles in autoimmune diseases and allotransplant rejection. METHODS We used single-cell proteomic profiling and functional testing of CD8+ T cell subsets to characterize their effector functions and migratory properties in healthy volunteers and kidney transplant recipients with stable or humoral rejection. RESULTS We showed that humoral rejection of a kidney allograft is associated with an accumulation of cytolytic TEMRA CD8+ T cells in blood and kidney graft biopsies. TEMRA CD8+ T cells from kidney transplant recipients exhibited enhanced migratory properties compared with effector memory (EM) CD8+ T cells, with enhanced adhesion to activated endothelium and transmigration in response to the chemokine CXCL12. CXCL12 directly triggers a purinergic P2×4 receptor-dependent proinflammatory response of TEMRA CD8+ T cells from transplant recipients. The stimulation with IL-15 promotes the CXCL12-induced migration of TEMRA and EM CD8+ T cells and promotes the generation of functional PSGL1, which interacts with the cell adhesion molecule P-selectin and adhesion of these cells to activated endothelium. Although disruption of the interaction between functional PSGL1 and P-selectin prevents the adhesion and transmigration of both TEMRA and EM CD8+ T cells, targeting VLA-4 or LFA-1 (integrins involved in T cell migration) specifically inhibited the migration of TEMRA CD8+ T cells from kidney transplant recipients. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the active role of TEMRA CD8+ T cells in humoral transplant rejection and suggest that kidney transplant recipients may benefit from therapeutics targeting these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tra-My Doan Ngoc
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
| | - Gaëlle Tilly
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
| | - Richard Danger
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, Nantes, France
| | - Orianne Bonizec
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
| | - Christophe Masset
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, Nantes, France
| | - Pierrick Guérif
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, Nantes, France
| | - Sarah Bruneau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
| | - Alexandre Glemain
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
| | - Jean Harb
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, Nantes, France
| | - Marion Cadoux
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
| | - Anaïs Vivet
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
| | - Hoa Le Mai
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, Nantes, France
| | - Alexandra Garcia
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
| | - David Laplaud
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
| | - Roland Liblau
- CNRS, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UPS, Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (Infinity), University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Department of Immunology, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Magali Giral
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, Nantes, France
| | - Stéphanie Blandin
- CHU Nantes, CNRS, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, BioCore, US16, SFR Bonamy, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Magalie Feyeux
- CHU Nantes, CNRS, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, BioCore, US16, SFR Bonamy, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | | | - Claire Pecqueur
- Université d’Angers, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, CNRS, CRCI2NA, Nantes Université, Nantes, France
| | - Matthew Cyr
- IsoPlexis Corporation, Branford, Connecticut
| | - Weiming Ni
- IsoPlexis Corporation, Branford, Connecticut
| | - Sophie Brouard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
- CHU Nantes, Nantes Université, Institut de Transplantation Urologie Néphrologie, Nantes, France
| | - Nicolas Degauque
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Nantes Université, CHU Nantes, Center for Research in Transplantation and Translational Immunology, UMR 1064, Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kim CY, Song H, Lee YH. Ambivalent response in pathogen defense: A double-edged sword? PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100415. [PMID: 35918895 PMCID: PMC9700132 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Plants possess effective immune systems that defend against most microbial attackers. Recent plant immunity research has focused on the classic binary defense model involving the pivotal role of small-molecule hormones in regulating the plant defense signaling network. Although most of our current understanding comes from studies that relied on information derived from a limited number of pathosystems, newer studies concerning the incredibly diverse interactions between plants and microbes are providing additional insights into other novel mechanisms. Here, we review the roles of both classical and more recently identified components of defense signaling pathways and stress hormones in regulating the ambivalence effect during responses to diverse pathogens. Because of their different lifestyles, effective defense against biotrophic pathogens normally leads to increased susceptibility to necrotrophs, and vice versa. Given these opposing forces, the plant potentially faces a trade-off when it mounts resistance to a specific pathogen, a phenomenon referred to here as the ambivalence effect. We also highlight a novel mechanism by which translational control of the proteins involved in the ambivalence effect can be used to engineer durable and broad-spectrum disease resistance, regardless of the lifestyle of the invading pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Yeol Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyeunjeong Song
- Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Interdisciplinary Program in Agricultural Genomics, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ercolano MR, D’Esposito D, Andolfo G, Frusciante L. Multilevel evolution shapes the function of NB-LRR encoding genes in plant innate immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1007288. [PMID: 36388554 PMCID: PMC9647133 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1007288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A sophisticated innate immune system based on diverse pathogen receptor genes (PRGs) evolved in the history of plant life. To reconstruct the direction and magnitude of evolutionary trajectories of a given gene family, it is critical to detect the ancestral signatures. The rearrangement of functional domains made up the diversification found in PRG repertoires. Structural rearrangement of ancient domains mediated the NB-LRR evolutionary path from an initial set of modular proteins. Events such as domain acquisition, sequence modification and temporary or stable associations are prominent among rapidly evolving innate immune receptors. Over time PRGs are continuously shaped by different forces to find their optimal arrangement along the genome. The immune system is controlled by a robust regulatory system that works at different scales. It is important to understand how the PRG interaction network can be adjusted to meet specific needs. The high plasticity of the innate immune system is based on a sophisticated functional architecture and multi-level control. Due to the complexity of interacting with diverse pathogens, multiple defense lines have been organized into interconnected groups. Genomic architecture, gene expression regulation and functional arrangement of PRGs allow the deployment of an appropriate innate immunity response.
Collapse
|
17
|
Immunopathogenesis of Sjogren's syndrome: Current state of DAMPs. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2022; 56:152062. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2022.152062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
18
|
Assessing the Relationship Between Molecular Rejection and Parenchymal Injury in Heart Transplant Biopsies. Transplantation 2022; 106:2205-2216. [PMID: 35968995 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The INTERHEART study (ClinicalTrials.gov #NCT02670408) used genome-wide microarrays to detect rejection in endomyocardial biopsies; however, many heart transplants with no rejection have late dysfunction and impaired survival. We used the microarray measurements to develop a molecular classification of parenchymal injury. METHODS In 1320 endomyocardial biopsies from 645 patients previously studied for rejection-associated transcripts, we measured the expression of 10 injury-induced transcript sets: 5 induced by recent injury; 2 reflecting macrophage infiltration; 2 normal heart transcript sets; and immunoglobulin transcripts, which correlate with time. We used archetypal clustering to assign injury groups. RESULTS Injury transcript sets correlated with impaired function. Archetypal clustering based on the expression of injury transcript sets assigned each biopsy to 1 of 5 injury groups: 87 Severe-injury, 221 Late-injury, and 3 with lesser degrees of injury, 376 No-injury, 526 Mild-injury, and 110 Moderate-injury. Severe-injury had extensive loss of normal transcripts (dedifferentiation) and increase in macrophage and injury-induced transcripts. Late-injury was characterized by high immunoglobulin transcript expression. In Severe- and Late-injury, function was depressed, and short-term graft failure was increased, even in hearts with no rejection. T cell-mediated rejection almost always had parenchymal injury, and 85% had Severe- or Late-injury. In contrast, early antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR) had little injury, but late ABMR often had the Late-injury state. CONCLUSION Characterizing heart transplants for their injury state provides new understanding of dysfunction and outcomes and demonstrates the differential impact of T cell-mediated rejection versus ABMR on the parenchyma. Slow deterioration from ABMR emerges as a major contributor to late dysfunction.
