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Alrajhi A, Alharbi S, Beecham S, Alotaibi F. Regulation of root growth and elongation in wheat. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1397337. [PMID: 38835859 PMCID: PMC11148372 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1397337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Currently, the control of rhizosphere selection on farms has been applied to achieve enhancements in phenotype, extending from improvements in single root characteristics to the dynamic nature of entire crop systems. Several specific signals, regulatory elements, and mechanisms that regulate the initiation, morphogenesis, and growth of new lateral or adventitious root species have been identified, but much more work remains. Today, phenotyping technology drives the development of root traits. Available models for simulation can support all phenotyping decisions (root trait improvement). The detection and use of markers for quantitative trait loci (QTLs) are effective for enhancing selection efficiency and increasing reproductive genetic gains. Furthermore, QTLs may help wheat breeders select the appropriate roots for efficient nutrient acquisition. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) or alignment of sequences can only be helpful when they are associated with phenotypic variation for root development and elongation. Here, we focus on major root development processes and detail important new insights recently generated regarding the wheat genome. The first part of this review paper discusses the root morphology, apical meristem, transcriptional control, auxin distribution, phenotyping of the root system, and simulation models. In the second part, the molecular genetics of the wheat root system, SNPs, TFs, and QTLs related to root development as well as genome editing (GE) techniques for the improvement of root traits in wheat are discussed. Finally, we address the effect of omics strategies on root biomass production and summarize existing knowledge of the main molecular mechanisms involved in wheat root development and elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Alrajhi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Sustainable Infrastructure and Resource Management, University of South Australia, University of South Australia Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (UniSA STEM), Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia
| | - Saif Alharbi
- The National Research and Development Center for Sustainable Agriculture (Estidamah), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Simon Beecham
- Sustainable Infrastructure and Resource Management, University of South Australia, University of South Australia Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (UniSA STEM), Mawson Lakes, SA, Australia
| | - Fahad Alotaibi
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Bao X, Hou X, Duan W, Yin B, Ren J, Wang Y, Liu X, Gu L, Zhen W. Screening and evaluation of drought resistance traits of winter wheat in the North China Plain. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1194759. [PMID: 37396647 PMCID: PMC10313073 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1194759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Drought-resistant varieties are an important way to address the conflict between wheat's high water demand and the scarcity of water resources in the North China Plain (NCP). Drought stress impacts many morphological and physiological indicators in winter wheat. To increase the effectiveness of breeding drought-tolerant varieties, choosing indices that can accurately indicate a variety's drought resistance is advantageous. Results From 2019 to 2021, 16 representative winter wheat cultivars were cultivated in the field, and 24 traits, including morphological, photosynthetic, physiological, canopy, and yield component traits, were measured to evaluate the drought tolerance of the cultivars. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to transform 24 conventional traits into 7 independent, comprehensive indices, and 10 drought tolerance indicators were screened out by regression analysis. The 10 drought tolerance indicators were plant height (PH), spike number (SN), spikelet per spike(SP), canopy temperature (CT), leaf water content (LWC), photosynthetic rate (A), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), peroxidase activity (POD), malondialdehyde content (MDA), and abscisic acid (ABA). In addition, through membership function and cluster analysis, 16 wheat varieties were divided into 3 categories: drought-resistant, drought weak sensitive, and drought-sensitive. Conclusion JM418, HM19,SM22, H4399, HG35, and GY2018 exhibited excellent drought tolerance and,therefore, can be used as ideal references to study the drought tolerance mechanism in wheat and breeding drought-tolerant wheat cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyuan Bao
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Key Laboratory of North China Water-saving Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Baoding, China
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xiaoyang Hou
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Weiwei Duan
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Baozhong Yin
- Key Laboratory of North China Water-saving Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Baoding, China
| | - Jianhong Ren
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yandong Wang
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xuejing Liu
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- College of Clinical Medicine, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, China
| | - Limin Gu
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Key Laboratory of North China Water-saving Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Baoding, China
| | - Wenchao Zhen
- College of Agronomy, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Key Laboratory of North China Water-saving Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Baoding, China
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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Rossi R, Bitella G, Bochicchio R, Labella R, Angerame F, Urbano M, Amato M. Root and Shoot Growth of a Modern and an Old Tall Durum Wheat ( Triticum durum Desf.) Variety under Dual-Purpose Management. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:588. [PMID: 36771671 PMCID: PMC9921935 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In dual-purpose cereal systems, the co-production of fodder and grain can increase farm profitability and reduce farming risks. Our work evaluated shoot and root growth in durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) under dual-purpose management in a medium-high rainfall area of southern Italy. We compared a modern variety (Core) with a tall ancient variety (Saragolle lucana) under traditional (NDP) and dual-purpose (DP) management and tested the hypothesis that clipping plants during the vegetative stage would reduce root growth and dewatering before anthesis, which is advantageous in drought-prone environments. Experiments were conducted in Bella (PZ), Basilicata region, southern Italy (40°42' N, 15°32' E) on a clay loam soil in 2021 in a split-plot design on 2 × 2 main plots and 1 × 2 split-plots with 6 replicates. The DP treatment consisted of simulated grazing by clipping plants at 5 cm from the ground 3 months after sowing (at first hollow stem). Forage Biomass was not different at p = 0.05 between varieties, with an average of 0.58 t ha-1 DM. Grain yield was not penalized by clipping (p = 0.05) and did not differ significantly between varieties. SPAD was always lower in the Saragolle variety and lowered by clipping. Defoliation delayed phenology in both cultivars but did not reduce the final number of spikes per square meter. Stomatal conductance was correlated to temperature, did not differ between cultivars, and was not influenced by clipping. Soil water depletion was monitored in modern wheat from the booting stage to the beginning of grain filling. Clipping did not result in a reduction in pre-anthesis water depletion, possibly due to evaporative losses. Root density was markedly reduced by clipping in core variety between 0.20 and 0.60 m and much less in Saragolle. Unclipped Saragolle produced thicker roots and higher root masses compared to clipped plants. Defoliated Saragolle shifted to finer roots, reducing root mass more than length. This may have reduced the metabolic cost of soil exploration, thereby increasing root foraging efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Rossi
