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Rong C, Zhang R, Liu Y, Chang Z, Liu Z, Ding Y, Ding C. Purine permease (PUP) family gene PUP11 positively regulates the rice seed setting rate by influencing seed development. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2024; 43:112. [PMID: 38568250 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-024-03193-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Purine permease PUP11 is essential for rice seed development, regulates the seed setting rate, and influences the cytokinin content, sugar transport, and starch biosynthesis during grain development. The distribution of cytokinins in plant tissues determines plant growth and development and is regulated by several cytokinin transporters, including purine permease (PUP). Thirteen PUP genes have been identified within the rice genome; however, the functions of most of these genes remain poorly understood. We found that pup11 mutants showed extremely low seed setting rates and a unique filled seed distribution. Moreover, seed formation arrest in these mutants was associated with the disappearance of accumulated starch 10 days after flowering. PUP11 has two major transcripts with different expression patterns and subcellular locations, and further studies revealed that they have redundant positive roles in regulating the seed setting rate. We also found that type-A Response Regulator (RR) genes were upregulated in the developing grains of the pup11 mutant compared with those in the wild type. The results also showed that PUP11 altered the expression of several sucrose transporters and significantly upregulated certain starch biosynthesis genes. In summary, our results indicate that PUP11 influences the rice seed setting rate by regulating sucrose transport and starch accumulation during grain filling. This research provides new insights into the relationship between cytokinins and seed development, which may help improve cereal yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Rong
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Renren Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuexin Liu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongyuan Chang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyu Liu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfeng Ding
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production Co-Sponsored By Province and Ministry, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chengqiang Ding
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology Ecology and Production Management, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production Co-Sponsored By Province and Ministry, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Huang Y, Ji Z, Zhang S, Li S. Function of hormone signaling in regulating nitrogen-use efficiency in plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 294:154191. [PMID: 38335845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is one of the most important nutrients for crop plant performance, however, the excessive application of nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture significantly increases production costs and causes severe environmental problems. Therefore, comprehensively understanding the molecular mechanisms of N-use efficiency (NUE) with the aim of developing new crop varieties that combine high yields with improved NUE is an urgent goal for achieving more sustainable agriculture. Plant NUE is a complex trait that is affected by multiple factors, of which hormones are known to play pivotal roles. In this review, we focus on the interaction between the biosynthesis and signaling pathways of plant hormones with N metabolism, and summarize recent studies on the interplay between hormones and N, including how N regulates multiple hormone biosynthesis, transport and signaling and how hormones modulate root system architecture (RSA) in response to external N sources. Finally, we explore potential strategies for promoting crop NUE by modulating hormone synthesis, transport and signaling. This provides insights for future breeding of N-efficient crop varieties and the advancement of sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunzhi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhe Ji
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Siyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
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3
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Xu L, Jia W, Tao X, Ye F, Zhang Y, Ding ZJ, Zheng SJ, Qiao S, Su N, Zhang Y, Wu S, Guo J. Structures and mechanisms of the Arabidopsis cytokinin transporter AZG1. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:180-191. [PMID: 38172575 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01590-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Cytokinins are essential for plant growth and development, and their tissue distributions are regulated by transmembrane transport. Recent studies have revealed that members of the 'Aza-Guanine Resistant' (AZG) protein family from Arabidopsis thaliana can mediate cytokinin uptake in roots. Here we present 2.7 to 3.3 Å cryo-electron microscopy structures of Arabidopsis AZG1 in the apo state and in complex with its substrates trans-zeatin (tZ), 6-benzyleaminopurine (6-BAP) or kinetin. AZG1 forms a homodimer and each subunit shares a similar topology and domain arrangement with the proteins of the nucleobase/ascorbate transporter (NAT) family. These structures, along with functional analyses, reveal the molecular basis for cytokinin recognition. Comparison of the AZG1 structures determined in inward-facing conformations and predicted by AlphaFold2 in the occluded conformation allowed us to propose that AZG1 may carry cytokinins across the membrane through an elevator mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyi Xu
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Nanhu Brain-computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Wei Jia
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Calibra Lab at DIAN Diagnostics, Key Laboratory of Digital Technology in Medical Diagnostics of Zhejiang Provinces, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xin Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fan Ye
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Nanhu Brain-computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Nanhu Brain-computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Jie Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shao Jian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Qiao
- International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nannan Su
- International Institutes of Medicine, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Yiwu, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Jiangtao Guo
- Department of Biophysics and Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Nanhu Brain-computer Interface Institute, Hangzhou, China.
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-Machine Integration, School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Department of Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Intervention and Regenerative Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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4
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Zhao J, Deng X, Qian J, Liu T, Ju M, Li J, Yang Q, Zhu X, Li W, Liu CJ, Jin Z, Zhang K. Arabidopsis ABCG14 forms a homodimeric transporter for multiple cytokinins and mediates long-distance transport of isopentenyladenine-type cytokinins. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100468. [PMID: 36307987 PMCID: PMC10030318 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs), primarily trans-zeatin (tZ) and isopentenyladenine (iP) types, play critical roles in plant growth, development, and various stress responses. Long-distance transport of tZ-type CKs meidated by Arabidopsis ATP-binding cassette transporter subfamily G14 (AtABCG14) has been well studied; however, less is known about the biochemical properties of AtABCG14 and its transporter activity toward iP-type CKs. Here we reveal the biochemical properties of AtABCG14 and provide evidence that it is also required for long-distance transport of iP-type CKs. AtABCG14 formed homodimers in human (Homo sapiens) HEK293T, tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), and Arabidopsis cells. Transporter activity assays of AtABCG14 in Arabidopsis, tobacco, and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) showed that AtABCG14 may directly transport multiple CKs, including iP- and tZ-type species. AtABCG14 expression was induced by iP in a tZ-type CK-deficient double mutant (cypDM) of CYP735A1 and CYP735A2. The atabcg14 cypDM triple mutant exhibited stronger CK-deficiency phenotypes than cypDM. Hormone profiling, reciprocal grafting, and 2H6-iP isotope tracer experiments showed that root-to-shoot and shoot-to-root long-distance transport of iP-type CKs were suppressed in atabcg14 cypDM and atabcg14. These results suggest that AtABCG14 participates in three steps of the circular long-distance transport of iP-type CKs: xylem loading in the root for shootward transport, phloem unloading in the shoot for shoot distribution, and phloem unloading in the root for root distribution. We found that AtABCG14 displays transporter activity toward multiple CK species and revealed its versatile roles in circular long-distance transport of iP-type CKs. These findings provide new insights into the transport mechanisms of CKs and other plant hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangzhe Zhao
- Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojuan Deng
- Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Jiayun Qian
- Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Ting Liu
- Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Min Ju
- Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Juan Li
- Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Qin Yang
- Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxian Zhu
- Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Weiqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 4888 Shengbei Street, Changchun 130102, China
| | - Chang-Jun Liu
- Biology Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA
| | - Zhigang Jin
- Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China
| | - Kewei Zhang
- Institute of Plant Stress Adaptation and Genetic Enhancement, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology on Specialty Economic Plants, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321004, P.R. China.