Collapse
|
19
|
Valsamakis G, Bittner N, Kunze R, Hilker M, Lortzing V. Priming of Arabidopsis resistance to herbivory by insect egg deposition depends on the plant's developmental stage. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:4996-5015. [PMID: 35522985 PMCID: PMC9366327 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
While traits of plant resistance to herbivory often change during ontogeny, it is unknown whether the primability of this resistance depends on the plant's developmental stage. Resistance in non-flowering Arabidopsis thaliana against Pieris brassicae larvae is known to be primable by prior egg deposition on leaves. We investigated whether this priming effect is maintained in plants at the flowering stage. Larval performance assays revealed that flowering plants' resistance to herbivory was not primable by egg deposition. Accordingly, transcriptomes of flowering plants showed almost no response to eggs. In contrast, egg deposition on non-flowering plants enhanced the expression of genes induced by subsequent larval feeding. Strikingly, flowering plants showed constitutively high expression levels of these genes. Larvae performed generally worse on flowering than on non-flowering plants, indicating that flowering plants constitutively resist herbivory. Furthermore, we determined the seed weight in regrown plants that had been exposed to eggs and larvae during the non-flowering or flowering stage. Non-flowering plants benefitted from egg priming with a smaller loss in seed yield. The seed yield of flowering plants was unaffected by the treatments, indicating tolerance towards the larvae. Our results show that the primability of anti-herbivore defences in Arabidopsis depends on the plant's developmental stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Reinhard Kunze
- Applied Genetics, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Hilker
- Applied Zoology/ Animal Ecology, Institute of Biology, Freie Universität Berlin, Haderslebener Str. 9, 12163 Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pastor V, Cervero R, Gamir J. The simultaneous perception of self- and non-self-danger signals potentiates plant innate immunity responses. PLANTA 2022; 256:10. [PMID: 35697869 PMCID: PMC9192368 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03918-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous perception of endogenous and exogenous danger signals potentiates PAMP-triggered immunity in tomato and other downstream defence responses depending on the origin of the signal. Abstract Plant cells perceive a pathogen invasion by recognising endogenous or exogenous extracellular signals such as Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) or Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs). In particular, DAMPs are intracellular molecules or cell wall fragments passive or actively released to the apoplast, whose extracellular recognition by intact cells triggers specific immune signalling, the so-called DAMP-triggered immunity. The extracellular recognition of DAMPs and PAMPs leads to a very similar intracellular signalling, and this similarity has generated a biological need to know why plants perceive molecules with such different origins and with overlapped innate immunity responses. Here, we report that the simultaneous perception of DAMPs and a PAMP strengthens early and late plant defence responses. To this aim, we studied classical PTI responses such as the generation of ROS and MAPK phosphorylation, but we also monitored the biosynthesis of phytocytokines and performed a non-targeted metabolomic analysis. We demonstrate that co-application of the bacterial peptide flagellin with the DAMPs cyclic AMP or cellobiose amplifies PAMP-triggered immunity responses. Both co-applications enhanced the synthesis of phytocytokines, but only simultaneous treatments with cAMP strengthened the flagellin-dependent metabolomic responses. In addition, cAMP and cellobiose treatments induced resistance against the hemibiotrophic bacteria Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Overall, these results indicate that the complex mixture of DAMPs and PAMPs carries specific information that potentiates plant defence responses. However, downstream responses seem more specific depending on the composition of the mixture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Pastor
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Group, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Ciencias Naturales, University Jaume I of Castellón, 12071, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Raquel Cervero
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Group, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Ciencias Naturales, University Jaume I of Castellón, 12071, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
| | - Jordi Gamir
- Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Group, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Ciencias Naturales, University Jaume I of Castellón, 12071, Castelló de la Plana, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Turner M, Pietri JE. Antimicrobial peptide expression in the cockroach gut during enterobacterial infection is specific and influenced by type III secretion. Biol Open 2022; 11:275513. [PMID: 35611712 PMCID: PMC9167622 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Omnivorous synanthropic cockroaches, such as the German cockroach (Blattella germanica), are reservoirs and vectors of enteric bacterial pathogens. A lifestyle conducive to frequent encounters with high loads of diverse bacteria may have led to the evolution of unique innate immune systems in these insects. The innate immune response of insects relies largely on generalized mechanisms to sense and eliminate foreign microbes. However, analyses of the genomes of common synanthropic cockroaches previously revealed a repertoire of pathogen associated molecular pattern (PAMP) receptors and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) that is significantly expanded relative to most holometabolous insect models and vectors, supporting the intriguing possibility that cockroaches may encode enhanced recognition within their immune system and may possess an enhanced capacity to fine tune innate immune responses. Investigating how cockroaches respond to infection with enterobacteria provides the opportunity to expand our fundamental knowledge of the regulation of insect innate immunity in a context that is biologically and medically relevant. German cockroaches can harbor both Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Escherichia coli in their gut without experiencing pathogenesis. The former colonizes the gut and replicates while the latter persists only transiently. We hypothesized that differences in the innate immune response may contribute to or result from the difference in infection dynamics between the two enterobacteria. To test this hypothesis, we used qRT-PCR to analyze expression of five genes encoding representative AMPs (Attacins, Blattellicin, Defensins) in the gut of German cockroaches 1 and 24 h after ingestion of live or heat-killed enterobacteria. We found that robust AMP expression was induced in response to ingestion of a live wild-type strain of S. Typhimurium, but not in response to live E. coli, heat-killed S. Typhimurium, or a live mutant strain of S. Typhimurium lacking type III secretion systems. These results indicate that the cockroach immune system does not respond to stimulation with high levels of ingested bacterial PAMPs such as peptidoglycan. Rather, AMP expression in the gut appears to be induced by active bacterial colonization involving type III secretion. We speculate that this form of regulation may have evolved to prevent over activation of the immune system from frequent ingestion of innocuous, non-colonizing, or non-viable bacteria. While additional work is needed to delineate the molecular mechanisms underlying our observations, our findings provide significant novel insight into the immunological adaptation of cockroaches to life in septic environments as well as the factors that regulate bacterial pathogen transmission by these insects.
Collapse
|
22
|
Alekseenko IV, Pleshkan VV, Kuzmich AI, Kondratieva SA, Sverdlov ED. Gene-Immune Therapy of Cancer: Approaches and Problems. RUSS J GENET+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795422040020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
23
|
Halloran PF, Böhmig GA, Bromberg J, Einecke G, Eskandary FA, Gupta G, Myslak M, Viklicky O, Perkowska-Ptasinska A, Madill-Thomsen KS. Archetypal Analysis of Injury in Kidney Transplant Biopsies Identifies Two Classes of Early AKI. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:817324. [PMID: 35463013 PMCID: PMC9021747 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.817324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
All transplanted kidneys are subjected to some degree of injury as a result of the donation-implantation process and various post-transplant stresses such as rejection. Because transplants are frequently biopsied, they present an opportunity to explore the full spectrum of kidney response-to-wounding from all causes. Defining parenchymal damage in transplanted organs is important for clinical management because it determines function and survival. In this study, we classified the scenarios associated with parenchymal injury in genome-wide microarray results from 1,526 kidney transplant indication biopsies collected during the INTERCOMEX study. We defined injury groups by using archetypal analysis (AA) of scores for gene sets and classifiers previously identified in various injury states. Six groups and their characteristics were defined in this population: No injury, minor injury, two classes of acute kidney injury ("AKI," AKI1, and AKI2), chronic kidney disease (CKD), and CKD combined with AKI. We compared the two classes of AKI, namely, AKI1 and AKI2. AKI1 had a poor function and increased parenchymal dedifferentiation but minimal response-to-injury and inflammation, instead having increased expression of PARD3, a gene previously characterized as being related to epithelial polarity and adherens junctions. In contrast, AKI2 had a poor function and increased response-to-injury, significant inflammation, and increased macrophage activity. In random forest analysis, the most important predictors of function (estimated glomerular filtration rate) and graft loss were injury-based molecular scores, not rejection scores. AKI1 and AKI2 differed in 3-year graft survival, with better survival in the AKI2 group. Thus, injury archetype analysis of injury-induced gene expression shows new heterogeneity in kidney response-to-wounding, revealing AKI1, a class of early transplants with a poor function but minimal inflammation or response to injury, a deviant response characterized as PC3, and an increased risk of failure. Given the relationship between parenchymal injury and kidney survival, further characterization of the injury phenotypes in kidney transplants will be important for an improved understanding that could have implications for understanding native kidney diseases (ClinicalTrials.gov #NCT01299168).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip F Halloran
