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Thongtip A, Mosaleeyanon K, Janta S, Wanichananan P, Chutimanukul P, Thepsilvisut O, Chutimanukul P. Assessing light spectrum impact on growth and antioxidant properties of basil family microgreens. Sci Rep 2024; 14:27875. [PMID: 39538013 PMCID: PMC11561104 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-79529-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 11/11/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the influence of light spectra on plant growth and antioxidant activities is crucial for optimizing cultivation practices and enhancing crop quality. In this study, we investigated the effects of different light treatments on growth parameters and antioxidant activities in five plant species: peppermint, Thai basil, cumin, lemon basil, and green holy basil. Our results revealed distinct responses to varying light spectra, with green light consistently promoting taller plant heights across all species. Additionally, blue light induced notable increases in plant width for certain species. Analysis of antioxidant activities demonstrated dynamic fluctuations in Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Flavonoid Content (TFC) among different light treatments and plant species. While white and red light generally promoted higher TPC levels, blue light unexpectedly exhibited the highest TPC levels at specific time points. Moreover, investigation into DPPH Radical Scavenging activity revealed diverse temporal responses to light spectra, with blue light demonstrating exceptional activity at early stages and white and red light showing heightened activity at later time points. These findings underscore the importance of tailored light regimes in optimizing growth parameters and enhancing antioxidant activities in cultivated plants, thereby offering promising avenues for sustainable agriculture and food production practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Thongtip
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Kriengkrai Mosaleeyanon
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Supattana Janta
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Praderm Wanichananan
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Preuk Chutimanukul
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit Center, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Ornprapa Thepsilvisut
- Department of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Rangsit Center, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Panita Chutimanukul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Klong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
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de Oliveira I, Chrysargyris A, Finimundy TC, Carocho M, Santos-Buelga C, Calhelha RC, Tzortzakis N, Barros L, Heleno SA. The influence of magnesium and manganese cations on the chemical and bioactive properties of purple and green basil. Food Funct 2024; 15:10644-10662. [PMID: 39376008 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo02820a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/09/2024]
Abstract
This research investigated the effects of hydroponic cultivation with enriched concentrations of magnesium (+Mg), manganese (+Mn), a combination of +Mg and +Mn, or decreased concentrations of these minerals (control) on the nutritional, chemical, and bioactive attributes of purple and green basil. While Mn significantly increased the growth of purple basil and affected the composition of essential oil and mineral accumulation, plants treated with Mg showed alterations in nutrient absorption. Protein values were lower, indicating suboptimal protein synthesis, but significant increases were observed in fat, ash, and carbohydrates, suggesting a more nutrient-rich composition due to hydroponic cultivation. Regarding phenolic compounds, green basil showed higher concentrations of rosmarinic acid with +Mg+Mn, while purple basil exhibited lower levels with the addition of +Mn or +Mg+Mn. Antioxidant activities mirrored the phenolic profile, with purple basil displaying superior performance in the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS) test with +Mg treatment, and green basil showing higher activity in the cell antioxidant activity (CAA) test with the +Mg+Mn combination. In microbiological analyses, purple basil was more effective against S. aureus, while green basil performed better against L. monocytogenes. Although none were bactericidal, all treatments showed potential as antimicrobials. Purple basil extracts had significant antiproliferative effects on tumor cell lines, especially non-small cell lung carcinoma (NCI-H460), with synergistic effects observed in gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) with +Mg+Mn. Additionally, +Mg+Mn demonstrated unique efficacy against colorectal adenocarcinoma (CaCo2) and breast carcinoma (MFC-7 cells), without toxicity to non-tumor a renal epithelial cell line from an African green monkey (VERO) cell, emphasizing the safety of the extracts. Green basil extracts showed no activity against the tumor cell lines analyzed (AGS, Caco2, MFC-7 and NCI-H460); however, they revealed remarkable antiproliferative effects against NCI-H460 cells in the control group. The results are important because they show how mineral treatments, such as the use of magnesium and manganese, influence the nutritional and medicinal properties of purple and green basil leaves. This highlights the relevance of manipulating nutrient solutions to improve plant quality, which is crucial for the production of functional foods and dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izamara de Oliveira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles (GIP-USAL), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain
| | - Antonios Chrysargyris
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus.
| | - Tiane C Finimundy
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Márcio Carocho
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Celestino Santos-Buelga
- Grupo de Investigación en Polifenoles (GIP-USAL), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ricardo C Calhelha
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Nikolaos Tzortzakis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus.
