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Zhang Y, Yang Z, Yang Y, Han A, Rehneke L, Ding L, Wei Y, Liu Z, Meng Y, Schäfer P, Shan W. A symbiont fungal effector relocalizes a plastidic oxidoreductase to nuclei to induce resistance to pathogens and salt stress. Curr Biol 2024:S0960-9822(24)00741-3. [PMID: 38917798 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The root endophytic fungus Serendipita indica establishes beneficial symbioses with a broad spectrum of plants and enhances host resilience against biotic and abiotic stresses. However, little is known about the mechanisms underlying S. indica-mediated plant protection. Here, we report S. indica effector (SIE) 141 and its host target CDSP32, a conserved thioredoxin-like protein, and underlying mechanisms for enhancing pathogen resistance and abiotic salt tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. SIE141 binding interfered with canonical targeting of CDSP32 to chloroplasts, leading to its re-location into the plant nucleus. This nuclear translocation is essential for both their interaction and resistance function. Furthermore, SIE141 enhanced oxidoreductase activity of CDSP32, leading to CDSP32-mediated monomerization and activation of NON-EXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED 1 (NPR1), a key regulator of systemic resistance. Our findings provide functional insights on how S. indica transfers well-known beneficial effects to host plants and indicate CDSP32 as a genetic resource to improve plant resilience to abiotic and biotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ziran Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Aiping Han
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Laura Rehneke
- Institute of Phytopathology, Land Use and Nutrition, Research Centre for BioSystems, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Liwen Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yushu Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Zeming Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuling Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Patrick Schäfer
- Institute of Phytopathology, Land Use and Nutrition, Research Centre for BioSystems, Justus Liebig University, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Weixing Shan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Ghimire B, Gogoi A, Poudel M, Stensvand A, Brurberg MB. Transcriptome analysis of Phytophthora cactorum infecting strawberry identified RXLR effectors that induce cell death when transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1379970. [PMID: 38855473 PMCID: PMC11157022 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1379970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Phytophthora cactorum is a plant pathogenic oomycete that causes crown rot in strawberry leading to significant economic losses every year. To invade the host, P. cactorum secretes an arsenal of effectors that can manipulate host physiology and impair its defense system promoting infection. A transcriptome analysis was conducted on a susceptible wild strawberry genotype (Fragaria vesca) 48 hours post inoculation with P. cactorum to identify effectors expressed during the early infection stage. The analysis revealed 4,668 P. cactorum genes expressed during infection of F. vesca. A total of 539 secreted proteins encoded by transcripts were identified, including 120 carbohydrate-active enzymes, 40 RXLRs, 23 proteolytic enzymes, nine elicitins, seven cysteine rich proteins, seven necrosis inducing proteins and 216 hypothetical proteins with unknown function. Twenty of the 40 RXLR effector candidates were transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana using agroinfiltration and five previously unreported RXLR effector genes (Pc741, Pc8318, Pc10890, Pc20813, and Pc22290) triggered cell death when transiently expressed. The identified cell death inducing RXLR effectors showed 31-66% identity to known RXLR effectors in different Phytophthora species having roles in pathogenicity including both activation and suppression of defense response in the host. Furthermore, homology analysis revealed that these cell death inducing RXLR effectors were highly conserved (82 - 100% identity) across 23 different strains of P. cactorum originating from apple or strawberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikal Ghimire
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences (BIOVIT), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Anupam Gogoi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences (BIOVIT), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
| | - Mandeep Poudel
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences (BIOVIT), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Arne Stensvand
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences (BIOVIT), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
| | - May Bente Brurberg
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences (BIOVIT), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
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Gouveia C, Santos RB, Paiva-Silva C, Buchholz G, Malhó R, Figueiredo A. The pathogenicity of Plasmopara viticola: a review of evolutionary dynamics, infection strategies and effector molecules. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:327. [PMID: 38658826 PMCID: PMC11040782 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05037-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Oomycetes are filamentous organisms that resemble fungi in terms of morphology and life cycle, primarily due to convergent evolution. The success of pathogenic oomycetes lies in their ability to adapt and overcome host resistance, occasionally transitioning to new hosts. During plant infection, these organisms secrete effector proteins and other compounds during plant infection, as a molecular arsenal that contributes to their pathogenic success. Genomic sequencing, transcriptomic analysis, and proteomic studies have revealed highly diverse effector repertoires among different oomycete pathogens, highlighting their adaptability and evolution potential.The obligate biotrophic oomycete Plasmopara viticola affects grapevine plants (Vitis vinifera L.) causing the downy mildew disease, with significant economic impact. This disease is devastating in Europe, leading to substantial production losses. Even though Plasmopara viticola is a well-known pathogen, to date there are scarce reviews summarising pathogenicity, virulence, the genetics and molecular mechanisms of interaction with grapevine.This review aims to explore the current knowledge of the infection strategy, lifecycle, effector molecules, and pathogenicity of Plasmopara viticola. The recent sequencing of the Plasmopara viticola genome has provided new insights into understanding the infection strategies employed by this pathogen. Additionally, we will highlight the contributions of omics technologies in unravelling the ongoing evolution of this oomycete, including the first in-plant proteome analysis of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Gouveia
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rita B Santos
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Paiva-Silva
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Günther Buchholz
- RLP AgroScience/AlPlanta-Institute for Plant Research, Neustadt an Der Weinstrasse, Germany
| | - Rui Malhó
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andreia Figueiredo
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Science, University of Lisbon, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Han S, Han X, Li Y, Guo F, Qi C, Liu Y, Fang S, Yin J, Zhu Y. Genome-wide characterization and function analysis of ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) ZoGRFs in responding to adverse stresses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 207:108392. [PMID: 38301328 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Growth-regulating factors (GRFs) play crucial roles in plant growth, development, hormone signaling, and stress response. Despite their significance, the roles of GRFs in ginger remain largely unknown. Herein, 31 ginger ZoGRFs were identified and designated as ZoGRF1-ZoGRF31 according to their phylogenetic relationships. All ZoGRFs were characterized as unstable, hydrophilic proteins, with 29 predicted to be located in the nucleus. Functional cis-elements related to growth and development were enriched in ZoGRF's promoter regions. RNA-seq and RT-qPCR analysis revealed that ZoGRF12, ZoGRF24, and ZoGRF28 were highly induced in various growth and development stages, displaying differential regulation under waterlogging, chilling, drought, and salt stresses, indicating diverse expression patterns of ZoGRFs. Transient expression analysis in Nicotiana benthamiana indicated that overexpressing ZoGRF28 regulated the transcription levels of salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and pattern-triggered immunity-related genes, increased chlorophyll content and contributed to reduced disease lesions and an increased net photosynthetic rate. This research lays the foundation for further understanding the biological roles of ZoGRFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Han
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Xiaowen Han
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Yiting Li
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Fengling Guo
- Institute of Economic Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, Hubei, China.
| | - Chuandong Qi
- Institute of Economic Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430064, Hubei, China.
| | - Yiqing Liu
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Shengyou Fang
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Junliang Yin
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Yongxing Zhu
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, Hubei, China.
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Han X, Han S, Li Y, Li K, Yang L, Ma D, Fang Z, Yin J, Zhu Y, Gong S. Double roles of light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein TaLhc2 in wheat stress tolerance and photosynthesis. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127215. [PMID: 37793527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding proteins are encoded by nucleus genes and widely involve in capturing light energy, transferring energy, and responding to various stresses. However, their roles in wheat photosynthesis and stress tolerance are largely unknown. Here, Triticum aestivumlight-harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein TaLhc2 was identified. It showed subcellular localization in chloroplast, contained light responsive cis-elements, and highly expressed in green tissues and down-regulated by multiple stresses. TaLhc2 promoted the colonization of hemi-biotrophic pathogen; further analysis showed that TaLhc2 strengthened BAX-induced cell death, enhanced the ROS accumulation, and up-regulated pathogenesis-related genes; those results suggested that TaLhc2 has adverse influence on host immunity and function as a susceptible gene, thus host decreased its expression when faced with pathogen infection. RT-qPCR results showed that TaLhc2 was down-regulated by drought and salt stresses, while TaLhc2 improved the ROS accumulation under the two stresses, suggesting TaLhc2 may participate in wheat responding to abiotic stress. Additionally, TaLhc2 can increase the content of total chlorophyll and carotenoid by 1.3 % and 2.9 %, increase the net photosynthetic rate by 18 %, thus promote plant photosynthesis. Conclusively, we preliminarily deciphered the function of TaLhc2 in biotic/abiotic stresses and photosynthesis, which laid foundation for its usage in wheat breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Han
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Shuo Han
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Yiting Li
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Keke Li
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Lijun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Crops in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture/Hubei Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases, Insect Pests and Weeds Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, Hubei, China
| | - Dongfang Ma
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Zhengwu Fang
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China
| | - Junliang Yin
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Yongxing Zhu
- MARA Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Shuangjun Gong
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Crops in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture/Hubei Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases, Insect Pests and Weeds Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, Hubei, China.
