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Lee S, Seo YE, Choi J, Yan X, Kim T, Choi D, Lee JH. Nucleolar actions in plant development and stress responses. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024. [PMID: 39169813 DOI: 10.1111/pce.15099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
The nucleolus is conventionally acknowledged for its role in ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis and ribosome biogenesis. Recent research has revealed its multifaceted involvement in plant biology, encompassing regulation of the cell cycle, development, and responses to environmental stresses. This comprehensive review explores the diverse roles of the nucleolus in plant growth and responses to environmental stresses. The introduction delves into its traditional functions in rRNA synthesis and potential participation in nuclear liquid-liquid phase separation. By examining the multifaceted roles of nucleolar proteins in plant development, we highlight the impacts of various nucleolar mutants on growth, development, and embryogenesis. Additionally, we reviewed the involvement of nucleoli in responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. Under abiotic stress conditions, the nucleolar structure undergoes morphological changes. In the context of biotic stress, the nucleolus emerges as a common target for effectors of pathogens for manipulation of host immunity to enhance pathogenicity. The detailed exploration of how pathogens interact with nucleoli and manipulate host responses provides valuable insights into plant stress responses as well as plant growth and development. Understanding these processes may pave the way for promising strategies to enhance crop resilience and mitigate the impact of biotic and abiotic stresses in agricultural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soeui Lee
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ye-Eun Seo
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeen Choi
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Xin Yan
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Taewon Kim
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Doil Choi
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Lee
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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González-Arzola K. The nucleolus: Coordinating stress response and genomic stability. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2024; 1867:195029. [PMID: 38642633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2024.195029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
The perception that the nucleoli are merely the organelles where ribosome biogenesis occurs is challenged. Only around 30 % of nucleolar proteins are solely involved in producing ribosomes. Instead, the nucleolus plays a critical role in controlling protein trafficking during stress and, according to its dynamic nature, undergoes continuous protein exchange with nucleoplasm under various cellular stressors. Hence, the concept of nucleolar stress has evolved as cellular insults that disrupt the structure and function of the nucleolus. Considering the emerging role of this organelle in DNA repair and the fact that rDNAs are the most fragile genomic loci, therapies targeting the nucleoli are increasingly being developed. Besides, drugs that target ribosome synthesis and induce nucleolar stress can be used in cancer therapy. In contrast, agents that regulate nucleolar activity may be a potential treatment for neurodegeneration caused by abnormal protein accumulation in the nucleolus. Here, I explore the roles of nucleoli beyond their ribosomal functions, highlighting the factors triggering nucleolar stress and their impact on genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiuska González-Arzola
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Junta de Andalucía, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41092 Seville, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain.
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Escandón M, Valledor L, Lamelas L, Álvarez JM, Cañal MJ, Meijón M. Multiomics analyses reveal the central role of the nucleolus and its machinery during heat stress acclimation in Pinus radiata. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:2558-2573. [PMID: 38318976 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Global warming is causing rapid changes in mean annual temperature and more severe drought periods. These are major contributors of forest dieback, which is becoming more frequent and widespread. In this work, we investigated how the transcriptome of Pinus radiata changed during initial heat stress response and acclimation. To this end, we generated a high-density dataset employing Illumina technology. This approach allowed us to reconstruct a needle transcriptome, defining 12 164 and 13 590 transcripts as down- and up-regulated, respectively, during a time course stress acclimation experiment. Additionally, the combination of transcriptome data with other available omics layers allowed us to determine the complex inter-related processes involved in the heat stress response from the molecular to the physiological level. Nucleolus and nucleoid activities seem to be a central core in the acclimating process, producing specific RNA isoforms and other essential elements for anterograde-retrograde stress signaling such as NAC proteins (Pra_vml_051671_1 and Pra_vml_055001_5) or helicase RVB. These mechanisms are connected by elements already known in heat stress response (redox, heat-shock proteins, or abscisic acid-related) and with others whose involvement is not so well defined such as shikimate-related, brassinosteriods, or proline proteases together with their potential regulatory elements. This work provides a first in-depth overview about molecular mechanisms underlying the heat stress response and acclimation in P. radiata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Escandón
- Plant Physiology, Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology, and University Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Luis Valledor
- Plant Physiology, Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology, and University Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Laura Lamelas
- Plant Physiology, Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology, and University Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jóse M Álvarez
- Plant Physiology, Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology, and University Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - María Jesús Cañal
- Plant Physiology, Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology, and University Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Mónica Meijón
- Plant Physiology, Department of Organisms and Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology, and University Institute of Biotechnology of Asturias, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
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Zakrzewska-Placzek M, Golisz-Mocydlarz A, Krzyszton M, Piotrowska J, Lichocka M, Kufel J. The nucleolar protein NOL12 is required for processing of large ribosomal subunit rRNA precursors in Arabidopsis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:538. [PMID: 37919659 PMCID: PMC10623804 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04561-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NOL12 5'-3' exoribonucleases, conserved among eukaryotes, play important roles in pre-rRNA processing, ribosome assembly and export. The most well-described yeast counterpart, Rrp17, is required for maturation of 5.8 and 25S rRNAs, whereas human hNOL12 is crucial for the separation of the large (LSU) and small (SSU) ribosome subunit rRNA precursors. RESULTS In this study we demonstrate that plant AtNOL12 is also involved in rRNA biogenesis, specifically in the processing of the LSU rRNA precursor, 27S pre-rRNA. Importantly, the absence of AtNOL12 alters the expression of many ribosomal protein and ribosome biogenesis genes. These changes could potentially exacerbate rRNA biogenesis defects, or, conversely, they might stem from the disturbed ribosome assembly caused by delayed pre-rRNA processing. Moreover, exposure of the nol12 mutant to stress factors, including heat and pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, enhances the observed molecular phenotypes, linking pre-rRNA processing to stress response pathways. The aberrant rRNA processing, dependent on AtNOL12, could impact ribosome function, as suggested by improved mutant resistance to ribosome-targeting antibiotics. CONCLUSION Despite extensive studies, the pre-rRNA processing pathway in plants remains insufficiently characterized. Our investigation reveals the involvement of AtNOL12 in the maturation of rRNA precursors, correlating this process to stress response in Arabidopsis. These findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of plant ribosome biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Zakrzewska-Placzek
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Pawinskiego 5a, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland.
| | - Anna Golisz-Mocydlarz
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Pawinskiego 5a, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland
| | - Michal Krzyszton
- Laboratory of Seeds Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland
| | - Justyna Piotrowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Lichocka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland
| | - Joanna Kufel
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Pawinskiego 5a, Warsaw, 02-106, Poland.