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5
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El-Aswad AF, Aly MI, Alsahaty SA, Basyony ABA. Efficacy evaluation of some fumigants against Fusarium oxysporum and enhancement of tomato growth as elicitor-induced defense responses. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2479. [PMID: 36774421 PMCID: PMC9922316 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29033-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium wilt, the most serious soil-borne pathogen, is a serious problem for tomato production worldwide. The presented study evaluated the antifungal activity against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in vitro and in vivo for nine fumigants. In addition, the research examined the possibility of enhancing the growth of tomato plants in order to increase resistance against this disease by using four chemical inducers. The results indicated that at 20 mg/L, the radial growth of the pathogen was inhibited 100% by formaldehyde and > 80% by phosphine. Among the essential oils investigated, neem oil was the most effective, however, it only achieved 40.54% at 500 mg/L. The values of EC50 for all fumigants, except dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) and carbon disulfide (CS2), were lower than those for thiophanate-methyl. Phosphine was the highest efficient. The elicitors can be arranged based on their effectiveness, gibberellic acid (GA3) > sorbic acid > cytokinin (6-benzylaminopurine) > indole-3-butyric acid. The change in root length, fresh weight, and dry weight was greater with soil drench than with foliar application. The fumigant generators formaldehyde, phosphine and 1,4-dichlorobenzene and bio-fumigants citrus and neem oils as well as elicitors gibberellic and sorbic acid could be one of the promising alternatives to methyl bromide against Fusarium oxysporum as an important component of integrated management of Fusarium wilt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed F El-Aswad
- Pesticide Chemistry and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, El-Shatby, Alexandria, 21545, Egypt.
| | - Maher I Aly
- Pesticide Chemistry and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, El-Shatby, Alexandria, 21545, Egypt
| | - Sameh A Alsahaty
- Pesticide Chemistry and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, El-Shatby, Alexandria, 21545, Egypt
| | - Ayman B A Basyony
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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6
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Avilez-Montalvo JR, Quintana-Escobar AO, Méndez-Hernández HA, Aguilar-Hernández V, Brito-Argáez L, Galaz-Ávalos RM, Uc-Chuc MA, Loyola-Vargas VM. Auxin-Cytokinin Cross Talk in Somatic Embryogenesis of Coffea canephora. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11152013. [PMID: 35956493 PMCID: PMC9370429 DOI: 10.3390/plants11152013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CK) are plant growth regulators involved in multiple physiological processes in plants. One less studied aspect is CK homeostasis (HM). The primary genes related to HM are involved in biosynthesis (IPT), degradation (CKX), and signaling (ARR). This paper demonstrates the effect of auxin (Aux) and CK and their cross talk in a Coffea canephora embryogenic system. The transcriptome and RT-qPCR suggest that Aux in pre-treatment represses biosynthesis, degradation, and signal CK genes. However, in the induction, there is an increase of genes implicated in the CK perception/signal, indicating perhaps, as in other species, Aux is repressing CK, and CK are inducing per se genes involved in its HM. This is reflected in the endogenous concentration of CK; pharmacology experiments helped study the effect of each plant growth regulator in our SE system. We conclude that the Aux–CK balance is crucial to directing somatic embryogenesis in C. canephora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johny R. Avilez-Montalvo
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43, No. 130 × 32 y 34, Mérida 97205, Mexico; (J.R.A.-M.); (A.O.Q.-E.); (H.A.M.-H.); (L.B.-A.); (R.M.G.-Á.); (M.A.U.-C.)
| | - Ana O. Quintana-Escobar
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43, No. 130 × 32 y 34, Mérida 97205, Mexico; (J.R.A.-M.); (A.O.Q.-E.); (H.A.M.-H.); (L.B.-A.); (R.M.G.-Á.); (M.A.U.-C.)
| | - Hugo A. Méndez-Hernández
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43, No. 130 × 32 y 34, Mérida 97205, Mexico; (J.R.A.-M.); (A.O.Q.-E.); (H.A.M.-H.); (L.B.-A.); (R.M.G.-Á.); (M.A.U.-C.)
| | - Víctor Aguilar-Hernández
- Catedrático CONACYT, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida 97205, Mexico;
| | - Ligia Brito-Argáez
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43, No. 130 × 32 y 34, Mérida 97205, Mexico; (J.R.A.-M.); (A.O.Q.-E.); (H.A.M.-H.); (L.B.-A.); (R.M.G.-Á.); (M.A.U.-C.)
| | - Rosa M. Galaz-Ávalos
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43, No. 130 × 32 y 34, Mérida 97205, Mexico; (J.R.A.-M.); (A.O.Q.-E.); (H.A.M.-H.); (L.B.-A.); (R.M.G.-Á.); (M.A.U.-C.)
| | - Miguel A. Uc-Chuc
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43, No. 130 × 32 y 34, Mérida 97205, Mexico; (J.R.A.-M.); (A.O.Q.-E.); (H.A.M.-H.); (L.B.-A.); (R.M.G.-Á.); (M.A.U.-C.)
| | - Víctor M. Loyola-Vargas
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Calle 43, No. 130 × 32 y 34, Mérida 97205, Mexico; (J.R.A.-M.); (A.O.Q.-E.); (H.A.M.-H.); (L.B.-A.); (R.M.G.-Á.); (M.A.U.-C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-999-942-83-30 (ext. 243)
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Vysotskaya L, Timergalina L, Akhiyarova G, Korobova A, Fedyaev V, Ivanov I, Kudoyarova G, Veselov D. Association of Barley Root Elongation with ABA-Dependent Transport of Cytokinins from Roots and Shoots under Supra-Optimal Concentrations of Nitrates and Phosphates. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113110. [PMID: 34831337 PMCID: PMC8625479 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in root elongation are important for the acquisition of mineral nutrients by plants. Plant hormones, cytokinins, and abscisic acid (ABA) and their interaction are important for the control of root elongation under changes in the availability of ions. However, their role in growth responses to supra-optimal concentrations of nitrates and phosphates has not been sufficiently studied and was addressed in the present research. Effects of supra-optimal concentrations of these ions on root elongation and distribution of cytokinins between roots and shoots were studied in ABA-deficient barley mutant Az34 and its parental variety, Steptoe. Cytokinin concentration in the cells of the growing root tips was analyzed with the help of an immunohistochemical technique. Increased concentrations of nitrates and phosphates led to the accumulation of ABA and cytokinins in the root tips, accompanied by a decline in shoot cytokinin content and inhibition of root elongation in Steptoe. Neither of the effects were detected in Az34, suggesting the importance of the ability of plants to accumulate ABA for the control of these responses. Since cytokinins are known to inhibit root elongation, the effect of supra-optimal concentration of nitrates and phosphates on root growth is likely to be due to the accumulation of cytokinins brought about by ABA-induced inhibition of cytokinin transport from roots to shoots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiya Vysotskaya
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Octyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia; (L.V.); (L.T.); (G.A.); (A.K.); (V.F.); (I.I.); (D.V.)