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Sandrina A Heleno
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
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Krzemińska J, Piątkowska E, Kopeć A, Smoleń S, Leszczyńska T, Koronowicz A. Iodine Bioavailability and Biochemical Effects of Brassica oleracea var. sabellica L. Biofortified with 8-Hydroxy-7-iodo-5-quinolinesulfonic Acid in Wistar Rats. Nutrients 2024; 16:3578. [PMID: 39519410 PMCID: PMC11547991 DOI: 10.3390/nu16213578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2024] [Revised: 10/16/2024] [Accepted: 10/18/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iodine is one of the essential trace elements for human life. The main objective of the biofortification of plants with iodine is to obtain food with a higher content of this element compared to conventional food. Biofortification of plants with iodine can increase the intake of this trace element by different populations. In addition, it may reduce the risk of iodine deficiency diseases. OBJECTIVES The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of kale biofortified with 8-hydroxy-7-iodo-5-quinolinesulfonic acid (8-OH-7-I-5QSA) on iodine bioavailability and biochemical effects in Wistar rats. METHODS Kale biofortified with (8-OH-7-I-5QSA) was tested for iodine levels in urine, feces, and selected tissues using the ICP-MS/MS technique. The feeding experiment was designed to investigate potential changes in selected thyroid-regulated biochemical parameters in blood serum of Wistar rats. RESULTS The dietary intake of Wistar rats fed kale biofortified with (8-OH-7-I-5QSA) from both the "Oldenbor F1" and "Redbor F1" cultivars for 8 weeks resulted in significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher iodine concentrations in the urine and kidneys of rats, which proves iodine bioavailability. Rats' diets with "Oldenbor F1" and "Redbor F1" kale non- and -biofortified with 8-OH-7-I-5QSA had a significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower or a tendency for lower concentration of TSH, triglyceride, total and direct bilirubin, TBARs, uric acid, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentrations in serum. Dietary intake of "Oldenbor F1" and "Redbor F1" kale biofortified with 8-OH-7-I-5QSA significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased the total antioxidant status (TAS). CONCLUSIONS Our study confirms that kale biofortified with iodine in organic form iodoquinoline 8-OH-7-I-5QSA is bioavailable and well absorbed by the Wistar rat and has a positive effect on selected biochemical parameters. The results obtained in this study may be highly predictive for further studies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Krzemińska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krakow, Poland; (J.K.); (E.P.); (A.K.); (T.L.)
| | - Ewa Piątkowska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krakow, Poland; (J.K.); (E.P.); (A.K.); (T.L.)
| | - Aneta Kopeć
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krakow, Poland; (J.K.); (E.P.); (A.K.); (T.L.)
| | - Sylwester Smoleń
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Teresa Leszczyńska
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krakow, Poland; (J.K.); (E.P.); (A.K.); (T.L.)
| | - Aneta Koronowicz
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krakow, Poland; (J.K.); (E.P.); (A.K.); (T.L.)
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Zheng K, Yu Z, Li Y, Liu C. Cd 2+ enhancing the bromination of bisphenol A in Brassica chinensis L.: Pathways and mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 945:174013. [PMID: 38880131 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Traditional heavy metal pollution, such as cadmium, impacts the transformation and risks of bisphenol pollutants (like bisphenol A, BPA), in plants, especially due to the ubiquitous presence of bromide ion. Although it has been discovered that the bromination of phenolic pollutants occurs in plants, thereby increasing the associated risks, the influence and mechanisms of bromination under complex contamination conditions involving both heavy metals and phenolic compounds remain poorly understood. This study addresses the issue by exposing Brassica chinensis L. to cadmium ion (Cd2+, 25-100 μM), with the hydroponic solution containing BPA (15 mg/L) and bromide ion (0.5 mM) in this work. It was observed that Cd2+ primarily enhanced the bromination of BPA by elevating the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the activity of peroxidase (POD) in Brassica chinensis L. The variety of bromination products within Brassica chinensis L. increased as the concentration of Cd2+ rose from 25 to 100 μM. The substitution positions of bromine were determined using Gaussian calculations and mass spectrometry analysis. The toxicity of bromination products derived from BPA was observed to increase based on Ecological Structure-Activity Relationships analysis and HepG2 cytotoxicity assays. This study provides new insights into the risks and health hazards associated with cadmium pollution, particularly its role in enhancing the bromination of bisphenol pollutants in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, Shandong University, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Zelian Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, Shandong University, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Yujiang Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, Shandong University, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China
| | - Chunguang Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong Key Laboratory of Environmental Processes and Health, Shandong University, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China; Laboratory of Marine Ecological Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong University, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China; Qingdao Key Laboratory of Marine Pollutant Prevention, Shandong University, 72# Jimo Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, PR China; Shandong Kenli Petrochemical Group Co., Ltd., No. 1001 Shengxing Road, Kenli District, Dongying City, Shandong Province, China.