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Ando S, Nomoto M, Iwakawa H, Vial-Pradel S, Luo L, Sasabe M, Ohbayashi I, Yamamoto KT, Tada Y, Sugiyama M, Machida Y, Kojima S, Machida C. Arabidopsis ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 and Nucleolar Factors Are Coordinately Involved in the Perinucleolar Patterning of AS2 Bodies and Leaf Development. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3621. [PMID: 37896084 PMCID: PMC10610122 DOI: 10.3390/plants12203621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 (AS2) plays a key role in the formation of flat symmetric leaves. AS2 represses the expression of the abaxial gene ETTIN/AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR3 (ETT/ARF3). AS2 interacts in vitro with the CGCCGC sequence in ETT/ARF3 exon 1. In cells of leaf primordia, AS2 localizes at peripheral regions of the nucleolus as two AS2 bodies, which are partially overlapped with chromocenters that contain condensed 45S ribosomal DNA repeats. AS2 contains the AS2/LOB domain, which consists of three sequences conserved in the AS2/LOB family: the zinc finger (ZF) motif, the ICG sequence including the conserved glycine residue, and the LZL motif. AS2 and the genes NUCLEOLIN1 (NUC1), RNA HELICASE10 (RH10), and ROOT INITIATION DEFECTIVE2 (RID2) that encode nucleolar proteins coordinately act as repressors against the expression of ETT/ARF3. Here, we examined the formation and patterning of AS2 bodies made from as2 mutants with amino acid substitutions in the ZF motif and the ICG sequence in cells of cotyledons and leaf primordia. Our results showed that the amino acid residues next to the cysteine residues in the ZF motif were essential for both the formation of AS2 bodies and the interaction with ETT/ARF3 DNA. The conserved glycine residue in the ICG sequence was required for the formation of AS2 bodies, but not for the DNA interaction. We also examined the effects of nuc1, rh10, and rid2 mutations, which alter the metabolism of rRNA intermediates and the morphology of the nucleolus, and showed that more than two AS2 bodies were observed in the nucleolus and at its periphery. These results suggested that the patterning of AS2 bodies is tightly linked to the morphology and functions of the nucleolus and the development of flat symmetric leaves in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayuri Ando
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan; (S.A.); (H.I.); (S.V.-P.); (Y.M.)
| | - Mika Nomoto
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan; (M.N.); (L.L.); (Y.T.)
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Iwakawa
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan; (S.A.); (H.I.); (S.V.-P.); (Y.M.)
| | - Simon Vial-Pradel
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan; (S.A.); (H.I.); (S.V.-P.); (Y.M.)
| | - Lilan Luo
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan; (M.N.); (L.L.); (Y.T.)
| | - Michiko Sasabe
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki 036-8561, Japan;
| | - Iwai Ohbayashi
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 701, Taiwan;
| | - Kotaro T. Yamamoto
- Division of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yasuomi Tada
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan; (M.N.); (L.L.); (Y.T.)
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Munetaka Sugiyama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan;
| | - Yasunori Machida
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan; (S.A.); (H.I.); (S.V.-P.); (Y.M.)
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan; (M.N.); (L.L.); (Y.T.)
| | - Shoko Kojima
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan; (S.A.); (H.I.); (S.V.-P.); (Y.M.)
| | - Chiyoko Machida
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan; (S.A.); (H.I.); (S.V.-P.); (Y.M.)
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Lee S, Kim J, Kim MS, Min CW, Kim ST, Choi SB, Lee JH, Choi D. The Phytophthora nucleolar effector Pi23226 targets host ribosome biogenesis to induce necrotrophic cell death. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100606. [PMID: 37087572 PMCID: PMC10504586 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen effectors target diverse subcellular organelles to manipulate the plant immune system. Although the nucleolus has emerged as a stress marker and several effectors are localized in the nucleolus, the roles of nucleolar-targeted effectors remain elusive. In this study, we showed that Phytophthora infestans infection of Nicotiana benthamiana results in nucleolar inflation during the transition from the biotrophic to the necrotrophic phase. Multiple P. infestans effectors were localized in the nucleolus: Pi23226 induced cell death in N. benthamiana and nucleolar inflation similar to that observed in the necrotrophic stage of infection, whereas its homolog Pi23015 and a deletion mutant (Pi23226ΔC) did not induce cell death or affect nucleolar size. RNA immunoprecipitation and individual-nucleotide-resolution UV crosslinking and immunoprecipitation sequencing analysis indicated that Pi23226 bound to the 3' end of 25S rRNA precursors, resulting in accumulation of unprocessed 27S pre-rRNAs. The nucleolar stress marker NAC082 was strongly upregulated under Pi23226-expressing conditions. Pi23226 subsequently inhibited global protein translation in host cells by interacting with ribosomes. Pi23226 enhanced P. infestans pathogenicity, indicating that Pi23226-induced ribosome malfunction and cell death were beneficial for pathogenesis in the host. Our results provide evidence for the molecular mechanism underlying RNA-binding effector activity in host ribosome biogenesis and lead to new insights into the nucleolar action of effectors in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soeui Lee
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehwan Kim
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Shin Kim
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Interdisciplinary Programs in Agricultural Genomics, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Division of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin 449-728, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Woo Min
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Tae Kim
- Department of Plant Bioscience, Life and Industry Convergence Research Institute, Pusan National University, Miryang 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Bong Choi
- Division of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin 449-728, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Hyun Lee
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Doil Choi
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Carvalho A, Lino A, Alves C, Lino C, Vareiro D, Lucas D, Afonso G, Costa J, Esteves M, Gaspar M, Bezerra M, Mendes V, Lima-Brito J. Combination of Iron and Zinc Enhanced the Root Cell Division, Mitotic Regularity and Nucleolar Activity of Hexaploid Triticale. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2517. [PMID: 37447076 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Hexaploid triticale results from crosses between durum wheat and rye. Despite its high agronomic potential, triticale is mainly used for livestock feed. Triticale surpasses their parental species in adaptability and tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses, being able to grow in acidic soils where a high amount of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) is typical. On the other hand, high amounts of these essential trace elements can be cytotoxic to bread wheat. The cytotoxicity induced by seed priming with a high concentration of Fe and Zn impaired root cell division and induced nucleolar changes in bread wheat. Such cytogenetic approaches were expedited and successfully determined cytotoxic and suited micronutrient dosages for wheat nutripriming. With this study, we intended to analyse the hexaploid triticale cv 'Douro' root mitotic cell cycle and nucleolar activity after seed priming performed with aqueous solutions of iron (Fe) and/or zinc (Zn), containing a concentration that was previously considered cytotoxic, to bread wheat and to infer the higher tolerance of triticale to these treatments. The overall cytogenetic data allowed us to conclude that the Fe + Zn treatment enhanced the root mitotic index (MI), mitosis regularity and nucleolar activity of 'Douro' relative to the control and the individual treatments performed with Fe or Zn alone. The Fe + Zn treatment might suit triticale biofortification through seed priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carvalho
- Plant Cytogenomics Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Lino
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carolina Alves
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Catarina Lino
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Débora Vareiro
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Diogo Lucas
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Gabriela Afonso
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - José Costa
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Margarida Esteves
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Maria Gaspar
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Mário Bezerra
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Vladimir Mendes
- University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - José Lima-Brito
