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Harrington SA, Franceschetti M, Balk J. Genetic basis of the historical iron-accumulating dgl and brz mutants in pea. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 117:590-598. [PMID: 37882414 PMCID: PMC10952674 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
The Pisum sativum (pea) mutants degenerate leaves (dgl) and bronze (brz) accumulate large amounts of iron in leaves. First described several decades ago, the two mutants have provided important insights into iron homeostasis in plants but the underlying mutations have remained unknown. Using exome sequencing we identified an in-frame deletion associated with dgl in a BRUTUS homolog. The deletion is absent from wild type and the original parent line. BRUTUS belongs to a small family of E3 ubiquitin ligases acting as negative regulators of iron uptake in plants. The brz mutation was previously mapped to chromosome 4, and superimposing this region to the pea genome sequence uncovered a mutation in OPT3, encoding an oligopeptide transporter with a plant-specific role in metal transport. The causal nature of the mutations was confirmed by additional genetic analyses. Identification of the mutated genes rationalizes many of the previously described phenotypes and provides new insights into shoot-to-root signaling of iron deficiency. Furthermore, the non-lethal mutations in these essential genes suggest new strategies for biofortification of crops with iron.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Janneke Balk
- Department of Biochemistry and MetabolismJohn Innes CentreNorwichNR4 7UHUK
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichNR4 7TJUK
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2
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González-Guerrero M, Navarro-Gómez C, Rosa-Núñez E, Echávarri-Erasun C, Imperial J, Escudero V. Forging a symbiosis: transition metal delivery in symbiotic nitrogen fixation. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 239:2113-2125. [PMID: 37340839 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation carried out by the interaction between legumes and rhizobia is the main source of nitrogen in natural ecosystems and in sustainable agriculture. For the symbiosis to be viable, nutrient exchange between the partners is essential. Transition metals are among the nutrients delivered to the nitrogen-fixing bacteria within the legume root nodule cells. These elements are used as cofactors for many of the enzymes controlling nodule development and function, including nitrogenase, the only known enzyme able to convert N2 into NH3 . In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on how iron, zinc, copper, and molybdenum reach the nodules, how they are delivered to nodule cells, and how they are transferred to nitrogen-fixing bacteria within.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel González-Guerrero
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Navarro-Gómez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Elena Rosa-Núñez
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Carlos Echávarri-Erasun
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaria y de Biosistemas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Imperial
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Viviana Escudero
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
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3
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Traver MS, Bartel B. The ubiquitin-protein ligase MIEL1 localizes to peroxisomes to promote seedling oleosin degradation and lipid droplet mobilization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2304870120. [PMID: 37410814 PMCID: PMC10629534 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304870120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets are organelles conserved across eukaryotes that store and release neutral lipids to regulate energy homeostasis. In oilseed plants, fats stored in seed lipid droplets provide fixed carbon for seedling growth before photosynthesis begins. As fatty acids released from lipid droplet triacylglycerol are catabolized in peroxisomes, lipid droplet coat proteins are ubiquitinated, extracted, and degraded. In Arabidopsis seeds, the predominant lipid droplet coat protein is OLEOSIN1 (OLE1). To identify genes modulating lipid droplet dynamics, we mutagenized a line expressing mNeonGreen-tagged OLE1 expressed from the OLE1 promoter and isolated mutants with delayed oleosin degradation. From this screen, we identified four miel1 mutant alleles. MIEL1 (MYB30-interacting E3 ligase 1) targets specific MYB transcription factors for degradation during hormone and pathogen responses [D. Marino et al., Nat. Commun. 4, 1476 (2013); H. G. Lee and P. J. Seo, Nat. Commun. 7, 12525 (2016)] but had not been implicated in lipid droplet dynamics. OLE1 transcript levels were unchanged in miel1 mutants, indicating that MIEL1 modulates oleosin levels posttranscriptionally. When overexpressed, fluorescently tagged MIEL1 reduced oleosin levels, causing very large lipid droplets. Unexpectedly, fluorescently tagged MIEL1 localized to peroxisomes. Our data suggest that MIEL1 ubiquitinates peroxisome-proximal seed oleosins, targeting them for degradation during seedling lipid mobilization. The human MIEL1 homolog (PIRH2; p53-induced protein with a RING-H2 domain) targets p53 and other proteins for degradation and promotes tumorigenesis [A. Daks et al., Cells 11, 1515 (2022)]. When expressed in Arabidopsis, human PIRH2 also localized to peroxisomes, hinting at a previously unexplored role for PIRH2 in lipid catabolism and peroxisome biology in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S. Traver
- Department of Biosciences, Biochemistry and Cell Biology Program, Rice University, Houston, TX77005
| | - Bonnie Bartel
- Department of Biosciences, Biochemistry and Cell Biology Program, Rice University, Houston, TX77005
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4
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Agyenim-Boateng KG, Zhang S, Gu R, Zhang S, Qi J, Azam M, Ma C, Li Y, Feng Y, Liu Y, Li J, Li B, Qiu L, Sun J. Identification of quantitative trait loci and candidate genes for seed folate content in soybean. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:149. [PMID: 37294438 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04396-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE From 61 QTL mapped, a stable QTL cluster of 992 kb was discovered on chromosome 5 for folate content and a putative candidate gene, Glyma.05G237500, was identified. Folate (vitamin B9) is one of the most essential micronutrients whose deficiencies lead to various health defects in humans. Herein, we mapped the quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying seed folate content in soybean using recombinant inbred lines developed from cultivars, ZH35 and ZH13, across four environments. We identified 61 QTL on 12 chromosomes through composite interval mapping, with phenotypic variance values ranging from 1.68 to 24.68%. A major-effect QTL cluster (qFo-05) was found on chromosome 5, spanning 992 kb and containing 134 genes. Through gene annotation and single-locus haplotyping analysis of qFo-05 in a natural soybean population, we identified seven candidate genes significantly associated with 5MTHF and total folate content in multiple environments. RNA-seq analysis showed a unique expression pattern of a hemerythrin RING zinc finger gene, Glyma.05G237500, between both parental cultivars during seed development, which suggest the gene might regulate folate content in soybean. This is the first study to investigate QTL underlying folate content in soybean and provides new insight for molecular breeding to improve folate content in soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwadwo Gyapong Agyenim-Boateng
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shengrui Zhang
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Rongzhe Gu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI)/ Key Laboratory of Germplasm and Biotechnology (MARA), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shibi Zhang
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jie Qi
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Muhammad Azam
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Caiyou Ma
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yecheng Li
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yue Feng
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yitian Liu
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Jing Li
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bin Li
- MARA Key Laboratory of Soybean Biology (Beijing), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Lijuan Qiu
- The National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement (NFCRI)/ Key Laboratory of Germplasm and Biotechnology (MARA), Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Junming Sun
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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5
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Li J, Nie K, Wang L, Zhao Y, Qu M, Yang D, Guan X. The Molecular Mechanism of GhbHLH121 in Response to Iron Deficiency in Cotton Seedlings. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1955. [PMID: 37653872 PMCID: PMC10224022 DOI: 10.3390/plants12101955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Iron deficiency caused by high pH of saline-alkali soil is a major source of abiotic stress affecting plant growth. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the iron deficiency response in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the impacts of iron deficiency at the cotton seedling stage and elucidated the corresponding molecular regulation network, which centered on a hub gene GhbHLH121. Iron deficiency induced the expression of genes with roles in the response to iron deficiency, especially GhbHLH121. The suppression of GhbHLH121 with virus-induced gene silence technology reduced seedlings' tolerance to iron deficiency, with low photosynthetic efficiency and severe damage to the structure of the chloroplast. Contrarily, ectopic expression of GhbHLH121 in Arabidopsis enhanced tolerance to iron deficiency. Further analysis of protein/protein interactions revealed that GhbHLH121 can interact with GhbHLH IVc and GhPYE. In addition, GhbHLH121 can directly activate the expression of GhbHLH38, GhFIT, and GhPYE independent of GhbHLH IVc. All told, GhbHLH121 is a positive regulator of the response to iron deficiency in cotton, directly regulating iron uptake as the upstream gene of GhFIT. Our results provide insight into the complex network of the iron deficiency response in cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Hybrid Cotton R & D Engineering Research Center (the Ministry of Education), College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Institute of Crop Science, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 300058, China; (K.N.); (L.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Ke Nie
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Institute of Crop Science, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 300058, China; (K.N.); (L.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yongyou Industry Park, Yazhou Bay Sci-Tech City, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Luyao Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Institute of Crop Science, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 300058, China; (K.N.); (L.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yongyou Industry Park, Yazhou Bay Sci-Tech City, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Yongyan Zhao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Institute of Crop Science, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 300058, China; (K.N.); (L.W.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Mingnan Qu
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China;
| | - Donglei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Hybrid Cotton R & D Engineering Research Center (the Ministry of Education), College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Xueying Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Hybrid Cotton R & D Engineering Research Center (the Ministry of Education), College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Resources, Institute of Crop Science, Plant Precision Breeding Academy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 300058, China; (K.N.); (L.W.); (Y.Z.)