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture (CREA-ZA), 85051 Bella-Muro (Potenza), Italy
| | - Giovanni Bitella
- School of Agriculture, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Rocco Bochicchio
- School of Agriculture, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Rosanna Labella
- School of Agriculture, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Francesco Angerame
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Animal Production and Aquaculture (CREA-ZA), 85051 Bella-Muro (Potenza), Italy
| | - Marcella Urbano
- Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources, CNR (National Research Council), 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Mariana Amato
- School of Agriculture, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
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Dombinov V, Herzel H, Meiller M, Müller F, Willbold S, Zang JW, da Fonseca-Zang WA, Adam C, Klose H, Poorter H, Jablonowski ND, Schrey SD. Sugarcane bagasse ash as fertilizer for soybeans: Effects of added residues on ash composition, mineralogy, phosphorus extractability and plant availability. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1041924. [PMID: 36570952 PMCID: PMC9774024 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1041924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane bagasse is commonly combusted to generate energy. Unfortunately, recycling strategies rarely consider the resulting ash as a potential fertilizer. To evaluate this recycling strategy for a sustainable circular economy, we characterized bagasse ash as a fertilizer and measured the effects of co-gasification and co-combustion of bagasse with either chicken manure or sewage sludge: on the phosphorus (P) mass fraction, P-extractability, and mineral P phases. Furthermore, we investigated the ashes as fertilizer for soybeans under greenhouse conditions. All methods in combination are reliable indicators helping to assess and predict P availability from ashes to soybeans. The fertilizer efficiency of pure bagasse ash increased with the ash amount supplied to the substrate. Nevertheless, it was not as effective as fertilization with triple-superphosphate and K2SO4, which we attributed to lower P availability. Co-gasification and co-combustion increased the P mass fraction in all bagasse-based ashes, but its extractability and availability to soybeans increased only when co-processed with chicken manure, because it enabled the formation of readily available Ca-alkali phosphates. Therefore, we recommend co-combusting biomass with alkali-rich residues to increase the availability of P from the ash to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitalij Dombinov
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Hannes Herzel
- Thermochemical Residues Treatment and Resource Recovery, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Meiller
- Renewable Energy, Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety, and Energy Technology UMSICHT, Sulzbach-Rosenberg, Germany
| | - Felix Müller
- Thermal Process Technology, TU Clausthal (CUTEC), Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Sabine Willbold
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics, Analytics (ZEA-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Joachim W. Zang
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Goiás (IFG), Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Christian Adam
- Thermochemical Residues Treatment and Resource Recovery, Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Berlin, Germany
| | - Holger Klose
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nicolai D. Jablonowski
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Silvia D. Schrey
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
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Mansoor S, Khan T, Farooq I, Shah LR, Sharma V, Sonne C, Rinklebe J, Ahmad P. Drought and global hunger: biotechnological interventions in sustainability and management. PLANTA 2022; 256:97. [PMID: 36219256 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-04006-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Drought may be efficiently managed using the following strategies: prevention, mitigation, readiness, recovery, and transformation. Biotechnological interventions may become highly important in reducing plants' drought stress in order to address key plant challenges such as population growth and climate change. Drought is a multidimensional construct with several triggering mechanisms or contributing factors working at various spatiotemporal scales, making it one of the known natural catastrophes. Drought is among the causes of hunger and malnutrition, decreasing agricultural output, and poor nutrition. Many deaths caused in children are due to hunger situations, and one in four children face stunted growth. All this hunger and malnutrition may be responsible for the reduction in agricultural productivity caused due to the drought situations affecting food security. Global Hunger Index has been accelerating due to under-nutrition and under-5 deaths. Drought has been covering more than 20% of the world's agricultural areas, leading to significantly less food production than what is required for consumption. Drought reduces soil fertility and adversely affects soil biological activity reducing the inherent capacity of the soil to support vegetation. Recent droughts have had a much greater effect on people's lives, even beyond causing poverty and hunger. Drought may have substantial financial consequences across the globe it may cause a severe impact on the world economy. It is a natural feature of the environment that will appear and disappear as it has in history. Due to increasing temperatures and growing vulnerabilities, it will undoubtedly occur more often and seriously in the coming years. To ensure sustainable socio-economic and social development, it is critical to reducing the effects of potential droughts worldwide using different biotechnological interventions. It's part of a long-term growth plan, and forecasting is essential for early warnings and global hunger management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheikh Mansoor
- Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Sher e Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Jammu, J&K, 180009, India
| | - Tamana Khan
- Division of Vegetable Science, Faculty of Horticulture, Sher e Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, 190025, India
| | - Iqra Farooq
- Division of Floriculture and Landscape Architecture, Sher e Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, 190025, India
| | - Labiba Riyaz Shah
- Division of Vegetable Science, Faculty of Horticulture, Sher e Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, J&K, 190025, India
| | - Vikas Sharma
- Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Sher e Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, Jammu, J&K, 180009, India
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Ecoscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Jörg Rinklebe
- Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Management, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water and Waste Management, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Wuppertal, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Parvaiz Ahmad
- Department of Botany, GDC Pulwama, Jammu and Kashmir, 192301, India.
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Giroto AS, do Valle SF, Guimarães GGF, Wuyts N, Ohrem B, Jablonowski ND, Ribeiro C, Mattoso LHC. Zinc loading in urea-formaldehyde nanocomposites increases nitrogen and zinc micronutrient fertilization efficiencies in poor sand substrate. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 841:156688. [PMID: 35716738 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural output needs significant increases to feed the growing population. Fertilizers are essential for plant production systems, with nitrogen (N) being the most limiting nutrient for plant growth. It is commonly supplied to crops as urea. Still, due to volatilization, up to 50 % of the total N application is lost. Slow or controlled release fertilizers are being developed to reduce these losses. The co-application of zinc (Zn) as a micronutrient can increase N absorption. Thus, we hypothesize that the controlled delivery of both nutrients (N and Zn) in an integrated system can improve uptake efficiency. Here we demonstrate an optimized fertilizer nanocomposite based on urea:urea-formaldehyde matrix loaded with ZnSO4 or ZnO. This nanocomposite effectively stimulates maize development, with consequent adequate N uptake, in an extreme condition - a very nutrient-poor sand substrate. Our results indicate that the Zn co-application is beneficial for plant development. However, there were advantages for ZnO due to its high Zn content. We discuss that the dispersion favors the Zn delivery as the nanoparticulated oxide in the matrix. Concerning maize development, we found that root morphology is altered in the presence of the fertilizer nanocomposite. Increased root length and surface area may improve soil nutrient uptake, potentially accompanied by increased root exudation of essential compounds for N release from the composite structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Giroto