- Plant Cytogenomics Laboratory, Department of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4Agro), UTAD, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Sasaki S, Murakami T, Yasumuro M, Makita A, Oi Y, Hiragori Y, Watanabe S, Kudo R, Hayashi N, Ohbayashi I, Sugiyama M, Yamashita Y, Naito S, Onouchi H. Upstream open reading frame-mediated upregulation of ANAC082 expression in response to nucleolar stress in Arabidopsis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2023; 40:21-30. [PMID: 38213914 PMCID: PMC10777128 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.22.1215a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Perturbations in ribosome biogenesis cause a type of cellular stress called nucleolar or ribosomal stress, which triggers adaptive responses in both animal and plant cells. The Arabidopsis ANAC082 transcription factor has been identified as a key mediator of the plant nucleolar stress response. The 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of ANAC082 mRNA contains an upstream ORF (uORF) encoding an evolutionarily conserved amino acid sequence. Here, we report that this uORF mediates the upregulation of ANAC082 expression in response to nucleolar stress. When transgenic Arabidopsis plants containing a luciferase reporter gene under the control of the ANAC082 promoter and 5'-UTR were treated with reagents that induced nucleolar stress, expression of the reporter gene was enhanced in a uORF sequence-dependent manner. Additionally, we examined the effect of an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-inducing reagent on reporter gene expression because the closest homolog of ANAC082 in Arabidopsis, ANAC103, is involved in the ER stress response. However, the ANAC082 uORF did not respond to ER stress. Interestingly, although ANAC103 has a uORF with an amino acid sequence similar to that of the ANAC082 uORF, the C-terminal sequence critical for regulation is not well conserved among ANAC103 homologs in Brassicaceae. Transient expression assays revealed that unlike the ANAC082 uORF, the ANAC103 uORF does not exert a sequence-dependent repressive effect. Altogether, our findings suggest that the ANAC082 uORF is important for the nucleolar stress response but not for the ER stress response, and that for this reason, the uORF sequence-dependent regulation was lost in ANAC103 during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Sasaki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Toru Murakami
- Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Miharu Yasumuro
- Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Ayaka Makita
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Yutaro Oi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Yuta Hiragori
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Shun Watanabe
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Rin Kudo
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Noriya Hayashi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Iwai Ohbayashi
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan R.O.C
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan R.O.C
| | - Munetaka Sugiyama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yui Yamashita
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
| | - Satoshi Naito
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
- Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Onouchi
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8589, Japan
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Romanowska-Duda Z, Piotrowski K, Stępiński D, Popłońska K. A Promising Ash Supplementation Strategy in the Cultivation of Spirodela polyrrhiza Plants. Cells 2023; 12:289. [PMID: 36672224 PMCID: PMC9856745 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
An innovative approach to the management of waste in the form of ash obtained during biomass combustion is justified due to its specific properties, including the presence of macro- and microelements. The aim of the current study was to determine the concentration of ash obtained from Sorghum combustion regarding its fertilizer value and its effect on the cytological structures, physiological parameters, growth and development of Lemnaceae plants, thereby demonstrating the possibility of using this waste to supplement culture media. The analyses showed that the use of ash in the in vitro cultivation of Lemnaceae aquatic plants had a dose-dependent effect. The addition of 2% ash favorably affected the condition of plant roots, i.e., meristem elongation and an increase in nucleoli sizes as well as improving the chlorophyll content index, gas exchange parameters, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and plant vigor via PSII, which was confirmed by a chlorophyll fluorescence measurement. On the other hand, too high of a concentration, i.e., 10% ash, adversely affected the plant development and parameters studied. Concluding, the use of ash at a low concentration favorably affected the yielding of Spirodela polyrrhiza, whose biomass can be used for energy purposes in the production of bioethanol, plant biogas or the phytoremediation of industrial waters and leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdzisława Romanowska-Duda
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 92-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Piotrowski
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 92-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Dariusz Stępiński
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Popłońska
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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10
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Welch T, Bayon C, Rudd JJ, Kanyuka K, Kettles GJ. Induction of distinct plant cell death programs by secreted proteins from the wheat pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17880. [PMID: 36284131 PMCID: PMC9596407 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22660-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death processes in eukaryotes shape normal development and responses to the environment. For plant-microbe interactions, initiation of host cell death plays an important role in determining disease outcomes. Cell death pathways are frequently initiated following detection of pathogen-derived molecules which can lead to resistance or susceptibility to disease depending on pathogen lifestyle. We previously identified several small secreted proteins (SSPs) from the wheat-infecting fungus Zymoseptoria tritici that induce rapid cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana following Agrobacterium-mediated delivery and expression (agroinfiltration). Here we investigated whether the execution of host cells was mechanistically similar in response to different Z. tritici SSPs. Using RNA sequencing, we found that transient expression of four Z. tritici SSPs led to massive transcriptional reprogramming within 48 h of agroinfiltration. We observed that distinct host gene expression profiles were induced dependent on whether cell death occurs in a cell surface immune receptor-dependent or -independent manner. These gene expression profiles involved differential transcriptional networks mediated by WRKY, NAC and MYB transcription factors. In addition, differential expression of genes belonging to different classes of receptor-like proteins and receptor-like kinases was observed. These data suggest that different Z. tritici SSPs trigger differential transcriptional reprogramming in plant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Welch
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK ,grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Carlos Bayon
- grid.418374.d0000 0001 2227 9389Wheat Pathogenomics Team, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ UK
| | - Jason J. Rudd
- grid.418374.d0000 0001 2227 9389Wheat Pathogenomics Team, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ UK
| | - Kostya Kanyuka
- grid.17595.3f0000 0004 0383 6532Cambridge Crop Research, National Institute of Agricultural Botany (NIAB), 93 Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge, CB3 0LE UK
| | - Graeme J. Kettles
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK ,grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
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11
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Xi Y, Ling Q, Zhou Y, Liu X, Qian Y. ZmNAC074, a maize stress-responsive NAC transcription factor, confers heat stress tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:986628. [PMID: 36247610 PMCID: PMC9558894 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.986628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The harsh environment such as high temperature greatly limits the growth, development and production of crops worldwide. NAC (NAM, ATAF1/2, and CUC2) transcription factors (TFs) play key regulatory roles in abiotic stress responses of plants. However, the functional roles of NAC TFs in heat stress response of maize remain elusive. In our present study, we identified and isolated a stress-responsive NAC transcription factor gene in maize, designated as ZmNAC074 and orthologous with rice OsNTL3. Further studies revealed that ZmNAC074 may encode a membrane-bound transcription factor (MTF) of NAC family in maize, which is comprised of 517 amino acid residues with a transmembrane domain at the C-terminus. Moreover, ZmNAC074 was highly expressed and induced by various abiotic stresses in maize seedlings, especially in leaf tissues under heat stress. Through generating ZmNAC074 transgenic plants, phenotypic and physiological analyses further displayed that overexpression of ZmNAC074 in transgenic Arabidopsis confers enhanced heat stress tolerance significantly through modulating the accumulation of a variety of stress metabolites, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidants, malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, soluble protein, chlorophyll and carotenoid. Further, quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that the expression levels of most ROS scavenging and HSR- and UPR-associated genes in transgenic Arabidopsis were significantly up-regulated under heat stress treatments, suggesting that ZmNAC074 may encode a positive regulator that activates the expression of ROS-scavenging genes and HSR- and UPR-associated genes to enhance plant thermotolerance under heat stress conditions. Overall, our present study suggests that ZmNAC074 may play a crucial role in conferring heat stress tolerance in plants, providing a key candidate regulatory gene for heat stress tolerance regulation and genetic improvement in maize as well as in other crops.