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Yongyou Industry Park, Yazhou Bay Sci-Tech City, Sanya 572000, China
- Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab, Yazhou Bay Science and Technology City, Yazhou District, Sanya 572025, China;
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6
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Li M, Watanabe S, Gao F, Dubos C. Iron Nutrition in Plants: Towards a New Paradigm? PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:384. [PMID: 36679097 PMCID: PMC9862363 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient for plant growth and development. Fe availability affects crops' productivity and the quality of their derived products and thus human nutrition. Fe is poorly available for plant use since it is mostly present in soils in the form of insoluble oxides/hydroxides, especially at neutral to alkaline pH. How plants cope with low-Fe conditions and acquire Fe from soil has been investigated for decades. Pioneering work highlighted that plants have evolved two different strategies to mine Fe from soils, the so-called Strategy I (Fe reduction strategy) and Strategy II (Fe chelation strategy). Strategy I is employed by non-grass species whereas graminaceous plants utilize Strategy II. Recently, it has emerged that these two strategies are not fully exclusive and that the mechanism used by plants for Fe uptake is directly shaped by the characteristics of the soil on which they grow (e.g., pH, oxygen concentration). In this review, recent findings on plant Fe uptake and the regulation of this process will be summarized and their impact on our understanding of plant Fe nutrition will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijie Li
- IPSiM, University Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Shunsuke Watanabe
- IPSiM, University Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Fei Gao
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Christian Dubos
- IPSiM, University Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
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7
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Singh A, Gracheva M, Kovács Kis V, Keresztes Á, Sági-Kazár M, Müller B, Pankaczi F, Ahmad W, Kovács K, May Z, Tolnai G, Homonnay Z, Fodor F, Klencsár Z, Solti Á. Apoplast utilisation of nanohaematite initiates parallel suppression of RIBA1 and FRO1&3 in Cucumis sativus. NANOIMPACT 2023; 29:100444. [PMID: 36470408 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2022.100444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale Fe containing particles can penetrate the root apoplast. Nevertheless, cell wall size exclusion questions that for Fe mobilisation, a close contact between the membrane integrating FERRIC REDUCTASE OXIDASE (FRO) enzymes and Fe containing particles is required. Haematite nanoparticle suspension, size of 10-20 nm, characterized by 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, TEM, ICP and SAED was subjected to Fe utilisation by the flavin secreting model plant cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Alterations in the structure and distribution of the particles were revealed by 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, HRTEM and EDS element mapping. Biological utilisation of Fe resulted in a suppression of Fe deficiency responses (expression of CsFRO 1, 2 & 3 and RIBOFLAVIN A1; CsRIBA1 genes and root ferric chelate reductase activity). Haematite nanoparticles were stacked in the middle lamella of the apoplast. Fe mobilisation is evidenced by the reduction in the particle size. Fe release from nanoparticles does not require a contact with the plasma membrane. Parallel suppression in the CsFRO 1&3 and CsRIBA1 transcript amounts support that flavin biosynthesis is an inclusive Fe deficiency response involved in the reduction-based Fe utilisation of Cucumis sativus roots. CsFRO2 is suggested to play a role in the intracellular Fe homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amarjeet Singh
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest H-1117, Hungary; PhD School of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Maria Gracheva
- Laboratory of Nuclear Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest H-1117, Hungary; Hevesy György PhD School of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest H-1117, Hungary; Centre for Energy Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út. 29-33, Budapest H-1121, Hungary
| | - Viktória Kovács Kis
- Centre for Energy Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út. 29-33, Budapest H-1121, Hungary; Institute of Environmental Sciences, University of Pannonia, Egyetem út. 10, Veszprém H-8200, Hungary
| | - Áron Keresztes
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Máté Sági-Kazár
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest H-1117, Hungary; PhD School of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Brigitta Müller
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Fruzsina Pankaczi
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest H-1117, Hungary; PhD School of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Waqas Ahmad
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest H-1117, Hungary; PhD School of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Kovács
- Laboratory of Nuclear Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Zoltán May
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | | | - Zoltán Homonnay
- Laboratory of Nuclear Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/A, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Fodor
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Klencsár
- Centre for Energy Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út. 29-33, Budapest H-1121, Hungary
| | - Ádám Solti
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest H-1117, Hungary.
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8
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Yu Y, Wang Y, Yao Z, Wang Z, Xia Z, Lee J. Comprehensive Survey of ChIP-Seq Datasets to Identify Candidate Iron Homeostasis Genes Regulated by Chromatin Modifications. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2665:95-111. [PMID: 37166596 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3183-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Vital biochemical reactions including photosynthesis to respiration require iron, which should be tightly regulated. Although increasing evidence reveals the importance of epigenetic regulation in gene expression and signaling, the role of histone modifications and chromatin remodeling in plant iron homeostasis is not well understood. In this study, we surveyed publicly available ChIP-seq datasets of Arabidopsis wild-type and mutants defective in key enzymes of histone modification and chromatin remodeling and compared the deposition of epigenetic marks on loci of genes involved in iron regulation. Based on the analysis, we compiled a comprehensive list of iron homeostasis genes with differential enrichment of various histone modifications. This report will provide a resource for future studies to investigate epigenetic regulatory mechanisms of iron homeostasis in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuxin Wang
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhujun Yao
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziqin Wang
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zijun Xia
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Joohyun Lee
- Division of Natural and Applied Sciences, Duke Kunshan University, Jiangsu, China.
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9
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O’Rourke JA, Graham MA. Coupling VIGS with Short- and Long-Term Stress Exposure to Understand the Fiskeby III Iron Deficiency Stress Response. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010647. [PMID: 36614091 PMCID: PMC9820625 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Yield loss due to abiotic stress is an increasing problem in agriculture. Soybean is a major crop for the upper Midwestern United States and calcareous soils exacerbate iron deficiency for growers, resulting in substantial yield losses. Fiskeby III is a soybean variety uniquely resistant to a variety of abiotic stresses, including iron deficiency. Previous studies identified a MATE transporter (Glyma.05G001700) associated with iron stress tolerance in Fiskeby III. To understand the function of this gene in the Fiskeby III response to iron deficiency, we coupled its silencing using virus-induced gene silencing with RNAseq analyses at two timepoints. Analyses of these data confirm a role for the MATE transporter in Fiskeby III iron stress responses. Further, they reveal that Fiskeby III induces transcriptional reprogramming within 24 h of iron deficiency stress, confirming that like other soybean varieties, Fiskeby III is able to quickly respond to stress. However, Fiskeby III utilizes novel genes and pathways in its iron deficiency response. Identifying and characterizing these genes and pathways in Fiskeby III provides novel targets for improving abiotic stress tolerance in elite soybean lines.