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Han X, Han S, Zhu Y, Liu Y, Gao S, Yin J, Wang F, Yao M. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the SWEET Gene Family in Capsicum annuum L. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17408. [PMID: 38139237 PMCID: PMC10744294 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Sugars will eventually be exported transporters (SWEETs) are a novel class of sugar transport proteins that play a crucial role in plant growth, development, and response to stress. However, there is a lack of systematic research on SWEETs in Capsicum annuum L. In this study, 33 CaSWEET genes were identified through bioinformatics analysis. The Ka/Ks analysis indicated that SWEET genes are highly conserved not only among peppers but also among Solanaceae species and have experienced strong purifying selection during evolution. The Cis-elements analysis showed that the light-responsive element, abscisic-acid-responsive element, jasmonic-acid-responsive element, and anaerobic-induction-responsive element are widely distributed in the promoter regions of CaSWEETs. The expression pattern analysis revealed that CaSWEETs exhibit tissue specificity and are widely involved in pepper growth, development, and stress responses. The post-transcription regulation analysis revealed that 20 pepper miRNAs target and regulate 16 CaSWEETs through cleavage and translation inhibition mechanisms. The pathogen inoculation assay showed that CaSWEET16 and CaSWEET22 function as susceptibility genes, as the overexpression of these genes promotes the colonization of pathogens, whereas CaSWEET31 functions as a resistance gene. In conclusion, through systematic identification and characteristic analysis, a comprehensive understanding of CaSWEET was obtained, which lays the foundation for further studies on the biological functions of SWEET genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Han
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (X.H.); (S.G.); (F.W.); (M.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (S.H.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Shuo Han
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (S.H.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yongxing Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (S.H.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yiqing Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (S.H.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Shenghua Gao
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (X.H.); (S.G.); (F.W.); (M.Y.)
| | - Junliang Yin
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (X.H.); (S.G.); (F.W.); (M.Y.)
- Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; (S.H.); (Y.Z.); (Y.L.)
| | - Fei Wang
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (X.H.); (S.G.); (F.W.); (M.Y.)
| | - Minghua Yao
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; (X.H.); (S.G.); (F.W.); (M.Y.)
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Zhang H, Song J, Dong F, Li Y, Ge S, Wei B, Liu Y. Multiple roles of wheat ferritin genes during stress treatment and TaFER5D-1 as a positive regulator in response to drought and salt tolerance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 202:107921. [PMID: 37544121 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin not only regulates the plant's iron content but also plays a significant role in the plant's development and resistance to oxidative damage. However, the role of the FER family in wheat has not been systematically elucidated. In this study, 39 FERs identified from wheat and its ancestral species were clustered into two subgroups, and gene members from the same group contain relatively conservative protein models. The structural analyses indicated that the gene members from the same group contained relatively conserved protein models. The cis-acting elements and expression patterns analysis suggested that TaFERs might play an important role combating to abiotic and biotic stresses. In the transcriptional analysis, the TaFER5D-1 gene was found to be significantly up-regulated under drought and salt stresses and was, therefore, selected to further explore the biological functions Moreover, the GFP expression assay revealed the subcellular localization of TaFER5D-1 proteins in the chloroplast, nucleus, membrane and cytoplasm. Over-expression of TaFER5D-1 in transgenic Arabidopsis lines conferred greater tolerance to drought and salt stress. According to the qRT-PCR data, TaFER5D-1 gene over-expression increased the expression of genes related to root development (Atsweet-17 and AtRSL4), iron storage (AtVIT1 and AtYSL1), and stress response (AtGolS1 and AtCOR47). So it is speculated that TaFER5D-1 could improve stress tolerance by promoting root growth, iron storage, and stress-response ability. Thus, the current study provides insight into the role of TaFER genes in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huadong Zhang
- Institute of Food Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Jinghan Song
- National Key Laboratory of Rice Biology/Institute of Crop Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Feiyan Dong
- Institute of Food Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Yaqian Li
- Institute of Food Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Shijie Ge
- Institute of Food Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Wuhan, 430064, China
| | - Bo Wei
- Peking University Institute of Advanced Agricultural Sciences/National Key Laboratory of Wheat Improvement, Weifang, Shandong, 261325, China.
| | - Yike Liu
- Institute of Food Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Wuhan, 430064, China.
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Breeze E, Vale V, McLellan H, Pecrix Y, Godiard L, Grant M, Frigerio L. A tell tail sign: a conserved C-terminal tail-anchor domain targets a subset of pathogen effectors to the plant endoplasmic reticulum. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:3188-3202. [PMID: 36860200 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the entry point to the secretory pathway and, as such, is critical for adaptive responses to biotic stress, when the demand for de novo synthesis of immunity-related proteins and signalling components increases significantly. Successful phytopathogens have evolved an arsenal of small effector proteins which collectively reconfigure multiple host components and signalling pathways to promote virulence; a small, but important, subset of which are targeted to the endomembrane system including the ER. We identified and validated a conserved C-terminal tail-anchor motif in a set of pathogen effectors known to localize to the ER from the oomycetes Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis and Plasmopara halstedii (downy mildew of Arabidopsis and sunflower, respectively) and used this protein topology to develop a bioinformatic pipeline to identify putative ER-localized effectors within the effectorome of the related oomycete, Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of potato late blight. Many of the identified P. infestans tail-anchor effectors converged on ER-localized NAC transcription factors, indicating that this family is a critical host target for multiple pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Breeze
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Victoria Vale
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Yann Pecrix
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical (UMR C53), Ligne Paradis, 97410 St Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Laurence Godiard
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microbes Environnement (LIPME), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Murray Grant
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Lorenzo Frigerio
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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Gu B, Gao W, Liu Z, Shao G, Peng Q, Mu Y, Wang Q, Zhao H, Miao J, Liu X. A single region of the Phytophthora infestans avirulence effector Avr3b functions in both cell death induction and plant immunity suppression. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:317-330. [PMID: 36696541 PMCID: PMC10013827 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As a destructive plant pathogen, Phytophthora infestans secretes diverse host-entering RxLR effectors to facilitate infection. One critical RxLR effector, PiAvr3b, not only induces effector-triggered immunity (ETI), which is associated with the potato resistance protein StR3b, but also suppresses pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI). To date, the molecular basis underlying such dual activities remains unknown. Based on phylogenetic analysis of global P. infestans isolates, we found two PiAvr3b isoforms that differ by three amino acids. Despite this sequence variation, the two isoforms retain the same properties in activating the StR3b-mediated hypersensitive response (HR) and inhibiting necrosis induced by three PAMPs (PiNpp, PiINF1, and PsXeg1) and an RxLR effector (Pi10232). Using a combined mutagenesis approach, we found that the dual activities of PiAvr3b were tightly linked and determined by 88 amino acids at the C-terminus. We further determined that either the W60 or the E134 residue of PiAvr3b was essential for triggering StR3b-associated HR and inhibiting PiNpp- and Pi10232-associated necrosis, while the S99 residue partially contributed to PTI suppression. Additionally, nuclear localization of PiAvr3b was required to stimulate HR and suppress PTI, but not to inhibit Pi10232-associated cell death. Our study revealed that PiAvr3b suppresses the plant immune response at different subcellular locations and provides an example in which a single amino acid of an RxLR effector links ETI induction and cell death suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Wenxin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Zeqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Guangda Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Qin Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Yinyu Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Qinhu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Hua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Jianqiang Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Xili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
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Madina MH, Santhanam P, Asselin Y, Jaswal R, Bélanger RR. Progress and Challenges in Elucidating the Functional Role of Effectors in the Soybean- Phytophthora sojae Interaction. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 9:jof9010012. [PMID: 36675833 PMCID: PMC9866111 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora sojae, the agent responsible for stem and root rot, is one of the most damaging plant pathogens of soybean. To establish a compatible-interaction, P. sojae secretes a wide array of effector proteins into the host cell. These effectors have been shown to act either in the apoplastic area or the cytoplasm of the cell to manipulate the host cellular processes in favor of the development of the pathogen. Deciphering effector-plant interactions is important for understanding the role of P. sojae effectors in disease progression and developing approaches to prevent infection. Here, we review the subcellular localization, the host proteins, and the processes associated with P. sojae effectors. We also discuss the emerging topic of effectors in the context of effector-resistance genes interaction, as well as model systems and recent developments in resources and techniques that may provide a better understanding of the soybean-P. sojae interaction.