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12
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Lu J, Chen H, Yang Z, Sun S, Luo Q, Xie J, Tan J. Physiological and molecular mechanisms of the response of roots of Pinus massoniana Lamb. to low-temperature stress. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:954324. [PMID: 36247576 PMCID: PMC9554314 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.954324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pinus massoniana Lamb. is the timber species with the widest distribution and the largest afforestation area in China, providing a large amount of timber, turpentine and ecological products. but low temperature limits its growth and geographical distribution. Physiological and molecular studies can well explain the mechanism of P. massoniana response to low temperature. In this study, physiological and biochemical indexes, cell morphology, lignin content, gene regulatory networks, and gene expression patterns of different P. massoniana varieties (cold-tolerant and cold-sensitive) were studied from physiological, biochemical, and molecular perspectives. The results indicated that under low-temperature stress, the cold-tolerant cultivar maintained high contents of osmoregulatory substances, and the root morphology and structure remained intact. In the initial stage of low-temperature stress, the number of differentially expressed genes was 7148, and with the extension of stress time, the number of differentially expressed genes decreased to 1991. P. massoniana might direct its responses to low temperature by regulating phenylpropane metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, hormone signaling pathways, and transcription factors. BAM, 4CL, CCoAOMT, PRX5, WRKYs, and hormone synthesis related genes play important roles. P. massoniana cultivars may vary in response mechanisms. In this study, physiological and analytical techniques were used to study the root tip response mechanism of Masson's pine to low temperature stress. The results of this study lay a foundation for in-depth research on the molecular functions of P. massoniana under low-temperature stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Central South Fast-Growing Timber Cultivation of Forestry Ministry of China, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Hu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Central South Fast-Growing Timber Cultivation of Forestry Ministry of China, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Superior Timber Trees Resource Cultivation, Nanning, China
- Masson Pine Engineering Research Center of the State Forestry Administration, Nanning, China
- Masson Pine Engineering Research Center of Guangxi, Nanning, China
| | - Zhangqi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Central South Fast-Growing Timber Cultivation of Forestry Ministry of China, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Superior Timber Trees Resource Cultivation, Nanning, China
- Masson Pine Engineering Research Center of the State Forestry Administration, Nanning, China
- Masson Pine Engineering Research Center of Guangxi, Nanning, China
| | - Shuang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Central South Fast-Growing Timber Cultivation of Forestry Ministry of China, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, Nanning, China
| | - Qunfeng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Central South Fast-Growing Timber Cultivation of Forestry Ministry of China, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, Nanning, China
- Masson Pine Engineering Research Center of the State Forestry Administration, Nanning, China
| | - Junkang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Central South Fast-Growing Timber Cultivation of Forestry Ministry of China, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Superior Timber Trees Resource Cultivation, Nanning, China
| | - Jianhui Tan
- Key Laboratory of Central South Fast-Growing Timber Cultivation of Forestry Ministry of China, Guangxi Forestry Research Institute, Nanning, China
- Masson Pine Engineering Research Center of Guangxi, Nanning, China
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13
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Lacroix E, Audas TE. Keeping up with the condensates: The retention, gain, and loss of nuclear membrane-less organelles. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:998363. [PMID: 36203874 PMCID: PMC9530788 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.998363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, a growing number of biomolecular condensates have been identified in eukaryotic cells. These structures form through phase separation and have been linked to a diverse array of cellular processes. While a checklist of established membrane-bound organelles is present across the eukaryotic domain, less is known about the conservation of membrane-less subcellular structures. Many of these structures can be seen throughout eukaryotes, while others are only thought to be present in metazoans or a limited subset of species. In particular, the nucleus is a hub of biomolecular condensates. Some of these subnuclear domains have been found in a broad range of organisms, which is a characteristic often attributed to essential functionality. However, this does not always appear to be the case. For example, the nucleolus is critical for ribosomal biogenesis and is present throughout the eukaryotic domain, while the Cajal bodies are believed to be similarly conserved, yet these structures are dispensable for organismal survival. Likewise, depletion of the Drosophila melanogaster omega speckles reduces viability, despite the apparent absence of this domain in higher eukaryotes. By reviewing primary research that has analyzed the presence of specific condensates (nucleoli, Cajal bodies, amyloid bodies, nucleolar aggresomes, nuclear speckles, nuclear paraspeckles, nuclear stress bodies, PML bodies, omega speckles, NUN bodies, mei2 dots) in a cross-section of organisms (e.g., human, mouse, D. melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, yeast), we adopt a human-centric view to explore the emergence, retention, and absence of a subset of nuclear biomolecular condensates. This overview is particularly important as numerous biomolecular condensates have been linked to human disease, and their presence in additional species could unlock new and well characterized model systems for health research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Lacroix
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Timothy E. Audas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development, and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Timothy E. Audas,
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14
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Engineering Ribosomes to Alleviate Abiotic Stress in Plants: A Perspective. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11162097. [PMID: 36015400 PMCID: PMC9415564 DOI: 10.3390/plants11162097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As the centerpiece of the biomass production process, ribosome activity is highly coordinated with environmental cues. Findings revealing ribosome subgroups responsive to adverse conditions suggest this tight coordination may be grounded in the induction of variant ribosome compositions and the differential translation outcomes they might produce. In this perspective, we go through the literature linking ribosome heterogeneity to plants’ abiotic stress response. Once unraveled, this crosstalk may serve as the foundation of novel strategies to custom cultivars tolerant to challenging environments without the yield penalty.
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15
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Kong X, Wang H, Zhang M, Chen X, Fang R, Yan Y. A SA-regulated lincRNA promotes Arabidopsis disease resistance by modulating pre-rRNA processing. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 316:111178. [PMID: 35151436 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of gene expression at translational level has been shown critical for plant defense against pathogen infection. Pre-rRNA processing is essential for ribosome biosynthesis and thus affects protein translation. It remains unknown if plants modulate pre-rRNA processing as a translation regulatory mechanism for disease resistance. In this study, we show a 5' snoRNA capped and 3' polyadenylated (SPA) lincRNA named SUNA1 promotes disease resistance involved in modulating pre-rRNA processing in Arabidopsis. SUNA1 expression is highly induced by Pst DC3000 infection, which is impaired in SA biosynthesis-defective mutant sid2 and signaling mutant npr1. Consistently, SA triggers SUNA1 expression dependent on NPR1. Functional analysis indicates that SUNA1 plays a positive role in Arabidopsis defense against Pst DC3000 relying on its snoRNA signature motifs. Potential mechanism study suggests that the nucleus-localized SUNA1 interacts with the nucleolar methyltransferase fibrillarin to modulate SA-controlled pre-rRNA processing, then enhancing the translational efficiency (TE) of some defense genes in Arabidopsis response to Pst DC3000 infection. NPR1 appears to have similar effects as SUNA1 on pre-rRNA processing and TE of defense genes. Together, these studies reveal one kind of undescribed antibacterial translation regulatory mechanism, in which SA-NPR1-SUNA1 signaling cascade controls pre-rRNA processing and TE of certain defense genes in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huacai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongxiang Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; National Plant Gene Research Center, Beijing, China.