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10
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Wairich A, Ricachenevsky FK, Lee S. A tale of two metals: Biofortification of rice grains with iron and zinc. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:944624. [PMID: 36420033 PMCID: PMC9677123 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.944624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) are essential micronutrients needed by virtually all living organisms, including plants and humans, for proper growth and development. Due to its capacity to easily exchange electrons, Fe is important for electron transport in mitochondria and chloroplasts. Fe is also necessary for chlorophyll synthesis. Zn is a cofactor for several proteins, including Zn-finger transcription factors and redox metabolism enzymes such as copper/Zn superoxide dismutases. In humans, Fe participates in oxygen transport, electron transport, and cell division whereas Zn is involved in nucleic acid metabolism, apoptosis, immunity, and reproduction. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the major staple food crops, feeding over half of the world's population. However, Fe and Zn concentrations are low in rice grains, especially in the endosperm, which is consumed as white rice. Populations relying heavily on rice and other cereals are prone to Fe and Zn deficiency. One of the most cost-effective solutions to this problem is biofortification, which increases the nutritional value of crops, mainly in their edible organs, without yield reductions. In recent years, several approaches were applied to enhance the accumulation of Fe and Zn in rice seeds, especially in the endosperm. Here, we summarize these attempts involving transgenics and mutant lines, which resulted in Fe and/or Zn biofortification in rice grains. We review rice plant manipulations using ferritin genes, metal transporters, changes in the nicotianamine/phytosiderophore pathway (including biosynthetic genes and transporters), regulators of Fe deficiency responses, and other mutants/overexpressing lines used in gene characterization that resulted in Fe/Zn concentration changes in seeds. This review also discusses research gaps and proposes possible future directions that could be important to increase the concentration and bioavailability of Fe and Zn in rice seeds without the accumulation of deleterious elements. We also emphasize the need for a better understanding of metal homeostasis in rice, the importance of evaluating yield components of plants containing transgenes/mutations under field conditions, and the potential of identifying genes that can be manipulated by gene editing and other nontransgenic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriele Wairich
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Felipe K. Ricachenevsky
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Biotechnology Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sichul Lee
- Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, South Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Science, Jeonju, South Korea
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11
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Okada S, Lei GJ, Yamaji N, Huang S, Ma JF, Mochida K, Hirayama T. FE UPTAKE-INDUCING PEPTIDE1 maintains Fe translocation by controlling Fe deficiency response genes in the vascular tissue of Arabidopsis. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:3322-3337. [PMID: 35993196 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
FE UPTAKE-INDUCING PEPTIDE1 (FEP1), also named IRON MAN3 (IMA3) is a short peptide involved in the iron deficiency response in Arabidopsis thaliana. Recent studies uncovered its molecular function, but its physiological function in the systemic Fe response is not fully understood. To explore the physiological function of FEP1 in iron homoeostasis, we performed a transcriptome analysis using the FEP1 loss-of-function mutant fep1-1 and a transgenic line with oestrogen-inducible expression of FEP1. We determined that FEP1 specifically regulates several iron deficiency-responsive genes, indicating that FEP1 participates in iron translocation rather than iron uptake in roots. The iron concentration in xylem sap under iron-deficient conditions was lower in the fep1-1 mutant and higher in FEP1-induced transgenic plants compared with the wild type (WT). Perls staining revealed a greater accumulation of iron in the cortex of fep1-1 roots than in the WT root cortex, although total iron levels in roots were comparable in the two genotypes. Moreover, the fep1-1 mutation partially suppressed the iron overaccumulation phenotype in the leaves of the oligopeptide transporter3-2 (opt3-2) mutant. These data suggest that FEP1 plays a pivotal role in iron movement and in maintaining the iron quota in vascular tissues in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Okada
- Group of Environmental Stress Response Systems, Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Gui J Lei
- Group of Plant Stress Physiology, Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamaji
- Group of Plant Stress Physiology, Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Sheng Huang
- Group of Plant Stress Physiology, Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Jian F Ma
- Group of Plant Stress Physiology, Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Keiichi Mochida
- Crop Design Research Team, Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Microalgae Production Control Technology Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, Technology and Innovation Hub, Yokohama, Japan
- School of Information and Data Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takashi Hirayama
- Group of Environmental Stress Response Systems, Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- Crop Design Research Team, Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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12
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Li W, Han X, Lan P. Emerging roles of protein phosphorylation in plant iron homeostasis. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:908-921. [PMID: 35414480 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Remarkable progress has been made in dissecting the molecular mechanisms involved in iron (Fe) homeostasis in plants, especially the identification of key transporter and transcriptional regulatory networks. But how the protein activity of these master players is regulated by Fe status remains underexplored. Recent studies show that major players toggle switch their properties by protein phosphorylation under different Fe conditions and consequently control the signaling cascade and metabolic adjustment. Moreover, Fe deficiency causes changes of multiple kinases and phosphatases. Here, we discuss how these findings highlight the emergence of the protein phosphorylation-dependent regulation for rapid and precise responses to Fe status to attain Fe homeostasis. Further studies will be needed to fully understand the regulation of these intricate networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiuwen Han
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Ping Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Kobayashi T, Shinkawa H, Nagano AJ, Nishizawa NK. The basic leucine zipper transcription factor OsbZIP83 and the glutaredoxins OsGRX6 and OsGRX9 facilitate rice iron utilization under the control of OsHRZ ubiquitin ligases. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 110:1731-1750. [PMID: 35411594 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Under low iron availability, plants induce the expression of various genes for iron uptake and translocation. The rice (Oryza sativa) ubiquitin ligases OsHRZ1 and OsHRZ2 cause overall repression of these iron-related genes at the transcript level, but their protein-level regulation is unclear. We conducted a proteome analysis to identify key regulators whose abundance was regulated by OsHRZs at the protein level. In response to iron deficiency or OsHRZ knockdown, many genes showed differential regulation between the transcript and protein levels, including the TGA-type basic leucine zipper transcription factor OsbZIP83. We also identified two glutaredoxins, OsGRX6 and OsGRX9, as OsHRZ-interacting proteins in yeast and plant cells. OsGRX6 also interacted with OsbZIP83. Our in vitro degradation assay suggested that OsbZIP83, OsGRX6 and OsGRX9 proteins are subjected to 26S proteasome- and OsHRZ-dependent degradation. Proteome analysis and our in vitro degradation assay also suggested that OsbZIP83 protein was preferentially degraded under iron-deficient conditions in rice roots. Transgenic rice lines overexpressing OsGRX9 and OsbZIP83 showed improved tolerance to iron deficiency. Expression of iron-related genes was affected in the OsGRX9 and OsGRX6 knockdown lines, suggesting disturbed iron utilization and signaling. OsbZIP83 overexpression lines showed enhanced expression of OsYSL2 and OsNAS3, which are involved in internal iron translocation, in addition to OsGRX9 and genes related to phytoalexin biosynthesis and the salicylic acid pathway. The results suggest that OsbZIP83, OsGRX6 and OsGRX9 facilitate iron utilization downstream of the OsHRZ pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Kobayashi
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Haruka Shinkawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Atsushi J Nagano
- Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga, 520-2194, Japan
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0017, Japan
| | - Naoko K Nishizawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
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Liu H, Yang W, Zhao X, Kang G, Li N, Xu H. Genome-wide analysis and functional characterization of CHYR gene family associated with abiotic stress tolerance in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:204. [PMID: 35443615 PMCID: PMC9019960 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03589-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CHY zinc-finger and RING finger (CHYR) proteins have been functionally characterized in plant growth, development and various stress responses. However, the genome-wide analysis was not performed in wheat. RESULTS In this study, a total of 18 TaCHYR genes were identified in wheat and classified into three groups. All TaCHYR genes contained CHY-zinc finger, C3H2C3-type RING finger and zinc ribbon domains, and group III members included 1-3 hemerythrin domains in the N-terminus regions. TaCHYR genes in each group shared similar conserved domains distribution. Chromosomal location, synteny and cis-elements analysis of TaCHYRs were also analyzed. Real-time PCR results indicated that most of selected 9 TaCHYR genes exhibited higher expression levels in leaves during wheat seedling stage. All these TaCHYR genes were up-regulated after PEG treatment, and these TaCHYRs exhibited differential expression patterns in response to salt, cold and heat stress in seedling leaves. The growth of yeast cells expressing TaCHYR2.1, TaCHYR9.2 and TaCHYR11.1 were inhibited under salt and dehydration stress. Moreover, gene ontology (GO) annotation, protein interaction and miRNA regulatory network of TaCHYR genes were analyzed. CONCLUSIONS These results increase our understanding of CHYR genes and provide robust candidate genes for further functional investigations aimed at crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Liu
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Yang
- Cereal Crops Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingli Zhao
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guozhang Kang
- National Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huawei Xu
- College of Agriculture, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471000, Henan, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
Nutrients are scarce and valuable resources, so plants developed sophisticated mechanisms to optimize nutrient use efficiency. A crucial part of this is monitoring external and internal nutrient levels to adjust processes such as uptake, redistribution, and cellular compartmentation. Measurement of nutrient levels is carried out by primary sensors that typically involve either transceptors or transcription factors. Primary sensors are only now starting to be identified in plants for some nutrients. In particular, for nitrate, there is detailed insight concerning how the external nitrate status is sensed by members of the nitrate transporter 1 (NRT1) family. Potential sensors for other macronutrients such as potassium and sodium have also been identified recently, whereas for micronutrients such as zinc and iron, transcription factor type sensors have been reported. This review provides an overview that interprets and evaluates our current understanding of how plants sense macro and micronutrients in the rhizosphere and root symplast.