- Alberta Transplant Applied Genomics Centre, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Division of Nephrology and Transplant Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Georg A Böhmig
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonathan Bromberg
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Gunilla Einecke
- Department of Nephrology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Farsad A Eskandary
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Division of Nephrology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Marek Myslak
- Department of Clinical Interventions, Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation Samodzielny Publiczny Wojewódzki Szpital Zespolony (SPWSZ) Hospital, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ondrej Viklicky
- Department of Nephrology and Transplant Center, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czechia
| | - Agnieszka Perkowska-Ptasinska
- Department of Transplantation Medicine, Nephrology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chen MM, Yang SR, Wang J, Fang YL, Peng YL, Fan J. Fungal oxysterol-binding protein-related proteins promote pathogen virulence and activate plant immunity. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:2125-2141. [PMID: 34864987 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterol-binding protein-related proteins (ORPs) are a conserved class of lipid transfer proteins that are closely involved in multiple cellular processes in eukaryotes, but their roles in plant-pathogen interactions are mostly unknown. We show that transient expression of ORPs of Magnaporthe oryzae (MoORPs) in Nicotiana benthamina plants triggered oxidative bursts and cell death; treatment of tobacco Bright Yellow-2 suspension cells with recombinant MoORPs elicited the production of reactive oxygen species. Despite ORPs being normally described as intracellular proteins, we detected MoORPs in fungal culture filtrates and intercellular fluids from barley plants infected with the fungus. More importantly, infiltration of Arabidopsis plants with recombinant Arabidopsis or fungal ORPs activated oxidative bursts, callose deposition, and PR1 gene expression, and enhanced plant disease resistance, implying that ORPs may function as endogenous and exogenous danger signals triggering plant innate immunity. Extracellular application of fungal ORPs exerted an opposite impact on salicylic acid and jasmonic acid/ethylene signaling pathways. Brassinosteroid Insensitive 1-associated Kinase 1 was dispensable for the ORP-activated defense. Besides, simultaneous knockout of MoORP1 and MoORP3 abolished fungal colony radial growth and conidiation, whereas double knockout of MoORP1 and MoORP2 compromised fungal virulence on barley and rice plants. These observations collectively highlight the multifaceted role of MoORPs in the modulation of plant innate immunity and promotion of fungal development and virulence in M. oryzae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Si-Ru Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Li Fang
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Fan
- Department of Plant Pathology, MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
NorA, HmpX, and NorB Cooperate to Reduce NO Toxicity during Denitrification and Plant Pathogenesis in Ralstonia solanacearum. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0026422. [PMID: 35377234 PMCID: PMC9045102 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00264-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ralstonia solanacearum, which causes bacterial wilt disease of many crops, requires denitrifying respiration to survive in its plant host. In the hypoxic environment of plant xylem vessels, this pathogen confronts toxic oxidative radicals like nitric oxide (NO), which is generated by both bacterial denitrification and host defenses. R. solanacearum has multiple distinct mechanisms that could mitigate this stress, including putative NO-binding protein (NorA), nitric oxide reductase (NorB), and flavohaemoglobin (HmpX). During denitrification and tomato pathogenesis and in response to exogenous NO, R. solanacearum upregulated norA, norB, and hmpX. Single mutants lacking ΔnorB, ΔnorA, or ΔhmpX increased expression of many iron and sulfur metabolism genes, suggesting that the loss of even one NO detoxification system demands metabolic compensation. Single mutants suffered only moderate fitness reductions in host plants, possibly because they upregulated their remaining protective genes. However, ΔnorA/norB, ΔnorB/hmpX, and ΔnorA/hmpX double mutants grew poorly in denitrifying culture and in planta. It is likely that the loss of norA, norB, and hmpX is lethal, since the methods used to construct the double mutants could not generate a triple mutant. Functional aconitase activity assays showed that NorA, HmpX, and especially NorB are important for maintaining iron-sulfur cluster proteins. Additionally, plant defense genes were upregulated in tomatoes infected with the NO-overproducing ΔnorB mutant, suggesting that bacterial detoxification of NO reduces the ability of the plant host to perceive the presence of the pathogen. Thus, R. solanacearum's three NO detoxification systems each contribute to and are collectively essential for overcoming metabolic nitrosative stress during denitrification, for virulence and growth in the tomato, and for evading host plant defenses. IMPORTANCE The soilborne plant pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum (Rs) causes bacterial wilt, a serious and widespread threat to global food security. Rs is metabolically adapted to low-oxygen conditions, using denitrifying respiration to survive in the host and cause disease. However, bacterial denitrification and host defenses generate nitric oxide (NO), which is toxic and also alters signaling pathways in both the pathogen and its plant hosts. Rs mitigates NO with a trio of mechanistically distinct proteins: NO-reductase (NorB), predicted iron-binding (NorA), and oxidoreductase (HmpX). This redundancy, together with analysis of mutants and in-planta dual transcriptomes, indicates that maintaining low NO levels is integral to Rs fitness in tomatoes (because NO damages iron-cluster proteins) and to evading host recognition (because bacterially produced NO can trigger plant defenses).
Collapse
|
26
|
Vardam-Kaur T, van Dijk S, Peng C, Wanhainen KM, Jameson SC, Borges da Silva H. The Extracellular ATP Receptor P2RX7 Imprints a Promemory Transcriptional Signature in Effector CD8 + T Cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:1686-1699. [PMID: 35264459 PMCID: PMC8976739 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Development of CD8+ central memory T (Tcm) and resident memory T (Trm) cells, which promote immunity in the circulation and in barrier tissues, respectively, is not completely understood. Tcm and Trm cells may arise from common precursors; however, their fate-inducing signals are elusive. We found that virus-specific effector CD8+ T cells display heterogeneous expression of the extracellular ATP sensor P2RX7. P2RX7-high expression is confined, at peak effector phase, to CD62L+ memory precursors, which preferentially form Tcm cells. Among early effector CD8+ T cells, asymmetrical P2RX7 distribution correlated with distinct transcriptional signatures, with P2RX7-high cells enriched for memory and tissue residency sets. P2RX7-high early effectors preferentially form both Tcm and Trm cells. Defective Tcm and Trm cell formation in P2RX7 deficiency is significantly reverted when the transcriptional repressor Zeb2 is ablated. Mechanistically, P2RX7 negatively regulates Zeb2 expression, at least partially through TGF-β sensing in early effector CD8+ T cells. Our study indicates that unequal P2RX7 upregulation in effector CD8+ T cells is a foundational element of the early Tcm/Trm fate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah van Dijk
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ; and
| | - Changwei Peng
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Kelsey M Wanhainen
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Stephen C Jameson
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Madill-Thomsen KS, Abouljoud M, Bhati C, Ciszek M, Durlik M, Feng S, Foroncewicz B, Francis I, Grąt M, Jurczyk K, Klintmalm G, Krasnodębski M, McCaughan G, Miquel R, Montano-Loza A, Moonka D, Mucha K, Myślak M, Pączek L, Perkowska-Ptasińska A, Piecha G, Reichman T, Sanchez-Fueyo A, Tronina O, Wawrzynowicz-Syczewska M, Więcek A, Zieniewicz K, Halloran PF. The molecular phenotypes of injury, steatohepatitis, and fibrosis in liver transplant biopsies in the INTERLIVER study. Am J Transplant 2022; 22:909-926. [PMID: 34780106 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
To extend previous molecular analyses of rejection in liver transplant biopsies in the INTERLIVER study (ClinicalTrials.gov #NCT03193151), the present study aimed to define the gene expression selective for parenchymal injury, fibrosis, and steatohepatitis. We analyzed genome-wide microarray measurements from 337 liver transplant biopsies from 13 centers. We examined expression of genes previously annotated as increased in injury and fibrosis using principal component analysis (PCA). PC1 reflected parenchymal injury and related inflammation in the early posttransplant period, slowly regressing over many months. PC2 separated early injury from late fibrosis. Positive PC3 identified a distinct mildly inflamed state correlating with histologic steatohepatitis. Injury PCs correlated with liver function and histologic abnormalities. A classifier trained on histologic steatohepatitis predicted histologic steatohepatitis with cross-validated AUC = 0.83, and was associated with pathways reflecting metabolic abnormalities distinct from fibrosis. PC2 predicted histologic fibrosis (AUC = 0.80), as did a molecular fibrosis classifier (AUC = 0.74). The fibrosis classifier correlated with matrix remodeling pathways with minimal overlap with those selective for steatohepatitis, although some biopsies had both. Genome-wide assessment of liver transplant biopsies can not only detect molecular changes induced by rejection but also those correlating with parenchymal injury, steatohepatitis, and fibrosis, offering potential insights into disease mechanisms for primary diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chandra Bhati
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Michał Ciszek
- Department of Immunology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Durlik
- Department of Transplant Medicine, Nephrology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sandy Feng
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Bartosz Foroncewicz
- Department of Immunology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Michał Grąt
- Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Jurczyk
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Maciej Krasnodębski
- Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Geoff McCaughan
- Centenary Research Institute, Australian National Liver Transplant Unit, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Krzysztof Mucha
- Department of Immunology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marek Myślak
- Department of Clinical Interventions, Department of Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation SPWSZ Hospital, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Leszek Pączek
- Department of Immunology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Grzegorz Piecha
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | | | | | - Olga Tronina
- Department of Transplant Medicine, Nephrology and Internal Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Wawrzynowicz-Syczewska
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hepatology and Liver Transplantation, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Więcek
- Department of Nephrology, Transplantation and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Zieniewicz
- Department of General, Transplant and Liver Surgery, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Seong SY, Matzinger P, Land WG. Editorial: DAMPs Across the Tree of Life. Front Immunol 2022; 12:844315. [PMID: 35178047 PMCID: PMC8844022 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.844315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Yong Seong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Wide River Institute of Immunology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Polly Matzinger
- Ghost Lab., Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Walter Gottlieb Land
- German Academy for Transplantation Medicine, Munich, Germany.,Molecular ImmunoRheumatology, INSERM UMR_S1109, Laboratory of Excellence Transplantex, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Tzipilevich E, Pollak‐Fiyaksel O, Shraiteh B, Ben‐Yehuda S. Bacteria elicit a phage tolerance response subsequent to infection of their neighbors. EMBO J 2022; 41:e109247. [PMID: 34878184 PMCID: PMC8804946 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021109247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Appearance of plaques on a bacterial lawn is a sign of successive rounds of bacteriophage infection. Yet, mechanisms evolved by bacteria to limit plaque spread have been hardly explored. Here, we investigated the dynamics of plaque development by lytic phages infecting the bacterium Bacillus subtilis. We report that plaque expansion is followed by a constriction phase owing to bacterial growth into the plaque zone. This phenomenon exposed an adaptive process, herein termed "phage tolerance response", elicited by non-infected bacteria upon sensing infection of their neighbors. The temporary phage tolerance is executed by the stress-response RNA polymerase sigma factor σX (SigX). Artificial expression of SigX prior to phage attack largely eliminates infection. SigX tolerance is primarily conferred by activation of the dlt operon, encoding enzymes that catalyze D-alanylation of cell wall teichoic acid polymers, the major attachment sites for phages infecting Gram-positive bacteria. D-alanylation impedes phage binding and hence infection, thus enabling the uninfected bacteria to form a protective shield opposing phage spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elhanan Tzipilevich
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsInstitute for Medical Research Israel‐Canada (IMRIC)The Hebrew University‐Hadassah Medical SchoolThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
- Present address:
Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical InstituteDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
| | - Osher Pollak‐Fiyaksel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsInstitute for Medical Research Israel‐Canada (IMRIC)The Hebrew University‐Hadassah Medical SchoolThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Bushra Shraiteh
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsInstitute for Medical Research Israel‐Canada (IMRIC)The Hebrew University‐Hadassah Medical SchoolThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Sigal Ben‐Yehuda
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsInstitute for Medical Research Israel‐Canada (IMRIC)The Hebrew University‐Hadassah Medical SchoolThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Monson RK, Trowbridge AM, Lindroth RL, Lerdau MT. Coordinated resource allocation to plant growth-defense tradeoffs. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:1051-1066. [PMID: 34614214 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Plant resource allocation patterns often reveal tradeoffs that favor growth (G) over defense (D), or vice versa. Ecologists most often explain G-D tradeoffs through principles of economic optimality, in which negative trait correlations are attributed to the reconciliation of fitness costs. Recently, researchers in molecular biology have developed 'big data' resources including multi-omic (e.g. transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic) studies that describe the cellular processes controlling gene expression in model species. In this synthesis, we bridge ecological theory with discoveries in multi-omics biology to better understand how selection has shaped the mechanisms of G-D tradeoffs. Multi-omic studies reveal strategically coordinated patterns in resource allocation that are enabled by phytohormone crosstalk and transcriptional signal cascades. Coordinated resource allocation justifies the framework of optimality theory, while providing mechanistic insight into the feedbacks and control hubs that calibrate G-D tradeoff commitments. We use the existing literature to describe the coordinated resource allocation hypothesis (CoRAH) that accounts for balanced cellular controls during the expression of G-D tradeoffs, while sustaining stored resource pools to buffer the impacts of future stresses. The integrative mechanisms of the CoRAH unify the supply- and demand-side perspectives of previous G-D tradeoff theories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Russell K Monson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Amy M Trowbridge
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Richard L Lindroth
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Manuel T Lerdau
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22904, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Fadeel B. Understanding the immunological interactions of engineered nanomaterials: Role of the bio-corona. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 14:e1798. [PMID: 36416023 PMCID: PMC9787869 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials are a broad class of materials with the potential for breakthrough applications in many sectors of society not least in medicine. Consequently, safety assessment of nanomaterials and nano-enabled products with respect to human health and the environment is of key importance. To this end, the biological interactions of nanoscale materials must be understood. Here, the dual "identities" of nanomaterials, namely, the material-intrinsic properties or synthetic identity and the acquired, context-dependent properties or biological identity, are discussed in relation to nanomaterial interactions with the immune system, our main defense against foreign intrusion. Specifically, we address whether macrophages and other innate immune cells respond to the synthetic identity or the biological identity of nanomaterials, that is, the surface adsorbed proteins and/or other biomolecules known as the bio-corona, or both? This article is categorized under: Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Fadeel
- Nanosafety & Nanomedicine Laboratory (NNL), Division of Molecular ToxicologyInstitute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ameen G, Solanki S, Sager-Bittara L, Richards J, Tamang P, Friesen TL, Brueggeman RS. Mutations in a barley cytochrome P450 gene enhances pathogen induced programmed cell death and cutin layer instability. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009473. [PMID: 34914713 PMCID: PMC8769293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Disease lesion mimic mutants (DLMMs) are characterized by the spontaneous development of necrotic spots with various phenotypes designated as necrotic (nec) mutants in barley. The nec mutants were traditionally considered to have aberrant regulation of programmed cell death (PCD) pathways, which have roles in plant immunity and development. Most barley nec3 mutants express cream to orange necrotic lesions contrasting them from typical spontaneous DLMMs that develop dark pigmented lesions indicative of serotonin/phenolics deposition. Barley nec3 mutants grown under sterile conditions did not exhibit necrotic phenotypes until inoculated with adapted pathogens, suggesting that they are not typical DLMMs. The F2 progeny of a cross between nec3-γ1 and variety Quest segregated as a single recessive susceptibility gene post-inoculation with Bipolaris sorokiniana, the causal agent of the disease spot blotch. Nec3 was genetically delimited to 0.14 cM representing 16.5 megabases of physical sequence containing 149 annotated high confidence genes. RNAseq and comparative analysis of the wild type and five independent nec3 mutants identified a single candidate cytochrome P450 gene (HORVU.MOREX.r2.6HG0460850) that was validated as nec3 by independent mutations that result in predicted nonfunctional proteins. Histology studies determined that nec3 mutants had an unstable cutin layer that disrupted normal Bipolaris sorokiniana germ tube development. At the site of pathogen infection, plant defense mechanisms rely on controlled programmed cell death (PCD) to sequester biotrophic pathogens that require living cells to extract nutrients from the host. However, these defense mechanisms are hijacked by necrotrophic plant pathogens that purposefully induce PCD to feed on the dead cells, thus facilitating further disease development. Thus, understanding PCD responses is important for resistance to both classes of pathogens. We characterized five independent disease lesion mimic mutants of barley designated necrotic 3 (nec3) that show aberrant regulation of PCD responses upon pathogen challenge. A cytochrome P450 gene was identified as Nec3 encoding a Tryptamine 5-Hydroxylase that functions as a terminal serotonin biosynthetic enzyme in the Tryptophan pathway of plants. We posit that nec3 mutants have disrupted serotonin biosynthesis resulting in expanded PCD, necrotrophic pathogen susceptibility and cutin layer instability. The nec3 mutants show expanded PCD and disease susceptibility of pathogen-induced necrotic lesions, suggesting a role of serotonin to sequester PCD and suppress pathogen colonization. The identification of Nec3 will facilitate functional analysis to elucidate the role that serotonin plays in the elicitation or suppression of PCD immunity responses to diverse pathogens and the effects it has on cutin layer biosynthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gazala Ameen