| | - Yongsheng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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16
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Camborde L, Kiselev A, Pel MJC, Le Ru A, Jauneau A, Pouzet C, Dumas B, Gaulin E. An oomycete effector targets a plant RNA helicase involved in root development and defense. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:2232-2248. [PMID: 34913494 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oomycete plant pathogens secrete effector proteins to promote disease. The damaging soilborne legume pathogen Aphanomyces euteiches harbors a specific repertoire of Small Secreted Protein effectors (AeSSPs), but their biological functions remain unknown. Here we characterize AeSSP1256. The function of AeSSP1256 is investigated by physiological and molecular characterization of Medicago truncatula roots expressing the effector. A potential protein target of AeSSP1256 is identified by yeast-two hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, and fluorescent resonance energy transfer-fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FRET-FLIM) assays, as well as promoter studies and mutant characterization. AeSSP1256 impairs M. truncatula root development and promotes pathogen infection. The effector is localized to the nucleoli rim, triggers nucleoli enlargement and downregulates expression of M. truncatula ribosome-related genes. AeSSP1256 interacts with a functional nucleocytoplasmic plant RNA helicase (MtRH10). AeSSP1256 relocates MtRH10 to the perinucleolar space and hinders its binding to plant RNA. MtRH10 is associated with ribosome-related genes, root development and defense. This work reveals that an oomycete effector targets a plant RNA helicase, possibly to trigger nucleolar stress and thereby promote pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Camborde
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Auzeville-Tolosane, 31320, France
| | - Andrei Kiselev
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Auzeville-Tolosane, 31320, France
| | - Michiel J C Pel
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Auzeville-Tolosane, 31320, France
| | - Aurélie Le Ru
- Plateforme d'Imagerie FRAIB-TRI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Auzeville-Tolosane, 31320, France
| | - Alain Jauneau
- Plateforme d'Imagerie FRAIB-TRI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Auzeville-Tolosane, 31320, France
| | - Cécile Pouzet
- Plateforme d'Imagerie FRAIB-TRI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Auzeville-Tolosane, 31320, France
| | - Bernard Dumas
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Auzeville-Tolosane, 31320, France
| | - Elodie Gaulin
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales (LRSV), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse INP, Auzeville-Tolosane, 31320, France
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17
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Plant Cytogenetics in the Micronuclei Investigation-The Past, Current Status, and Perspectives. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031306. [PMID: 35163228 PMCID: PMC8836153 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytogenetic approaches play an essential role as a quick evaluation of the first genetic effects after mutagenic treatment. Although labor-intensive and time-consuming, they are essential for the analyses of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in mutagenesis and environmental monitoring. Over the years, conventional cytogenetic analyses were a part of routine laboratory testing in plant genotoxicity. Among the methods that are used to study genotoxicity in plants, the micronucleus test particularly represents a significant force. Currently, cytogenetic techniques go beyond the simple detection of chromosome aberrations. The intensive development of molecular biology and the significantly improved microscopic visualization and evaluation methods constituted significant support to traditional cytogenetics. Over the past years, distinct approaches have allowed an understanding the mechanisms of formation, structure, and genetic activity of the micronuclei. Although there are many studies on this topic in humans and animals, knowledge in plants is significantly limited. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on micronuclei characteristics in plants. We pay particular attention to how the recent contemporary achievements have influenced the understanding of micronuclei in plant cells. Together with the current progress, we present the latest applications of the micronucleus test in mutagenesis and assess the state of the environment.
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18
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Yue M, Gautam M, Chen Z, Hou J, Zheng X, Hou H, Li L. Histone acetylation of 45S rDNA correlates with disrupted nucleolar organization during heat stress response in Zea mays L. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:2079-2089. [PMID: 33887068 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The role of the nucleolus in plant response to heat stress remains largely obscure. Our current efforts focused on exploring the underlying mechanism by which nucleolar disorganization is regulated in heat stressed-maize lines. Here, two maize lines, a heat-sensitive line, ZD958, and a heat-tolerant line, ZDH, were submitted to heat stress for investigating their association with the nucleolar disruption. Immunofluorescence staining showed that nucleolar disruption increased with prolonged treatment time. After heat treatment, a significant change in nucleolus organization was observed in the ZD958 line, but the ZDH line showed mild alteration. Moreover, actinomycin D (ActD)-induced nucleolus fission led to inhibition of maize growth under the normal condition. The ZD958 line exhibited a significant increase in the level of H3K9ac and H4K5ac of the 45S rDNA accompanied by a higher transcription of the 5'-external transcribed spacer (ETS) region, while the line ZDH showed a slight increase in histone acetylation levels and the transcriptional initiation at this site after heat treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first report providing a comparative insight between heat stress, rDNA histone modifications, and nucleolus disintegration in a heat-tolerant ZDH compared with a heat-sensitive line ZD958. Our investigation might assist maize breeders in obtaining heat-tolerant lines by targeting nucleoli using epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxia Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mayank Gautam
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenfei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiaqi Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xueke Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haoli Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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19
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Martinez-Seidel F, Suwanchaikasem P, Nie S, Leeming MG, Pereira Firmino AA, Williamson NA, Kopka J, Roessner U, Boughton BA. Membrane-Enriched Proteomics Link Ribosome Accumulation and Proteome Reprogramming With Cold Acclimation in Barley Root Meristems. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:656683. [PMID: 33995454 PMCID: PMC8121087 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.656683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Due to their sessile nature, plants rely on root systems to mediate many biotic and abiotic cues. To overcome these challenges, the root proteome is shaped to specific responses. Proteome-wide reprogramming events are magnified in meristems due to their active protein production. Using meristems as a test system, here, we study the major rewiring that plants undergo during cold acclimation. We performed tandem mass tag-based bottom-up quantitative proteomics of two consecutive segments of barley seminal root apexes subjected to suboptimal temperatures. After comparing changes in total and ribosomal protein (RP) fraction-enriched contents with shifts in individual protein abundances, we report ribosome accumulation accompanied by an intricate translational reprogramming in the distal apex zone. Reprogramming ranges from increases in ribosome biogenesis to protein folding factors and suggests roles for cold-specific RP paralogs. Ribosome biogenesis is the largest cellular investment; thus, the vast accumulation of ribosomes and specific translation-related proteins during cold acclimation could imply a divergent ribosomal population that would lead to a proteome shift across the root. Consequently, beyond the translational reprogramming, we report a proteome rewiring. First, triggered protein accumulation includes spliceosome activity in the root tip and a ubiquitous upregulation of glutathione production and S-glutathionylation (S-GSH) assemblage machineries in both root zones. Second, triggered protein depletion includes intrinsically enriched proteins in the tip-adjacent zone, which comprise the plant immune system. In summary, ribosome and translation-related protein accumulation happens concomitantly to a proteome reprogramming in barley root meristems during cold acclimation. The cold-accumulated proteome is functionally implicated in feedbacking transcript to protein translation at both ends and could guide cold acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Martinez-Seidel
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Willmitzer Department, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | | | - Shuai Nie
- Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael G. Leeming
- Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Nicholas A. Williamson
- Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Joachim Kopka
- Willmitzer Department, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ute Roessner
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Berin A. Boughton
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
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20