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Sági-Kazár M, Solymosi K, Solti Á. Iron in leaves: chemical forms, signalling, and in-cell distribution. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1717-1734. [PMID: 35104334 PMCID: PMC9486929 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is an essential transition metal. Based on its redox-active nature under biological conditions, various Fe compounds serve as cofactors in redox enzymes. In plants, the photosynthetic machinery has the highest demand for Fe. In consequence, the delivery and incorporation of Fe into cofactors of the photosynthetic apparatus is the focus of Fe metabolism in leaves. Disturbance of foliar Fe homeostasis leads to impaired biosynthesis of chlorophylls and composition of the photosynthetic machinery. Nevertheless, mitochondrial function also has a significant demand for Fe. The proper incorporation of Fe into proteins and cofactors as well as a balanced intracellular Fe status in leaf cells require the ability to sense Fe, but may also rely on indirect signals that report on the physiological processes connected to Fe homeostasis. Although multiple pieces of information have been gained on Fe signalling in roots, the regulation of Fe status in leaves has not yet been clarified in detail. In this review, we give an overview on current knowledge of foliar Fe homeostasis, from the chemical forms to the allocation and sensing of Fe in leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Máté Sági-Kazár
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Katalin Solymosi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Ádám Solti
- Department of Plant Physiology and Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/C, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
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17
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Assunção AGL, Cakmak I, Clemens S, González-Guerrero M, Nawrocki A, Thomine S. Micronutrient homeostasis in plants for more sustainable agriculture and healthier human nutrition. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1789-1799. [PMID: 35134869 PMCID: PMC8921004 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The provision of sustainable, sufficient, and nutritious food to the growing population is a major challenge for agriculture and the plant research community. In this respect, the mineral micronutrient content of food crops deserves particular attention. Micronutrient deficiencies in cultivated soils and plants are a global problem that adversely affects crop production and plant nutritional value, as well as human health and well-being. In this review, we call for awareness of the importance and relevance of micronutrients in crop production and quality. We stress the need for better micronutrient nutrition in human populations, not only in developing but also in developed nations, and describe strategies to identify and characterize new varieties with high micronutrient content. Furthermore, we explain how adequate nutrition of plants with micronutrients impacts metabolic functions and the capacity of plants to express tolerance mechanisms against abiotic and biotic constraints. Finally, we provide a brief overview and a critical discussion on current knowledge, future challenges, and specific technological needs for research on plant micronutrient homeostasis. Research in this area is expected to foster the sustainable development of nutritious and healthy food crops for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana G L Assunção
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1871 Frederiksberg, Denmark
- CIBIO-InBIO, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Ismail Cakmak
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Stephan Clemens
- Department of Plant Physiology and Faculty of Life Sciences: Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Manuel González-Guerrero
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (UPM-INIA), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
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18
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Guo M, Ruan W, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Wang X, Guo Z, Wang L, Zhou T, Paz-Ares J, Yi K. A reciprocal inhibitory module for Pi and iron signaling. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:138-150. [PMID: 34562666 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorous (P) and iron (Fe), two essential nutrients for plant growth and development, are highly abundant elements in the earth's crust but often display low availability to plants. Due to the ability to form insoluble complexes, the antagonistic interaction between P and Fe nutrition in plants has been noticed for decades. However, the underlying molecular mechanism modulating the signaling and homeostasis between them remains obscure. Here, we show that the possible iron sensors HRZs, the iron deficiency-induced E3 ligases, could interact with the central regulator of phosphate (Pi) signaling, PHR2, and prompt its ubiquitination at lysine residues K319 and K328, leading to its degradation in rice. Consistent with this, the hrzs mutants displayed a high Pi accumulation phenotype. Furthermore, we found that iron deficiency could attenuate Pi starvation signaling by inducing the expression of HRZs, which in turn trigger PHR2 protein degradation. Interestingly, on the other hand, rice PHRs could negatively regulate the expression of HRZs to modulate iron deficiency responses. Therefore, PHR2 and HRZs form a reciprocal inhibitory module to coordinate Pi and iron signaling and homeostasis in rice. Taken together, our results uncover a molecular link between Pi and iron master regulators, which fine-tunes plant adaptation to Pi and iron availability in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meina Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wenyuan Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yibo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xueqing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zhenhui Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Tian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Javier Paz-Ares
- Department of Plant Molecular Genetics, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Keke Yi
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Hodgens C, Akpa BS, Long TA. Solving the puzzle of Fe homeostasis by integrating molecular, mathematical, and societal models. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 64:102149. [PMID: 34839201 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To ensure optimal utilization and bioavailability, iron uptake, transport, subcellular localization, and assimilation are tightly regulated in plants. Herein, we examine recent advances in our understanding of cellular responses to Fe deficiency. We then use intracellular mechanisms of Fe homeostasis to discuss how formalizing cell biology knowledge via a mathematical model can advance discovery even when quantitative data is limited. Using simulation-based inference to identify plausible systems mechanisms that conform to known emergent phenotypes can yield novel, testable hypotheses to guide targeted experiments. However, this approach relies on the accurate encoding of domain-expert knowledge in exploratory mathematical models. We argue that this would be facilitated by fostering more "systems thinking" life scientists and that diversifying your research team may be a practical path to achieve that goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Hodgens
- Plant & Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Belinda S Akpa
- Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA; Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
| | - Terri A Long
- Plant & Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
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20
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Jia B, Wang Y, Zhang D, Li W, Cui H, Jin J, Cai X, Shen Y, Wu S, Guo Y, Sun M, Sun X. Genome-Wide Identification, Characterization and Expression Analysis of Soybean CHYR Gene Family. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12192. [PMID: 34830077 PMCID: PMC8625759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The CHYR (CHY ZINC-FINGER AND RING FINGER PROTEIN) proteins have been functionally characterized in iron regulation and stress response in Arabidopsis, rice and Populus. However, their roles in soybean have not yet been systematically investigated. Here, in this study, 16 GmCHYR genes with conserved Zinc_ribbon, CHY zinc finger and Ring finger domains were obtained and divided into three groups. Moreover, additional 2-3 hemerythrin domains could be found in the N terminus of Group III. Phylogenetic and homology analysis of CHYRs in green plants indicated that three groups might originate from different ancestors. Expectedly, GmCHYR genes shared similar conserved domains/motifs distribution within the same group. Gene expression analysis uncovered their special expression patterns in different soybean tissues/organs and under various abiotic stresses. Group I and II members were mainly involved in salt and alkaline stresses. The expression of Group III members was induced/repressed by dehydration, salt and alkaline stresses, indicating their diverse roles in response to abiotic stress. In conclusion, our work will benefit for further revealing the biological roles of GmCHYRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Jia
- Crop Stress Molecular Biology Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (B.J.); (Y.W.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (J.J.); (X.C.); (Y.S.); (S.W.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Crop Stress Molecular Biology Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (B.J.); (Y.W.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (J.J.); (X.C.); (Y.S.); (S.W.); (Y.G.)