- Embrapa Instrumentação, National Nanotechnology Laboratory for Agribusiness (LNNA), XV Novembro Street, CP: 741, 13560-206 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Stella F do Valle
- Embrapa Instrumentação, National Nanotechnology Laboratory for Agribusiness (LNNA), XV Novembro Street, CP: 741, 13560-206 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Federal University of São Carlos, Department of Chemistry, Washington Luiz Highway, km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Gelton G F Guimarães
- Agricultural Research and Rural Extension Company of Santa Catarina, 6800 Highway, Antônio Heil, Itajaí, Santa Catarina 88318112, Brazil
| | - Nathalie Wuyts
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Science, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Benedict Ohrem
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Science, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Nicolai D Jablonowski
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Science, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - Caue Ribeiro
- Embrapa Instrumentação, National Nanotechnology Laboratory for Agribusiness (LNNA), XV Novembro Street, CP: 741, 13560-206 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Henrique C Mattoso
- Embrapa Instrumentação, National Nanotechnology Laboratory for Agribusiness (LNNA), XV Novembro Street, CP: 741, 13560-206 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Agirresarobe A, Miranda-Apodaca J, Odriozola I, Muñoz-Rueda A, Pérez-López U. Photosynthesis is not the unique useful trait for discriminating salt tolerance capacity between sensitive and tolerant quinoa varieties. PLANTA 2022; 256:20. [PMID: 35751708 PMCID: PMC9233658 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03928-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Growth was not strictly linked to photosynthesis performance under salinity conditions in quinoa. Other key traits, which were varieties-specific, rather than photosynthesis explained better growth performance. Phenotyping for salinity stress tolerance in quinoa is of great interest to select traits contributing to overall salinity tolerance and to understand the response mechanisms to salinity at a whole plant level. The objective of this work was to dissect the responses of specific traits and analyse relations between these traits to better understand growth response under salinity conditions in quinoa. Growth response to salinity was mostly related to differences in basal values of biomass, being reduced the most in plants with higher basal biomass. Regarding the relationship between growth and specific traits, in Puno variety, better photosynthetic performance was related to a better maintenance of growth. Nevertheless, in the rest of the varieties other traits rather than photosynthesis could better explain growth response. In this way, the development of succulence in F-16 and Collana varieties, also the osmotic adjustment but in smaller dimensions in Pasankalla, Marisma and S-15-15 helped to maintain better growth. Besides, smaller increases of Cl- could have caused a limited nitrate uptake reducing more growth in Vikinga. Ascorbate was considered a key trait as a noticeable fall of it was also related to higher reductions in growth in Titicaca. These results suggest that, due to the genetic variability of quinoa and the complexity of salinity tolerance, no unique and specific traits should be taken into consideration when using phenotyping for analysing salinity tolerance in quinoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Agirresarobe
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV/EHU, Apdo. 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Jon Miranda-Apodaca
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV/EHU, Apdo. 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Iñaki Odriozola
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV/EHU, Apdo. 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz-Rueda
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV/EHU, Apdo. 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Usue Pérez-López
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV/EHU, Apdo. 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
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Bochicchio R, Labella R, Vitti A, Nuzzaci M, Logozzo G, Amato M. Root Morphology, Allometric Relations and Rhizosheath of Ancient and Modern Tetraploid Wheats ( Triticum durum Desf.) in Response to Inoculation with Trichoderma harzianum T-22. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11020159. [PMID: 35050047 PMCID: PMC8779919 DOI: 10.3390/plants11020159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Early root traits and allometrics of wheat are important for competition and use of resources. They are under-utilized in research and un-explored in many ancient wheats. This is especially true for the rhizosheath emerging from root-soil interactions. We investigated root morphology, root/shoot relations and the amount of rhizosheath of four tetrapoid wheat seedlings (30 days after emergence): the italian landrace Saragolle Lucana and modern varieties Creso, Simeto and Ciclope, and tested the hypothesis that inoculation with Trichoderma harzianum T-22 (T-22) enhances rhizosheath formation and affects wheat varieties differently. Overall growth of non-inoculated plants showed different patterns in wheat varieties, with Saragolle and Ciclope at the two extremes: Saragolle invests in shoot rather than root mass, and in the occupation of space with highest (p < 0.05) shoot height to the uppermost internode (5.02 cm) and length-to-mass shoot (97.8 cm g-1) and root (more than 140 m g-1) ratios. This may be interpreted as maximizing competition for light but also as a compensation for low shoot efficiency due to the lowest (p < 0.05) recorded values of optically-measured chlorophyll content index (22.8). Ciclope invests in biomass with highest shoot (0.06 g) and root (0.04 g) mass and a thicker root system (average diameter 0.34 mm vs. 0.29 in Saragolle) as well as a highest root/shoot ratio (0.95 g g-1 vs. 0.54 in Saragolle). Rhizosheath mass ranged between 22.14 times that of shoot mass in Ciclope and 43.40 in Saragolle (different for p < 0.05). Inoculation with Trichoderma increased the amount of rhizosheath from 9.4% in Ciclope to 36.1% in Simeto and modified root architecture in this variety more than in others. Ours are the first data on roots and seedling shoot traits of Saragolle Lucana and of Trichoderma inoculation effects on rhizosheath. This opens to new unreported interpretations of effects of Trichoderma inoculation on improving plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocco Bochicchio
- School of Agriculture, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (R.L.); (A.V.); (M.N.); (G.L.)
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (M.A.)
| | - Rosanna Labella
- School of Agriculture, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (R.L.); (A.V.); (M.N.); (G.L.)
| | - Antonella Vitti
- School of Agriculture, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (R.L.); (A.V.); (M.N.); (G.L.)
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, 84100 Salerno, Italy
| | - Maria Nuzzaci
- School of Agriculture, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (R.L.); (A.V.); (M.N.); (G.L.)
| | - Giuseppina Logozzo
- School of Agriculture, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (R.L.); (A.V.); (M.N.); (G.L.)
| | - Mariana Amato
- School of Agriculture, Forestry, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy; (R.L.); (A.V.); (M.N.); (G.L.)
- Correspondence: (R.B.); (M.A.)