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11
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Xu X, Cheng Y, Fang Z, Yin J, Shen H, Ma D. Identification and utilization of a new Bacillus amyloliquefaciens XY-1 against Fusarium head blight. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1055213. [PMID: 36531390 PMCID: PMC9748426 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1055213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a global wheat grain disease caused by Fusarium graminearum. Biological control of FHB is considered to be an alternative disease management strategy that is environmentally benign, durable, and compatible with other control measures. In this study, to screen antagonistic bacteria with the potential to against FHB, 45 strains were isolated from different tissues of wheat. Among them, seven strains appeared to effectively inhibit F. graminearum growth, the antagonistic bacterium named XY-1 showed a highly antagonistic effect against FHB using dual culture assays. The strain XY-1 was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens by 16S rDNA sequence. Antibiotic tolerance of antagonistic bacteria showed that XY-1 had antagonistic activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, and Alternaria alternata. Nutrition tests showed that the most suitable carbon and nitrogen sources were glucose and beef extract, respectively. The optimum growth temperature and pH value were 28 ℃ and 7.4. Antibiotics tolerance cultivation showed that XY-1 had strong resistance to Chloramphenicol and Ampicillin. Wheat spikes inoculation antagonism tests showed that strain XY-1 displayed strong antifungal activity against F. graminearum. Our study laid a theoretical foundation for the application of strain XY-1 as a biological agent in the field to control FHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng, China
| | - Yifan Cheng
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng, China
| | - Zhengwu Fang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Junliang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Huiquan Shen
- Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangsu Coastal Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng, China
| | - Dongfang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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12
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Todd JNA, Carreón-Anguiano KG, Islas-Flores I, Canto-Canché B. Fungal Effectoromics: A World in Constant Evolution. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13433. [PMID: 36362218 PMCID: PMC9656242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Effectors are small, secreted molecules that mediate the establishment of interactions in nature. While some concepts of effector biology have stood the test of time, this area of study is ever-evolving as new effectors and associated characteristics are being revealed. In the present review, the different characteristics that underly effector classifications are discussed, contrasting past and present knowledge regarding these molecules to foster a more comprehensive understanding of effectors for the reader. Research gaps in effector identification and perspectives for effector application in plant disease management are also presented, with a focus on fungal effectors in the plant-microbe interaction and interactions beyond the plant host. In summary, the review provides an amenable yet thorough introduction to fungal effector biology, presenting noteworthy examples of effectors and effector studies that have shaped our present understanding of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jewel Nicole Anna Todd
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Karla Gisel Carreón-Anguiano
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Ignacio Islas-Flores
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Blondy Canto-Canché
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C., Calle 43 No. 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Yucatán, Mexico
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13
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Li Y, Liu X, Xiao Y, Wen Y, Li K, Ma Z, Yang L, Zhu Y, Yin J. Genome-wide characterization and function analysis uncovered roles of wheat LIMs in responding to adverse stresses and TaLIM8-4D function as a susceptible gene. THE PLANT GENOME 2022; 15:e20246. [PMID: 35894660 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The Lin-11, Isl-1, and Mec-3 domains (LIM) transcription factors play essential roles in regulating plant biological processes. Despite that, there is a lack of a full understanding of LIMs in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In this study, 28 wheat LIM s (TaLIMs) were identified and designated as TaLIM1-1A to TaLIM12-7D. The cis-regulatory element analysis showed that TaLIMs were rich in elements related to biological and abiotic stresses. Expression profiling analysis showed that certain members of TaLIMs were responsive to biotic and abiotic stresses, such as TaLIM1-1A, TaLIM3-2B, TaLIM8-4D, and TaLIM10-5D, were significantly induced by heat, drought, sodium chloride (NaCl), abscisic acid (ABA) and Fusarium graminearum stresses. Furthermore, the biological function of TaLIM8-4D was analyzed and results showed that it was subcellular localization in the nucleus and could induce weak cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. Additionally, overexpression of TaLIM8-4D could upregulate plant pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, promoting the infection of hemibiotrophic pathogen, implying that TaLIM8-4D could function as susceptible gene in the nucleus by upregulating PR genes and inducing cell death to promote the colonization of hemibiotrophic agent F. graminearum. Overall, the systematic identification, characterization, expression profiling, evolutionary, and function analyses provided the ability to understand TaLIMs and laid a foundation for the further function study of LIM family members in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiting Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland/College of Agriculture/College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze Univ., Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland/College of Agriculture/College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze Univ., Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, China
| | - Yongxin Xiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland/College of Agriculture/College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze Univ., Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, China
| | - Yong Wen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland/College of Agriculture/College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze Univ., Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, China
| | - Keke Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland/College of Agriculture/College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze Univ., Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, China
| | - Zhaolan Ma
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland/College of Agriculture/College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze Univ., Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, China
| | - Lijun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management of Crops in Central China, Ministry of Agriculture/Hubei Key Laboratory of Crop Diseases, Insect Pests and Weeds Control, Institute of Plant Protection and Soil Science, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430064, China
| | - Yongxing Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland/College of Agriculture/College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze Univ., Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, China
| | - Junliang Yin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland/College of Agriculture/College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze Univ., Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, China
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Li Y, Zhang H, Dong F, Zou J, Gao C, Zhu Z, Liu Y. Multiple roles of wheat calmodulin genes during stress treatment and TaCAM2-D as a positive regulator in response to drought and salt tolerance. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 220:985-997. [PMID: 36027985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM) and calmodulin-like (CML) proteins are the most prominent calcium (Ca2+) sensing proteins involved in Ca2+-signaling processes. However, the function of these calcium sensors in wheat remains unclear. In this study, 15 TaCAMs and 113 TaCMLs were identified from the wheat reference genome. The analysis of cis-acting elements and expression patterns showed that TaCAMs might play an important role in response to abiotic and biotic stresses. TaCAM2-D gene was found to be significantly upregulated under drought and salt stresses, and thus, it was selected to further explore the biological function. Moreover, TaCAM2-D was observed to be localized in the nucleus, membrane and cytoplasm. Overexpression of TaCAM2-D in Arabidopsis conferred greater tolerance to drought and salt. The prediction analysis, the yeast two-hybrid analysis, and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay indicated that TaCAM2-D interacted with TaMPK8, which is one of the wheat mitogen-activated protein kinases. Thus, the current study provides insights into the understanding of the TaCAM and TaCML genes in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqian Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Food Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wheat Disease Biology Research Station for Central China, Wuhan, China
| | - Huadong Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Food Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wheat Disease Biology Research Station for Central China, Wuhan, China
| | - Feiyan Dong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Food Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wheat Disease Biology Research Station for Central China, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Zou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Food Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wheat Disease Biology Research Station for Central China, Wuhan, China
| | - Chunbao Gao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Food Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wheat Disease Biology Research Station for Central China, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhanwang Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Food Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wheat Disease Biology Research Station for Central China, Wuhan, China.
| | - Yike Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Crop Germplasm and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Food Crops, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wheat Disease Biology Research Station for Central China, Wuhan, China.
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15
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Paluchowska P, Śliwka J, Yin Z. Late blight resistance genes in potato breeding. PLANTA 2022; 255:127. [PMID: 35576021 PMCID: PMC9110483 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-022-03910-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Using late blight resistance genes targeting conservative effectors of Phytophthora infestans and the constructing gene pyramids may lead to durable, broad-spectrum resistance, which could be accelerated through genetic engineering. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is one of the most important food crops worldwide. In 2020, potato production was estimated to be more than 359 million tons according to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Potato is affected by many pathogens, among which Phytophthora infestans, causing late blight, is of the most economic importance. Crop protection against late blight requires intensive use of fungicides, which has an impact on the environment and humans. Therefore, new potato cultivars have been bred using resistance genes against P. infestans (Rpi genes) that originate from wild relatives of potato. Such programmes were initiated 100 years ago, but the process is complex and long. The development of genetic engineering techniques has enabled the direct transfer of resistance genes from potato wild species to cultivars and easier pyramiding of multiple Rpi genes, which potentially increases the durability and spectrum of potato resistance to rapidly evolving P. infestans strains. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge concerning Rpi genes. We also discuss the use of Rpi genes in breeding as well as their detection in existing potato cultivars. Last, we review new sources of Rpi genes and new methods used to identify them and discuss interactions between P. infestans and host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Paluchowska
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Platanowa 19, 05-831, Młochów, Poland.
| | - Jadwiga Śliwka
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Platanowa 19, 05-831, Młochów, Poland
| | - Zhimin Yin
- Plant Breeding and Acclimatization Institute-National Research Institute, Platanowa 19, 05-831, Młochów, Poland
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16
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Short Linear Motifs (SLiMs) in “Core” RxLR Effectors of
Phytophthora parasitica
var.
nicotianae
: a Case of PpRxLR1 Effector. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0177421. [PMID: 35404090 PMCID: PMC9045269 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01774-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oomycetes of the genus Phytophthora encompass several of the most successful plant pathogens described to date. The success of infection by Phytophthora species is attributed to the pathogens’ ability to secrete effector proteins that alter the host’s physiological processes. Structural analyses of effector proteins mainly from bacterial and viral pathogens have revealed the presence of intrinsically disordered regions that host short linear motifs (SLiMs). These motifs play important biological roles by facilitating protein-protein interactions as well as protein translocation. Nonetheless, SLiMs in Phytophthora species RxLR effectors have not been investigated previously and their roles remain unknown. Using a bioinformatics pipeline, we identified 333 candidate RxLR effectors in the strain INRA 310 of Phytophthora parasitica. Of these, 71 (21%) were also found to be present in 10 other genomes of P. parasitica, and hence, these were designated core RxLR effectors (CREs). Within the CRE sequences, the N terminus exhibited enrichment in intrinsically disordered regions compared to the C terminus, suggesting a potential role of disorder in effector translocation. Although the disorder content was reduced in the C-terminal regions, it is important to mention that most SLiMs were in this terminus. PpRxLR1 is one of the 71 CREs identified in this study, and its genes encode a 6-amino acid (aa)-long SLiM at the C terminus. We showed that PpRxLR1 interacts with several host proteins that are implicated in defense. Structural analysis of this effector using homology modeling revealed the presence of potential ligand-binding sites. Among key residues that were predicted to be crucial for ligand binding, L102 and Y106 were of interest since they form part of the 6-aa-long PpRxLR1 SLiM. In silico substitution of these two residues to alanine was predicted to have a significant effect on both the function and the structure of PpRxLR1 effector. Molecular docking simulations revealed possible interactions between PpRxLR1 effector and ubiquitin-associated proteins. The ubiquitin-like SLiM carried in this effector was shown to be a potential mediator of these interactions. Further studies are required to validate and elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism of action. IMPORTANCE The continuous gain and loss of RxLR effectors makes the control of Phytophthora spp. difficult. Therefore, in this study, we endeavored to identify RxLR effectors that are highly conserved among species, also known as “core” RxLR effectors (CREs). We reason that these highly conserved effectors target conserved proteins or processes; thus, they can be harnessed in breeding for durable resistance in plants. To further understand the mechanisms of action of CREs, structural dissection of these proteins is crucial. Intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) that do not adopt a fixed, three-dimensional fold carry short linear motifs (SLiMs) that mediate biological functions of proteins. The presence and potential role of these SLiMs in CREs of Phytophthora spp. have been overlooked. To our knowledge, we have effectively identified CREs as well as SLiMs with the potential of promoting effector virulence. Together, this work has advanced our comprehension of Phytophthora RxLR effector function and may facilitate the development of innovative and effective control strategies.