| | - Dajian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China;
| | - Wanhong Li
- Crop Stress Molecular Biology Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (B.J.); (Y.W.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (J.J.); (X.C.); (Y.S.); (S.W.); (Y.G.)
| | - Hongli Cui
- Crop Stress Molecular Biology Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (B.J.); (Y.W.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (J.J.); (X.C.); (Y.S.); (S.W.); (Y.G.)
| | - Jun Jin
- Crop Stress Molecular Biology Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (B.J.); (Y.W.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (J.J.); (X.C.); (Y.S.); (S.W.); (Y.G.)
| | - Xiaoxi Cai
- Crop Stress Molecular Biology Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (B.J.); (Y.W.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (J.J.); (X.C.); (Y.S.); (S.W.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yang Shen
- Crop Stress Molecular Biology Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (B.J.); (Y.W.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (J.J.); (X.C.); (Y.S.); (S.W.); (Y.G.)
| | - Shengyang Wu
- Crop Stress Molecular Biology Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (B.J.); (Y.W.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (J.J.); (X.C.); (Y.S.); (S.W.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yongxia Guo
- Crop Stress Molecular Biology Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (B.J.); (Y.W.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (J.J.); (X.C.); (Y.S.); (S.W.); (Y.G.)
| | - Mingzhe Sun
- Crop Stress Molecular Biology Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (B.J.); (Y.W.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (J.J.); (X.C.); (Y.S.); (S.W.); (Y.G.)
- Key Laboratory of Germplasm Enhancement, Physiology and Ecology of Food Crops in Cold Region, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- Crop Stress Molecular Biology Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (B.J.); (Y.W.); (W.L.); (H.C.); (J.J.); (X.C.); (Y.S.); (S.W.); (Y.G.)
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21
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Caldas Nogueira ML, Pastore AJ, Davidson VL. Diversity of structures and functions of oxo-bridged non-heme diiron proteins. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 705:108917. [PMID: 33991497 PMCID: PMC8165033 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxo-bridged diiron proteins are a distinct class of non-heme iron proteins. Their active sites are composed of two irons that are coordinated by amino acid side chains, and a bridging oxygen that interacts with each iron. These proteins are members of the ferritin superfamily and share the structural feature of a four α-helix bundle that provides the residues that coordinate the irons. The different proteins also display a wide range of structures and functions. A prototype of this family is hemerythrin, which functions as an oxygen transporter. Several other hemerythrin-like proteins have been described with a diversity of functions including oxygen and iron sensing, and catalytic activities. Rubrerythrins react with hydrogen peroxide and rubrerythrin-like proteins possess a rubredoxin domain, in addition to the oxo-bridged diiron center. Other redox enzymes with oxo-bridged irons include flavodiiron proteins that act as O2 or NO reductases, ribonucleotide reductase and methane monooxygenase. Ferritins have an oxo-bridged diiron in the ferroxidase center of the protein, which plays a role in the iron storage function of these proteins. There are also bacterial ferritins that exhibit catalytic activities. The structures and functions of this broad class of oxo-bridged diiron proteins are described and compared in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luiza Caldas Nogueira
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, United States
| | - Anthony J Pastore
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, United States
| | - Victor L Davidson
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32827, United States.
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22
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Annotation and Molecular Characterisation of the TaIRO3 and TaHRZ Iron Homeostasis Genes in Bread Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050653. [PMID: 33925484 PMCID: PMC8146704 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective maintenance of plant iron (Fe) homoeostasis relies on a network of transcription factors (TFs) that respond to environmental conditions and regulate Fe uptake, translocation, and storage. The iron-related transcription factor 3 (IRO3), as well as haemerythrin motif-containing really interesting new gene (RING) protein and zinc finger protein (HRZ), are major regulators of Fe homeostasis in diploid species like Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and rice (Oryza sativa L.), but remain uncharacterised in hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In this study, we have identified, annotated, and characterised three TaIRO3 homoeologs and six TaHRZ1 and TaHRZ2 homoeologs in the bread wheat genome. Protein analysis revealed that TaIRO3 and TaHRZ proteins contain functionally conserved domains for DNA-binding, dimerisation, Fe binding, or polyubiquitination, and phylogenetic analysis revealed clustering of TaIRO3 and TaHRZ proteins with other monocot IRO3 and HRZ proteins, respectively. Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR analysis revealed that all TaIRO3 and TaHRZ homoeologs have unique tissue expression profiles and are upregulated in shoot tissues in response to Fe deficiency. After 24 h of Fe deficiency, the expression of TaHRZ homoeologs was upregulated, while the expression of TaIRO3 homoeologs was unchanged, suggesting that TaHRZ functions upstream of TaIRO3 in the wheat Fe homeostasis TF network.