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Latini A, Fiorani F, Galeffi P, Cantale C, Bevivino A, Jablonowski ND. Phenotyping of Different Italian Durum Wheat Varieties in Early Growth Stage With the Addition of Pure or Digestate-Activated Biochars. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:782072. [PMID: 34987533 PMCID: PMC8721205 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.782072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to highlight the major effects of biochar incorporation into potting soil substrate on plant growth and performance in early growth stages of five elite Italian varieties of durum wheat (Triticum durum). The biochars used were obtained from two contrasting feedstocks, namely wood chips and wheat straw, by gasification under high temperature conditions, and were applied in a greenhouse experiment either as pure or as nutrient-activated biochar obtained by incubation with digestate. The results of the experiment showed that specific genotypes as well as different treatments with biochar have significant effects on plant response when looking at shoot traits related to growth. The evaluated genotypes could be clustered in two main distinct groups presenting, respectively, significantly increasing (Duilio, Iride, and Saragolla varieties) and decreasing (Marco Aurelio and Grecale varieties) values of projected shoot system area (PSSA), fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), and plant water loss by evapotranspiration (ET). All these traits were correlated with Pearson correlation coefficients ranging from 0.74 to 0.98. Concerning the treatment effect, a significant alteration of the mentioned plant traits was observed when applying biochar from wheat straw, characterized by very high electrical conductivity (EC), resulting in a reduction of 34.6% PSSA, 43.2% FW, 66.9% DW, and 36.0% ET, when compared to the control. Interestingly, the application of the same biochar after nutrient spiking with digestate determined about a 15-30% relief from the abovementioned reduction induced by the application of the sole pure wheat straw biochar. Our results reinforce the current basic knowledge available on biological soil amendments as biochar and digestate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Latini
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA Casaccia Research Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Fiorani
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2, Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Patrizia Galeffi
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA Casaccia Research Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Cantale
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA Casaccia Research Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Annamaria Bevivino
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, ENEA Casaccia Research Center, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicolai David Jablonowski
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2, Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
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10
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Zendonadi Dos Santos N, Piepho HP, Condorelli GE, Licieri Groli E, Newcomb M, Ward R, Tuberosa R, Maccaferri M, Fiorani F, Rascher U, Muller O. High-throughput field phenotyping reveals genetic variation in photosynthetic traits in durum wheat under drought. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:2858-2878. [PMID: 34189744 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) is a powerful non-invasive technique for probing photosynthesis. Although proposed as a method for drought tolerance screening, ChlF has not yet been fully adopted in physiological breeding, mainly due to limitations in high-throughput field phenotyping capabilities. The light-induced fluorescence transient (LIFT) sensor has recently been shown to reliably provide active ChlF data for rapid and remote characterisation of plant photosynthetic performance. We used the LIFT sensor to quantify photosynthesis traits across time in a large panel of durum wheat genotypes subjected to a progressive drought in replicated field trials over two growing seasons. The photosynthetic performance was measured at the canopy level by means of the operating efficiency of Photosystem II ( Fq'/Fm' ) and the kinetics of electron transport measured by reoxidation rates ( Fr1' and Fr2' ). Short- and long-term changes in ChlF traits were found in response to soil water availability and due to interactions with weather fluctuations. In mild drought, Fq'/Fm' and Fr2' were little affected, while Fr1' was consistently accelerated in water-limited compared to well-watered plants, increasingly so with rising vapour pressure deficit. This high-throughput approach allowed assessment of the native genetic diversity in ChlF traits while considering the diurnal dynamics of photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hans-Peter Piepho
- Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Eder Licieri Groli
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Newcomb
- Maricopa Agricultural Center, University of Arizona, Maricopa, Arizona, USA
| | - Richard Ward
- Maricopa Agricultural Center, University of Arizona, Maricopa, Arizona, USA
| | - Roberto Tuberosa
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Maccaferri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Fiorani
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Uwe Rascher
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Onno Muller
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
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11
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Physio-Morphological and Biochemical Trait-Based Evaluation of Ethiopian and Chinese Wheat Germplasm for Drought Tolerance at the Seedling Stage. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13094605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
For Ethiopia’s wheat production, drought is a major natural disaster. Exploration of drought-resistant varieties from a bulk of wheat germplasm conserved in the gene bank is of paramount importance for breeding climate change-resilient modern cultivars. The present study was aimed at identifying the best performing drought-resistant genotypes under non-stress and polyethylene glycol simulated (PEG) stress conditions in a growth chamber. Forty diverse Ethiopian bread and durum wheat cultivars along with three Chinese bread wheat cultivars possessing strong drought resistance and susceptibility were evaluated. After acclimation with the natural environment, the seedlings were imposed to severe drought stress (20% PEG6000), and 15 seedling traits including photosynthetic and free proline were investigated. Our findings indicated that drought stress caused a profound decline in plant water consumption (83.0%), shoot fresh weight (64.9%), stomatal conductance (61.6%), root dry weight (55.2%), and other investigated traits except root to shoot length ratio and proline content which showed a significant increase under drought stress. A significant and positive correlation was found between photosynthetic pigments in both growth conditions. Proline exhibited a negative correlation with most of the investigated traits except root to shoot length ratio and all photosynthetic pigments which showed a positive and non-significant association. Our result also showed a wide range of genetic variation (CV) ranging from 3.23% to 47.3%; the highest in shoot dry weight (SDW) (47.3%) followed by proline content (44.63%) and root dry weight (36.03%). Based on multivariate principal component biplot analysis and average sum of ranks (ASR), G12, G16 and G25 were identified as the best drought tolerant and G6, G42, G4, G11, and G9 as bottom five sensitive. The potential of these genotypes offers further investigation at a molecular and cellular level to identify the novel gene associated with the stress response.
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12
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Mau L, Kant J, Walker R, Kuchendorf CM, Schrey SD, Roessner U, Watt M. Wheat Can Access Phosphorus From Algal Biomass as Quickly and Continuously as From Mineral Fertilizer. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:631314. [PMID: 33584779 PMCID: PMC7879783 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.631314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Algae can efficiently take up excess nutrients from waterways, making them a valuable resource potentially capable of replacing synthesized and mined fertilizers for agriculture. The capacity of algae to fertilize crops has been quantified, but it is not known how the algae-derived nutrients become available to plants. We aimed to address this question: what are the temporal dynamics of plant growth responses to algal biomass? to better propose mechanisms by which plants acquire nutrients from algal biomass and thereby study and promote those processes in future agricultural applications. Data from various sources were transformed and used to reconstruct the nutrient release from the algae Chlorella vulgaris and subsequent uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (as reported in Schreiber et al., 2018). Plants had received 0.1x or 1x dried algae or wet algae, or zero, 0.1x or 1x mineral fertilizer calculated from agricultural practices for P application and grown to 55 days in three soils. Contents of P and other nutrients acquired from algae were as high as from mineral fertilizer, but varied based on moisture content and amount of algae applied to soils (by 55 days after sowing plants with 1x mineral fertilizer and 1x dried algae had 5.6 mg P g DWshoot; 2.2-fold more than those with 0 or 0.1x mineral fertilizer, 0.1x dried algae and wet algae, and 1x wet algae). Absolute and relative leaf area growth and estimated P uptake rates showed similar dynamics, indicating that wheat acquires P from algae quickly. A model proposes that algal fertilizer promotes wheat growth after rapid transformation in soil to inorganic nutrients. We conclude theoretically that phosphorus from algal biomass is available to wheat seedlings upon its application and is released gradually over time with minor differences related to moisture content on application. The growth and P uptake kinetics hint at nutrient forms, including N, and biomass stimulation worthy of research to further exploit algae in sustainable agriculture practices. Temporal resolved phenotype analyses in combination with a mass-balance approach is helpful for understanding resource uptake from recycled and biofertilizer sources by plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Mau