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Puccinelli M, Rosellini I, Malorgio F, Pardossi A, Pezzarossa B. Iodine biofortification of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris var. cicla) and its wild ancestor sea beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima) grown hydroponically as baby leaves: effects on leaf production and quality. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:7888-7895. [PMID: 37483122 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND About 35-45% of the global population is affected by iodine deficiency. Iodine intake can be increased through the consumption of biofortified vegetables. Given the increasing interest in wild edible species of new leafy vegetables due to their high nutritional content, this study aimed to evaluate the suitability of Swiss chard (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris var. cicla) and its wild ancestor sea beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima) to be fortified with iodine. Plants were cultivated hydroponically in a nutrient solution enriched with four different concentrations of iodine (0, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mg L-1 ), and the production and quality of baby leaves were determined. RESULTS Sea beet accumulated more iodine than Swiss chard. In both subspecies, increasing the iodine concentration in the nutrient solution improved leaf quality as a result of greater antioxidant capacity - the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) index increased by 17% and 28%, at 0.5 and 1.5 mg L-1 iodine, respectively - the content of flavonoids (+31 and + 26%, at 1 and 1.5 mg L-1 of iodine, respectively), and the lower content of nitrate (-38% at 1.5 mg L-1 of iodine) and oxalate (-36% at 0.5 mg L-1 of iodine). In sea beet, however, iodine levels in the nutrient solution higher than 0.5 mg L-1 reduced crop yield significantly. CONCLUSIONS Both subspecies were found to be suitable for producing iodine-enriched baby leaves. The optimal iodine levels in the nutrient solution were 1.0 in Swiss chard and 0.5 mg L-1 in sea beet, as crop yield was not affected at these concentrations and leaves contained enough iodine to satisfy an adequate daily intake with a serving of 100 g. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Puccinelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Irene Rosellini
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, via G. Moruzzi 1, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Fernando Malorgio
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Alberto Pardossi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Beatrice Pezzarossa
- Research Institute on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, via G. Moruzzi 1, Pisa, 56124, Italy
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Ciriello M, Formisano L, El-Nakhel C, De Pascale S, Rouphael Y. Influence of genetic material, successive harvests and hydroponic cultivation on the yield and quality characteristics of ‘Genovese’ basil: an overview. ACTA HORTICULTURAE 2023:845-852. [DOI: 10.17660/actahortic.2023.1377.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2025]
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Magor E, Wilson MD, Wong H, Cresswell T, Sánchez-Palacios JT, Bell RW, Penrose B. Selected adjuvants increase the efficacy of foliar biofortification of iodine in bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) grain. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1246945. [PMID: 37799553 PMCID: PMC10548206 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1246945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Agronomic biofortification of crops is a promising approach that can improve the nutritional value of staple foods by alleviating dietary micronutrient deficiencies. Iodine deficiency is prevalent in many countries, including Australia, but it is not clear what foliar application strategies will be effective for iodine fortification of grain. This study hypothesised that combining adjuvants with iodine in foliar sprays would improve iodine penetration in wheat, leading to more efficient biofortification of grains. The glasshouse experiment included a total of nine treatments, including three reference controls: 1) Water; 2) potassium iodate (KIO3) and 3) potassium chloride (KCl); and a series of six different non-ionic surfactant or oil-based adjuvants: 4) KIO3 + BS1000; 5) KIO3 + Pulse® Penetrant; 6) KIO3 + Uptake®; 7) KIO3 + Hot-Up®; 8) KIO3 + Hasten® and 9) KIO3 + Synerterol® Horti Oil. Wheat was treated at heading, and again during the early milk growth stage. Adding the organosilicon-based adjuvant (Pulse®) to the spray formulation resulted in a significant increase in grain loading of iodine to 1269 µg/kg compared to the non-adjuvant KIO3 control at 231µg/kg, and the water and KCl controls (both 51µg/kg). The second most effective adjuvant was Synerterol® Horti Oil, which increased grain iodine significantly to 450µg/kg. The Uptake®, BS1000, Hasten®, and Hot-Up® adjuvants did not affect grain iodine concentrations relative to the KIO3 control. Importantly, iodine application and the subsequent increase in grain iodine had no significant effects on biomass production and grain yield relative to the controls. These results indicate that adjuvants can play an important role in agronomic biofortification practices, and organosilicon-based products have a great potential to enhance foliar penetration resulting in a higher translocation rate of foliar-applied iodine to grains, which is required to increase the iodine density of staple grains effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Magor
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Matthew Deas Wilson