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23
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Riaz N, Guerinot ML. All together now: regulation of the iron deficiency response. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2045-2055. [PMID: 33449088 PMCID: PMC7966950 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is one of the essential micronutrients required by both plants and animals. In humans, Fe deficiency causes anemia, the most prevalent nutritional disorder. Most people rely on plant-based foods as their major Fe source, but plants are a poor source of dietary Fe. Therefore, there is a critical need to better understand the mechanisms involved in the uptake and trafficking of Fe and how plants adapt to Fe deficiency. Fe participates in key cellular functions such as photosynthesis and respiration. Perturbations of Fe uptake, transport, or storage affect plant growth as well as crop yield and plant product quality. Excess Fe has toxic effects due to its high redox activity. Plants, therefore, tightly regulate Fe uptake, distribution, and allocation. Here, we review the regulatory mechanisms involved at the transcriptional and post-translational levels that are critical to prevent Fe uptake except when plants experience Fe deficiency. We discuss the key regulatory network of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors, including FIT, subgroup Ib, subgroup IVc, and URI (bHLH121), crucial for regulating Fe uptake in Arabidopsis thaliana. Furthermore, we describe the regulators of these transcription factors that either activate or inhibit their function, ensuring optimal Fe uptake that is essential for plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabila Riaz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Mary Lou Guerinot
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
- Correspondence:
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24
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Hanikenne M, Esteves SM, Fanara S, Rouached H. Coordinated homeostasis of essential mineral nutrients: a focus on iron. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2136-2153. [PMID: 33175167 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In plants, iron (Fe) transport and homeostasis are highly regulated processes. Fe deficiency or excess dramatically limits plant and algal productivity. Interestingly, complex and unexpected interconnections between Fe and various macro- and micronutrient homeostatic networks, supposedly maintaining general ionic equilibrium and balanced nutrition, are currently being uncovered. Although these interactions have profound consequences for our understanding of Fe homeostasis and its regulation, their molecular bases and biological significance remain poorly understood. Here, we review recent knowledge gained on how Fe interacts with micronutrient (e.g. zinc, manganese) and macronutrient (e.g. sulfur, phosphate) homeostasis, and on how these interactions affect Fe uptake and trafficking. Finally, we highlight the importance of developing an improved model of how Fe signaling pathways are integrated into functional networks to control plant growth and development in response to fluctuating environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Hanikenne
- InBioS - PhytoSystems, Functional Genomics and Plant Molecular Imaging, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Sara M Esteves
- InBioS - PhytoSystems, Functional Genomics and Plant Molecular Imaging, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Steven Fanara
- InBioS - PhytoSystems, Functional Genomics and Plant Molecular Imaging, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Hatem Rouached
- BPMP, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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25
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Gao F, Dubos C. Transcriptional integration of plant responses to iron availability. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:2056-2070. [PMID: 33246334 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Iron is one of the most important micronutrients for plant growth and development. It functions as the enzyme cofactor or component of electron transport chains in various vital metabolic processes, including photosynthesis, respiration, and amino acid biosynthesis. To maintain iron homeostasis, and therefore prevent any deficiency or excess that could be detrimental, plants have evolved complex transcriptional regulatory networks to tightly control iron uptake, translocation, assimilation, and storage. These regulatory networks are composed of various transcription factors; among them, members of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family play an essential role. Here, we first review recent advances in understanding the roles of bHLH transcription factors involved in the regulatory cascade controlling iron homeostasis in the model plant Arabidopsis, and extend this understanding to rice and other plant species. The importance of other classes of transcription factors will also be discussed. Second, we elaborate on the post-translational mechanisms involved in the regulation of these regulatory networks. Finally, we provide some perspectives on future research that should be conducted in order to precisely understand how plants control the homeostasis of this micronutrient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Gao
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Christian Dubos
- BPMP, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
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26
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Buono D, Khan G, von Hagen KB, Kosachev PA, Mayland-Quellhorst E, Mosyakin SL, Albach DC. Comparative Phylogeography of Veronica spicata and V. longifolia (Plantaginaceae) Across Europe: Integrating Hybridization and Polyploidy in Phylogeography. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:588354. [PMID: 33603760 PMCID: PMC7884905 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.588354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Climatic fluctuations in the Pleistocene caused glacial expansion-contraction cycles in Eurasia and other parts of the world. Consequences of these cycles, such as population expansion and subsequent subdivision, have been studied in many taxa at intraspecific population level across much of the Northern Hemisphere. However, the consequences for the potential of hybridization and polyploidization are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the phylogeographic structure of two widespread, closely related species, Veronica spicata and Veronica longifolia, across their European distribution ranges. We assessed the extent and the geographic pattern of polyploidization in both species and hybridization between them. We used genome-scale SNP data to clarify phylogenetic relationships and detect possible hybridization/introgression events. In addition, crossing experiments were performed in different combination between V. spicata and V. longifolia individuals of two ploidy levels and of different geographic origins. Finally, we employed ecological niche modeling to infer macroclimatic differences between both species and both ploidy levels. We found a clear genetic structure reflecting the geographical distribution patterns in both species, with V. spicata showing higher genetic differentiation than V. longifolia. We retrieved significant signals of hybridization and introgression in natural populations from the genetic data and corroborated this with crossing experiments. However, there were no clear phylogeographic patterns and unequivocal macroclimatic niche differences between diploid and tetraploid lineages. This favors the hypothesis, that autopolyploidization has happened frequently and in different regions. The crossing experiments produced viable hybrids when the crosses were made between plants of the same ploidy levels but not in the interploidy crosses. The results suggest that hybridization occurs across the overlapping areas of natural distribution ranges of both species, with apparently directional introgression from V. spicata to V. longifolia. Nevertheless, the two species maintain their species-level separation due to their adaptation to different habitats and spatial isolation rather than reproductive isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Buono
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Gulzar Khan
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Bernhard von Hagen
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | | | - Eike Mayland-Quellhorst
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Sergei L. Mosyakin
- M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Dirk C. Albach
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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27
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Senoura T, Kobayashi T, An G, Nakanishi H, Nishizawa NK. Defects in the rice aconitase-encoding OsACO1 gene alter iron homeostasis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 104:629-645. [PMID: 32909184 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Rice aconitase gene OsACO1 is involved in the iron deficiency-signaling pathway for the expression of iron deficiency-inducible genes, either thorough enzyme activity or possible specific RNA binding for post-transcriptional regulation. Iron (Fe) is an essential element for virtually all living organisms. When plants are deficient in Fe, Fe acquisition systems are activated to maintain Fe homeostasis, and this regulation is mainly executed at the gene transcription level. Many molecules responsible for Fe uptake, translocation, and storage in plants have been identified and characterized. However, how plants sense Fe status within cells and then induce a transcriptional response is still unclear. In the present study, we found that knockdown of the OsACO1 gene, which encodes an aconitase in rice, leads to the down-regulation of selected Fe deficiency-inducible genes involved in Fe uptake and translocation in roots, and a decrease in Fe concentration in leaves, even when grown under Fe-sufficient conditions. OsACO1 knockdown plants showed a delayed transcriptional response to Fe deficiency compared to wild-type plants. In contrast, overexpression of OsACO1 resulted in the opposite effects. These results suggest that OsACO1 is situated upstream of the Fe deficiency-signaling pathway. Furthermore, we found that the OsACO1 protein potentially has RNA-binding activity. In vitro screening of RNA interactions with OsACO1 revealed that RNA potentially forms a unique stem-loop structure that interacts with OsACO1 via a conserved GGUGG motif within the loop structure. These results suggest that OsACO1 regulate Fe deficiency response either thorough enzyme activity catalyzing isomerization of citrate, or specific RNA binding for post-transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Senoura
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Takanori Kobayashi
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan.
| | - Gynheung An
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
| | - Hiromi Nakanishi
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Naoko K Nishizawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan.