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Maekawa S, Yanagisawa S. Ribosome biogenesis factor OLI2 and its interactor BRX1-2 are associated with morphogenesis and lifespan extension in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY (TOKYO, JAPAN) 2021; 38:117-125. [PMID: 34177331 PMCID: PMC8215454 DOI: 10.5511/plantbiotechnology.20.1224a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mutations that reduce the expression of ribosomal proteins (RPs) or limit the activity of ribosome biogenesis-related factors frequently cause physiological and morphological changes in Arabidopsis. Arabidopsis OLI2/NOP2A, a homolog of yeast Nop2, encodes a nucleolar methyltransferase that is required for the maturation of the 25S ribosomal RNA of the 60S large ribosomal subunit. Mutant oli2 plants exhibit pointed leaves and shortened primary roots. In this study, detailed phenotypic analysis of oli2 mutant and OLI2 overexpressor lines revealed a range of phenotypes. Seeds produced by oli2 mutant and OLI2 overexpressor plants were lighter and heavier than wild-type seeds, respectively. Seeds of the oli2 mutant also showed delayed germination, whereas seeds from the OLI2 overexpressor lines germinated earlier than the wild type. The oli2 mutant also had fewer and shorter lateral roots than the wild type. The lateral root development phenotype in the oli2 mutant was similar to that of auxin-related mutants, but was not enhanced by exogenously supplied auxin. Furthermore, the oli2 mutant and OLI2 overexpressor lines were hypersensitive and less sensitive to high concentrations of sugar, respectively. Split-GFP-based bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis revealed that OLI2 interacted with a nucleolar protein, BRX1-2, which is involved in rRNA processing for the large ribosomal subunit. Moreover, overexpression of OLI2 and BRX1-2 caused similar morphological changes, including extension of plant lifespans. These results suggest that the functions of OLI2 and its interactor BRX1-2 are intimately associated with a range of developmental events in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shugo Maekawa
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Shuichi Yanagisawa
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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21
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Hang R, Wang Z, Yang C, Luo L, Mo B, Chen X, Sun J, Liu C, Cao X. Protein arginine methyltransferase 3 fine-tunes the assembly/disassembly of pre-ribosomes to repress nucleolar stress by interacting with RPS2B in arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:223-236. [PMID: 33069875 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ribosome biogenesis, which takes place mainly in the nucleolus, involves coordinated expression of pre-ribosomal RNAs (pre-rRNAs) and ribosomal proteins, pre-rRNA processing, and subunit assembly with the aid of numerous assembly factors. Our previous study showed that the Arabidopsis thaliana protein arginine methyltransferase AtPRMT3 regulates pre-rRNA processing; however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown. Here, we report that AtPRMT3 interacts with Ribosomal Protein S2 (RPS2), facilitating processing of the 90S/Small Subunit (SSU) processome and repressing nucleolar stress. We isolated an intragenic suppressor of atprmt3-2, which rescues the developmental defects of atprmt3-2 while produces a putative truncated AtPRMT3 protein bearing the entire N-terminus but lacking an intact enzymatic activity domain We further identified RPS2 as an interacting partner of AtPRMT3, and found that loss-of-function rps2a2b mutants were phenotypically reminiscent of atprmt3, showing pleiotropic developmental defects and aberrant pre-rRNA processing. RPS2B binds directly to pre-rRNAs in the nucleus, and such binding is enhanced in atprmt3-2. Consistently, multiple components of the 90S/SSU processome were more enriched by RPS2B in atprmt3-2, which accounts for early pre-rRNA processing defects and results in nucleolar stress. Collectively, our study uncovered a novel mechanism by which AtPRMT3 cooperates with RPS2B to facilitate the dynamic assembly/disassembly of the 90S/SSU processome during ribosome biogenesis and repress nucleolar stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runlai Hang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Lilan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Beixin Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Chunyan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Iwakawa H, Takahashi H, Machida Y, Machida C. Roles of ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 (AS2) and Nucleolar Proteins in the Adaxial-Abaxial Polarity Specification at the Perinucleolar Region in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7314. [PMID: 33022996 PMCID: PMC7582388 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Leaves of Arabidopsis develop from a shoot apical meristem grow along three (proximal-distal, adaxial-abaxial, and medial-lateral) axes and form a flat symmetric architecture. ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 (AS2), a key regulator for leaf adaxial-abaxial partitioning, encodes a plant-specific nuclear protein and directly represses the abaxial-determining gene ETTIN/AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR3 (ETT/ARF3). How AS2 could act as a critical regulator, however, has yet to be demonstrated, although it might play an epigenetic role. Here, we summarize the current understandings of the genetic, molecular, and cellular functions of AS2. A characteristic genetic feature of AS2 is the presence of a number of (about 60) modifier genes, mutations of which enhance the leaf abnormalities of as2. Although genes for proteins that are involved in diverse cellular processes are known as modifiers, it has recently become clear that many modifier proteins, such as NUCLEOLIN1 (NUC1) and RNA HELICASE10 (RH10), are localized in the nucleolus. Some modifiers including ribosomal proteins are also members of the small subunit processome (SSUP). In addition, AS2 forms perinucleolar bodies partially colocalizing with chromocenters that include the condensed inactive 45S ribosomal RNA genes. AS2 participates in maintaining CpG methylation in specific exons of ETT/ARF3. NUC1 and RH10 genes are also involved in maintaining the CpG methylation levels and repressing ETT/ARF3 transcript levels. AS2 and nucleolus-localizing modifiers might cooperatively repress ETT/ARF3 to develop symmetric flat leaves. These results raise the possibility of a nucleolus-related epigenetic repression system operating for developmental genes unique to plants and predict that AS2 could be a molecule with novel functions that cannot be explained by the conventional concept of transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidekazu Iwakawa
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200, Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan;
| | - Hiro Takahashi
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan;
| | - Yasunori Machida
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Chiyoko Machida
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chubu University, 1200, Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan;
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Sorroche F, Morales V, Mouffok S, Pichereaux C, Garnerone AM, Zou L, Soni B, Carpéné MA, Gargaros A, Maillet F, Burlet-Schiltz O, Poinsot V, Polard P, Gough C, Batut J. The ex planta signal activity of a Medicago ribosomal uL2 protein suggests a moonlighting role in controlling secondary rhizobial infection. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235446. [PMID: 33002000 PMCID: PMC7529298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently described a regulatory loop, which we termed autoregulation of infection (AOI), by which Sinorhizobium meliloti, a Medicago endosymbiont, downregulates the root susceptibility to secondary infection events via ethylene. AOI is initially triggered by so-far unidentified Medicago nodule signals named signal 1 and signal 1' whose transduction in bacteroids requires the S. meliloti outer-membrane-associated NsrA receptor protein and the cognate inner-membrane-associated adenylate cyclases, CyaK and CyaD1/D2, respectively. Here, we report on advances in signal 1 identification. Signal 1 activity is widespread as we robustly detected it in Medicago nodule extracts as well as in yeast and bacteria cell extracts. Biochemical analyses indicated a peptidic nature for signal 1 and, together with proteomic analyses, a universally conserved Medicago ribosomal protein of the uL2 family was identified as a candidate signal 1. Specifically, MtRPuL2A (MtrunA17Chr7g0247311) displays a strong signal activity that requires S. meliloti NsrA and CyaK, as endogenous signal 1. We have shown that MtRPuL2A is active in signaling only in a non-ribosomal form. A Medicago truncatula mutant in the major symbiotic transcriptional regulator MtNF-YA1 lacked most signal 1 activity, suggesting that signal 1 is under developmental control. Altogether, our results point to the MtRPuL2A ribosomal protein as the candidate for signal 1. Based on the Mtnf-ya1 mutant, we suggest a link between root infectiveness and nodule development. We discuss our findings in the context of ribosomal protein moonlighting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Sorroche
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Violette Morales
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Génétique Moléculaires, UMR5100, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Saïda Mouffok
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Carole Pichereaux
- Fédération de Recherche (FR3450), Agrobiosciences, Interactions et Biodiversité (AIB), CNRS, Toulouse, France
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse UPS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - A. Marie Garnerone
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Lan Zou
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Badrish Soni
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Audrey Gargaros
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse UPS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabienne Maillet
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Université de Toulouse UPS, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Verena Poinsot
- I2MC, Université de Toulouse UPS, INSERM, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrice Polard
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Génétique Moléculaires, UMR5100, Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Clare Gough
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jacques Batut
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microorganismes (LIPM), INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