| | - Leylya Timergalina
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Octyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia; (L.V.); (L.T.); (G.A.); (A.K.); (V.F.); (I.I.); (D.V.)
| | - Guzel Akhiyarova
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Octyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia; (L.V.); (L.T.); (G.A.); (A.K.); (V.F.); (I.I.); (D.V.)
| | - Alla Korobova
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Octyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia; (L.V.); (L.T.); (G.A.); (A.K.); (V.F.); (I.I.); (D.V.)
| | - Vadim Fedyaev
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Octyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia; (L.V.); (L.T.); (G.A.); (A.K.); (V.F.); (I.I.); (D.V.)
- Department of Biology, Bashkir State University, Zaki-Validi St. 32, 450074 Ufa, Russia
| | - Igor Ivanov
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Octyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia; (L.V.); (L.T.); (G.A.); (A.K.); (V.F.); (I.I.); (D.V.)
| | - Guzel Kudoyarova
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Octyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia; (L.V.); (L.T.); (G.A.); (A.K.); (V.F.); (I.I.); (D.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Dmitry Veselov
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Ufa Institute of Biology, Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pr. Octyabrya, 69, 450054 Ufa, Russia; (L.V.); (L.T.); (G.A.); (A.K.); (V.F.); (I.I.); (D.V.)
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8
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Polko JK, Potter KC, Burr CA, Schaller GE, Kieber JJ. Meta-analysis of transcriptomic studies of cytokinin-treated rice roots defines a core set of cytokinin response genes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 107:1387-1402. [PMID: 34165836 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins regulate diverse aspects of plant growth and development, primarily through modulation of gene expression. The cytokinin-responsive transcriptome has been thoroughly described in dicots, especially Arabidopsis, but much less so in monocots. Here, we present a meta-analysis of five different transcriptomic analyses of rice (Oryza sativa) roots treated with cytokinin, including three previously unpublished experiments. We developed a treatment method in which hormone is added to the media of rice seedlings grown in sterile hydroponic culture under a continuous airflow, which resulted in minimal perturbation of the seedlings, thus greatly reducing changes in gene expression in the absence of exogenous hormone. We defined a core set of 205 upregulated and 86 downregulated genes that were differentially expressed in at least three of the transcriptomic datasets. This core set includes genes encoding the type-A response regulators (RRs) and cytokinin oxidases/dehydrogenases, which have been shown to be primary cytokinin response genes. GO analysis revealed that the upregulated genes were enriched for terms related to cytokinin/hormone signaling and metabolism, while the downregulated genes were significantly enriched for genes encoding transporters. Variations of type-B RR binding motifs were significantly enriched in the promoters of the upregulated genes, as were binding sites for other potential partner transcription factors. The promoters of the downregulated genes were generally enriched for distinct cis-acting motifs and did not include the type-B RR binding motif. This analysis provides insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying cytokinin action in a monocot and provides a useful foundation for future studies of this hormone in rice and other cereals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna K Polko
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Kevin C Potter
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Christian A Burr
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - G Eric Schaller
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, USA
| | - Joseph J Kieber
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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9
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Integrating the Roles for Cytokinin and Auxin in De Novo Shoot Organogenesis: From Hormone Uptake to Signaling Outputs. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168554. [PMID: 34445260 PMCID: PMC8395325 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
De novo shoot organogenesis (DNSO) is a procedure commonly used for the in vitro regeneration of shoots from a variety of plant tissues. Shoot regeneration occurs on nutrient media supplemented with the plant hormones cytokinin (CK) and auxin, which play essential roles in this process, and genes involved in their signaling cascades act as master regulators of the different phases of shoot regeneration. In the last 20 years, the genetic regulation of DNSO has been characterized in detail. However, as of today, the CK and auxin signaling events associated with shoot regeneration are often interpreted as a consequence of these hormones simply being present in the regeneration media, whereas the roles for their prior uptake and transport into the cultivated plant tissues are generally overlooked. Additionally, sucrose, commonly added to the regeneration media as a carbon source, plays a signaling role and has been recently shown to interact with CK and auxin and to affect the efficiency of shoot regeneration. In this review, we provide an integrative interpretation of the roles for CK and auxin in the process of DNSO, adding emphasis on their uptake from the regeneration media and their interaction with sucrose present in the media to their complex signaling outputs that mediate shoot regeneration.
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10
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Nguyen HN, Nguyen TQ, Kisiala AB, Emery RJN. Beyond transport: cytokinin ribosides are translocated and active in regulating the development and environmental responses of plants. PLANTA 2021; 254:45. [PMID: 34365553 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03693-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Riboside type cytokinins are key components in cytokinin metabolism, transport, and sensitivity, making them important functional signals in plant growth and development and environmental stress responses. Cytokinin (CKs) are phytohormones that regulate multiple processes in plants and are critical for agronomy, as they are involved in seed filling and plant responses to biotic and abiotic stress. Among the over 30 identified CKs, there is uncertainty about the roles of many of the individual CK structural forms. Cytokinin free bases (CKFBs), have been studied in great detail, but, by comparison, roles of riboside-type CKs (CKRs) in CK metabolism and associated signaling pathways and their distal impacts on plant physiology remain largely unknown. Here, recent findings on CKR abundance, transport and localization, are summarized, and their importance in planta is discussed. The history of CKR analyses is reviewed, in the context of the determination of CK metabolic pathways, and research on CKR affinity for CK receptors, all of which yield essential insights into their functions. Recent studies suggest that CKR forms are a lot more than a group of transport CKs and, beyond this, they play important roles in plant development and responses to environmental stress. In this context, this review discusses the involvement of CKRs in plant development, and highlight the less anticipated functions of CKRs in abiotic stress tolerance. Based on this, possible mechanisms for CKR modes of action are proposed and experimental approaches to further uncover their roles and future biotechnological applications are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada.