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture & Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Shyam Solanki
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture & Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, South Dakota, United States of America
| | - Lauren Sager-Bittara
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Richards
- Department of Plant Pathology and Crop Physiology, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Prabin Tamang
- USDA-ARS, Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Oxford, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Timothy L. Friesen
- USDA-ARS, Red River Valley Agricultural Research Center, Cereal Crops Research Unit, Fargo, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Robert S. Brueggeman
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Rassizadeh L, Cervero R, Flors V, Gamir J. Extracellular DNA as an elicitor of broad-spectrum resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 312:111036. [PMID: 34620440 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Like in mammals, the plant immune system has evolved to perceive damage. Damaged-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are endogenous signals generated in wounded or infected tissue after pathogen or insect attack. Although extracellular DNA (eDNA) is a DAMP signal that induces immune responses, plant responses after eDNA perception remain largely unknown. Here, we report that signaling defenses but not direct defense responses are induced after eDNA applications enhancing broad-range plant protection. A screening of defense signaling and hormone biosynthesis marker genes revealed that OXI1, CML37 and MPK3 are relevant eDNA-Induced Resistance markers (eDNA-IR). Additionally, we observed that eDNA from several Arabidopsis ecotypes and other phylogenetically distant plants such as citrus, bean and, more surprisingly, a monocotyledonous plant such as maize upregulates eDNA-IR marker genes. Using 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine (DAB) and aniline blue staining methods, we observed that H2O2 but not callose was strongly accumulated following self-eDNA treatments. Finally, eDNA resulted in effective induced resistance in Arabidopsis against the pathogens Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis, Pseudomonas syringae, and Botrytis cinerea and against aphid infestation, reducing the number of nymphs and moving forms. Hence, the unspecificity of DNA origin and the wide range of insects to which eDNA can protect opens many questions about the mechanisms behind eDNA-IR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leila Rassizadeh
- Metabolic integration and cell signaling group, Departamento de ciencias agrarias y del medio natural, University Jaume I of Castellón, 12071, Spain
| | - Raquel Cervero
- Metabolic integration and cell signaling group, Departamento de ciencias agrarias y del medio natural, University Jaume I of Castellón, 12071, Spain
| | - Victor Flors
- Metabolic integration and cell signaling group, Departamento de ciencias agrarias y del medio natural, University Jaume I of Castellón, 12071, Spain
| | - Jordi Gamir
- Metabolic integration and cell signaling group, Departamento de ciencias agrarias y del medio natural, University Jaume I of Castellón, 12071, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Knab K, Chambers D, Krönke G. [Protective macrophages : New insights into the role of synovial macrophages in inflammatory joint diseases]. Z Rheumatol 2021; 80:966-971. [PMID: 34705071 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-021-01112-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are among the phylogenetically oldest cells of the immune system and are found in all tissues and organs. In addition to playing an important role in immune response against pathogenic microorganisms, these cells were previously described to play a vital role in chronic inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Using novel techniques such as single-cell sequencing and advanced microscopy techniques it has now been shown that macrophages are far more versatile. Thus, these cells contribute considerably to tissue homeostasis and tissue regeneration. As each tissue has to fulfill special requirements, macrophages vary in their phenotype and function between organs. New data have now identified a specialised population of epithelioid macrophages that exert a protective and anti-inflammatory function in synovial tissue and prevent the initial onset as well as episodes of joint inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Knab
- Medizinische Klinik 3 - Rheumatologie und Immunologie, Internistisches Zentrum (INZ), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Deutschland.,Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - David Chambers
- Medizinische Klinik 3 - Rheumatologie und Immunologie, Internistisches Zentrum (INZ), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Deutschland.,Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - Gerhard Krönke
- Medizinische Klinik 3 - Rheumatologie und Immunologie, Internistisches Zentrum (INZ), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Ulmenweg 18, 91054, Erlangen, Deutschland. .,Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Deutschland.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Electrical Signaling of Plants under Abiotic Stressors: Transmission of Stimulus-Specific Information. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910715. [PMID: 34639056 PMCID: PMC8509212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants have developed complex systems of perception and signaling to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Electrical signaling is one of the most promising candidates for the regulatory mechanisms of the systemic functional response under the local action of various stimuli. Long-distance electrical signals of plants, such as action potential (AP), variation potential (VP), and systemic potential (SP), show specificities to types of inducing stimuli. The systemic response induced by a long-distance electrical signal, representing a change in the activity of a complex of molecular-physiological processes, includes a nonspecific component and a stimulus-specific component. This review discusses possible mechanisms for transmitting information about the nature of the stimulus and the formation of a specific systemic response with the participation of electrical signals induced by various abiotic factors.
Collapse
|
36
|
Necroptosis increases with age in the brain and contributes to age-related neuroinflammation. GeroScience 2021; 43:2345-2361. [PMID: 34515928 PMCID: PMC8599532 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00448-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation of the central nervous system (CNS), termed neuroinflammation, is a hallmark of aging and a proposed mediator of cognitive decline associated with aging. Neuroinflammation is characterized by the persistent activation of microglia, the innate immune cells of the CNS, with damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) being one of the well-known activators of microglia. Because necroptosis is a cell death pathway that induces inflammation through the release of DAMPs, we hypothesized that an age-associated increase in necroptosis contributes to increased neuroinflammation with age. The marker of necroptosis, phosphorylated form of MLKL (P-MLKL), and kinases in the necroptosis pathway (RIPK1, RIPK3, and MLKL) showed a region-specific increase in the brain with age, specifically in the cortex layer V and the CA3 region of the hippocampus of mice. Similarly, MLKL-oligomers, which cause membrane binding and permeabilization, were significantly increased in the cortex and hippocampus of old mice relative to young mice. Nearly 70 to 80% of P-MLKL immunoreactivity was localized to neurons and less than 10% was localized to microglia, whereas no P-MLKL was detected in astrocytes. P-MLKL expression in neurons was detected in the soma, not in the processes. Blocking necroptosis using Mlkl−/− mice reduced markers of neuroinflammation (Iba-1 and GFAP) in the brains of old mice, and short-term treatment with the necroptosis inhibitor, necrostatin-1s, reduced expression of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and IL-1β, in the hippocampus of old mice. Thus, our data demonstrate for the first time that brain necroptosis increases with age and contributes to age-related neuroinflammation in mice.
Collapse
|
37
|
Alekseenko I, Kuzmich A, Kondratyeva L, Kondratieva S, Pleshkan V, Sverdlov E. Step-by-Step Immune Activation for Suicide Gene Therapy Reinforcement. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179376. [PMID: 34502287 PMCID: PMC8430744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene-directed enzyme prodrug gene therapy (GDEPT) theoretically represents a useful method to carry out chemotherapy for cancer with minimal side effects through the formation of a chemotherapeutic agent inside cancer cells. However, despite great efforts, promising preliminary results, and a long period of time (over 25 years) since the first mention of this method, GDEPT has not yet reached the clinic. There is a growing consensus that optimal cancer therapies should generate robust tumor-specific immune responses. The advent of checkpoint immunotherapy has yielded new highly promising avenues of study in cancer therapy. For such therapy, it seems reasonable to use combinations of different immunomodulators alongside traditional methods, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, as well as GDEPT. In this review, we focused on non-viral gene immunotherapy systems combining the intratumoral production of toxins diffused by GDEPT and immunomodulatory molecules. Special attention was paid to the applications and mechanisms of action of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM–CSF), a cytokine that is widely used but shows contradictory effects. Another method to enhance the formation of stable immune responses in a tumor, the use of danger signals, is also discussed. The process of dying from GDEPT cancer cells initiates danger signaling by releasing damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that exert immature dendritic cells by increasing antigen uptake, maturation, and antigen presentation to cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. We hypothesized that the combined action of this danger signal and GM–CSF issued from the same dying cancer cell within a limited space would focus on a limited pool of immature dendritic cells, thus acting synergistically and enhancing their maturation and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte attraction potential. We also discuss the problem of enhancing the cancer specificity of the combined GDEPT–GM–CSF–danger signal system by means of artificial cancer specific promoters or a modified delivery system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Alekseenko
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (V.P.)