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Ivanov AA, Ukladov EO, Golubeva TS. Phytophthora infestans: An Overview of Methods and Attempts to Combat Late Blight. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:1071. [PMID: 34947053 PMCID: PMC8707485 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary is one of the main pathogens in the agricultural sector. The most affected are the Solanaceae species, with the potato (Solanum tuberosum) and the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) being of great agricultural importance. Ornamental Solanaceae can also host the pests Petunia spp., Calibrachoa spp., as well as the wild species Solanum dulcamara, Solanum sarrachoides, etc. Annual crop losses caused by this pathogen are highly significant. Although the interaction between P. infestans and the potato has been investigated for a long time, further studies are still needed. This review summarises the basic approaches in the fight against the late blight over the past 20 years and includes four sections devoted to methods of control: (1) fungicides; (2) R-gene-based resistance of potato species; (3) RNA interference approaches; (4) other approaches to control P. infestans. Based on the latest advances, we have provided a description of the significant advantages and disadvantages of each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artemii A. Ivanov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Egor O. Ukladov
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
| | - Tatiana S. Golubeva
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
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18
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Yin J, Yan J, Hou L, Jiang L, Xian W, Guo Q. Identification and functional deciphering suggested the regulatory roles of long intergenic ncRNAs (lincRNAs) in increasing grafting pepper resistance to Phytophthora capsici. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:868. [PMID: 34856924 PMCID: PMC8638555 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08183-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a popular and valuable technique, grafting is widely used to protect against soil-borne diseases and nematodes in vegetable production. Growing evidences have revealed that long intergenic ncRNAs (lincRNAs) are strictly regulated and play essential roles in plants development and stress responses. Nevertheless, genome-wide identification and function deciphering of pepper lincRNAs, especially for their roles in improving grafting pepper resistance to Phytophthora capsici is largely unknown. RESULTS In this study, RNA-seq data of grafting and control pepper plants with or without P. capsici inoculation were used to identify lincRNAs. In total, 2,388 reliable lincRNAs were identified. They were relatively longer and contained few exons than protein-coding genes. Similar to coding genes, lincRNAs had higher densities in euchromatin regions; and longer chromosome transcribed more lincRNAs. Expression pattern profiling suggested that lincRNAs commonly had lower expression than mRNAs. Totally, 607 differentially expressed lincRNAs (DE-lincRANs) were identified, of which 172 were found between P. capsici resistance grafting pepper sample GR and susceptible sample LDS. The neighboring genes of DE-lincRNAs and miRNAs competitively sponged by DE-lincRNAs were identified. Subsequently, the expression level of DE-lincRNAs was further confirmed by qRT-PCR and regulation patterns between DE-lincRNAs and neighboring mRNAs were also validated. Function annotation revealed that DE-lincRNAs increased the resistance of grafting prepper to P. capsici by modulating the expression of disease-defense related genes through cis-regulating and/or lincRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction networks. CONCLUSIONS This study identified pepper lincRNAs and suggested their potential roles in increasing the resistance level of grafting pepper to P. capsici.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junliang Yin
- Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management, State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Qinghai University, 810016 Xining, Qinghai Province China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, 434000 Jingzhou, Hubei China
| | - Jiahui Yan
- Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management, State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Qinghai University, 810016 Xining, Qinghai Province China
| | - Lu Hou
- Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management, State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Qinghai University, 810016 Xining, Qinghai Province China
| | - Liling Jiang
- Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management, State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Qinghai University, 810016 Xining, Qinghai Province China
| | - Wenrong Xian
- Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management, State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Qinghai University, 810016 Xining, Qinghai Province China
| | - Qingyun Guo
- Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Integrated Pest Management, State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Qinghai University, 810016 Xining, Qinghai Province China
- Qinghai Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Qinghai University, 810016 Xining, China
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19
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Chepsergon J, Motaung TE, Moleleki LN. "Core" RxLR effectors in phytopathogenic oomycetes: A promising way to breeding for durable resistance in plants? Virulence 2021; 12:1921-1935. [PMID: 34304703 PMCID: PMC8516161 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1948277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytopathogenic oomycetes are known to successfully infect their hosts due to their ability to secrete effector proteins. Of interest to many researchers are effectors with the N-terminal RxLR motif (Arginine-any amino acid-Leucine-Arginine). Owing to advances in genome sequencing, we can now comprehend the high level of diversity among oomycete effectors, and similarly, their conservation within and among species referred to here as "core" RxLR effectors (CREs). Currently, there is a considerable number of CREs that have been identified in oomycetes. Functional characterization of these CREs propose their virulence role with the potential of targeting central cellular processes that are conserved across diverse plant species. We reason that effectors that are highly conserved and recognized by the host, could be harnessed in engineering plants for durable as well as broad-spectrum resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Chepsergon
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Thabiso E. Motaung
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Lucy Novungayo Moleleki
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
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20
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Wang S, Vetukuri RR, Kushwaha SK, Hedley PE, Morris J, Studholme DJ, Welsh LRJ, Boevink PC, Birch PRJ, Whisson SC. Haustorium formation and a distinct biotrophic transcriptome characterize infection of Nicotiana benthamiana by the tree pathogen Phytophthora kernoviae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:954-968. [PMID: 34018655 PMCID: PMC8295517 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora species cause some of the most serious diseases of trees and threaten forests in many parts of the world. Despite the generation of genome sequence assemblies for over 10 tree-pathogenic Phytophthora species and improved detection methods, there are many gaps in our knowledge of how these pathogens interact with their hosts. To facilitate cell biology studies of the infection cycle we examined whether the tree pathogen Phytophthora kernoviae could infect the model plant Nicotiana benthamiana. We transformed P. kernoviae to express green fluorescent protein (GFP) and demonstrated that it forms haustoria within infected N. benthamiana cells. Haustoria were also formed in infected cells of natural hosts, Rhododendron ponticum and European beech (Fagus sylvatica). We analysed the transcriptome of P. kernoviae in cultured mycelia, spores, and during infection of N. benthamiana, and detected 12,559 transcripts. Of these, 1,052 were predicted to encode secreted proteins, some of which may function as effectors to facilitate disease development. From these, we identified 87 expressed candidate RXLR (Arg-any amino acid-Leu-Arg) effectors. We transiently expressed 12 of these as GFP fusions in N. benthamiana leaves and demonstrated that nine significantly enhanced P. kernoviae disease progression and diversely localized to the cytoplasm, nucleus, nucleolus, and plasma membrane. Our results show that N. benthamiana can be used as a model host plant for studying this tree pathogen, and that the interaction likely involves suppression of host immune responses by RXLR effectors. These results establish a platform to expand the understanding of Phytophthora tree diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Wang
- Division of Plant SciencesUniversity of DundeeJames Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeUK
| | - Ramesh R. Vetukuri
- Department of Plant BreedingSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
| | - Sandeep K. Kushwaha
- Department of Plant BreedingSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesAlnarpSweden
- National Institute of Animal BiotechnologyHyderabadIndia
| | - Pete E. Hedley
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeUK
| | - Jenny Morris
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeUK
| | - David J. Studholme
- Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | - Lydia R. J. Welsh
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeUK
| | - Petra C. Boevink
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeUK
| | - Paul R. J. Birch
- Division of Plant SciencesUniversity of DundeeJames Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeUK
- Cell and Molecular SciencesJames Hutton InstituteInvergowrie, DundeeUK
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21
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Yang B, Yang S, Guo B, Wang Y, Zheng W, Tian M, Dai K, Liu Z, Wang H, Ma Z, Wang Y, Ye W, Dong S, Wang Y. The Phytophthora effector Avh241 interacts with host NDR1-like proteins to manipulate plant immunity. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:1382-1396. [PMID: 33586843 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens rely on effector proteins to suppress host innate immune responses and facilitate colonization. Although the Phytophthora sojae RxLR effector Avh241 promotes Phytophthora infection, the molecular basis of Avh241 virulence remains poorly understood. Here we identified non-race specific disease resistance 1 (NDR1)-like proteins, the critical components in plant effector-triggered immunity (ETI) responses, as host targets of Avh241. Avh241 interacts with NDR1 in the plasma membrane and suppresses NDR1-participated ETI responses. Silencing of GmNDR1s increases the susceptibility of soybean to P. sojae infection, and overexpression of GmNDR1s reduces infection, which supports its positive role in plant immunity against P. sojae. Furthermore, we demonstrate that GmNDR1 interacts with itself, and Avh241 probably disrupts the self-association of GmNDR1. These data highlight an effective counter-defense mechanism by which a Phytophthora effector suppresses plant immune responses, likely by disturbing the function of NDR1 during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Sen Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Baodian Guo
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuyin Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenyue Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mengjun Tian
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kaixin Dai
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zehan Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haonan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhenchuan Ma
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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22
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Waheed A, Wang YP, Nkurikiyimfura O, Li WY, Liu ST, Lurwanu Y, Lu GD, Wang ZH, Yang LN, Zhan J. Effector Avr4 in Phytophthora infestans Escapes Host Immunity Mainly Through Early Termination. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:646062. [PMID: 34122360 PMCID: PMC8192973 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.646062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Effector genes play critical roles in the antagonistic interactions between plants and pathogens. However, knowledge of mutation mechanisms and evolutionary processes in effector genes and the contribution of climatic factors to the evolution of effector genes are fragmented but important in sustainable management of plant diseases and securing food supply under changing climates. Here, we used a population genetic approach to explore the evolution of the Avr4 gene in Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of potato blight. We found that the Avr4 gene exhibited a high genetic diversity generated by point mutation and sequence deletion. Frameshifts caused by a single base-pair deletion at the 194th nucleotide position generate two stop codons, truncating almost the entire C-terminal, which is important for effector function and R4 recognition in all sequences. The effector is under natural selection for adaptation supported by comparative analyses of population differentiation (FST ) and isolation-by-distance between Avr4 sequences and simple sequence repeat marker loci. Furthermore, we found that local air temperature was positively associated with pairwise FST in the Avr4 sequences. These results suggest that the evolution of the effector gene is influenced by local air temperature, and the C-terminal truncation is one of the main mutation mechanisms in the P. infestans effector gene to circumvent the immune response of potato plants. The implication of these results to agricultural and natural sustainability in future climate conditions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Waheed
- Key Lab for Bio Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ping Wang
- Key Lab for Bio Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Oswald Nkurikiyimfura
- Key Lab for Bio Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wen-Yang Li
- Key Lab for Bio Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shi-Ting Liu
- Key Lab for Bio Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yahuza Lurwanu
- Key Lab for Bio Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Crop Protection, Bayero University Kano, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Guo-Dong Lu
- Key Lab for Bio Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zong-Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Li-Na Yang
- Key Lab for Bio Pesticide and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiasui Zhan
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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23
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Fan KT, Hsu Y, Yeh CF, Chang CH, Chang WH, Chen YR. Quantitative Proteomics Reveals the Dynamic Regulation of the Tomato Proteome in Response to Phytophthora infestans. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084174. [PMID: 33920680 PMCID: PMC8073981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Late blight (LB) disease is a major threat to potato and tomato production. It is caused by the hemibiotrophic pathogen, Phytophthora infestans. P. infestans can destroy all of the major organs in plants of susceptible crops and result in a total loss of productivity. At the early pathogenesis stage, this hemibiotrophic oomycete pathogen causes an asymptomatic biotrophic infection in hosts, which then progresses to a necrotrophic phase at the later infection stage. In this study, to examine how the tomato proteome is regulated by P. infestans at different stages of pathogenesis, a data-independent acquisition (DIA) proteomics approach was used to trace the dynamics of the protein regulation. A comprehensive picture of the regulation of tomato proteins functioning in the immunity, signaling, defense, and metabolism pathways at different stages of P. infestans infection is revealed. Among the regulated proteins, several involved in mediating plant defense responses were found to be differentially regulated at the transcriptional or translational levels across different pathogenesis phases. This study increases understanding of the pathogenesis of P. infestans in tomato and also identifies key transcriptional and translational events possibly targeted by the pathogen during different phases of its life cycle, thus providing novel insights for developing a new strategy towards better control of LB disease in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Ting Fan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.-T.F.); (Y.H.); (C.-F.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (W.-H.C.)