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Streit D, Shanmugam T, Garbelyanski A, Simm S, Schleiff E. The Existence and Localization of Nuclear snoRNAs in Arabidopsis thaliana Revisited. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E1016. [PMID: 32806552 PMCID: PMC7464842 DOI: 10.3390/plants9081016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ribosome biogenesis is one cell function-defining process. It depends on efficient transcription of rDNAs in the nucleolus as well as on the cytosolic synthesis of ribosomal proteins. For newly transcribed rRNA modification and ribosomal protein assembly, so-called small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) and ribosome biogenesis factors (RBFs) are required. For both, an inventory was established for model systems like yeast and humans. For plants, many assignments are based on predictions. Here, RNA deep sequencing after nuclei enrichment was combined with single molecule species detection by northern blot and in vivo fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH)-based localization studies. In addition, the occurrence and abundance of selected snoRNAs in different tissues were determined. These approaches confirm the presence of most of the database-deposited snoRNAs in cell cultures, but some of them are localized in the cytosol rather than in the nucleus. Further, for the explored snoRNA examples, differences in their abundance in different tissues were observed, suggesting a tissue-specific function of some snoRNAs. Thus, based on prediction and experimental confirmation, many plant snoRNAs can be proposed, while it cannot be excluded that some of the proposed snoRNAs perform alternative functions than are involved in rRNA modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Streit
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.S.); (T.S.); (A.G.); (S.S)
| | - Thiruvenkadam Shanmugam
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.S.); (T.S.); (A.G.); (S.S)
| | - Asen Garbelyanski
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.S.); (T.S.); (A.G.); (S.S)
| | - Stefan Simm
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.S.); (T.S.); (A.G.); (S.S)
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University Medicine Greifswald, D-17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Enrico Schleiff
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants, Goethe University, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; (D.S.); (T.S.); (A.G.); (S.S)
- Frankfurt Institute of Advanced Studies (FIAS), D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Wang W, Ryu KH, Bruex A, Barron C, Schiefelbein J. Molecular Basis for a Cell Fate Switch in Response to Impaired Ribosome Biogenesis in the Arabidopsis Root Epidermis. THE PLANT CELL 2020; 32:2402-2423. [PMID: 32371546 PMCID: PMC7346552 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) root epidermis consists of a position-dependent pattern of root hair cells and non-hair cells. Underlying this cell type patterning is a network of transcription factors including a central MYB-basic helix-loop-helix-WD40 complex containing WEREWOLF (WER), GLABRA3 (GL3)/ENHANCER OF GLABRA3, and TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1. In this study, we used a genetic enhancer screen to identify apum23-4, a mutant allele of the ribosome biogenesis factor (RBF) gene ARABIDOPSIS PUMILIO23 (APUM23), which caused prospective root hair cells to instead adopt the non-hair cell fate. We discovered that this cell fate switch relied on MYB23, a MYB protein encoded by a WER target gene and acting redundantly with WER. In the apum23-4 mutant, MYB23 exhibited ectopic expression that was WER independent and instead required ANAC082, a recently identified ribosomal stress response mediator. We examined additional RBF mutants that produced ectopic non-hair cells and determined that this cell fate switch is generally linked to defects in ribosome biogenesis. Furthermore, the flagellin peptide flg22 triggers the ANAC082-MYB23-GL2 pathway. Taken together, our study provides a molecular explanation for root epidermal cell fate switch in response to ribosomal defects and, more generally, it demonstrates a novel regulatory connection between stress conditions and cell fate control in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjia Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California 94608
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Kook Hui Ryu
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Angela Bruex
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Christa Barron
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - John Schiefelbein
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Cottilli P, Belda-Palazón B, Adkar-Purushothama CR, Perreault JP, Schleiff E, Rodrigo I, Ferrando A, Lisón P. Citrus exocortis viroid causes ribosomal stress in tomato plants. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:8649-8661. [PMID: 31392997 PMCID: PMC6895259 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Viroids are naked RNAs that do not code for any known protein and yet are able to infect plants causing severe diseases. Because of their RNA nature, many studies have focused on the involvement of viroids in RNA-mediated gene silencing as being their pathogenesis mechanism. Here, the alterations caused by the Citrus exocortis viroid (CEVd) on the tomato translation machinery were studied as a new aspect of viroid pathogenesis. The presence of viroids in the ribosomal fractions of infected tomato plants was detected. More precisely, CEVd and its derived viroid small RNAs were found to co-sediment with tomato ribosomes in vivo, and to provoke changes in the global polysome profiles, particularly in the 40S ribosomal subunit accumulation. Additionally, the viroid caused alterations in ribosome biogenesis in the infected tomato plants, affecting the 18S rRNA maturation process. A higher expression level of the ribosomal stress mediator NAC082 was also detected in the CEVd-infected tomato leaves. Both the alterations in the rRNA processing and the induction of NAC082 correlate with the degree of viroid symptomatology. Taken together, these results suggest that CEVd is responsible for defective ribosome biogenesis in tomato, thereby interfering with the translation machinery and, therefore, causing ribosomal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Cottilli
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas. Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Borja Belda-Palazón
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas. Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Charith Raj Adkar-Purushothama
- RNA Group, Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine des Sciences de la Santé, Pavillon de Recherche Appliquée au Cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Perreault
- RNA Group, Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine des Sciences de la Santé, Pavillon de Recherche Appliquée au Cancer, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1E 4K8, Canada
| | - Enrico Schleiff
- Department of Biosciences, Molecular Cell Biology of Plants & Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Science, Goethe University; Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies; Frankfurt/Main 60438, Germany
| | - Ismael Rodrigo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas. Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Alejandro Ferrando
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas. Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Valencia 46022, Spain
| | - Purificación Lisón
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas. Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV) - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC). Ciudad Politécnica de la Innovación (CPI), Valencia 46022, Spain
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Sáez-Vásquez J, Delseny M. Ribosome Biogenesis in Plants: From Functional 45S Ribosomal DNA Organization to Ribosome Assembly Factors. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:1945-1967. [PMID: 31239391 PMCID: PMC6751116 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.18.00874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The transcription of 18S, 5.8S, and 18S rRNA genes (45S rDNA), cotranscriptional processing of pre-rRNA, and assembly of mature rRNA with ribosomal proteins are the linchpins of ribosome biogenesis. In yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and animal cells, hundreds of pre-rRNA processing factors have been identified and their involvement in ribosome assembly determined. These studies, together with structural analyses, have yielded comprehensive models of the pre-40S and pre-60S ribosome subunits as well as the largest cotranscriptionally assembled preribosome particle: the 90S/small subunit processome. Here, we present the current knowledge of the functional organization of 45S rDNA, pre-rRNA transcription, rRNA processing activities, and ribosome assembly factors in plants, focusing on data from Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). Based on yeast and mammalian cell studies, we describe the ribonucleoprotein complexes and RNA-associated activities and discuss how they might specifically affect the production of 40S and 60S subunits. Finally, we review recent findings concerning pre-rRNA processing pathways and a novel mechanism involved in a ribosome stress response in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Sáez-Vásquez
- CNRS, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5096, 66860 Perpignan, France, and Universite Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5096, F-66860 Perpignan, France
| | - Michel Delseny
- CNRS, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5096, 66860 Perpignan, France, and Universite Perpignan Via Domitia, Laboratoire Génome et Développement des Plantes, UMR 5096, F-66860 Perpignan, France
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28