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Henri Wong
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tom Cresswell
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Richard William Bell
- Centre for Sustainable Farming Systems, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- SoilsWest, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Beth Penrose
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
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Ledwożyw-Smoleń I, Pitala J, Smoleń S, Liszka-Skoczylas M, Kováčik P. Iodine Biofortification of Dandelion Plants ( Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wiggers Coll.) with the Use of Inorganic and Organic Iodine Compounds. Molecules 2023; 28:5638. [PMID: 37570607 PMCID: PMC10419995 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Iodine is a crucial microelement necessary for the proper functioning of human and animal organisms. Plant biofortification has been proposed as a method of improving the iodine status of the population. Recent studies in that field have revealed that iodine may also act as a beneficial element for higher plants. The aim of the work was to evaluate the efficiency of the uptake and accumulation of iodine in the plants of dandelion grown in a pot experiment. During cultivation, iodine was applied through fertigation in inorganic (KI, KIO3) and organic forms (5-iodosalicylic acid, 5-ISA; 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid, 3,5-diISA) at two concentrations (10 and 50 µM). The contents of total iodine and iodosalicylic acids, as well the plant biomass and antioxidant capacity of dandelion leaves and roots, were analyzed. The uptake of inorganic and organic forms by dandelion plants was confirmed with no negative effect on plant growth. The highest efficiency of improving iodine content in dandelion leaves and roots was noted for 50 µM KI. The applicability of iodosalicylates, especially 5-ISA, for plant biofortification purposes was confirmed, particularly as the increase in the iodine content after the application of 5-ISA was higher as compared to that with commonly used KIO3. The chemical analyses have revealed that iodosalicylates are endogenous compounds of dandelion plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Ledwożyw-Smoleń
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Joanna Pitala
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Sylwester Smoleń
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Kraków, Poland;
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, University of Agriculture in Kraków, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Marta Liszka-Skoczylas
- Department of Engineering and Machinery for Food Industry, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Peter Kováčik
- Department of Agrochemistry and Plant Nutrition, Institute of Agronomic Sciences, Faculty of Agrobiology and Food Resources, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia;
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Fayezizadeh MR, Ansari NA, Sourestani MM, Hasanuzzaman M. Biochemical Compounds, Antioxidant Capacity, Leaf Color Profile and Yield of Basil (Ocimum sp.) Microgreens in Floating System. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2652. [PMID: 37514265 PMCID: PMC10386441 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Basil is a great source of phytochemicals such as polyphenols, vitamin C, anthocyanin, and flavonoids. In this work, the biochemical compounds, antioxidant capacity, leaf color profile, and yield of 21 cultivars and genotypes of basil microgreen were investigated. Results showed that the highest antioxidant potential composite index (APCI) was measured in Persian Ablagh genotype (70.30). Twenty-one basil genotypes were classified into four clusters, including cluster 1 (lowest antioxidant capacity and total phenolic compounds), cluster 2 (lowest anthocyanin, vitamin C and APCI index), cluster 3 (highest vitamin C, total phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity and APCI index), and cluster 4 (highest levels of anthocyanin). The principal components analysis (PCA) of basil genotypes showed diversity in terms of phytochemical components, and F1, F2, F3, and F4 explained the variation at the rate of 78.12%. The average annual temperature of the origin of basil seeds plays an important role in the synthesis of antioxidant content. Most of the seeds with moderate origin had a higher APCI index. The Persian Ablagh genotype, Violeto, and Kapoor cultivars can be recommended, according to their APCI index and yield. These cultivars can be used individually or in different ratios to produce different biochemical substances with different concentrations for various purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Fayezizadeh
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 61357-43311, Iran
| | - Naser Alemzadeh Ansari
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 61357-43311, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mahmoudi Sourestani
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 61357-43311, Iran
| | - Mirza Hasanuzzaman
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Sher-e-Bangla Nagar, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh
- Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