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28
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Walton JH, Kontra‐Kováts G, Green RT, Domonkos Á, Horváth B, Brear EM, Franceschetti M, Kaló P, Balk J. The Medicago truncatula Vacuolar iron Transporter-Like proteins VTL4 and VTL8 deliver iron to symbiotic bacteria at different stages of the infection process. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:651-666. [PMID: 32521047 PMCID: PMC7540006 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The symbiotic relationship between legumes and rhizobium bacteria in root nodules has a high demand for iron, and questions remain regarding which transporters are involved. Here, we characterize two nodule-specific Vacuolar iron Transporter-Like (VTL) proteins in Medicago truncatula. Localization of fluorescent fusion proteins and mutant studies were carried out to correlate with existing RNA-seq data showing differential expression of VTL4 and VTL8 during early and late infection, respectively. The vtl4 insertion lines showed decreased nitrogen fixation capacity associated with more immature nodules and less elongated bacteroids. A mutant line lacking the tandemly-arranged VTL4-VTL8 genes, named 13U, was unable to develop functional nodules and failed to fix nitrogen, which was almost fully restored by expression of VTL8 alone. Using a newly developed lux reporter to monitor iron status of the bacteroids, a moderate decrease in luminescence signal was observed in vtl4 mutant nodules and a strong decrease in 13U nodules. Iron transport capability of VTL4 and VTL8 was shown by yeast complementation. These data indicate that VTL8, the closest homologue of SEN1 in Lotus japonicus, is the main route for delivering iron to symbiotic rhizobia. We propose that a failure in iron protein maturation leads to early senescence of the bacteroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer H. Walton
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwichNR4 7UHUK
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichNR4 7TJUK
| | | | - Robert T. Green
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Ágota Domonkos
- Agricultural Biotechnology InstituteNARICGödöllő2100Hungary
| | | | - Ella M. Brear
- School of Life and Environmental SciencesThe University of SydneySydneyNSW2006Australia
| | | | - Péter Kaló
- Agricultural Biotechnology InstituteNARICGödöllő2100Hungary
- Institute of Plant BiologyBiological Research CentreSzeged6726Hungary
| | - Janneke Balk
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwichNR4 7UHUK
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of East AngliaNorwichNR4 7TJUK
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29
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Herlihy JH, Long TA, McDowell JM. Iron homeostasis and plant immune responses: Recent insights and translational implications. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13444-13457. [PMID: 32732287 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.010856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron metabolism and the plant immune system are both critical for plant vigor in natural ecosystems and for reliable agricultural productivity. Mechanistic studies of plant iron home-ostasis and plant immunity have traditionally been carried out in isolation from each other; however, our growing understanding of both processes has uncovered significant connections. For example, iron plays a critical role in the generation of reactive oxygen intermediates during immunity and has been recently implicated as a critical factor for immune-initiated cell death via ferroptosis. Moreover, plant iron stress triggers immune activation, suggesting that sensing of iron depletion is a mechanism by which plants recognize a pathogen threat. The iron deficiency response engages hormone signaling sectors that are also utilized for plant immune signaling, providing a probable explanation for iron-immunity cross-talk. Finally, interference with iron acquisition by pathogens might be a critical component of the immune response. Efforts to address the global burden of iron deficiency-related anemia have focused on classical breeding and transgenic approaches to develop crops biofortified for iron content. However, our improved mechanistic understanding of plant iron metabolism suggests that such alterations could promote or impede plant immunity, depending on the nature of the alteration and the virulence strategy of the pathogen. Effects of iron biofortification on disease resistance should be evaluated while developing plants for iron biofortification.
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Herlihy
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Latham Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Terri A Long
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
| | - John M McDowell
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Latham Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.
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30
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Ecological Stoichiometry Homeostasis of Six Microelements in Leymus chinensis Growing in Soda Saline-Alkali Soil. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12104226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Soil salinization poses severe threats to grassland ecosystems in various parts of the world, including the Songnen Plain in northeast China. Severe impairment of plant growth in this soil is generally attributed to high soil pH, total alkalinity, and sodium (Na) contents. This paper focuses on the ecological stoichiometry of microelements, which has received much less attention than relations of macroelements, in the soil and plants (specifically Leymus chinensis) growing in it. The results show that the soil’s manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and molybdenum (Mo) contents are lower than average in Chinese soils, but only Mn and Zn are severely deficient in L. chinensis. With increases in soil pH, total alkalinity, and Na, the Mo contents in both soil and L. chinensis slightly increase, while contents of the other microelements decline. Homeostasis indices obtained for the six microelements—and Fe/Zn, Fe/Ni, Fe/Cu, and Cu/Zn ratios—were all between 0.82 and 3.34 (ranging from just below the “plastic” threshold to “weakly homeostatic”). Despite Zn deficiency in the soil, Zn appears to have the highest homeostasis of the six elements in L. chinensis (homeostasis indices of Zn, Cu, Ni, Mn, Fe and Mo were 3.34, 2.54, 1.86, 1.76, 1.52, and 1.33, respectively). In addition, the Cu/Zn ratio had the highest homeostasis index (1.85), followed by Fe/Zn (1.02), Fe/Cu (0.95) and Fe/Ni (0.82). Appropriate application of Mn and Zn fertilizers is recommended to promote the growth and development of L. chinensis in soda saline-alkali soil.
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31
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Wawrzyńska A, Sirko A. The Role of Selective Protein Degradation in the Regulation of Iron and Sulfur Homeostasis in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2771. [PMID: 32316330 PMCID: PMC7215296 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants are able to synthesize all essential metabolites from minerals, water, and light to complete their life cycle. This plasticity comes at a high energy cost, and therefore, plants need to tightly allocate resources in order to control their economy. Being sessile, plants can only adapt to fluctuating environmental conditions, relying on quality control mechanisms. The remodeling of cellular components plays a crucial role, not only in response to stress, but also in normal plant development. Dynamic protein turnover is ensured through regulated protein synthesis and degradation processes. To effectively target a wide range of proteins for degradation, plants utilize two mechanistically-distinct, but largely complementary systems: the 26S proteasome and the autophagy. As both proteasomal- and autophagy-mediated protein degradation use ubiquitin as an essential signal of substrate recognition, they share ubiquitin conjugation machinery and downstream ubiquitin recognition modules. Recent progress has been made in understanding the cellular homeostasis of iron and sulfur metabolisms individually, and growing evidence indicates that complex crosstalk exists between iron and sulfur networks. In this review, we highlight the latest publications elucidating the role of selective protein degradation in the control of iron and sulfur metabolism during plant development, as well as environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wawrzyńska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
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32
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Fernandez-Pozo N, Haas FB, Meyberg R, Ullrich KK, Hiss M, Perroud PF, Hanke S, Kratz V, Powell AF, Vesty EF, Daum CG, Zane M, Lipzen A, Sreedasyam A, Grimwood J, Coates JC, Barry K, Schmutz J, Mueller LA, Rensing SA. PEATmoss (Physcomitrella Expression Atlas Tool): a unified gene expression atlas for the model plant Physcomitrella patens. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 102:165-177. [PMID: 31714620 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Physcomitrella patens is a bryophyte model plant that is often used to study plant evolution and development. Its resources are of great importance for comparative genomics and evo-devo approaches. However, expression data from Physcomitrella patens were so far generated using different gene annotation versions and three different platforms: CombiMatrix and NimbleGen expression microarrays and RNA sequencing. The currently available P. patens expression data are distributed across three tools with different visualization methods to access the data. Here, we introduce an interactive expression atlas, Physcomitrella Expression Atlas Tool (PEATmoss), that unifies publicly available expression data for P. patens and provides multiple visualization methods to query the data in a single web-based tool. Moreover, PEATmoss includes 35 expression experiments not previously available in any other expression atlas. To facilitate gene expression queries across different gene annotation versions, and to access P. patens annotations and related resources, a lookup database and web tool linked to PEATmoss was implemented. PEATmoss can be accessed at https://peatmoss.online.uni-marburg.de.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noe Fernandez-Pozo
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Fabian B Haas
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Rabea Meyberg
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Kristian K Ullrich
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Ploen, Germany
| | - Manuel Hiss
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Hanke
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Viktor Kratz
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Eleanor F Vesty
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Christopher G Daum
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Matthew Zane
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Anna Lipzen
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | | | - Jane Grimwood
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
| | - Juliet C Coates
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kerrie Barry
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Jeremy Schmutz
- US Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
| | | | - Stefan A Rensing
- Plant Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- LOEWE Center for Synthetic Microbiology (SYNMIKRO), University of Marburg, Germany
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33
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Integrated Transcriptional and Proteomic Profiling Reveals Potential Amino Acid Transporters Targeted by Nitrogen Limitation Adaptation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062171. [PMID: 32245240 PMCID: PMC7139695 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is essential for plant growth and crop productivity. Organic N is a major form of remobilized N in plants’ response to N limitation. It is necessary to understand the regulatory role of N limitation adaption (NLA) in organic N remobilization for this adaptive response. Transcriptional and proteomic analyses were integrated to investigate differential responses of wild-type (WT) and nla mutant plants to N limitation and to identify the core organic N transporters targeted by NLA. Under N limitation, the nla mutant presented an early senescence with faster chlorophyll loss and less anthocyanin accumulation than the WT, and more N was transported out of the aging leaves in the form of amino acids. High-throughput transcriptomic and proteomic analyses revealed that N limitation repressed genes involved in photosynthesis and protein synthesis, and promoted proteolysis; these changes were higher in the nla mutant than in the WT. Both transcriptional and proteomic profiling demonstrated that LHT1, responsible for amino acid remobilization, were only significantly upregulated in the nla mutant under N limitation. These findings indicate that NLA might target LHT1 and regulate organic N remobilization, thereby improving our understanding of the regulatory role of NLA on N remobilization under N limitation.