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (L.K.); (S.K.)
- Institute of Oncogynecology and Mammology, National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named after Academician V.I. Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence: (I.A.); (E.S.)
| | - Alexey Kuzmich
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (V.P.)
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (L.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Liya Kondratyeva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (L.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Sofia Kondratieva
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (L.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Victor Pleshkan
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (V.P.)
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia; (L.K.); (S.K.)
| | - Eugene Sverdlov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, 123182 Moscow, Russia; (A.K.); (V.P.)
- Correspondence: (I.A.); (E.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Tanaka K, Heil M. Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) in Plant Innate Immunity: Applying the Danger Model and Evolutionary Perspectives. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 59:53-75. [PMID: 33900789 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Danger signals trigger immune responses upon perception by a complex surveillance system. Such signals can originate from the infectious nonself or the damaged self, the latter termed damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Here, we apply Matzinger's danger model to plant innate immunity to discuss the adaptive advantages of DAMPs and their integration into preexisting signaling pathways. Constitutive DAMPs (cDAMPs), e.g., extracellular ATP, histones, and self-DNA, fulfill primary, conserved functions and adopt a signaling role only when cellular damage causes their fragmentation or localization to aberrant compartments. By contrast, immunomodulatory peptides (also known as phytocytokines) exclusively function as signals and, upon damage, are activated as inducible DAMPs (iDAMPs). Dynamic coevolutionary processes between the signals and their emerging receptors and shared co-receptors have likely linked danger recognition to preexisting, conserved downstream pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiwamu Tanaka
- Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99163, USA;
| | - Martin Heil
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, CINVESTAV, 36821 Irapuato, Guanajuato, México
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Chiusano ML, Incerti G, Colantuono C, Termolino P, Palomba E, Monticolo F, Benvenuto G, Foscari A, Esposito A, Marti L, de Lorenzo G, Vega-Muñoz I, Heil M, Carteni F, Bonanomi G, Mazzoleni S. Arabidopsis thaliana Response to Extracellular DNA: Self Versus Nonself Exposure. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:plants10081744. [PMID: 34451789 PMCID: PMC8400022 DOI: 10.3390/plants10081744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The inhibitory effect of extracellular DNA (exDNA) on the growth of conspecific individuals was demonstrated in different kingdoms. In plants, the inhibition has been observed on root growth and seed germination, demonstrating its role in plant-soil negative feedback. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain the early response to exDNA and the inhibitory effect of conspecific exDNA. We here contribute with a whole-plant transcriptome profiling in the model species Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to extracellular self- (conspecific) and nonself- (heterologous) DNA. The results highlight that cells distinguish self- from nonself-DNA. Moreover, confocal microscopy analyses reveal that nonself-DNA enters root tissues and cells, while self-DNA remains outside. Specifically, exposure to self-DNA limits cell permeability, affecting chloroplast functioning and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, eventually causing cell cycle arrest, consistently with macroscopic observations of root apex necrosis, increased root hair density and leaf chlorosis. In contrast, nonself-DNA enters the cells triggering the activation of a hypersensitive response and evolving into systemic acquired resistance. Complex and different cascades of events emerge from exposure to extracellular self- or nonself-DNA and are discussed in the context of Damage- and Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMP and PAMP, respectively) responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Chiusano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; (F.M.); (F.C.); (G.B.)
- Department of Research Infrastructures for Marine Biological Resources (RIMAR), Stazione Zoologica “Anton Dohrn”, 80121 Napoli, Italy;
- Correspondence: (M.L.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Guido Incerti
- Department of Agri-Food, Animal and Environmental Sciences, University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy;
| | - Chiara Colantuono
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, via campi Flegrei, 34 Pozzuoli, 80078 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Pasquale Termolino
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 80055 Portici, Italy;
| | - Emanuela Palomba
- Department of Research Infrastructures for Marine Biological Resources (RIMAR), Stazione Zoologica “Anton Dohrn”, 80121 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Francesco Monticolo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; (F.M.); (F.C.); (G.B.)
| | - Giovanna Benvenuto
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms Department (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica “Anton Dohrn”, 80121 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Alessandro Foscari
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy;
| | - Alfonso Esposito
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology—CIBIO, University of Trento, 38123 Trento, Italy;
| | - Lucia Marti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.d.L.)
| | - Giulia de Lorenzo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “C. Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy; (L.M.); (G.d.L.)
| | - Isaac Vega-Muñoz
- Departemento de Ingeniería Genética, CINVESTAV-Irapuato, Guanajuato 36821, Mexico; (I.V.-M.); (M.H.)
| | - Martin Heil
- Departemento de Ingeniería Genética, CINVESTAV-Irapuato, Guanajuato 36821, Mexico; (I.V.-M.); (M.H.)
| | - Fabrizio Carteni
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; (F.M.); (F.C.); (G.B.)
| | - Giuliano Bonanomi
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; (F.M.); (F.C.); (G.B.)
| | - Stefano Mazzoleni
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; (F.M.); (F.C.); (G.B.)
- Correspondence: (M.L.C.); (S.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Arce CM, Besomi G, Glauser G, Turlings TCJ. Caterpillar-Induced Volatile Emissions in Cotton: The Relative Importance of Damage and Insect-Derived Factors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:709858. [PMID: 34413869 PMCID: PMC8369242 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.709858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In response to herbivore attack, plants release large amounts of volatiles that can serve as attractants for the natural enemies of the attacking herbivores. Such responses are typically triggered by damage- and insect-associated factors. Cotton plants are somewhat peculiar because they release specific blends of volatiles in two waves in response to caterpillar attack. They first emit constitutively stored volatile compounds, and after about 24 h a second wave that includes various de novo synthesized compounds. The relative importance of damage-associated and insect associated-factors in this induction of cotton volatile emissions is not yet fully clear. We evaluated how cotton plants respond to mechanical damage and to the application of the oral secretion from the generalist lepidopteran pest Spodoptera exigua, by measuring the local and systemic emissions of volatile compounds from their leaves. Our results confirm that cotton plants respond to damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) as well as to herbivore-associated molecular patterns (HAMPs) present in the caterpillars' oral secretion. Interestingly, a stronger response was observed for cotton plants that were treated with oral secretion from cotton-fed caterpillars than those fed on maize. We tested the possibility that volicitin, a common fatty acid-derived elicitor in caterpillar regurgitant plays a role in this difference. Volicitin and volicitin-like compounds were detected in equal amounts in the oral secretion of S. exigua fed on either cotton or maize leaves. We conclude that other elicitors must be involved. The identification of these eliciting cues is expected to contribute to the development of novel strategies to enhance the resistance of cotton plants to insect pests.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carla M. Arce
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gaia Besomi
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ted C. J. Turlings