| | - Yang Hsu
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.-T.F.); (Y.H.); (C.-F.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (W.-H.C.)
| | - Ching-Fang Yeh
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.-T.F.); (Y.H.); (C.-F.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (W.-H.C.)
| | - Chi-Hsin Chang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.-T.F.); (Y.H.); (C.-F.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (W.-H.C.)
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hung Chang
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.-T.F.); (Y.H.); (C.-F.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (W.-H.C.)
| | - Yet-Ran Chen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (K.-T.F.); (Y.H.); (C.-F.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (W.-H.C.)
- Molecular and Biological Agricultural Sciences Program, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-02-2787-2050
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24
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Gao RF, Wang JY, Liu KW, Yoshida K, Hsiao YY, Shi YX, Tsai KC, Chen YY, Mitsuda N, Liang CK, Wang ZW, Wang Y, Zhang DY, Huang L, Zhao X, Zhong WY, Cheng YH, Jiang ZD, Li MH, Sun WH, Yu X, Hu W, Zhou Z, Zhou XF, Yeh CM, Katoh K, Tsai WC, Liu ZJ, Martin F, Zhang GM. Comparative analysis of Phytophthora genomes reveals oomycete pathogenesis in crops. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06317. [PMID: 33665461 PMCID: PMC7907477 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The oomycete genus Phytophthora includes devastating plant pathogens that are found in almost all ecosystems. We sequenced the genomes of two quarantined Phytophthora species–P. fragariae and P. rubi. Comparing these Phytophthora species and related genera allowed reconstruction of the phylogenetic relationships within the genus Phytophthora and revealed Phytophthora genomic features associated with infection and pathogenicity. We found that several hundred Phytophthora genes are putatively inherited from red algae, but Phytophthora does not have vestigial plastids originating from phototrophs. The horizontally-transferred Phytophthora genes are abundant transposons that “transmit” exogenous gene to Phytophthora species thus bring about the gene recombination possibility. Several expansion events of Phytophthora gene families associated with cell wall biogenesis can be used as mutational targets to elucidate gene function in pathogenic interactions with host plants. This work enhanced the understanding of Phytophthora evolution and will also be helpful for the design of phytopathological control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Fang Gao
- Animal & Plant Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center of Shenzhen Customs District P.R. China, Shenzhen 518045, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Research & Development on Detection Technology of Alien Pests, Shenzhen Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Shenzhen 518045, China
| | - Jie-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.,Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Ke-Wei Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy State Key Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technology (prep), Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Center for Precision Medicine and Healthcare, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kouki Yoshida
- Technology Center, Taisei Corporation, Nase-cho 344-1, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 245-0051, Japan
| | - Yu-Yun Hsiao
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Xiang Shi
- Shanghai Major Bio-pharm Technology Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201203, China
| | | | - You-Yi Chen
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Nobutaka Mitsuda
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan
| | - Chieh-Kai Liang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Wen Wang
- PubBio-Tech Services Corporation, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Animal & Plant Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center of Shenzhen Customs District P.R. China, Shenzhen 518045, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Research & Development on Detection Technology of Alien Pests, Shenzhen Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Shenzhen 518045, China
| | - Di-Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Laiqiang Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy State Key Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technology (prep), Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- PubBio-Tech Services Corporation, Wuhan 430070, China
| | | | - Ying-Hui Cheng
- Fairylake Botanical Garden, Shenzhen & Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518004, China
| | - Zi-De Jiang
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ming-He Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wei-Hong Sun
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xia Yu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wenqi Hu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhuang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.,Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou 325005, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Zhou
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chuan-Ming Yeh
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 6, Higashi 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8562, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, 255 Shimo-Okubo, Sakura-ku, Saitama 338-8570, Japan.,Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Kazutaka Katoh
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Wen-Chieh Tsai
- Orchid Research and Development Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.,Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.,Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.,Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Gene and Antibody Therapy State Key Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technology (prep), Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.,Zhejiang Institute of Subtropical Crops, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenzhou 325005, China.,Institute of Vegetable and Flowers, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 250100, Jinan, China
| | - Francis Martin
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRA Grand Est-Nancy, Université de Lorraine, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Gui-Ming Zhang
- Animal & Plant Inspection and Quarantine Technology Center of Shenzhen Customs District P.R. China, Shenzhen 518045, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Research & Development on Detection Technology of Alien Pests, Shenzhen Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Shenzhen 518045, China
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25
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Zhang F, Chen H, Zhang X, Gao C, Huang J, Lü L, Shen D, Wang L, Huang C, Ye W, Zheng X, Wang Y, Vossen JH, Dong S. Genome Analysis of Two Newly Emerged Potato Late Blight Isolates Sheds Light on Pathogen Adaptation and Provides Tools for Disease Management. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:96-107. [PMID: 33026300 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-05-20-0208-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of the Irish Potato Famine in the 1840s, is one of the most destructive crop pathogens that threaten global food security. Host resistance (R) genes may help to control the disease, but recognition by through the gene products can be evaded by newly emerging isolates. Such isolates are dangerous as they may cause disease outbreaks under favorable conditions. However, our lack of knowledge about adaptation in these isolates jeopardizes an apt response to resistance breakdown. Here we performed genome and transcriptome sequencing of HB1501 and HN1602, two field isolates from distinct Chinese geographic regions. We found extensive polymorphisms in these isolates, including gene copy number variations, nucleotide polymorphisms, and gene expression changes. Effector encoding genes, which contribute to virulence, show distinct expression landscapes in P. infestans isolates HB1501 and HN1602. In particular, polymorphisms at multiple effectors required for recognition (Avr loci) enabled these isolates to overcome corresponding R gene based resistance. Although the isolates evolved multiple strategies to evade recognition, we experimentally verified that several R genes such as R8, RB, and Rpi-vnt1.1 remain effective against these isolates and are valuable to potato breeding in the future. In summary, rapid characterization of the adaptation in emerging field isolates through genomic tools inform rational agricultural management to prevent potential future epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xinjie Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Chuyun Gao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Li Lü
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Luyao Wang
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Chong Huang
- National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center, Maizidian Street, No. 20, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jack H Vossen
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Du Y, Chen X, Guo Y, Zhang X, Zhang H, Li F, Huang G, Meng Y, Shan W. Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector PITG20303 targets a potato MKK1 protein to suppress plant immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:501-515. [PMID: 32772378 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens secret a plethora of effectors into the host cell to modulate plant immunity. Analysing the role of effectors in altering the function of their host target proteins will reveal critical components of the plant immune system. Here we show that Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector PITG20303, a virulent variant of AVRblb2 (PITG20300) that escapes recognition by the resistance protein Rpi-blb2, suppresses PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and promotes pathogen colonization by targeting and stabilizing a potato MAPK cascade protein, StMKK1. Both PITG20300 and PITG20303 target StMKK1, as confirmed by multiple in vivo and in vitro assays, and StMKK1 was shown to be a negative regulator of plant immunity, as determined by overexpression and gene silencing. StMKK1 is a negative regulator of plant PTI, and the kinase activities of StMKK1 are required for its suppression of PTI and effector interaction. PITG20303 depends partially on MKK1, PITG20300 does not depend on MKK1 for suppression of PTI-induced reactive oxygen species burst, while the full virulence activities of nuclear targeted PITG20303 and PITG20300 are dependent on MKK1. Our results show that PITG20303 and PITG20300 target and stabilize the plant MAPK cascade signalling protein StMKK1 to negatively regulate plant PTI response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaokang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yalu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiaojiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Houxiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Guiyan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yuling Meng
- China-USA Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
| | - Weixing Shan
- China-USA Citrus Huanglongbing Joint Laboratory, National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, 341000, China