| | - Thien Quoc Nguyen
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - Anna B Kisiala
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada
| | - R J Neil Emery
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, K9L 0G2, Canada
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11
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Nguyen HN, Lai N, Kisiala AB, Emery RJN. Isopentenyltransferases as master regulators of crop performance: their function, manipulation, and genetic potential for stress adaptation and yield improvement. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 19:1297-1313. [PMID: 33934489 PMCID: PMC8313133 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Isopentenyltransferase (IPT) in plants regulates a rate-limiting step of cytokinin (CTK) biosynthesis. IPTs are recognized as key regulators of CTK homeostasis and phytohormone crosstalk in both biotic and abiotic stress responses. Recent research has revealed the regulatory function of IPTs in gene expression and metabolite profiles including source-sink modifications, energy metabolism, nutrient allocation and storage, stress defence and signalling pathways, protein synthesis and transport, and membrane transport. This suggests that IPTs play a crucial role in plant growth and adaptation. In planta studies of IPT-driven modifications indicate that, at a physiological level, IPTs improve stay-green characteristics, delay senescence, reduce stress-induced oxidative damage and protect photosynthetic machinery. Subsequently, these improvements often manifest as enhanced or stabilized crop yields and this is especially apparent under environmental stress. These mechanisms merit consideration of the IPTs as 'master regulators' of core cellular metabolic pathways, thus adjusting plant homeostasis/adaptive responses to altered environmental stresses, to maximize yield potential. If their expression can be adequately controlled, both spatially and temporally, IPTs can be a key driver for seed yield. In this review, we give a comprehensive overview of recent findings on how IPTs influence plant stress physiology and yield, and we highlight areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nhan Lai
- School of BiotechnologyVietnam National UniversityHo Chi Minh CityVietnam
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12
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Kotov AA, Kotova LM, Romanov GA. Signaling network regulating plant branching: Recent advances and new challenges. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 307:110880. [PMID: 33902848 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Auxin alone or supplemented with cytokinins and strigolactones were long considered as the main player(s) in the control of apical dominance (AD) and correlative inhibition of the lateral bud outgrowth, the processes that shape the plant phenotype. However, past decade data indicate a more sophisticated pathways of AD regulation, with the involvement of mobile carbohydrates which perform both signal and trophic functions. Here we provide a critical comprehensive overview of the current status of the AD problem. This includes insight into intimate mechanisms regulating directed auxin transport in axillary buds with participation of phytohormones and sugars. Also roles of auxin, cytokinin and sugars in the dormancy or sustained growth of the lateral meristems were assigned. This review not only provides the latest data on implicated phytohormone crosstalk and its relationship with the signaling of sugars and abscisic acid, new AD players, but also focuses on the emerging biochemical mechanisms, at first positive feedback loops involving both sugars and hormones, that ensure the sustained bud growth. Data show that sugars act in concert with cytokinins but antagonistically to strigolactone signaling. A complex bud growth regulating network is demonstrated and unresolved issues regarding the hormone-carbohydrate regulation of AD are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey A Kotov
- Timirjazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Liudmila M Kotova
- Timirjazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia
| | - Georgy A Romanov
- Timirjazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 127276 Moscow, Russia.
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13
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Microalgae, soil and plants: A critical review of microalgae as renewable resources for agriculture. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Nedvěd D, Hošek P, Klíma P, Hoyerová K. Differential Subcellular Distribution of Cytokinins: How Does Membrane Transport Fit into the Big Picture? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3428. [PMID: 33810428 PMCID: PMC8037549 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins are a class of phytohormones, signalling molecules specific to plants. They act as regulators of diverse physiological processes in complex signalling pathways. It is necessary for plants to continuously regulate cytokinin distribution among different organs, tissues, cells, and compartments. Such regulatory mechanisms include cytokinin biosynthesis, metabolic conversions and degradation, as well as cytokinin membrane transport. In our review, we aim to provide a thorough picture of the latter. We begin by summarizing cytokinin structures and physicochemical properties. Then, we revise the elementary thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of cytokinin membrane transport. Next, we review which membrane-bound carrier proteins and protein families recognize cytokinins as their substrates. Namely, we discuss the families of "equilibrative nucleoside transporters" and "purine permeases", which translocate diverse purine-related compounds, and proteins AtPUP14, AtABCG14, AtAZG1, and AtAZG2, which are specific to cytokinins. We also address long-distance cytokinin transport. Putting all these pieces together, we finally discuss cytokinin distribution as a net result of these processes, diverse in their physicochemical nature but acting together to promote plant fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nedvěd
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.N.); (P.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Hošek
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.N.); (P.H.)
| | - Petr Klíma
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.N.); (P.H.)
| | - Klára Hoyerová
- The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (D.N.); (P.H.)
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15
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Limitation of Cytokinin Export to the Shoots by Nucleoside Transporter ENT3 and its Linkage with Root Elongation in Arabidopsis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020350. [PMID: 33567681 PMCID: PMC7914507 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The trans-membrane carrier AtENT3 is known to transport externally supplied cytokinin ribosides and thus promote uptake by cells. However, its role in distributing either exogenous or endogenous cytokinins within the intact plant has not hitherto been reported. To test this, we used ent3-1 mutant Arabidopsis seedlings in which the gene is not expressed due to a T-DNA insertion, and examined the effect on the concentration and distribution of either endogenous cytokinins or exogenous trans-zeatin riboside applied to the roots. In the mutant, accumulation of endogenous cytokinins in the roots was reduced and capacity to deliver externally supplied trans-zeatin riboside to the shoots was increased suggesting involvement of equilibrative nucleoside (ENT) transporter in the control of cytokinin distribution in the plants. Roots of ent3-1 were longer in the mutant in association with their lower cytokinin concentration. We concluded that the ENT3 transporter participates in partitioning endogenous cytokinins between the apoplast and the symplast by facilitating their uptake by root cells thereby limiting cytokinin export to the shoots through the xylem. Dilution of the mineral nutrient solution lowered endogenous cytokinin concentration in the roots of both wild type (WT) and ent3-1 plants accompanied by promotion of root elongation. Nevertheless, cytokinin content was lower, while roots were longer in the ent3-1 mutant than in the WT under either normal or deficient mineral nutrition suggesting a significant role of ENT3 transporter in the control of cytokinin level in the roots and the rate of their elongation.