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Jover-Mengual T, Hwang JY, Byun HR, Court-Vazquez BL, Centeno JM, Burguete MC, Zukin RS. The Role of NF-κB Triggered Inflammation in Cerebral Ischemia. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:633610. [PMID: 34040505 PMCID: PMC8141555 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.633610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is a devastating disease that affects many people worldwide every year. The neurodegenerative damage as a consequence of oxygen and energy deprivation, to date, has no known effective treatment. The ischemic insult is followed by an inflammatory response that involves a complex interaction between inflammatory cells and molecules which play a role in the progression towards cell death. However, there is presently a matter of controversy over whether inflammation could either be involved in brain damage or be a necessary part of brain repair. The inflammatory response is triggered by inflammasomes, key multiprotein complexes that promote secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. An early event in post-ischemic brain tissue is the release of certain molecules and reactive oxygen species (ROS) from injured neurons which induce the expression of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB), a transcription factor involved in the activation of the inflammasome. There are conflicting observations related to the role of NF-κB. While some observe that NF-κB plays a damaging role, others suggest it to be neuroprotective in the context of cerebral ischemia, indicating the need for additional investigation. Here we discuss the dual role of the major inflammatory signaling pathways and provide a review of the latest research aiming to clarify the relationship between NF-κB mediated inflammation and neuronal death in cerebral ischemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Jover-Mengual
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe-Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jee-Yeon Hwang
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Hyae-Ran Byun
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Brenda L Court-Vazquez
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - José M Centeno
- Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María C Burguete
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación Cerebrovascular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe-Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - R Suzanne Zukin
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Halloran PF, Böhmig GA, Bromberg JS, Budde K, Gupta G, Einecke G, Eskandary F, Madill-Thomsen K, Reeve J. Discovering novel injury features in kidney transplant biopsies associated with TCMR and donor aging. Am J Transplant 2021; 21:1725-1739. [PMID: 33107191 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We previously characterized the molecular changes in acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) in kidney transplant biopsies, but parenchymal changes selective for specific types of injury could be missed by such analyses. The present study searched for injury changes beyond AKI and CKD related to specific scenarios, including correlations with donor age. We defined injury using previously defined gene sets and classifiers and used principal component analysis to discover new injury dimensions. As expected, Dimension 1 distinguished normal vs. injury, and Dimension 2 separated early AKI from late CKD, correlating with time posttransplant. However, Dimension 3 was novel, distinguishing a set of genes related to epithelial polarity (e.g., PARD3) that were increased in early AKI and decreased in T cell-mediated rejection (TCMR) but not in antibody-mediated rejection. Dimension 3 was increased in kidneys from older donors and was particularly important in survival of early kidneys. Thus high Dimension 3 scores emerge as a previously unknown element in the kidney response-to-injury that affects epithelial polarity genes and is increased in AKI but depressed in TCMR, indicating that in addition to general injury elements, certain injury elements are selective for specific pathologic mechanisms. (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01299168).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip F Halloran
- Alberta Transplant Applied Genomics Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Transplant Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Georg A Böhmig
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Klemens Budde
- Charite-Medical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Division of Nephrology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | | | - Farsad Eskandary
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Jeff Reeve
- Alberta Transplant Applied Genomics Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Wen Q, Sun M, Kong X, Yang Y, Zhang Q, Huang G, Lu W, Li W, Meng Y, Shan W. The novel peptide NbPPI1 identified from Nicotiana benthamiana triggers immune responses and enhances resistance against Phytophthora pathogens. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:961-976. [PMID: 33205861 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In plants, recognition of small secreted peptides, such as damage/danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), regulates diverse processes, including stress and immune responses. Here, we identified an SGPS (Ser-Gly-Pro-Ser) motif-containing peptide, Nicotiana tabacum NtPROPPI, and its two homologs in Nicotiana benthamiana, NbPROPPI1 and NbPROPPI2. Phytophthora parasitica infection and salicylic acid (SA) treatment induced NbPROPPI1/2 expression. Moreover, SignalP predicted that the 89-amino acid NtPROPPI includes a 24-amino acid N-terminal signal peptide and NbPROPPI1/2-GFP fusion proteins were mainly localized to the periplasm. Transient expression of NbPROPPI1/2 inhibited P. parasitica colonization, and NbPROPPI1/2 knockdown rendered plants more susceptible to P. parasitica. An eight-amino-acid segment in the NbPROPPI1 C-terminus was essential for its immune function and a synthetic 20-residue peptide, NbPPI1, derived from the C-terminus of NbPROPPI1 provoked significant immune responses in N. benthamiana. These responses led to enhanced accumulation of reactive oxygen species, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, and up-regulation of the defense genes Flg22-induced receptor-like kinase (FRK) and WRKY DNA-binding protein 33 (WRKY33). The NbPPI1-induced defense responses require Brassinosteroid insensitive 1-associated receptor kinase 1 (BAK1). These results suggest that NbPPI1 functions as a DAMP in N. benthamiana; this novel DAMP provides a potentially useful target for improving plant resistance to Pytophthora pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qujiang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Manli Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xianglan Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Guiyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Wenqin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Wanyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Yuling Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Weixing Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lumniczky K, Impens N, Armengol G, Candéias S, Georgakilas AG, Hornhardt S, Martin OA, Rödel F, Schaue D. Low dose ionizing radiation effects on the immune system. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 149:106212. [PMID: 33293042 PMCID: PMC8784945 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation interacts with the immune system in many ways with a multiplicity that mirrors the complexity of the immune system itself: namely the need to maintain a delicate balance between different compartments, cells and soluble factors that work collectively to protect, maintain, and restore tissue function in the face of severe challenges including radiation damage. The cytotoxic effects of high dose radiation are less relevant after low dose exposure, where subtle quantitative and functional effects predominate that may go unnoticed until late after exposure or after a second challenge reveals or exacerbates the effects. For example, low doses may permanently alter immune fitness and therefore accelerate immune senescence and pave the way for a wide spectrum of possible pathophysiological events, including early-onset of age-related degenerative disorders and cancer. By contrast, the so called low dose radiation therapy displays beneficial, anti-inflammatory and pain relieving properties in chronic inflammatory and degenerative diseases. In this review, epidemiological, clinical and experimental data regarding the effects of low-dose radiation on the homeostasis and functional integrity of immune cells will be discussed, as will be the role of immune-mediated mechanisms in the systemic manifestation of localized exposures such as inflammatory reactions. The central conclusion is that ionizing radiation fundamentally and durably reshapes the immune system. Further, the importance of discovery of immunological pathways for modifying radiation resilience amongst other research directions in this field is implied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Lumniczky
- National Public Health Centre, Department of Radiation Medicine, Budapest, Albert Florian u. 2-6, 1097, Hungary.
| | - Nathalie Impens
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Biosciences Expert Group, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - Gemma Armengol
- Unit of Biological Anthropology, Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Serge Candéias
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-LCBM, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou 15780, Athens, Greece.