- Institute of Bio- and Geoscience - IBG-2: Plant Science, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Josefine Kant
- Institute of Bio- and Geoscience - IBG-2: Plant Science, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Robert Walker
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Christina M. Kuchendorf
- Institute of Bio- and Geoscience - IBG-2: Plant Science, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Silvia D. Schrey
- Institute of Bio- and Geoscience - IBG-2: Plant Science, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ute Roessner
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michelle Watt
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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13
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Nakhforoosh A, Nagel KA, Fiorani F, Bodner G. Deep soil exploration vs. topsoil exploitation: distinctive rooting strategies between wheat landraces and wild relatives. PLANT AND SOIL 2020; 459:397-421. [PMID: 33603255 PMCID: PMC7870630 DOI: 10.1007/s11104-020-04794-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Diversity of root systems among genetic resources can contribute to optimize water and nutrient uptake. Topsoil exploitation vs. deep soil exploration represent two contrasting ideotypes in relation to resource use. Our study reveals how rooting patterns changed between wheat wild progenitors and landraces in regard to these ideotypes. METHODS Root (partitioning, morphology, distribution, elongation, anatomy) and shoot traits (dry-matter, leaf area, assimilation) of durum landraces, wild emmer and wild einkorn from Iran, Syria, Turkey and Lebanon were phenotyped using the GrowScreen-Rhizo platform. Distinctive rooting patterns were identified via principal component analysis and relations with collection site characteristics analyzed. RESULTS Shoot trait differentiation was strongly driven by seed weight, leading to superior early vigor of landraces. Wild progenitors formed superficial root systems with a higher contribution of lateral and early-emerging nodal axes to total root length. Durum landraces had a root system dominated by seminal axes allocated evenly over depth. Xylem anatomy was the trait most affected by the environmental influence of the collection site. CONCLUSIONS The durum landrace root system approximated a deep soil exploration ideotype which would optimize subsoil water uptake, while monococcum-type wild einkorn was most similar to a topsoil exploiting strategy with potential competitive advantages for subsistence in natural vegetation. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11104-020-04794-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Nakhforoosh
- Division of Agronomy, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
- Global Institute of Food Security, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 0W9 Canada
| | - Kerstin A. Nagel
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Fabio Fiorani
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Gernot Bodner
- Division of Agronomy, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Konrad Lorenz-Straße 24, A-3430 Tulln an der Donau, Austria
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14
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Drought Stress Detection in Juvenile Oilseed Rape Using Hyperspectral Imaging with a Focus on Spectra Variability. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12203462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has been gaining recognition as a promising proximal and remote sensing technique for crop drought stress detection. A modelling approach accounting for the treatment effects on the stress indicators’ standard deviations was applied to proximal images of oilseed rape—a crop subjected to various HSI studies, with the exception of drought. The aim of the present study was to determine the spectral responses of two cultivars, ‘Cadeli’ and ‘Viking’, representing distinctive water management strategies, to three types of watering regimes. Hyperspectral data cubes were acquired at the leaf level using a 2D frame camera. The influence of the experimental factors on the extent of leaf discolorations, vegetation index values, and principal component scores was investigated using Bayesian linear models. Clear treatment effects were obtained primarily for the vegetation indexes with respect to the watering regimes. The mean values of RGI, MTCI, RNDVI, and GI responded to the difference between the well-watered and water-deprived plants. The RGI index excelled among them in terms of effect strengths, which amounted to −0.96[−2.21,0.21] and −0.71[−1.97,0.49] units for each cultivar. A consistent increase in the multiple index standard deviations, especially RGI, PSRI, TCARI, and TCARI/OSAVI, was associated with worsening of the hydric regime. These increases were captured not only for the dry treatment but also for the plants subjected to regeneration after a drought episode, particularly by PSRI (a multiplicative effect of 0.33[0.16,0.68] for ‘Cadeli’). This result suggests a higher sensitivity of the vegetation index variability measures relative to the means in the context of the oilseed rape drought stress diagnosis and justifies the application of HSI to capture these effects. RGI is an index deserving additional scrutiny in future studies, as both its mean and standard deviation were affected by the watering regimes.
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15
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Abstract
Wheat was one of the first grain crops domesticated by humans and remains among the major contributors to the global calorie and protein budget. The rapidly expanding world population demands further enhancement of yield and performance of wheat. Phenotypic information has historically been instrumental in wheat breeding for improved traits. In the last two decades, a steadily growing collection of tools and imaging software have given us the ability to quantify shoot, root, and seed traits with progressively increasing accuracy and throughput. This review discusses challenges and advancements in image analysis platforms for wheat phenotyping at the organ level. Perspectives on how these collective phenotypes can inform basic research on understanding wheat physiology and breeding for wheat improvement are also provided.
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16
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Banerjee BP, Joshi S, Thoday-Kennedy E, Pasam RK, Tibbits J, Hayden M, Spangenberg G, Kant S. High-throughput phenotyping using digital and hyperspectral imaging-derived biomarkers for genotypic nitrogen response. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4604-4615. [PMID: 32185382 PMCID: PMC7382386 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of crop varieties with higher nitrogen use efficiency is crucial for sustainable crop production. Combining high-throughput genotyping and phenotyping will expedite the discovery of novel alleles for breeding crop varieties with higher nitrogen use efficiency. Digital and hyperspectral imaging techniques can efficiently evaluate the growth, biophysical, and biochemical performance of plant populations by quantifying canopy reflectance response. Here, these techniques were used to derive automated phenotyping of indicator biomarkers, biomass and chlorophyll levels, corresponding to different nitrogen levels. A detailed description of digital and hyperspectral imaging and the associated challenges and required considerations are provided, with application to delineate the nitrogen response in wheat. Computational approaches for spectrum calibration and rectification, plant area detection, and derivation of vegetation index analysis are presented. We developed a novel vegetation index with higher precision to estimate chlorophyll levels, underpinned by an image-processing algorithm that effectively removed background spectra. Digital shoot biomass and growth parameters were derived, enabling the efficient phenotyping of wheat plants at the vegetative stage, obviating the need for phenotyping until maturity. Overall, our results suggest value in the integration of high-throughput digital and spectral phenomics for rapid screening of large wheat populations for nitrogen response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikram P Banerjee
- Agriculture Victoria, Grains Innovation Park, Horsham, VIC, Australia
| | - Sameer Joshi
- Agriculture Victoria, Grains Innovation Park, Horsham, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Raj K Pasam
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Josquin Tibbits
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew Hayden
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - German Spangenberg
- Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, Centre for AgriBioscience, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
- School of Applied Systems Biology, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Surya Kant
- Agriculture Victoria, Grains Innovation Park, Horsham, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Agricultural Innovation, School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Correspondence:
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17