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Lacaze A, Joly DL. Structural specificity in plant-filamentous pathogen interactions. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1513-1525. [PMID: 32889752 PMCID: PMC7548998 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plant diseases bear names such as leaf blights, root rots, sheath blights, tuber scabs, and stem cankers, indicating that symptoms occur preferentially on specific parts of host plants. Accordingly, many plant pathogens are specialized to infect and cause disease in specific tissues and organs. Conversely, others are able to infect a range of tissues, albeit often disease symptoms fluctuate in different organs infected by the same pathogen. The structural specificity of a pathogen defines the degree to which it is reliant on a given tissue, organ, or host developmental stage. It is influenced by both the microbe and the host but the processes shaping it are not well established. Here we review the current status on structural specificity of plant-filamentous pathogen interactions and highlight important research questions. Notably, this review addresses how constitutive defence and induced immunity as well as virulence processes vary across plant organs, tissues, and even cells. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying structural specificity will aid targeted approaches for plant health, for instance by considering the variation in the nature and the amplitude of defence responses across distinct plant organs and tissues when performing selective breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Lacaze
- Department of BiologyUniversité de MonctonMonctonCanada
| | - David L. Joly
- Department of BiologyUniversité de MonctonMonctonCanada
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Guo Y, Dupont P, Mesarich CH, Yang B, McDougal RL, Panda P, Dijkwel P, Studholme DJ, Sambles C, Win J, Wang Y, Williams NM, Bradshaw RE. Functional analysis of RXLR effectors from the New Zealand kauri dieback pathogen Phytophthora agathidicida. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2020; 21:1131-1148. [PMID: 32638523 PMCID: PMC7411639 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
New Zealand kauri is an ancient, iconic, gymnosperm tree species that is under threat from a lethal dieback disease caused by the oomycete Phytophthora agathidicida. To gain insight into this pathogen, we determined whether proteinaceous effectors of P. agathidicida interact with the immune system of a model angiosperm, Nicotiana, as previously shown for Phytophthora pathogens of angiosperms. From the P. agathidicida genome, we defined and analysed a set of RXLR effectors, a class of proteins that typically have important roles in suppressing or activating the plant immune system. RXLRs were screened for their ability to activate or suppress the Nicotiana plant immune system using Agrobacterium tumefaciens transient transformation assays. Nine P. agathidicida RXLRs triggered cell death or suppressed plant immunity in Nicotiana, of which three were expressed in kauri. For the most highly expressed, P. agathidicida (Pa) RXLR24, candidate cognate immune receptors associated with cell death were identified in Nicotiana benthamiana using RNA silencing-based approaches. Our results show that RXLRs of a pathogen of gymnosperms can interact with the immune system of an angiosperm species. This study provides an important foundation for studying the molecular basis of plant-pathogen interactions in gymnosperm forest trees, including kauri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Guo
- Bio‐Protection Research CentreSchool of Fundamental SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | | | - Carl H. Mesarich
- Bio‐Protection Research CentreSchool of Agriculture and EnvironmentMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | | | - Preeti Panda
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.)RotoruaNew Zealand
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food ResearchAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Paul Dijkwel
- Bio‐Protection Research CentreSchool of Fundamental SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
| | | | | | - Joe Win
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of East AngliaNorwichUK
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant PathologyNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Nari M. Williams
- Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute Ltd.)RotoruaNew Zealand
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food ResearchAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Rosie E. Bradshaw
- Bio‐Protection Research CentreSchool of Fundamental SciencesMassey UniversityPalmerston NorthNew Zealand
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Yin J, Wang L, Zhao J, Li Y, Huang R, Jiang X, Zhou X, Zhu X, He Y, He Y, Liu Y, Zhu Y. Genome-wide characterization of the C2H2 zinc-finger genes in Cucumis sativus and functional analyses of four CsZFPs in response to stresses. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 20:359. [PMID: 32727369 PMCID: PMC7392682 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02575-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS C2H2-type zinc finger protein (ZFPs) form a relatively large family of transcriptional regulators in plants, and play many roles in plant growth, development, and stress response. However, the comprehensive analysis of C2H2 ZFPs in cucumber (CsZFPs) and their regulation function in cucumber are still lacking. RESULTS In the current study, the whole genome identification and characterization of CsZFPs, including the gene structure, genome localization, phylogenetic relationship, and gene expression were performed. Functional analysis of 4 selected genes by transient transformation were also conducted. A total of 129 full-length CsZFPs were identified, which could be classified into four groups according to the phylogenetic analysis. The 129 CsZFPs unequally distributed on 7 chromosomes. Promoter cis-element analysis showed that the CsZFPs might involve in the regulation of phytohormone and/or abiotic stress response, and 93 CsZFPs were predicted to be targeted by one to 20 miRNAs. Moreover, the subcellular localization analysis indicated that 10 tested CsZFPs located in the nucleus and the transcriptome profiling analysis of CsZFPs demonstrated that these genes are involved in root and floral development, pollination and fruit spine. Furthermore, the transient overexpression of Csa1G085390 and Csa7G071440 into Nicotiana benthamiana plants revealed that they could decrease and induce leave necrosis in response to pathogen attack, respectively, and they could enhance salt and drought stresses through the initial induction of H2O2. In addition, Csa4G642460 and Csa6G303740 could induce cell death after 5 days transformation. CONCLUSIONS The identification and function analysis of CsZFPs demonstrated that some key individual CsZFPs might play essential roles in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. These results could lay the foundation for understanding the role of CsZFPs in cucumber development for future genetic engineering studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junliang Yin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000 Hubei China
| | - Lixin Wang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 Hebei China
| | - Jiao Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001 Hebei China
| | - Yiting Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000 Hubei China
| | - Rong Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000 Hubei China
| | - Xinchen Jiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000 Hubei China
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000 Hubei China
| | - Xiaokang Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000 Hubei China
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000 Hubei China
| | - Xiongmeng Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000 Hubei China
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000 Hubei China
| | - Yang He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000 Hubei China
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000 Hubei China
| | - Yiqin He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000 Hubei China
| | - Yiqing Liu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000 Hubei China
| | - Yongxing Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland/College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000 Hubei China
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000 Hubei China
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The Histological, Effectoromic, and Transcriptomic Analyses of Solanum pinnatisectum Reveal an Upregulation of Multiple NBS-LRR Genes Suppressing Phytophthora infestans Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21093211. [PMID: 32370102 PMCID: PMC7247345 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Utilization of disease resistance components from wild potatoes is a promising and sustainable approach to control Phytophthora blight. Here, we combined avirulence (Avr) genes screen with RNA-seq analysis to discover the potential mechanism of resistance in Mexican wild potato species, Solanum pinnatisectum. Histological characterization displayed that hyphal expansion was significantly restricted in epidermal cells and mesophyll cell death was predominant, indicating that a typical defense response was initiated in S. pinnatisectum. Inoculation of S. pinnatisectum with diverse Phytophthora infestans isolates showed distinct resistance patterns, suggesting that S. pinnatisectum has complex genetic resistance to most of the prevalent races of P. infestans in northwestern China. Further analysis by Avr gene screens and comparative transcriptomic profiling revealed the presence and upregulation of multiple plant NBS-LRR genes corresponding to biotic stresses. Six NBS-LRR alleles of R1, R2, R3a, R3b, R4, and Rpi-smira2 were detected, and over 60% of the 112 detected NLR proteins were significantly induced in S. pinnatisectum. On the contrary, despite the expression of the Rpi-blb1, Rpi-vnt1, and Rpi-smira1 alleles, fewer NLR proteins were expressed in susceptible Solanum cardophyllum. Thus, the enriched NLR genes in S. pinnatisectum make it an ideal genetic resource for the discovery and deployment of resistance genes for potato breeding.
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McGowan J, O’Hanlon R, Owens RA, Fitzpatrick DA. Comparative Genomic and Proteomic Analyses of Three Widespread Phytophthora Species: Phytophthora chlamydospora, Phytophthora gonapodyides and Phytophthora pseudosyringae. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050653. [PMID: 32365808 PMCID: PMC7285336 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Phytophthora genus includes some of the most devastating plant pathogens. Here we report draft genome sequences for three ubiquitous Phytophthora species—Phytophthora chlamydospora, Phytophthora gonapodyides, and Phytophthora pseudosyringae. Phytophthora pseudosyringae is an important forest pathogen that is abundant in Europe and North America. Phytophthora chlamydospora and Ph. gonapodyides are globally widespread species often associated with aquatic habitats. They are both regarded as opportunistic plant pathogens. The three sequenced genomes range in size from 45 Mb to 61 Mb. Similar to other oomycete species, tandem gene duplication appears to have played an important role in the expansion of effector arsenals. Comparative analysis of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) across 44 oomycete genomes indicates that oomycete lifestyles may be linked to CAZyme repertoires. The mitochondrial genome sequence of each species was also determined, and their gene content and genome structure were compared. Using mass spectrometry, we characterised the extracellular proteome of each species and identified large numbers of proteins putatively involved in pathogenicity and osmotrophy. The mycelial proteome of each species was also characterised using mass spectrometry. In total, the expression of approximately 3000 genes per species was validated at the protein level. These genome resources will be valuable for future studies to understand the behaviour of these three widespread Phytophthora species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie McGowan
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, W23 F2H6 Co. Kildare, Ireland; (R.A.O.); (D.A.F.)
- Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, W23 F2H6 Co. Kildare, Ireland
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Rebecca A. Owens
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, W23 F2H6 Co. Kildare, Ireland; (R.A.O.); (D.A.F.)
- Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, W23 F2H6 Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - David A. Fitzpatrick
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, W23 F2H6 Co. Kildare, Ireland; (R.A.O.); (D.A.F.)
- Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, W23 F2H6 Co. Kildare, Ireland
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Abstract
The oomycetes are a class of ubiquitous, filamentous microorganisms that include some of the biggest threats to global food security and natural ecosystems. Within the oomycete class are highly diverse species that infect a broad range of animals and plants. Some of the most destructive plant pathogens are oomycetes, such as Phytophthora infestans, the agent of potato late blight and the cause of the Irish famine. Recent years have seen a dramatic increase in the number of sequenced oomycete genomes. Here we review the latest developments in oomycete genomics and some of the important insights that have been gained. Coupled with proteomic and transcriptomic analyses, oomycete genome sequences have revealed tremendous insights into oomycete biology, evolution, genome organization, mechanisms of infection, and metabolism. We also present an updated phylogeny of the oomycete class using a phylogenomic approach based on the 65 oomycete genomes that are currently available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie McGowan
- Genome Evolution Laboratory, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland; Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - David A Fitzpatrick
- Genome Evolution Laboratory, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland; Kathleen Lonsdale Institute for Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland.
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Martynov VV, Chizhik VK. Genetics of Pathogen–Host Interaction by the Example of Potato Late Blight Disease. RUSS J GENET+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795420030102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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34
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Ochola S, Huang J, Ali H, Shu H, Shen D, Qiu M, Wang L, Li X, Chen H, Kange A, Qutob D, Dong S. Editing of an effector gene promoter sequence impacts plant-Phytophthora interaction. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 62:378-392. [PMID: 31691466 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen avirulence (Avr) effectors interplay with corresponding plant resistance (R) proteins and activate robust plant immune responses. Although the expression pattern of Avr genes has been tied to their functions for a long time, it is still not clear how Avr gene expression patterns impact plant-microbe interactions. Here, we selected PsAvr3b, which shows a typical effector gene expression pattern from a soybean root pathogen Phytophthora sojae. To modulate gene expression, we engineered PsAvr3b promoter sequences by in situ substitution with promoter sequences from Actin (constitutive expression), PsXEG1 (early expression), and PsNLP1 (later expression) using the CRISPR/Cas9. PsAvr3b driven by different promoters resulted in distinct expression levels across all the tested infection time points. Importantly, those mutants with low PsAvr3b expression successfully colonized soybean plants carrying the cognate R gene Rps3b. To dissect the difference in plant responses to the PsAvr3b expression level, we conducted RNA-sequencing of different infection samples at 24 h postinfection and found soybean immune genes, including a few previously unknown genes that are associated with resistance. Our study highlights that fine-tuning in Avr gene expression impacts the compatibility of plant disease and provides clues to improve crop resistance in disease control management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvans Ochola
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haider Ali
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Haidong Shu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Min Qiu
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Alex Kange
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Dinah Qutob
- Department of Math and Science, Walsh University, North Canton, OH, 44720, USA
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing, 210095, China
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Genome-Wide Identification, Structure Characterization, and Expression Profiling of Dof Transcription Factor Gene Family in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA binding with one finger (Dof) proteins are plant-specific transcription factors with crucial roles in plant growth and stress response. Even so, little is known about them in wheat. In this study, 108 wheat Dof (TaDof) genes across 21 chromosomes were detected. Although variable in sequence length, molecular weight, and isoelectric point, all TaDof proteins contained conserved zinc-finger structures and were phylogenetically divided into 7 sub-groups. Exon/intron and motif analyses suggested that TaDof structures and conserved motifs were similar within sub-groups but diverse among sub-groups. Many segmental duplications were identified and Ka/Ks and inter-species synthetic analyses indicated that polyploidization was main reason for increased number of TaDofs. Prediction and experimental confirmation revealed that TaDofs functioned as transcription factors in the nucleus. Expression pattern profiling showed that TaDofs specifically affected growth and development, and biotic and abiotic stress responses. Wheat miRNAs and cis-regulator were predicted as essential players in molding TaDofs expression patterns. qRT-PCR analysis revealed that TaDofs were induced by salt and drought stresses. Customized annotation revealed that TaDofs were widely involved in phytohormone response, defense, growth and development, and metabolism. Our study provided a comprehensive understanding to wheat TaDofs.
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Hyperspectral Measurements Enable Pre-Symptomatic Detection and Differentiation of Contrasting Physiological Effects of Late Blight and Early Blight in Potato. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12020286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In-vivo foliar spectroscopy, also known as contact hyperspectral reflectance, enables rapid and non-destructive characterization of plant physiological status. This can be used to assess pathogen impact on plant condition both prior to and after visual symptoms appear. Challenging this capacity is the fact that dead tissue yields relatively consistent changes in leaf optical properties, negatively impacting our ability to distinguish causal pathogen identity. Here, we used in-situ spectroscopy to detect and differentiate Phytophthora infestans (late blight) and Alternaria solani (early blight) on potato foliage over the course of disease development and explored non-destructive characterization of contrasting disease physiology. Phytophthora infestans, a hemibiotrophic pathogen, undergoes an obligate latent period of two–seven days before disease symptoms appear. In contrast, A. solani, a necrotrophic pathogen, causes symptoms to appear almost immediately when environmental conditions are conducive. We found that respective patterns of spectral change can be related to these differences in underlying disease physiology and their contrasting pathogen lifestyles. Hyperspectral measurements could distinguish both P. infestans-infected and A. solani-infected plants with greater than 80% accuracy two–four days before visible symptoms appeared. Individual disease development stages for each pathogen could be differentiated from respective controls with 89–95% accuracy. Notably, we could distinguish latent P. infestans infection from both latent and symptomatic A. solani infection with greater than 75% accuracy. Spectral features important for late blight detection shifted over the course of infection, whereas spectral features important for early blight detection remained consistent, reflecting their different respective pathogen biologies. Shortwave infrared wavelengths were important for differentiation between healthy and diseased, and between pathogen infections, both pre- and post-symptomatically. This proof-of-concept work supports the use of spectroscopic systems as precision agriculture tools for rapid and early disease detection and differentiation tools, and highlights the importance of careful consideration of underlying pathogen biology and disease physiology for crop disease remote sensing.
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Elnahal ASM, Li J, Wang X, Zhou C, Wen G, Wang J, Lindqvist-Kreuze H, Meng Y, Shan W. Identification of Natural Resistance Mediated by Recognition of Phytophthora infestans Effector Gene Avr3aEM in Potato. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:919. [PMID: 32636869 PMCID: PMC7318898 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Late blight is considered the most renowned devastating potato disease worldwide. Resistance gene (R)-based resistance to late blight is the most effective method to inhibit infection by the causal agent Phytophthora infestans. However, the limited availability of resistant potato varieties and the rapid loss of R resistance, caused by P. infestans virulence variability, make disease control rely on fungicide application. We employed an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient gene expression assay and effector biology approach to understand late blight resistance of Chinese varieties that showed years of promising field performance. We are particularly interested in PiAvr3aEM , the most common virulent allele of PiAvr3aKI that triggers a R3a-mediated hypersensitive response (HR) and late blight resistance. Through our significantly improved A. tumefaciens-mediated transient gene expression assay in potato using cultured seedlings, we characterized two dominant potato varieties, Qingshu9 and Longshu7, in China by transient expression of P. infestans effector genes. Transient expression of 10 known avirulence genes showed that PiAvr4 and PiAvr8 (PiAvrsmira2) could induce HR in Qingshu9, and PiAvrvnt1.1 in Longshu7, respectively. Our study also indicated that PiAvr3aEM is recognized by these two potato varieties, and is likely involved in their significant field performance of late blight resistance. The identification of natural resistance mediated by PiAvr3aEM recognition in Qingshu9 and Longshu7 will facilitate breeding for improved potato resistance against P. infestans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed S. M. Elnahal
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- Plant Pathology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Jinyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Chenyao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Guohong Wen
- Institute of Potato Research, Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Qinghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xining, China
| | | | - Yuling Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Weixing Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
- *Correspondence: Weixing Shan,
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Zhang X, Liu B, Zou F, Shen D, Yin Z, Wang R, He F, Wang Y, Tyler BM, Fan W, Qian W, Dou D. Whole Genome Re-sequencing Reveals Natural Variation and Adaptive Evolution of Phytophthora sojae. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2792. [PMID: 31849921 PMCID: PMC6895562 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the monocultural basis of agricultural crops, mutated plant microbes with increased pathogenicity can easily spread in the field and lead to serious yield losses. As a major threat to a wide range of crop plants, oomycete pathogens continuously undergo adaptive evolution to overcome plant defense barriers. However, the genetic basis of their evolution at the molecular level remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated the nature variation and the population genomics of the soybean pathogen Phytophthora sojae by high-throughput genome re-sequencing. Genomic variation analysis revealed uneven “two-speed” evolutionary pattern with genes in gene-sparse regions (GSRs) showing higher rates of structural polymorphisms and positive selection. GSRs are enriched in effector genes and transposase-related genes. Our results also suggested that the NADH oxidase and MIP transporter gene families undergo rapid and diversifying selection. Furthermore, we demonstrated that P. sojae isolates possess varying numbers of RxLR effectors with diverse sequences, totaling 471 members. Among them, 42 core RxLR effectors are assumed to be important for infection. Finally, we observed that Avr genes exhibit abundant sequence variation in P. sojae isolates. Several novel variants lead to the evading of host resistance, including a complete deletion in Avr3c and amino acid mutations in Avr1a. Taken together, our results provide an adaptive landscape of P. sojae at single-nucleotide resolution, as well as resources for further resistance breeding and disease prevention against this important plant pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Agricultural Genomic Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fen Zou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Danyu Shen