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16
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Nenadić M, Vermeer JEM. Dynamic cytokinin signalling landscapes during lateral root formation in Arabidopsis. QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 2:e13. [PMID: 37077210 PMCID: PMC10095801 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2021.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
By forming lateral roots, plants expand their root systems to improve anchorage and absorb more water and nutrients from the soil. Each phase of this developmental process in Arabidopsis is tightly regulated by dynamic and continuous signalling of the phytohormones cytokinin and auxin. While the roles of auxin in lateral root organogenesis and spatial accommodation by overlying cell layers have been well studied, insights on the importance of cytokinin is still somewhat limited. Cytokinin is a negative regulator of lateral root formation with versatile modes of action being activated at different root developmental zones. Here, we review the latest progress made towards our understanding of these spatially separated mechanisms of cytokinin-mediated signalling that shape lateral root initiation, outgrowth and emergence and highlight some of the enticing open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Nenadić
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Centre, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Joop E. M. Vermeer
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology & Zurich-Basel Plant Science Centre, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Author for correspondence: Joop E. M. Vermeer, E-mail:
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17
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Xu F, Xue S, Deng L, Zhang S, Li Y, Zhao X. The piperazine compound ASP activates an auxin response in Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:788. [PMID: 33176686 PMCID: PMC7659159 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07203-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Auxins play key roles in the phytohormone network. Early auxin response genes in the AUX/IAA, SAUR, and GH3 families show functional redundancy, which makes it very difficult to study the functions of individual genes based on gene knockout analysis or transgenic technology. As an alternative, chemical genetics provides a powerful approach that can be used to address questions relating to plant hormones. Results By screening a small-molecule chemical library of compounds that can induce abnormal seedling and vein development, we identified and characterized a piperazine compound 1-[(4-bromophenoxy) acetyl]-4-[(4-fluorophenyl) sulfonyl] piperazine (ASP). The Arabidopsis DR5::GFP line was used to assess if the effects mentioned were correlated with the auxin response, and we accordingly verified that ASP altered the auxin-related pathway. Subsequently, we examined the regulatory roles of ASP in hypocotyl and root development, auxin distribution, and changes in gene expression. Following ASP treatment, we detected hypocotyl elongation concomitant with enhanced cell elongation. Furthermore, seedlings showed retarded primary root growth, reduced gravitropism and increased root hair development. These phenotypes were associated with an increased induction of DR5::GUS expression in the root/stem transition zone and root tips. Auxin-related mutants including tir1–1, aux1–7 and axr2–1 showed phenotypes with different root-development pattern from that of the wild type (Col-0), and were insensitive to ASP. Confocal images of propidium iodide (PI)-stained root tip cells showed no detectable damage by ASP. Furthermore, RT-qPCR analyses of two other genes, namely, Ethylene Response Factor (ERF115) and Mediator 18 (MED18), which are related to cell regeneration and damage, indicated that the ASP inhibitory effect on root growth was not attributable to toxicity. RT-qPCR analysis provided further evidence that ASP induced the expression of early auxin-response-related genes. Conclusions ASP altered the auxin response pathway and regulated Arabidopsis growth and development. These results provide a basis for dissecting specific molecular components involved in auxin-regulated developmental processes and offer new opportunities to discover novel molecular players involved in the auxin response. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-020-07203-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyang Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Shuqi Xue
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Limeng Deng
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Sufen Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yaxuan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China.
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18
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Antoniadi I, Novák O, Gelová Z, Johnson A, Plíhal O, Simerský R, Mik V, Vain T, Mateo-Bonmatí E, Karady M, Pernisová M, Plačková L, Opassathian K, Hejátko J, Robert S, Friml J, Doležal K, Ljung K, Turnbull C. Cell-surface receptors enable perception of extracellular cytokinins. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4284. [PMID: 32855409 PMCID: PMC7453015 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17700-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins are mobile multifunctional plant hormones with roles in development and stress resilience. Although their Histidine Kinase receptors are substantially localised to the endoplasmic reticulum, cellular sites of cytokinin perception and importance of spatially heterogeneous cytokinin distribution continue to be debated. Here we show that cytokinin perception by plasma membrane receptors is an effective additional path for cytokinin response. Readout from a Two Component Signalling cytokinin-specific reporter (TCSn::GFP) closely matches intracellular cytokinin content in roots, yet we also find cytokinins in extracellular fluid, potentially enabling action at the cell surface. Cytokinins covalently linked to beads that could not pass the plasma membrane increased expression of both TCSn::GFP and Cytokinin Response Factors. Super-resolution microscopy of GFP-labelled receptors and diminished TCSn::GFP response to immobilised cytokinins in cytokinin receptor mutants, further indicate that receptors can function at the cell surface. We argue that dual intracellular and surface locations may augment flexibility of cytokinin responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Antoniadi
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Gelová
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and NCBR, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, CZ-62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Johnson
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Ondřej Plíhal
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Simerský
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Protein Biochemistry and Proteomics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Mik
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Vain
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
- Chr. Hansen, 2630, Taastrup, Denmark
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, 2630, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Eduardo Mateo-Bonmatí
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Michal Karady
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Pernisová
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and NCBR, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, CZ-62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Plačková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | | | - Jan Hejátko
- CEITEC-Central European Institute of Technology and NCBR, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, CZ-62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Jiří Friml
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, 3400, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Karel Doležal
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences and Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science of Palacký University, CZ-78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Karin Ljung
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Colin Turnbull
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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19
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Aoki MM, Emery RJN, Anjard C, Brunetti CR, Huber RJ. Cytokinins in Dictyostelia - A Unique Model for Studying the Functions of Signaling Agents From Species to Kingdoms. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:511. [PMID: 32714926 PMCID: PMC7316887 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are a diverse group of evolutionarily significant growth-regulating molecules. While the CK biosynthesis and signal transduction pathways are the most well-understood in plant systems, these molecules have been identified in all kingdoms of life. This review follows the recent discovery of an expanded CK profile in the social amoeba, Dictyostelium discoideum. A comprehensive review on the present knowledge of CK biosynthesis, signal transduction, and CK-small molecule interactions within members of Dictyostelia will be summarized. In doing so, the utility of social amoebae will be highlighted as a model system for studying the evolution of these hormone-like signaling agents, which will set the stage for future research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Aoki
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - R J Neil Emery
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - Christophe Anjard
- Institut Lumière Matière, CNRS UMR 5306, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Craig R Brunetti
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
| | - Robert J Huber
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON, Canada
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20
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Vylíčilová H, Bryksová M, Matušková V, Doležal K, Plíhalová L, Strnad M. Naturally Occurring and Artificial N9-Cytokinin Conjugates: From Synthesis to Biological Activity and Back. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10060832. [PMID: 32485963 PMCID: PMC7356397 DOI: 10.3390/biom10060832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokinins and their sugar or non-sugar conjugates are very active growth-promoting factors in plants, although they occur at very low concentrations. These compounds have been identified in numerous plant species. This review predominantly focuses on 9-substituted adenine-based cytokinin conjugates, both artificial and endogenous, sugar and non-sugar, and their roles in plants. Acquired information about their biological activities, interconversions, and metabolism improves understanding of their mechanisms of action and functions in planta. Although a number of 9-substituted cytokinins occur endogenously, many have also been prepared in laboratories to facilitate the clarification of their physiological roles and the determination of their biological properties. Here, we chart advances in knowledge of 9-substituted cytokinin conjugates from their discovery to current understanding and reciprocal interactions between biological properties and associated structural motifs. Current organic chemistry enables preparation of derivatives with better biological properties, such as improved anti-senescence, strong cell division stimulation, shoot forming, or more persistent stress tolerance compared to endogenous or canonical cytokinins. Many artificial cytokinin conjugates stimulate higher mass production than naturally occurring cytokinins, improve rooting, or simply have high stability or bioavailability. Thus, knowledge of the biosynthesis, metabolism, and activity of 9-substituted cytokinins in various plant species extends the scope for exploiting both natural and artificially prepared cytokinins in plant biotechnology, tissue culture, and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Vylíčilová
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (H.V.); (M.B.); (V.M.); (K.D.)