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Watt M, Fiorani F, Usadel B, Rascher U, Muller O, Schurr U. Phenotyping: New Windows into the Plant for Breeders. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 71:689-712. [PMID: 32097567 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916-041124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant phenotyping enables noninvasive quantification of plant structure and function and interactions with environments. High-capacity phenotyping reaches hitherto inaccessible phenotypic characteristics. Diverse, challenging, and valuable applications of phenotyping have originated among scientists, prebreeders, and breeders as they study the phenotypic diversity of genetic resources and apply increasingly complex traits to crop improvement. Noninvasive technologies are used to analyze experimental and breeding populations. We cover the most recent research in controlled-environment and field phenotyping for seed, shoot, and root traits. Select field phenotyping technologies have become state of the art and show promise for speeding up the breeding process in early generations. We highlight the technologies behind the rapid advances in proximal and remote sensing of plants in fields. We conclude by discussing the new disciplines working with the phenotyping community: data science, to address the challenge of generating FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, and reusable) data, and robotics, to apply phenotyping directly on farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Watt
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; ,
| | - Fabio Fiorani
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; ,
| | - Björn Usadel
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; ,
- Institute for Botany and Molecular Genetics, BioSC, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Uwe Rascher
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; ,
| | - Onno Muller
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; ,
| | - Ulrich Schurr
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany; ,
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Faralli M, Li M, Varotto C. Shoot Characterization of Isoprene and Ocimene-Emitting Transgenic Arabidopsis Plants under Contrasting Environmental Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E477. [PMID: 32283654 PMCID: PMC7238224 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Isoprenoids are among the most abundant biogenic volatile compounds (VOCs) emitted by plants, and mediate both biotic and abiotic stress responses. Here, we provide for the first time a comparative analysis of transgenic Arabidopsis lines constitutively emitting isoprene and ocimene. Transgenic lines and Columbia-0 (Col-0) Arabidopsis were characterized under optimal, water stress, and heat stress conditions. Under optimal conditions, the projected leaf area (PLA), relative growth rate, and final dry weight were generally higher in transgenics than Col-0. These traits were associated to a larger photosynthetic capacity and CO2 assimilation rate at saturating light. Isoprene and ocimene emitters displayed a moderately higher stress tolerance than Col-0, showing higher PLA and gas-exchange traits throughout the experiments. Contrasting behaviors were recorded for the two overexpressors under water stress, with isoprene emitters showing earlier stomatal closure (conservative behavior) than ocimene emitters (non-conservative behavior), which might suggest different induced strategies for water conservation and stress adaptation. Our work indicates that (i) isoprene and ocimene emitters resulted in enhanced PLA and biomass under optimal and control conditions and that (ii) a moderate stress tolerance is induced when isoprene and ocimene are constitutively emitted in Arabidopsis, thus providing evidence of their role as a potential preferable trait for crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claudio Varotto
- Department of Biodiversity and Molecular Ecology, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, via Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige (TN), Italy; (M.F.); (M.L.)
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Tura H, Edwards J, Gahlaut V, Garcia M, Sznajder B, Baumann U, Shahinnia F, Reynolds M, Langridge P, Balyan HS, Gupta PK, Schnurbusch T, Fleury D. QTL analysis and fine mapping of a QTL for yield-related traits in wheat grown in dry and hot environments. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2020; 133:239-257. [PMID: 31586227 PMCID: PMC7990757 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-019-03454-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Genetic control of grain yield and phenology was examined in the Excalibur/Kukri doubled haploid mapping population grown in 32 field experiments across the climatic zones of southern Australia, India and north-western Mexico where the wheat crop experiences drought and heat stress. A total of 128 QTL were identified for four traits: grain yield, thousand grain weight (TGW), days to heading and grain filling duration. These QTL included 24 QTL for yield and 27 for TGW, showing significant interactions with the environment (Q * E). We also identified 14 QTL with a significant, small main effects on yield across environments. The study focussed on a region of chromosome 1B where two main effect QTL were found for yield and TGW without the confounding effect of phenology. Excalibur was the source of favourable alleles: QYld.aww-1B.2 with a peak at 149.5-150.1 cM and QTgw.aww-1B at 168.5-171.4 cM. We developed near isogenic lines (NIL) for the interval including QYld.aww-1B.2 and QTgw.aww-1B and evaluated them under semi-controlled conditions. Significant differences in four pairs of NIL were observed for grain yield but not for TGW, confirming a positive effect of the Excalibur allele for QYld.aww-1B.2. The interval containing QYld.aww-1B.2 was narrowed down to 2.9 cM which corresponded to a 2.2 Mbp genomic region on the chromosome 1B genomic reference sequence of cv. Chinese Spring and contained 39 predicted genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habtamu Tura
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, University of Adelaide, PMB1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - James Edwards
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, University of Adelaide, PMB1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
- Australian Grain Technologies, 20 Leitch Road, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Vijay Gahlaut
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut, India
| | - Melissa Garcia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, University of Adelaide, PMB1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia.
| | - Beata Sznajder
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, University of Adelaide, PMB1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Ute Baumann
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, University of Adelaide, PMB1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
| | - Fahimeh Shahinnia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, University of Adelaide, PMB1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
- Institute for Crop Science and Plant Breeding, Bavarian State Research Center for Agriculture, Am Gereuth 8, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Matthew Reynolds
- International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), Int. AP 6-641, 06600, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - Peter Langridge
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, University of Adelaide, PMB1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
- Julius-Kühn-Institute, Königin-Louise-Str 19, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Harindra Singh Balyan
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut, India
| | - Pushpendra K Gupta
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Ch. Charan Singh University, Meerut, India
| | - Thorsten Schnurbusch
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, University of Adelaide, PMB1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
- Leibniz-Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstr. 3, 06466, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Delphine Fleury
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Campus, University of Adelaide, PMB1, Glen Osmond, SA, 5064, Australia
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Tracy SR, Nagel KA, Postma JA, Fassbender H, Wasson A, Watt M. Crop Improvement from Phenotyping Roots: Highlights Reveal Expanding Opportunities. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 25:105-118. [PMID: 31806535 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Root systems determine the water and nutrients for photosynthesis and harvested products, underpinning agricultural productivity. We highlight 11 programs that integrated root traits into germplasm for breeding, relying on phenotyping. Progress was successful but slow. Today's phenotyping technologies will speed up root trait improvement. They combine multiple new alleles in germplasm for target environments, in parallel. Roots and shoots are detected simultaneously and nondestructively, seed to seed measures are automated, and field and laboratory technologies are increasingly linked. Available simulation models can aid all phenotyping decisions. This century will see a shift from single root traits to rhizosphere selections that can be managed dynamically on farms and a shift to phenotype-based improvement to accommodate the dynamic complexity of whole crop systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saoirse R Tracy
- School of Agriculture & Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kerstin A Nagel
- Institute for Bio and Geosciences-2, Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, 52428 Juelich, Germany
| | - Johannes A Postma
- Institute for Bio and Geosciences-2, Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, 52428 Juelich, Germany
| | - Heike Fassbender
- Institute for Bio and Geosciences-2, Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, 52428 Juelich, Germany
| | - Anton Wasson
- CSIRO Agriculture and Food, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Michelle Watt
- Institute for Bio and Geosciences-2, Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Juelich GmbH, 52428 Juelich, Germany.