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Schwarz B, Bauer P. FIT, a regulatory hub for iron deficiency and stress signaling in roots, and FIT-dependent and -independent gene signatures. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:1694-1705. [PMID: 31922570 PMCID: PMC7067300 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is vital for plant growth. Plants balance the beneficial and toxic effects of this micronutrient, and tightly control Fe uptake and allocation. Here, we review the role of the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor FIT (FER-LIKE FE DEFICIENCY-INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR) in Fe acquisition. FIT is not only essential, it is also a central regulatory hub in root cells to steer and adjust the rate of Fe uptake by the root in a changing environment. FIT regulates a subset of root Fe deficiency (-Fe) response genes. Based on a combination of co-expression network and FIT-dependent transcriptome analyses, we defined a set of FIT-dependent and FIT-independent gene expression signatures and co-expression clusters that encode specific functions in Fe regulation and Fe homeostasis. These gene signatures serve as markers to integrate novel regulatory factors and signals into the -Fe response cascade. FIT forms a complex with bHLH subgroup Ib transcription factors. Furthermore, it interacts with key regulators from different signaling pathways that either activate or inhibit FIT function to adjust Fe acquisition to growth and environmental constraints. Co-expression clusters and FIT protein interactions suggest a connection of -Fe with ABA responses and root cell elongation processes that can be explored in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birte Schwarz
- Institute of Botany, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Petra Bauer
- Institute of Botany, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence on Plant Science (CEPLAS), Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Kobayashi T, Ozu A, Kobayashi S, An G, Jeon JS, Nishizawa NK. OsbHLH058 and OsbHLH059 transcription factors positively regulate iron deficiency responses in rice. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 101:471-486. [PMID: 31552586 PMCID: PMC6814640 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00917-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Subgroup IVc basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors OsbHLH058 and OsbHLH059 positively regulate major iron deficiency responses in rice in a similar but distinct manner, putatively under partial control by OsHRZs. Under low iron availability, plants transcriptionally induce the expression of genes involved in iron uptake and translocation. OsHRZ1 and OsHRZ2 ubiquitin ligases negatively regulate this iron deficiency response in rice. The basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor OsbHLH060 interacts with OsHRZ1, and positively regulates iron deficiency-inducible genes. However, the functions of three other subgroup IVc bHLH transcription factors in rice, OsbHLH057, OsbHLH058, and OsbHLH059, have not yet been characterized. In the present study, we investigated the functions of OsbHLH058 and OsbHLH059 related to iron deficiency response. OsbHLH058 expression was repressed under iron deficiency, whereas the expression of OsbHLH057 and OsbHLH060 was moderately induced. Yeast two-hybrid analysis indicated that OsbHLH058 interacts with OsHRZ1 and OsHRZ2 more strongly than OsbHLH060, whereas OsbHLH059 showed no interaction. An in vitro ubiquitination assay detected no OsbHLH058 and OsbHLH060 ubiquitination by OsHRZ1 and OsHRZ2. Transgenic rice lines overexpressing OsbHLH058 showed tolerance for iron deficiency and higher iron concentration in seeds. These lines also showed enhanced expression of many iron deficiency-inducible genes involved in iron uptake and translocation under iron-sufficient conditions. Conversely, OsbHLH058 knockdown lines showed susceptibility to iron deficiency and reduced expression of many iron deficiency-inducible genes. OsbHLH059 knockdown lines were also susceptible to iron deficiency, and formed characteristic brownish regions in iron-deficient new leaves. OsbHLH059 knockdown lines also showed reduced expression of many iron deficiency-inducible genes. These results indicate that OsbHLH058 and OsbHLH059 positively regulate major iron deficiency responses in a similar but distinct manner, and that this function may be partially controlled by OsHRZs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takanori Kobayashi
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan.
| | - Asami Ozu
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Subaru Kobayashi
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
| | - Gynheung An
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
| | - Jong-Seong Jeon
- Crop Biotech Institute and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 17104, Korea
| | - Naoko K Nishizawa
- Research Institute for Bioresources and Biotechnology, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa, 921-8836, Japan
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
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Mendoza-Cózatl DG, Gokul A, Carelse MF, Jobe TO, Long TA, Keyster M. Keep talking: crosstalk between iron and sulfur networks fine-tunes growth and development to promote survival under iron limitation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4197-4210. [PMID: 31231775 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants are capable of synthesizing all the molecules necessary to complete their life cycle from minerals, water, and light. This plasticity, however, comes at a high energetic cost and therefore plants need to regulate their economy and allocate resources accordingly. Iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters are at the center of photosynthesis, respiration, amino acid, and DNA metabolism. Fe-S clusters are extraordinary catalysts, but their main components (Fe2+ and S2-) are highly reactive and potentially toxic. To prevent toxicity, plants have evolved mechanisms to regulate the uptake, storage, and assimilation of Fe and S. Recent advances have been made in understanding the cellular economy of Fe and S metabolism individually, and growing evidence suggests that there is dynamic crosstalk between Fe and S networks. In this review, we summarize and discuss recent literature on Fe sensing, allocation, use efficiency, and, when pertinent, its relationship to S metabolism. Our future perspectives include a discussion about the open questions and challenges ahead and how the plant nutrition field can come together to approach these questions in a cohesive and more efficient way.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Mendoza-Cózatl
- Division of Plant Sciences, C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Arun Gokul
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Mogamat F Carelse
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Timothy O Jobe
- Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Terri A Long
- Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Marshall Keyster
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Food Security, University of the Western Cape, Bellville, South Africa
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Arabidopsis BRUTUS-LIKE E3 ligases negatively regulate iron uptake by targeting transcription factor FIT for recycling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:17584-17591. [PMID: 31413196 PMCID: PMC6717287 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1907971116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms to balance the acquisition of sufficient Fe while preventing a toxic overload differ in bacteria, fungi, animals, and plants. Identification of specific E3 ligases acting directly on a key transcription factor for Fe uptake in Arabidopsis indicates how this balance is regulated in dicotyledonous plants. The domain structure and function of the E3 ligases show interesting parallels to a distantly related protein regulating Fe homeostasis in mammals. Moreover, the accumulation of Fe in weaker mutant alleles of the E3 ligases could be exploited for biofortification of crops. Organisms need to balance sufficient uptake of iron (Fe) with possible toxicity. In plant roots, a regulon of uptake genes is transcriptionally activated under Fe deficiency, but it is unknown how this response is inactivated when Fe becomes available. Here we describe the function of 2 partially redundant E3 ubiquitin ligases, BRUTUS-LIKE1 (BTSL1) and BTSL2, in Arabidopsis thaliana and provide evidence that they target the transcription factor FIT, a key regulator of Fe uptake, for degradation. The btsl double mutant failed to effectively down-regulate the transcription of genes controlled by FIT, and accumulated toxic levels of Fe in roots and leaves. The C-terminal domains of BTSL1 and BTSL2 exhibited E3 ligase activity, and interacted with FIT but not its dimeric partner bHLH39. The BTSL proteins were able to poly-ubiquitinate FIT in vitro and promote FIT degradation in vivo. Thus, posttranslational control of FIT is critical to prevent excess Fe uptake.
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