| | - Magdaléna Bryksová
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (H.V.); (M.B.); (V.M.); (K.D.)
| | - Vlasta Matušková
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (H.V.); (M.B.); (V.M.); (K.D.)
| | - Karel Doležal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (H.V.); (M.B.); (V.M.); (K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
| | - Lucie Plíhalová
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (H.V.); (M.B.); (V.M.); (K.D.)
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
- Correspondence:
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic;
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Hai NN, Chuong NN, Tu NHC, Kisiala A, Hoang XLT, Thao NP. Role and Regulation of Cytokinins in Plant Response to Drought Stress. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E422. [PMID: 32244272 PMCID: PMC7238249 DOI: 10.3390/plants9040422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are key phytohormones that not only regulate plant growth and development but also mediate plant tolerance to drought stress. Recent advances in genome-wide association studies coupled with in planta characterization have opened new avenues to investigate the drought-responsive expression of CK metabolic and signaling genes, as well as their functions in plant adaptation to drought. Under water deficit, CK signaling has evolved as an inter-cellular communication network which is essential to crosstalk with other types of phytohormones and their regulating pathways in mediating plant stress response. In this review, we revise the current understanding of CK involvement in drought stress tolerance. Particularly, a genetic framework for CK signaling and CK crosstalk with abscisic acid (ABA) in the precise monitoring of drought responses is proposed. In addition, the potential of endogenous CK alteration in crops towards developing drought-tolerant crops is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Ngoc Hai
- Applied Biotechnology for Crop Development Research Unit, School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; (N.N.H.); (N.N.C.); (N.H.C.T.)
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Environmental and Life Science, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2 Canada
| | - Nguyen Nguyen Chuong
- Applied Biotechnology for Crop Development Research Unit, School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; (N.N.H.); (N.N.C.); (N.H.C.T.)
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Huu Cam Tu
- Applied Biotechnology for Crop Development Research Unit, School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; (N.N.H.); (N.N.C.); (N.H.C.T.)
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Anna Kisiala
- Department of Biology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9L 0G2, Canada;
| | - Xuan Lan Thi Hoang
- Applied Biotechnology for Crop Development Research Unit, School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; (N.N.H.); (N.N.C.); (N.H.C.T.)
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Phuong Thao
- Applied Biotechnology for Crop Development Research Unit, School of Biotechnology, International University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam; (N.N.H.); (N.N.C.); (N.H.C.T.)
- Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
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22
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Zhao J, Yu N, Ju M, Fan B, Zhang Y, Zhu E, Zhang M, Zhang K. ABC transporter OsABCG18 controls the shootward transport of cytokinins and grain yield in rice. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:6277-6291. [PMID: 31504730 PMCID: PMC6859808 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins are one of the most important phytohormones and play essential roles in multiple life processes in planta. Root-derived cytokinins are transported to the shoots via long-distance transport. The mechanisms of long-distance transport of root-derived cytokinins remain to be demonstrated. In this study, we report that OsABCG18, a half-size ATP-binding cassette transporter from rice (Oryza sativa L.), is essential for the long-distance transport of root-derived cytokinins. OsABCG18 encodes a plasma membrane protein and is primarily expressed in the vascular tissues of the root, stem, and leaf midribs. Cytokinin profiling, as well as [14C]trans-zeatin tracer, and xylem sap assays, demonstrated that the shootward transport of root-derived cytokinins was significantly suppressed in the osabcg18 mutants. Transport assays in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) indicated that OsABCG18 exhibited efflux transport activities for various substrates of cytokinins. While the mutation reduced root-derived cytokinins in the shoot and grain yield, overexpression of OsABCG18 significantly increased cytokinins in the shoot and improved grain yield. The findings for OsABCG18 as a transporter for long-distance transport of cytokinin provide new insights into the cytokinin transport mechanism and a novel strategy to increase cytokinins in the shoot and promote grain yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangzhe Zhao
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ningning Yu
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Min Ju
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Biao Fan
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Engao Zhu
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Mengyuan Zhang
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kewei Zhang
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Developmental Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang, China
- Correspondence:
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23
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Gasparis S, Przyborowski M, Kała M, Nadolska-Orczyk A. Knockout of the HvCKX1 or HvCKX3 Gene in Barley ( Hordeum vulgare L.) by RNA-Guided Cas9 Nuclease Affects the Regulation of Cytokinin Metabolism and Root Morphology. Cells 2019; 8:E782. [PMID: 31357516 PMCID: PMC6721474 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Barley is among four of the most important cereal crops with respect to global production. Increasing barley yields to desired levels can be achieved by the genetic manipulation of cytokinin content. Cytokinins are plant hormones that regulate many developmental processes and have a strong influence on grain yield. Cytokinin homeostasis is regulated by members of several multigene families. CKX genes encode the cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase enzyme, which catalyzes the irreversible degradation of cytokinin. Several recent studies have demonstrated that the RNAi-based silencing of CKX genes leads to increased grain yields in some crop species. To assess the possibility of increasing the grain yield of barley by knocking out CKX genes, we used an RNA-guided Cas9 system to generate ckx1 and ckx3 mutant lines with knockout mutations in the HvCKX1 and HvCKX3 genes, respectively. Homozygous, transgene-free mutant lines were subsequently selected and analyzed. A significant decrease in CKX enzyme activity was observed in the spikes of the ckx1 lines, while in the ckx3 lines, the activity remained at a similar level to that in the control plants. Despite these differences, no changes in grain yield were observed in either mutant line. In turn, differences in CKX activity in the roots between the ckx1 and ckx3 mutants were reflected via root morphology. The decreased CKX activity in the ckx1 lines corresponded to greater root length, increased surface area, and greater numbers of root hairs, while the increased CKX activity in the ckx3 mutants gave the opposite results. RNA-seq analysis of the spike and root transcriptomes revealed an altered regulation of genes controlling cytokinin metabolism and signaling, as well as other genes that are important during seed development, such as those that encode nutrient transporters. The observed changes suggest that the knockout of a single CKX gene in barley may be not sufficient for disrupting cytokinin homeostasis or increasing grain yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Gasparis
- Department of Functional Genomics, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland.