| | - Sabine Hornhardt
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS), Ingolstaedter Landstr.1, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Olga A Martin
- Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Franz Rödel
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Dörthe Schaue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095-1714, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Meitha K, Esyanti RR, Iriawati, Hanisia RH, Rohyani. Green pesticide: Tapping to the promising roles of plant secreted small RNAs and responses towards extracellular DNA. Noncoding RNA Res 2021; 6:42-50. [PMID: 33778217 PMCID: PMC7970063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2021.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The diverse roles of non-coding RNA and DNA in cross-species communication is yet to be revealed. Once thought to only involve intra-specifically in regulating gene expression, the evidence that these genetic materials can also modulate gene expression between species that belong to different kingdoms is accumulating. Plants send small RNAs to the pathogen or parasite when they are being attacked, targeting essential mRNAs for infection or parasitism of the hosts. However, the same survival mechanism is also deployed by the pathogen or parasite to destabilize plant immune responses. In plants, it is suggested that exposure to extracellular self-DNA impedes growth, while to extracellular non-self-DNA induces the modulation of reactive oxygen species, expression of resistance related genes, epigenetic mechanism, or suppression of disease severity. Exploring the potential of secreted RNA and extracellular DNA as a green pesticide could be a promising alternative if we are to provide food for the future global population without further damaging the environment. Hence, some studies on plant secreted RNA and responses towards extracellular DNA are discussed in this review. The precise mode of action of entry and the following cascade of signaling once the plant cell is exposed to secreted RNA or extracellular DNA could be an interesting topic for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karlia Meitha
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Rizkita Rachmi Esyanti
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Iriawati
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Ristag Hamida Hanisia
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Rohyani
- School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha No. 10, Bandung, 40132, West Java, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kozieł E, Otulak-Kozieł K, Bujarski JJ. Plant Cell Wall as a Key Player During Resistant and Susceptible Plant-Virus Interactions. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:656809. [PMID: 33776985 PMCID: PMC7994255 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.656809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell wall is a complex and integral part of the plant cell. As a structural element it sustains the shape of the cell and mediates contact among internal and external factors. We have been aware of its involvement in both abiotic (like drought or frost) and biotic stresses (like bacteria or fungi) for some time. In contrast to bacterial and fungal pathogens, viruses are not mechanical destructors of host cell walls, but relatively little is known about remodeling of the plant cell wall in response to viral biotic stress. New research results indicate that the cell wall represents a crucial active component during the plant’s response to different viral infections. Apparently, cell wall genes and proteins play key roles during interaction, having a direct influence on the rebuilding of the cell wall architecture. The plant cell wall is involved in both susceptibility as well as resistance reactions. In this review we summarize important progress made in research on plant virus impact on cell wall remodeling. Analyses of essential defensive wall associated proteins in susceptible and resistant responses demonstrate that the components of cell wall metabolism can affect the spread of the virus as well as activate the apoplast- and symplast-based defense mechanisms, thus contributing to the complex network of the plant immune system. Although the cell wall reorganization during the plant-virus interaction remains a challenging task, the use of novel tools and methods to investigate its composition and structure will greatly contribute to our knowledge in the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edmund Kozieł
- Institute of Biology, Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Otulak-Kozieł
- Institute of Biology, Department of Botany, Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Józef Julian Bujarski
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zolkipli-Cunningham Z, Naviaux JC, Nakayama T, Hirsch CM, Monk JM, Li K, Wang L, Le TP, Meinardi S, Blake DR, Naviaux RK. Metabolic and behavioral features of acute hyperpurinergia and the maternal immune activation mouse model of autism spectrum disorder. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248771. [PMID: 33735311 PMCID: PMC7971557 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2012, studies in mice, rats, and humans have suggested that abnormalities in purinergic signaling may be a final common pathway for many genetic and environmental causes of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The current study in mice was conducted to characterize the bioenergetic, metabolomic, breathomic, and behavioral features of acute hyperpurinergia triggered by systemic injection of the purinergic agonist and danger signal, extracellular ATP (eATP). Responses were studied in C57BL/6J mice in the maternal immune activation (MIA) model and controls. Basal metabolic rates and locomotor activity were measured in CLAMS cages. Plasma metabolomics measured 401 metabolites. Breathomics measured 98 volatile organic compounds. Intraperitoneal eATP dropped basal metabolic rate measured by whole body oxygen consumption by 74% ± 6% (mean ± SEM) and rectal temperature by 6.2˚ ± 0.3˚C in 30 minutes. Over 200 metabolites from 37 different biochemical pathways where changed. Breathomics showed an increase in exhaled carbon monoxide, dimethylsulfide, and isoprene. Metabolomics revealed an acute increase in lactate, citrate, purines, urea, dopamine, eicosanoids, microbiome metabolites, oxidized glutathione, thiamine, niacinamide, and pyridoxic acid, and decreased folate-methylation-1-carbon intermediates, amino acids, short and medium chain acyl-carnitines, phospholipids, ceramides, sphingomyelins, cholesterol, bile acids, and vitamin D similar to some children with ASD. MIA animals were hypersensitive to postnatal exposure to eATP or poly(IC), which produced a rebound increase in body temperature that lasted several weeks before returning to baseline. Acute hyperpurinergia produced metabolic and behavioral changes in mice. The behaviors and metabolic changes produced by ATP injection were associated with mitochondrial functional changes that were profound but reversible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zarazuela Zolkipli-Cunningham
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Jane C. Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Tomohiro Nakayama
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Charlotte M. Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Jonathan M. Monk
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Kefeng Li
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Lin Wang
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Thuy P. Le
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| | - Simone Meinardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Donald R. Blake
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Robert K. Naviaux
- The Mitochondrial and Metabolic Disease Center, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Baluška F, Mancuso S. Individuality, self and sociality of vascular plants. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20190760. [PMID: 33550947 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular plants are integrated into coherent bodies via plant-specific synaptic adhesion domains, action potentials (APs) and other means of long-distance signalling running throughout the plant bodies. Plant-specific synapses and APs are proposed to allow plants to generate their self identities having unique ways of sensing and acting as agents with their own goals guiding their future activities. Plants move their organs with a purpose and with obvious awareness of their surroundings and require APs to perform and control these movements. Self-identities allow vascular plants to act as individuals enjoying sociality via their self/non-self-recognition and kin recognition. Flowering plants emerge as cognitive and intelligent organisms when the major strategy is to attract and control their animal pollinators as well as seed dispersers by providing them with food enriched with nutritive and manipulative/addictive compounds. Their goal in interactions with animals is manipulation for reproduction, dispersal and defence. This article is part of the theme issue 'Basal cognition: multicellularity, neurons and the cognitive lens'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefano Mancuso
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Gamir J, Minchev Z, Berrio E, García JM, De Lorenzo G, Pozo MJ. Roots drive oligogalacturonide-induced systemic immunity in tomato. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:275-289. [PMID: 33070347 PMCID: PMC7883634 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Oligogalacturonides (OGs) are fragments of pectin released from the plant cell wall during insect or pathogen attack. They can be perceived by the plant as damage signals, triggering local and systemic defence responses. Here, we analyse the dynamics of local and systemic responses to OG perception in tomato roots or shoots, exploring their impact across the plant and their relevance in pathogen resistance. Targeted and untargeted metabolomics and gene expression analysis in plants treated with purified OGs revealed that local responses were transient, while distal responses were stronger and more sustained. Remarkably, changes were more conspicuous in roots, even upon foliar application of the OGs. The treatments differentially activated the synthesis of defence-related hormones and secondary metabolites including flavonoids, alkaloids and lignans, some of them exclusively synthetized in roots. Finally, the biological relevance of the systemic defence responses activated upon OG perception was confirmed, as the treatment induced systemic resistance to Botrytis cinerea. Overall, this study shows the differential regulation of tomato defences upon OGs perception in roots and shoots and reveals the key role of roots in the coordination of the plant responses to damage sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Gamir
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic SystemsEstación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC)GranadaSpain
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie C. DarwinSapienza Università di RomaRomeItaly
| | - Zhivko Minchev
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic SystemsEstación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC)GranadaSpain
| | - Estefanía Berrio
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic SystemsEstación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC)GranadaSpain
| | - Juan M. García
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic SystemsEstación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC)GranadaSpain
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Present address: Metabolic Integration and Cell Signaling Group, Plant Physiology Section, Unidad Asociada a la EEZ‐CSIC, Dept Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, Universitat Jaume ICastellónSpain
| | - Maria J. Pozo
- Department of Soil Microbiology and Symbiotic SystemsEstación Experimental del Zaidín (CSIC)GranadaSpain
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Pontiggia D, Benedetti M, Costantini S, De Lorenzo G, Cervone F. Dampening the DAMPs: How Plants Maintain the Homeostasis of Cell Wall Molecular Patterns and Avoid Hyper-Immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:613259. [PMID: 33391327 PMCID: PMC7773757 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.613259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Several oligosaccharide fragments derived from plant cell walls activate plant immunity and behave as typical damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Some of them also behave as negative regulators of growth and development, and due to their antithetic effect on immunity and growth, their concentrations, activity, time of formation, and localization is critical for the so-called "growth-defense trade-off." Moreover, like in animals, over accumulation of DAMPs in plants provokes deleterious physiological effects and may cause hyper-immunity if the cellular mechanisms controlling their homeostasis fail. Recently, a mechanism has been discovered that controls the activity of two well-known plant DAMPs, oligogalacturonides (OGs), released upon hydrolysis of homogalacturonan (HG), and cellodextrins (CDs), products of cellulose breakdown. The potential homeostatic mechanism involves specific oxidases belonging to the family of berberine bridge enzyme-like (BBE-like) proteins. Oxidation of OGs and CDs not only inactivates their DAMP activity, but also makes them a significantly less desirable food source for microbial pathogens. The evidence that oxidation and inactivation of OGs and CDs may be a general strategy of plants for controlling the homeostasis of DAMPs is discussed. The possibility exists of discovering additional oxidative and/or inactivating enzymes targeting other DAMP molecules both in the plant and in animal kingdoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pontiggia
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin,” Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuel Benedetti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica, Sanità Pubblica e Scienze della Vita e dell’Ambiente, Università degli Studi dell’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Sara Costantini
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin,” Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin,” Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Felice Cervone
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin,” Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|