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Giordano M, Ciriello M, Formisano L, El-Nakhel C, Pannico A, Graziani G, Ritieni A, Kyriacou MC, Rouphael Y, De Pascale S. Iodine-Biofortified Microgreens as High Nutraceutical Value Component of Space Mission Crew Diets and Candidate for Extraterrestrial Cultivation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2628. [PMID: 37514243 PMCID: PMC10384207 DOI: 10.3390/plants12142628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The success of Space missions and the efficacy of colonizing extraterrestrial environments depends on ensuring adequate nutrition for astronauts and autonomy from terrestrial resources. A balanced diet incorporating premium quality fresh foods, such as microgreens, is essential to the mental and physical well-being of mission crews. To improve the nutritional intake of astronaut meals, two levels of potassium iodide (KI; 4 µM and 8 µM) and an untreated control were assessed for iodine (I) biofortification, and overall nutraceutical profile of four microgreens: tatsoi (Brassica rapa L. subsp. narinosa), coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), green basil, and purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). A dose-dependent increase in I was observed at 8 µM for all species, reaching concentrations of 200.73, 118.17, 93.97, and 82.70 mg kg-1 of dry weight, in tatsoi, coriander, purple basil, and green basil, respectively. Across species, I biofortification slightly reduced fresh yield (-7.98%) while increasing the antioxidant activity (ABTS, FRAP, and DPPH). LC-MS/MS Q extractive orbitrap analysis detected 10 phenolic acids and 23 flavonoids among microgreen species. The total concentration of phenolic acids increased (+28.5%) in purple basil at 8 µM KI, while total flavonoids in coriander increased by 23.22% and 34.46% in response to 4 and 8 µM KI, respectively. Both doses of KI increased the concentration of total polyphenols in all species by an average of 17.45%, compared to the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giordano
- Dipartimento di Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A), University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Michele Ciriello
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Luigi Formisano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Christophe El-Nakhel
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Antonio Pannico
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Giulia Graziani
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alberto Ritieni
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Marios C Kyriacou
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Agricultural Research Institute, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Youssef Rouphael
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Stefania De Pascale
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
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11
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Lima JDS, Andrade OVS, Santos LCD, Morais EGD, Martins GS, Mutz YS, Nascimento VL, Marchiori PER, Lopes G, Guilherme LRG. Soybean Plants Exposed to Low Concentrations of Potassium Iodide Have Better Tolerance to Water Deficit through the Antioxidant Enzymatic System and Photosynthesis Modulation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2555. [PMID: 37447116 DOI: 10.3390/plants12132555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Water deficit inhibits plant growth by affecting several physiological processes, which leads to the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that may cause oxidative stress. In this regard, iodine (I) is already known to possibly enhance the antioxidant defense system of plants and promote photosynthetic improvements under adverse conditions. However, its direct effect on water deficit responses has not yet been demonstrated. To verify the efficiency of I concerning plant tolerance to water deficit, we exposed soybean plants to different concentrations of potassium iodide (KI) fed to pots with a nutrient solution and subsequently submitted them to water deficit. A decline in biomass accumulation was observed in plants under water deficit, while exposure to KI (10 and 20 μmol L-1) increased plant biomass by an average of 40%. Furthermore, exposure to KI concentrations of up to 20 μM improved gas exchange (~71%) and reduced lipid peroxidation. This is related to the higher enzymatic antioxidant activities found at 10 and 20 μM KI concentrations. However, when soybean plants were properly irrigated, KI concentrations greater than 10 μM promoted negative changes in photosynthetic efficiency, as well as in biomass accumulation and partition. In sum, exposure of soybean plants to 10 μM KI improved tolerance to water deficit, and up to this concentration, there is no evidence of phytotoxicity in plants grown under adequate irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jucelino de Sousa Lima
- Department of Biology, Institute of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Otávio Vitor Souza Andrade
- Department of Biology, Institute of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Leônidas Canuto Dos Santos
- Department of Soil Science, School of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Everton Geraldo de Morais
- Department of Soil Science, School of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Gabryel Silva Martins
- Department of Soil Science, School of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Yhan S Mutz
- Department of Soil Science, School of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-900, MG, Brazil
- Department of Food Science, School of Agricultural Science, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-900, MG, Brazil
| | - Vitor L Nascimento
- Department of Biology, Institute of Natural Sciences, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-900, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme Lopes
- Department of Soil Science, School of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Lavras (UFLA), Lavras 37200-900, MG, Brazil
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12