| | - Mateusz Przyborowski
- Department of Functional Genomics, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland
| | - Maciej Kała
- Department of Functional Genomics, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland
| | - Anna Nadolska-Orczyk
- Department of Functional Genomics, Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Radzików, 05-870 Błonie, Poland
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Sharma A, Shahzad B, Kumar V, Kohli SK, Sidhu GPS, Bali AS, Handa N, Kapoor D, Bhardwaj R, Zheng B. Phytohormones Regulate Accumulation of Osmolytes Under Abiotic Stress. Biomolecules 2019; 9:E285. [PMID: 31319576 PMCID: PMC6680914 DOI: 10.3390/biom9070285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants face a variety of abiotic stresses, which generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), and ultimately obstruct normal growth and development of plants. To prevent cellular damage caused by oxidative stress, plants accumulate certain compatible solutes known as osmolytes to safeguard the cellular machinery. The most common osmolytes that play crucial role in osmoregulation are proline, glycine-betaine, polyamines, and sugars. These compounds stabilize the osmotic differences between surroundings of cell and the cytosol. Besides, they also protect the plant cells from oxidative stress by inhibiting the production of harmful ROS like hydroxyl ions, superoxide ions, hydrogen peroxide, and other free radicals. The accumulation of osmolytes is further modulated by phytohormones like abscisic acid, brassinosteroids, cytokinins, ethylene, jasmonates, and salicylic acid. It is thus important to understand the mechanisms regulating the phytohormone-mediated accumulation of osmolytes in plants during abiotic stresses. In this review, we have discussed the underlying mechanisms of phytohormone-regulated osmolyte accumulation along with their various functions in plants under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anket Sharma
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| | - Babar Shahzad
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7005, Australia
| | - Vinod Kumar
- Department of Botany, DAV University, Sarmastpur, Jalandhar 144012, Punjab, India
| | - Sukhmeen Kaur Kohli
- Plant Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botanical & Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Gagan Preet Singh Sidhu
- Department of Environment Education, Government College of Commerce and Business Administration, Chandigarh 160047, India
| | | | - Neha Handa
- School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Dhriti Kapoor
- School of Bioengineering & Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, India
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Plant Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Botanical & Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Bingsong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
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25
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Testillano PS. Microspore embryogenesis: targeting the determinant factors of stress-induced cell reprogramming for crop improvement. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2965-2978. [PMID: 30753698 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Under stress, isolated microspores are reprogrammed in vitro towards embryogenesis, producing doubled haploid plants that are useful biotechnological tools in plant breeding as a source of new genetic variability, fixed in homozygous plants in only one generation. Stress-induced cell death and low rates of cell reprogramming are major factors that reduce yield. Knowledge gained in recent years has revealed that initiation and progression of microspore embryogenesis involve a complex network of factors, whose roles are not yet well understood. Here, I review recent findings on the determinant factors underlying stress-induced microspore embryogenesis, focusing on the role of autophagy, cell death, auxin, chromatin modifications, and the cell wall. Autophagy and cell death proteases are crucial players in the response to stress, while cell reprogramming and acquisition of totipotency are regulated by hormonal and epigenetic mechanisms. Auxin biosynthesis, transport, and action are required for microspore embryogenesis. Initial stages involve DNA hypomethylation, H3K9 demethylation, and H3/H4 acetylation. Cell wall remodelling, with pectin de-methylesterification and arabinogalactan protein expression, is necessary for embryo development. Recent reports show that treatments with small modulators of autophagy, proteases, and epigenetic marks reduce cell death and enhance embryogenesis initiation in several crops, opening up new possibilities for improving in vitro embryo production in breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar S Testillano
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, Madrid, Spain
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26
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Liu CJ, Zhao Y, Zhang K. Cytokinin Transporters: Multisite Players in Cytokinin Homeostasis and Signal Distribution. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:693. [PMID: 31214217 PMCID: PMC6555093 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are a group of mobile adenine derivatives that act as chemical signals regulating a variety of biological processes implicated in plant development and stress responses. Their synthesis, homeostasis, and signaling perception evoke complicated intracellular traffic, intercellular movement, and in short- and long-distance translocation. Over nearly two decades, subsets of membrane transporters have been recognized and implicated in the transport of CKs as well as the related adenylates. In this review, we aim to recapitulate the key progresses in exploration of the transporter proteins involved in cytokinin traffic and translocation, discuss their functional implications in the cytokinin-mediated paracrine and long-distance communication, and highlight some knowledge gaps and open issues toward comprehensively understanding the molecular mechanism of membrane transporters in controlling spatiotemporal distribution of cytokinin species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Jun Liu
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States
| | - Yunjun Zhao
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, United States
| | - Kewei Zhang
- Department of Biology, College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
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27
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Gu J, Li Z, Mao Y, Struik PC, Zhang H, Liu L, Wang Z, Yang J. Roles of nitrogen and cytokinin signals in root and shoot communications in maximizing of plant productivity and their agronomic applications. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 274:320-331. [PMID: 30080619 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen is an essential, often limiting, factor in plant growth and development. To regulate growth under limited nitrogen supply, plants sense the internal and external nitrogen status, and coordinate various metabolic processes and developmental programs accordingly. This coordination requires the transmission of various signaling molecules that move across the entire plant. Cytokinins, phytohormones derived from adenine and synthesized in various parts of the plant, are considered major local and long-distance messengers. Cytokinin metabolism and signaling are closely associated with nitrogen availability. They are systemically transported via the vasculature from plant roots to shoots, and vice versa, thereby coordinating shoot and root development. Tight linkage exists between the nitrogen signaling network and cytokinins during diverse developmental and physiological processes. However, the cytokinin-nitrogen interactions and the communication systems involved in sensing rhizospheric nitrogen status and in regulating canopy development remain obscure. We review current knowledge on cytokinin biosynthesis, transport and signaling, nitrogen acquisition, metabolism and signaling, and their interactive roles in regulating root-shoot morphological and physiological characteristics. We also discuss the role of spatio-temporal regulation of cytokinins in enhancing beneficial crop traits of yield and nitrogen use efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfei Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhikang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yiqi Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Paul C Struik
- Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Department of Plant Science, Wageningen University, PO Box 430, Wageningen, 6700 AK, The Netherlands
| | - Hao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhiqin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jianchang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology / Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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28