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Zhao C, Zhang Y, Du J, Guo X, Wen W, Gu S, Wang J, Fan J. Crop Phenomics: Current Status and Perspectives. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:714. [PMID: 31214228 PMCID: PMC6557228 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Reliable, automatic, multifunctional, and high-throughput phenotypic technologies are increasingly considered important tools for rapid advancement of genetic gain in breeding programs. With the rapid development in high-throughput phenotyping technologies, research in this area is entering a new era called 'phenomics.' The crop phenotyping community not only needs to build a multi-domain, multi-level, and multi-scale crop phenotyping big database, but also to research technical systems for phenotypic traits identification and develop bioinformatics technologies for information extraction from the overwhelming amounts of omics data. Here, we provide an overview of crop phenomics research, focusing on two parts, from phenotypic data collection through various sensors to phenomics analysis. Finally, we discussed the challenges and prospective of crop phenomics in order to provide suggestions to develop new methods of mining genes associated with important agronomic traits, and propose new intelligent solutions for precision breeding.
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Medina S, Vicente R, Nieto-Taladriz MT, Aparicio N, Chairi F, Vergara-Diaz O, Araus JL. The Plant-Transpiration Response to Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD) in Durum Wheat Is Associated With Differential Yield Performance and Specific Expression of Genes Involved in Primary Metabolism and Water Transport. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:1994. [PMID: 30697225 PMCID: PMC6341309 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of plant transpiration was proposed as a key factor affecting transpiration efficiency and agronomical adaptation of wheat to water-limited Mediterranean environments. However, to date no studies have related this trait to crop performance in the field. In this study, the transpiration response to increasing vapor pressure deficit (VPD) of modern Spanish semi-dwarf durum wheat lines was evaluated under controlled conditions at vegetative stage, and the agronomical performance of the same set of lines was assessed at grain filling as well as grain yield at maturity, in Mediterranean environments ranging from water stressed to good agronomical conditions. A group of linear-transpiration response (LTR) lines exhibited better performance in grain yield and biomass compared to segmented-transpiration response (STR) lines, particularly in the wetter environments, whereas the reverse occurred only in the most stressed trial. LTR lines generally exhibited better water status (stomatal conductance) and larger green biomass (vegetation indices) during the reproductive stage than STR lines. In both groups, the responses to growing conditions were associated with the expression levels of dehydration-responsive transcription factors (DREB) leading to different performances of primary metabolism-related enzymes. Thus, the response of LTR lines under fair to good conditions was associated with higher transcription levels of genes involved in nitrogen (GS1 and GOGAT) and carbon (RCBL) metabolism, as well as water transport (TIP1.1). In conclusion, modern durum wheat lines differed in their response to water loss, the linear transpiration seemed to favor uptake and transport of water and nutrients, and photosynthetic metabolism led to higher grain yield except for very harsh drought conditions. The transpiration response to VPD may be a trait to further explore when selecting adaptation to specific water conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Medina
- Integrative Crop Ecophysiology Group, Plant Physiology Section, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - Rubén Vicente
- Integrative Crop Ecophysiology Group, Plant Physiology Section, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Nieves Aparicio
- Agricultural Technology Institute of Castilla and León (ITACYL), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Fadia Chairi
- Integrative Crop Ecophysiology Group, Plant Physiology Section, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Omar Vergara-Diaz
- Integrative Crop Ecophysiology Group, Plant Physiology Section, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Araus
- Integrative Crop Ecophysiology Group, Plant Physiology Section, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
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Müller-Linow M, Wilhelm J, Briese C, Wojciechowski T, Schurr U, Fiorani F. Plant Screen Mobile: an open-source mobile device app for plant trait analysis. PLANT METHODS 2019; 15:2. [PMID: 30651749 PMCID: PMC6329080 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-019-0386-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of leaf area is one of the fundamental variables to quantify plant growth and physiological function and is therefore widely used to characterize genotypes and their interaction with the environment. To date, analysis of leaf area often requires elaborate and destructive measurements or imaging-based methods accompanied by automation that may result in costly solutions. Consequently in recent years there is an increasing trend towards simple and affordable sensor solutions and methodologies. A major focus is currently on harnessing the potential of applications developed for smartphones that provide access to analysis tools to a wide user basis. However, most existing applications entail significant manual effort during data acquisition and analysis. RESULTS With the development of Plant Screen Mobile we provide a suitable smartphone solution for estimating digital proxies of leaf area and biomass in various imaging scenarios in the lab, greenhouse and in the field. To distinguish between plant tissue and background the core of the application comprises different classification approaches that can be parametrized by users delivering results on-the-fly. We demonstrate the practical applications of computing projected leaf area based on two case studies with Eragrostis and Musa plants. These studies showed highly significant correlations with destructive measurements of leaf area and biomass from both ground truth measurements and estimations from well-established screening systems. CONCLUSIONS We show that a smartphone together with our analysis tool Plant Screen Mobile is a suitable platform for rapid quantification of leaf and shoot development of various plant architectures. Beyond the estimation of projected leaf area the app can also be used to quantify color and shape parameters of other plant material including seeds and flowers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Müller-Linow
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Institute for Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Jens Wilhelm
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Institute for Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Christoph Briese
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Institute for Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Present Address: German Aerospace Center (DLR), Lilienthalplatz 7, 38108 Brunswick, Germany
| | - Tobias Wojciechowski
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Institute for Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schurr
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Institute for Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Fabio Fiorani
- IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Institute for Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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De la Fuente Cantó C, Russell J, Hackett CA, Booth A, Dancey S, George TS, Waugh R. Genetic dissection of quantitative and qualitative traits using a minimum set of barley Recombinant Chromosome Substitution Lines. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:340. [PMID: 30526499 PMCID: PMC6286510 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1527-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exploring the natural occurring genetic variation of the wild barley genepool has become a major target of barley crop breeding programmes aiming to increase crop productivity and sustainability in global climate change scenarios. However this diversity remains unexploited and effective approaches are required to investigate the benefits that unadapted genomes could bring to crop improved resilience. In the present study, a set of Recombinant Chromosome Substitution Lines (RCSLs) derived from an elite barley cultivar 'Harrington' as the recurrent parent, and a wild barley accession from the Fertile Crescent 'Caesarea 26-24', as the donor parent (Matus et al. Genome 46:1010-23, 2003) have been utilised in field and controlled conditions to examine the contribution of wild barley genome as a source of novel allelic variation for the cultivated barley genepool. METHODS Twenty-eight RCSLs which were selected to represent the entire genome of the wild barley accession, were genotyped using the 9 K iSelect SNP markers (Comadran et al. Nat Genet 44:1388-92, 2012) and phenotyped for a range of morphological, developmental and agronomic traits in 2 years using a rain-out shelter with four replicates and three water treatments. Data were analysed for marker traits associations using a mixed model approach. RESULTS We identified lines that differ significantly from the elite parent for both qualitative and quantitative traits across growing seasons and water regimes. The detailed genotypic characterisation of the lines for over 1800 polymorphic SNP markers and the design of a mixed model analysis identified chromosomal regions associated with yield related traits where the wild barley allele had a positive response increasing grain weight and size. In addition, variation for qualitative characters, such as the presence of cuticle waxes on the developing spikes, was associated with the wild barley introgressions. Despite the coarse location of the QTLs, interesting candidate genes for the major marker-trait associations were identified using the recently released barley genome assembly. CONCLUSION This study has highlighted the role of exotic germplasm to contribute novel allelic variation by using an optimised experimental approach focused on an exotic genetic library. The results obtained constitute a step forward to the development of more tolerant and resilient varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanne Russell