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Wang B, Liu C, Zhang D, He C, Zhang J, Li Z. Effects of maize organ-specific drought stress response on yields from transcriptome analysis. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 19:335. [PMID: 31370805 PMCID: PMC6676540 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1941-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drought is a serious causal factor of reduced crop yields than any other abiotic stresses. As one of the most widely distributed crops, maize plants frequently suffer from drought stress, which causes great losses in the final kernel yield. Drought stress response in plants showed tissue- and developmental stage-specific characteristics. RESULTS In this study, the ears at the V9 stage, kernels and ear leaf at the 5DAP (days after pollination) stage of maize were used for morphological, physiological and comparative transcriptomics analysis to understand the different features of "sink" or "source" organs and the effects on kernel yield under drought stress conditions. The ABA-, NAC-mediate signaling pathway, osmotic protective substance synthesis and protein folding response were identified as common drought stress response in the three organs. Tissue-specific drought stress responses and the regulators were identified, they were highly correlated with growth, physiological adaptation and yield loss under drought stress. For ears, drought stress inhibited ear elongation, led to the abnormal differentiation of the paired spikelet, and auxin signaling involved in the regulation of cell division and growth and primordium development changes. In the kernels, reduced kernel size caused by drought stress was observed, and the obvious differences of auxin, BR and cytokine signaling transduction appeared, which indicated the modification in carbohydrate metabolism, cell differentiation and growth retardation. For the ear leaf, dramatically and synergistically reduced the expression of photosynthesis genes were observed when suffered from drought stress, the ABA- and NAC- mediate signaling pathway played important roles in the regulation of photosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS Transcriptomic changes caused by drought were highly correlated with developmental and physiological adaptation, which was closely related to the final yield of maize, and a sketch of tissue- and developmental stage-specific responses to drought stress in maize was drafted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baomei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 Shandong China
| | - Can Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 Shandong China
| | - Dengfeng Zhang
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081 China
| | - Chunmei He
- Maize Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100 Shandong China
| | - Juren Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 Shandong China
| | - Zhaoxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237 Shandong China
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Lima MGF, Rocha LC, Silveira GL, Alvarenga IFS, Andrade-Vieria LF. Nucleolar alterations are reliable parameters to determine the cytogenotoxicity of environmental pollutants. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 174:630-636. [PMID: 30875556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pollution generated by deposition of industrial activity waste in the environment without due care can lead to serious environmental consequences. Bioassays in higher plants are means of understanding the cytogenotoxic effects of these substances. In the present work, Allium cepa L. was used as a model species to assess nucleolar changes induced by environmental pollutants. The substances used were Methyl Methane Sulfonate (MMS), cadmium (Cd), Spent Potliner (SPL) and the herbicide Atrazine. Water was used as a negative control. The silver-stained nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) assay was used making it possible to evaluate how nucleolar parameters (number of nucleoli per nucleus and nucleoli area) behave when facing stress caused by such pollutants. The results obtained showed a variation in the observed parameters: an increase in the number of nucleoli in the treated cells and tendency to a reduction in nucleolar area, indicating that the tested pollutants may have impaired nucleolar activity. In addition, it was possible to establish a relationship between the behavior of the nucleolus with other changes as plantlet growth, cell proliferation, and DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laiane Corsini Rocha
- Biology Department, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), ZIP: 37.200-000 Lavras, MG, Brazil
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Hayashi K, Matsunaga S. Heat and chilling stress induce nucleolus morphological changes. JOURNAL OF PLANT RESEARCH 2019; 132:395-403. [PMID: 30847615 PMCID: PMC7198650 DOI: 10.1007/s10265-019-01096-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The nucleolus, where components of the ribosome are constructed, is known to play an important role in various stress responses in animals. However, little is known about the role of the plant nucleolus under environmental stresses such as heat and chilling stress. In this study, we analyzed nucleolus morphology by determining the distribution of newly synthesized rRNAs with an analog of uridine, 5-ethynyl uridine (EU). When EU was incorporated into the root of the Arabidopsis thaliana, EU signals were strongly localized in the nucleolus. The results of the short-term incorporation of EU implied that there is no compartmentation among the processes of transcription, processing, and construction of rRNAs. Nevertheless, under heat and chilling stress, EU was not incorporated into the center of the nucleolus. Morphological analyses using whole rRNA staining and differential interference contrast observations revealed speckled and round structures in the center of the nucleolus under heat and chilling stress, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohma Hayashi
- Department of Applied Biological Science Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Sachihiro Matsunaga
- Department of Applied Biological Science Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan.
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31
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Gautier F, Label P, Eliášová K, Leplé JC, Motyka V, Boizot N, Vondráková Z, Malbeck J, Trávníčková A, Le Metté C, Lesage-Descauses MC, Lomenech AM, Trontin JF, Costa G, Lelu-Walter MA, Teyssier C. Cytological, Biochemical and Molecular Events of the Embryogenic State in Douglas-fir ( Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.]). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:118. [PMID: 30873184 PMCID: PMC6403139 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis techniques have been developed for most coniferous species, but only using very juvenile material. To extend the techniques' scope, better integrated understanding of the key biological, physiological and molecular characteristics of embryogenic state is required. Therefore, embryonal masses (EMs) and non-embryogenic calli (NECs) have been compared during proliferation at multiple levels. EMs and NECs originating from a single somatic embryo (isogenic lines) of each of three unrelated genotypes were used in the analyses, which included comparison of the lines' anatomy by transmission light microscopy, transcriptomes by RNAseq Illumina sequencing, proteomes by free-gel analysis, contents of endogenous phytohormones (indole-3-acetic acid, cytokinins and ABA) by LC-MS analysis, and soluble sugar contents by HPLC. EMs were characterized by upregulation (relative to levels in NECs) of transcripts, proteins, transcription factors and active cytokinins associated with cell differentiation accompanied by histological, carbohydrate content and genetic markers of cell division. In contrast, NECs were characterized by upregulation (relative to levels in EMs) of transcripts, proteins and products associated with responses to stimuli (ABA, degradation forms of cytokinins, phenols), oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species) and carbohydrate storage (starch). Sub-Network Enrichment Analyses that highlighted functions and interactions of transcripts and proteins that significantly differed between EMs and NECs corroborated these findings. The study shows the utility of a novel approach involving integrated multi-scale transcriptomic, proteomic, biochemical, histological and anatomical analyses to obtain insights into molecular events associated with embryogenesis and more specifically to the embryogenic state of cell in Douglas-fir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Gautier
- BioForA, INRA, ONF, Orléans, France
- PEIRENE, Sylva LIM, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | | | - Kateřina Eliášová
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Václav Motyka
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Zuzana Vondráková
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jiří Malbeck
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Alena Trávníčková
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | | | | | - Anne-Marie Lomenech
- Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Plateforme Protéome, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Guy Costa
- PEIRENE, Sylva LIM, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
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Abstract
The rates of ribosome production by a nucleolus and of protein biosynthesis by ribosomes are tightly correlated with the rate of cell growth and proliferation. All these processes must be matched and appropriately regulated to provide optimal cell functioning. Deregulation of certain factors, including oncogenes, controlling these processes, especially ribosome biosynthesis, can lead to cell transformation. Cancer cells are characterized by intense ribosome biosynthesis which is advantageous for their growth and proliferation. On the other hand, this feature can be engaged as an anticancer strategy. Numerous nucleolar factors such as nucleolar and ribosomal proteins as well as different RNAs, in addition to their role in ribosome biosynthesis, have other functions, including those associated with cancer biology. Some of them can contribute to cell transformation and cancer development. Others, under stress evoked by different factors which often hamper function of nucleoli and thus induce nucleolar/ribosomal stress, can participate in combating cancer cells. In this sense, intentional application of therapeutic agents affecting ribosome biosynthesis can cause either release of these molecules from nucleoli or their de novo biosynthesis to mediate the activation of pathways leading to elimination of harmful cells. This review underlines the role of a nucleolus not only as a ribosome constituting apparatus but also as a hub of both positive and negative control of cancer development. The article is mainly based on original papers concerning mechanisms in which the nucleolus is implicated directly or indirectly in processes associated with neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz Stępiński
- Department of Cytophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Łódź, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236, Łódź, Poland.
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