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yin
- Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Rongbo Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng He
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Brett M Tyler
- Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, United States
| | - Wei Fan
- Agricultural Genomic Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wanqiang Qian
- Agricultural Genomic Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Plant Pathology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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39
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Ren Y, Armstrong M, Qi Y, McLellan H, Zhong C, Du B, Birch PRJ, Tian Z. Phytophthora infestans RXLR Effectors Target Parallel Steps in an Immune Signal Transduction Pathway. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:2227-2239. [PMID: 31217198 PMCID: PMC6670088 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The potato (Solanum tuberosum) blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans delivers Arg-X-Leu-Arg (RXLR) effector proteins into host cells to subvert plant immune responses and promote colonization. We show that transient expression and stable transgenic expression of the RXLR effector Pi22926 in Nicotiana benthamiana promotes leaf colonization by P. infestans. Pi22926 suppresses cell death triggered by coexpression of the Cladosporium fulvum avirulence protein Avr4 and the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) resistance protein Cf4. Pi22926 interacts with a potato mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase, StMAP3Kβ2, in the nucleoplasm. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of the ortholog NbMAP3Kβ2 in N. benthamiana enhances P. infestans colonization and attenuates Cf4/Avr4-induced cell death, indicating that this host protein is a positive regulator of immunity. Cell death induced by Cf4/Avr4 is dependent on NbMAP3Kε and NbMAP3Kβ2, indicating that these MAP3Ks function in the same signaling pathway. VIGS of NbMAP3Kβ2 does not compromise cell death triggered by overexpression of MAP3Kε. Similarly, VIGS of NbMAP3Kε does not attenuate cell death triggered by MAP3Kβ2, demonstrating that these MAP3K proteins function in parallel. In agreement, Pi22926 or another RXLR effector, PexRD2, only suppresses cell death triggered by expression of StMAP3Kβ2 or StMAP3Kε, respectively. Our data reveal that two P. infestans effectors, PexRD2 and Pi22926, promote P. infestans colonization by targeting MAP3K proteins that act in parallel in the same signal transduction pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Miles Armstrong
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at James Hutton Institute), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Yetong Qi
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Cheng Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Bowen Du
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at James Hutton Institute), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Zhendong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University (HZAU), Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
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40
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He Q, McLellan H, Hughes RK, Boevink PC, Armstrong M, Lu Y, Banfield MJ, Tian Z, Birch PRJ. Phytophthora infestans effector SFI3 targets potato UBK to suppress early immune transcriptional responses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:438-454. [PMID: 30536576 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The potato blight agent Phytophthora infestans secretes a range of RXLR effectors to promote disease. Recent evidence indicates that some effectors suppress early pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) following perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Phytophthora infestans effector PiSFI3/Pi06087/PexRD16 has been previously shown to suppress MAMP-triggered pFRK1-Luciferase reporter gene activity. How PiSFI3 suppresses immunity is unknown. We employed yeast-two-hybrid (Y2H) assays, co-immunoprecipitation, transcriptional silencing by RNA interference and virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS), and X-ray crystallography for structure-guided mutagenesis, to investigate the function of PiSFI3 in targeting a plant U-box-kinase protein (StUBK) to suppress immunity. We discovered that PiSFI3 is active in the host nucleus and interacts in yeast and in planta with StUBK. UBK is a positive regulator of specific PTI pathways in both potato and Nicotiana benthamiana. Importantly, it contributes to early transcriptional responses that are suppressed by PiSFI3. PiSFI3 forms an unusual trans-homodimer. Mutation to disrupt dimerization prevents nucleolar localisation of PiSFI3 and attenuates both its interaction with StUBK and its ability to enhance P. infestans leaf colonisation. PiSFI3 is a 'WY-domain' RXLR effector that forms a novel trans-homodimer which is required for its ability to suppress PTI via interaction with the U-box-kinase protein StUBK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin He
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Richard K Hughes
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Petra C Boevink
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Miles Armstrong
- Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Yuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Mark J Banfield
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Zhendong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (HZAU), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Division of Plant Science, School of Life Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
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41
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Wang S, McLellan H, Bukharova T, He Q, Murphy F, Shi J, Sun S, van Weymers P, Ren Y, Thilliez G, Wang H, Chen X, Engelhardt S, Vleeshouwers V, Gilroy EM, Whisson SC, Hein I, Wang X, Tian Z, Birch PRJ, Boevink PC. Phytophthora infestans RXLR effectors act in concert at diverse subcellular locations to enhance host colonization. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:343-356. [PMID: 30329083 PMCID: PMC6305197 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Oomycetes such as the potato blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans deliver RXLR effectors into plant cells to manipulate host processes and promote disease. Knowledge of where they localize inside host cells is important in understanding their function. Fifty-two P. infestans RXLR effectors (PiRXLRs) up-regulated during early stages of infection were expressed as fluorescent protein (FP) fusions inside cells of the model host Nicotiana benthamiana. FP-PiRXLR fusions were predominantly nucleo-cytoplasmic, nuclear, or plasma membrane-associated. Some also localized to the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, peroxisomes, or microtubules, suggesting diverse sites of subcellular activity. Seven of the 25 PiRXLRs examined during infection accumulated at sites of haustorium penetration, probably due to co-localization with host target processes; Pi16663 (Avr1), for example, localized to Sec5-associated mobile bodies which showed perihaustorial accumulation. Forty-five FP-RXLR fusions enhanced pathogen leaf colonization when expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana, revealing that their presence was beneficial to infection. Co-expression of PiRXLRs that target and suppress different immune pathways resulted in an additive enhancement of colonization, indicating the potential to study effector combinations using transient expression assays. We provide a broad platform of high confidence P. infestans effector candidates from which to investigate the mechanisms, singly and in combination, by which this pathogen causes disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumei Wang
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Tatyana Bukharova
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Qin He
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Fraser Murphy
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Jiayang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shaohui Sun
- Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
- Virus-free Seedling Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Pauline van Weymers
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Yajuan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gaetan Thilliez
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Haixia Wang
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinwei Chen
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Stefan Engelhardt
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | | | - Eleanor M Gilroy
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Stephen C Whisson
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Ingo Hein
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- Virus-free Seedling Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Zhendong Tian
- Key Laboratory of Potato Biology and Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Paul R J Birch
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee at James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Petra C Boevink
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
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42
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Liu L, Xu L, Jia Q, Pan R, Oelmüller R, Zhang W, Wu C. Arms race: diverse effector proteins with conserved motifs. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2019; 14:1557008. [PMID: 30621489 PMCID: PMC6351098 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1557008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Effector proteins play important roles in the infection by pathogenic oomycetes and fungi or the colonization by endophytic and mycorrhizal fungi. They are either translocated into the host plant cells via specific translocation mechanisms and function in the host's cytoplasm or nucleus, or they reside in the apoplast of the plant cells and act at the extracellular host-microbe interface. Many effector proteins possess conserved motifs (such as the RXLR, CRN, LysM, RGD, DELD, EAR, RYWT, Y/F/WXC or CFEM motifs) localized in their N- or C-terminal regions. Analysis of the functions of effector proteins, especially so-called "core effectors", is crucial for the understanding of pathogenicity/symbiosis mechanisms and plant defense strategies, and helps to develop breeding strategies for pathogen-resistant cultivars, and to increase crop yield and quality as well as abiotic stress resistance. This review summarizes current knowledge about these effector proteins with the conversed motifs and their involvement in pathogenic or mutualistic plant/fungal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Liu
- College of Horticulture & Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Le Xu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Qie Jia
- College of Horticulture & Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Rui Pan
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- Plant Physiology, Matthias-Schleiden-Institute for Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Faculty of Biological Science, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Wenying Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- CONTACT Wenying Zhang Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry/Research Center of Crop Stresses Resistance Technologies, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; Chu Wu College of Horticulture & Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China
| | - Chu Wu
- College of Horticulture & Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
- Institute of Plant Ecology and Environmental Restoration, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
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Leesutthiphonchai W, Vu AL, Ah-Fong AMV, Judelson HS. How Does Phytophthora infestans Evade Control Efforts? Modern Insight Into the Late Blight Disease. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2018; 108:916-924. [PMID: 29979126 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-18-0130-ia] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The infamous oomycete Phytophthora infestans has been a persistent threat to potato and tomato production worldwide, causing the diseases known as late blight. This pathogen has proved to be remarkably adept at overcoming control strategies including host-based resistance and fungicides. This review describes the features of P. infestans that make it such a daunting challenge to agriculture. These include a stealthy lifestyle that helps P. infestans evade plant defenses, effectors that suppress host defenses and promote susceptibility, profuse sporulation with a short latent period that enables rapid dissemination, and a genome structure that promotes the adaptive evolution of P. infestans by fostering genetic diversity. Nevertheless, there is reason to be optimistic that accumulated knowledge about the biology of P. infestans and its hosts will lead to improved management of late blight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea L Vu
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside 92521
| | - Audrey M V Ah-Fong
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside 92521
| | - Howard S Judelson
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside 92521
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