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA UK
| | | | - Allan Booth
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA UK
| | - Siobhan Dancey
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA UK
| | | | - Robbie Waugh
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA UK
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25
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Feldman MJ, Ellsworth PZ, Fahlgren N, Gehan MA, Cousins AB, Baxter I. Components of Water Use Efficiency Have Unique Genetic Signatures in the Model C 4 Grass Setaria. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 178:699-715. [PMID: 30093527 PMCID: PMC6181048 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and water use are interrelated processes influenced by genetically controlled morphological and biochemical characteristics. Improving plant water use efficiency (WUE) to sustain growth in different environments is an important breeding objective that can improve crop yields and enhance agricultural sustainability. However, genetic improvement of WUE using traditional methods has proven difficult due to the low throughput and environmental heterogeneity of field settings. To overcome these limitations, this study utilizes a high-throughput phenotyping platform to quantify plant size and water use of an interspecific Setaria italica × Setaria viridis recombinant inbred line population at daily intervals in both well-watered and water-limited conditions. Our findings indicate that measurements of plant size and water use are correlated strongly in this system; therefore, a linear modeling approach was used to partition this relationship into predicted values of plant size given water use and deviations from this relationship at the genotype level. The resulting traits describing plant size, water use, and WUE all were heritable and responsive to soil water availability, allowing for a genetic dissection of the components of plant WUE under different watering treatments. Linkage mapping identified major loci underlying two different pleiotropic components of WUE. This study indicates that alleles controlling WUE derived from both wild and domesticated accessions can be utilized to predictably modulate trait values given a specified precipitation regime in the model C4 genus Setaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max J Feldman
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
| | - Patrick Z Ellsworth
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Noah Fahlgren
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
| | - Malia A Gehan
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
| | - Asaph B Cousins
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164
| | - Ivan Baxter
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, Missouri 63132
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Dwivedi SL, Siddique KHM, Farooq M, Thornton PK, Ortiz R. Using Biotechnology-Led Approaches to Uplift Cereal and Food Legume Yields in Dryland Environments. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1249. [PMID: 30210519 PMCID: PMC6120061 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Drought and heat in dryland agriculture challenge the enhancement of crop productivity and threaten global food security. This review is centered on harnessing genetic variation through biotechnology-led approaches to select for increased productivity and stress tolerance that will enhance crop adaptation in dryland environments. Peer-reviewed literature, mostly from the last decade and involving experiments with at least two seasons' data, form the basis of this review. It begins by highlighting the adverse impact of the increasing intensity and duration of drought and heat stress due to global warming on crop productivity and its impact on food and nutritional security in dryland environments. This is followed by (1) an overview of the physiological and molecular basis of plant adaptation to elevated CO2 (eCO2), drought, and heat stress; (2) the critical role of high-throughput phenotyping platforms to study phenomes and genomes to increase breeding efficiency; (3) opportunities to enhance stress tolerance and productivity in food crops (cereals and grain legumes) by deploying biotechnology-led approaches [pyramiding quantitative trait loci (QTL), genomic selection, marker-assisted recurrent selection, epigenetic variation, genome editing, and transgene) and inducing flowering independent of environmental clues to match the length of growing season; (4) opportunities to increase productivity in C3 crops by harnessing novel variations (genes and network) in crops' (C3, C4) germplasm pools associated with increased photosynthesis; and (5) the adoption, impact, risk assessment, and enabling policy environments to scale up the adoption of seed-technology to enhance food and nutritional security. This synthesis of technological innovations and insights in seed-based technology offers crop genetic enhancers further opportunities to increase crop productivity in dryland environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Muhammad Farooq
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Crop Sciences, College of Agricultural and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Al Khoud, Oman
- University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Philip K. Thornton
- CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Rodomiro Ortiz
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
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Scharr H, Briese C, Embgenbroich P, Fischbach A, Fiorani F, Müller-Linow M. Fast High Resolution Volume Carving for 3D Plant Shoot Reconstruction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1680. [PMID: 29033961 DOI: 10.33.89/fpls.2017.01680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Volume carving is a well established method for visual hull reconstruction and has been successfully applied in plant phenotyping, especially for 3d reconstruction of small plants and seeds. When imaging larger plants at still relatively high spatial resolution (≤1 mm), well known implementations become slow or have prohibitively large memory needs. Here we present and evaluate a computationally efficient algorithm for volume carving, allowing e.g., 3D reconstruction of plant shoots. It combines a well-known multi-grid representation called "Octree" with an efficient image region integration scheme called "Integral image." Speedup with respect to less efficient octree implementations is about 2 orders of magnitude, due to the introduced refinement strategy "Mark and refine." Speedup is about a factor 1.6 compared to a highly optimized GPU implementation using equidistant voxel grids, even without using any parallelization. We demonstrate the application of this method for trait derivation of banana and maize plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanno Scharr
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Christoph Briese
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Patrick Embgenbroich
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Andreas Fischbach
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Fabio Fiorani
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Mark Müller-Linow
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
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28
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Scharr H, Briese C, Embgenbroich P, Fischbach A, Fiorani F, Müller-Linow M. Fast High Resolution Volume Carving for 3D Plant Shoot Reconstruction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1680. [PMID: 29033961 PMCID: PMC5625571 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Volume carving is a well established method for visual hull reconstruction and has been successfully applied in plant phenotyping, especially for 3d reconstruction of small plants and seeds. When imaging larger plants at still relatively high spatial resolution (≤1 mm), well known implementations become slow or have prohibitively large memory needs. Here we present and evaluate a computationally efficient algorithm for volume carving, allowing e.g., 3D reconstruction of plant shoots. It combines a well-known multi-grid representation called "Octree" with an efficient image region integration scheme called "Integral image." Speedup with respect to less efficient octree implementations is about 2 orders of magnitude, due to the introduced refinement strategy "Mark and refine." Speedup is about a factor 1.6 compared to a highly optimized GPU implementation using equidistant voxel grids, even without using any parallelization. We demonstrate the application of this method for trait derivation of banana and maize plants.
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