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Jiang K, Asami T. Chemical regulators of plant hormones and their applications in basic research and agriculture*. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1265-1300. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1462693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Plant hormones are small molecules that play versatile roles in regulating plant growth, development, and responses to the environment. Classic methodologies, including genetics, analytic chemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology, have contributed to the progress in plant hormone studies. In addition, chemical regulators of plant hormone functions have been important in such studies. Today, synthetic chemicals, including plant growth regulators, are used to study and manipulate biological systems, collectively referred to as chemical biology. Here, we summarize the available chemical regulators and their contributions to plant hormone studies. We also pose questions that remain to be addressed in plant hormone studies and that might be solved with the help of chemical regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jiang
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tadao Asami
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Romanov GA, Lomin SN, Schmülling T. Cytokinin signaling: from the ER or from the PM? That is the question! THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 218:41-53. [PMID: 29355964 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Content Summary 47 I. Introduction 47 II. Historical outline 48 III. Recent developments 49 IV. Towards an integrative concept for cytokinin receptor signaling 54 Acknowledgements 57 References 57 SUMMARY: Cytokinin signaling plays an important role in plant growth and development, and therefore its molecular characteristics are under extensive study. One characteristic is the subcellular localization of cytokinin signal initiation. This localization determines both the pathway for hormone delivery to the receptor, as well as molecular aspects of signal transfer to the primary cellular targets. Subcellular sites for the onset of cytokinin signaling are still uncertain and experimental data are in part controversial. A few years ago, cytokinin receptors were shown to be localized predominantly in the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and to possess some features, such as their pH activity profile, typical for intracellular proteins. Very recently, new data corroborating the functionality of ER-located cytokinin receptors were reported. However, other work argued for cytokinin perception to occur at the plasma membrane (PM). Here, we discuss in detail these partially conflicting data and present an integrative model for cytokinin perception and signaling. In our opinion, the prevailing evidence argues for the ER being the predominant site of cytokinin signal perception but also that signal initiation at the PM might be relevant in some circumstances as well. The roles of these pathways in long-distance, paracrine and autocrine cytokinin signaling are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgy A Romanov
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Sergey N Lomin
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Botanicheskaya 35, Moscow, 127276, Russia
| | - Thomas Schmülling
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences (DCPS), Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, Berlin, D-14195, Germany
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30
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Abstract
The phytohormone cytokinin plays diverse roles in plant development, influencing many agriculturally important processes, including growth, nutrient responses and the response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Cytokinin levels in plants are regulated by biosynthesis and inactivation pathways. Cytokinins are perceived by membrane-localized histidine-kinase receptors and are transduced through a His-Asp phosphorelay to activate a family of transcription factors in the nucleus. Here, and in the accompanying poster, we summarize the current understanding of cytokinin metabolism, transport and signaling, and discuss how this phytohormone regulates changes in gene expression to mediate its pleiotropic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Kieber
- University of North Carolina, Biology Department, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, USA
| | - G Eric Schaller
- Dartmouth College, Department of Biological Sciences, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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31
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Yasin NA, Khan WU, Ahmad SR, Ali A, Ahmad A, Akram W. Imperative roles of halotolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and kinetin in improving salt tolerance and growth of black gram (Phaseolus mungo). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:4491-4505. [PMID: 29185225 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0761-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The salinity stress causes a major threat for plant growth, yield, and biomass production. The present study was designed to assess the effect of exogenously applied kinetin and halotolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (H-PGPR) on alleviation of salt stress in black gram (Phaseolus mungo). A total of 15 rhizobacterial isolates obtained from a salt-affected area were analyzed for their capability to improve growth of P. mungo plants growing in greenhouse conditions. Out of the tested rhizobacteria, the two bacterial isolates which exhibited maximum growth potential were screened and their growth-promoting attributes were evaluated. The role of screened H-PGPR and/or kinetin (8 and 10 μM) was evaluated in P. mungo plants irrigated with three levels of brackish water (S1 = 3, S2 = 5, and S3 = 7 dSm-1) under field condition. Salt stress reduced transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, salt tolerance index, growth, leaf area, photosynthetic pigments, leaf relative water content (LRWC), biomass production, and seed yield in subjected plants. Conversely, the salinized plants treated with kinetin and/or H-PGPR exhibited improved levels of chlorophyll contents, LRWC, root growth, shoot growth, biomass production, and seed yield. The H-PGPR and/or kinetin supplementation also reduced electrolyte leakage in salt-stressed plants. Overall, the present findings will be of great value to recognize the mechanism of salt stress alleviation in P. mungo plants under the influence of H-PGPR and/or kinetin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasim Ahmad Yasin
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Waheed Ullah Khan
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aamir Ali
- University of the Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Aqeel Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Waheed Akram
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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32
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Gamas P, Brault M, Jardinaud MF, Frugier F. Cytokinins in Symbiotic Nodulation: When, Where, What For? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:792-802. [PMID: 28739135 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Substantial progress has been made in the understanding of early stages of the symbiotic interaction between legume plants and rhizobium bacteria. Those include the specific recognition of symbiotic partners, the initiation of bacterial infection in root hair cells, and the inception of a specific organ in the root cortex, the nodule. Increasingly complex regulatory networks have been uncovered in which cytokinin (CK) phytohormones play essential roles in different aspects of early symbiotic stages. Intriguingly, these roles can be either positive or negative, cell autonomous or non-cell autonomous, and vary, depending on time, root tissues, and possibly legume species. Recent developments on CK symbiotic functions and interconnections with other signaling pathways during nodule initiation are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Gamas
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Mathias Brault
- IPS2 (Institute of Plant Sciences - Paris Saclay), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Diderot, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Jardinaud
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France; INPT-Université de Toulouse, ENSAT, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Florian Frugier
- IPS2 (Institute of Plant Sciences - Paris Saclay), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Diderot, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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