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Zhang Y, Cao H, Wang M, Zou Z, Zhou P, Wang X, Jin J. A review of iodine in plants with biofortification: Uptake, accumulation, transportation, function, and toxicity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:163203. [PMID: 37004776 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Iodine deficiency can cause thyroid disease, a serious health problem that has been affecting humans since several years. The biofortification of plants with iodine is an effective strategy for regulating iodine content in humans. In addition, radioiodine released into the atmosphere may contaminate terrestrial ecosystem along with dry or wet deposition and its accumulation in plants may cause exposure risks to humans via food chain. Recent progress in understanding the mechanisms related to iodine uptake, elementary speciation, dynamic transportation, nutritional role, and toxicity in plants is reviewed here. First, we introduced the iodine cycle in a marine-atmosphere-land system. The content and speciation of iodine in plants under natural conditions and biofortification backgrounds were also analyzed. We then discussed the mechanisms of iodine uptake and efflux by plants. The promotion or inhibition effects of iodine on plant growth were also investigated. Finally, the participation of radioiodine in plant growth and its safety risks along the food chain were evaluated. Furthermore, future challenges and opportunities for understanding the participation of iodine in plants have been outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
| | - Han Cao
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
| | - Min Wang
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
| | - Ziwei Zou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Pingfan Zhou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiangxue Wang
- Hebei Key Lab of Power Plant Flue Gas Multi-Pollutants Control, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
| | - Jie Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China.
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13
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Consentino BB, Vultaggio L, Iacuzzi N, La Bella S, De Pasquale C, Rouphael Y, Ntatsi G, Virga G, Sabatino L. Iodine Biofortification and Seaweed Extract-Based Biostimulant Supply Interactively Drive the Yield, Quality, and Functional Traits in Strawberry Fruits. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:245. [PMID: 36678959 PMCID: PMC9863389 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The horticultural sector is seeking innovative and sustainable agronomic practices which could lead to enhanced yield and product quality. Currently, plant biofortification is recognized as a valuable technique to improve microelement concentrations in plant tissues. Among trace elements, iodine (I) is an essential microelement for human nutrition. Concomitantly, the application of biostimulants may improve overall plant production and quality traits. With the above background in mind, an experiment was designed with the aim of assessing the interactive impact of a seaweed extract-based biostimulant (SwE) (0 mL L-1 (served as control) or 3 mL L-1 (optimal dosage)) and 0, 100, 300, or 600 mg L-1 I on the growth parameters, yield, fruit quality, minerals, and functional characteristics of the tunnel-grown "Savana" strawberry. SwE foliar application improved the plant growth-related traits, total and marketable yield, fruit color parameters, soluble solids content, nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg) fruit concentrations. Furthermore, an enhancement in the fruit dry matter content, ascorbic acid, and I concentration in fruits was detected when the SwE supply interacted with a mild I dose (100 or 300 mg L-1). The research underlined that combining SwE application and I biofortification increased the strawberry yield and quality and enhanced the plant nutritional status variation, thereby, determining a boosted strawberry I tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beppe Benedetto Consentino
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Sciences (SAAF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 5, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Lorena Vultaggio
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Sciences (SAAF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 5, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Nicolò Iacuzzi
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Sciences (SAAF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 5, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore La Bella
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Sciences (SAAF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 5, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudio De Pasquale
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Sciences (SAAF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 5, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Youssef Rouphael
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Georgia Ntatsi
- Laboratory of Vegetable Production, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece
| | - Giuseppe Virga
- Research Consortium for the Development of Innovative Agro-Environmental Systems (Corissia), Via della Libertà 203, 90143 Palermo, Italy
| | - Leo Sabatino
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Forestry Sciences (SAAF), University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Ed. 5, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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14
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Ciriello M, Formisano L, Kyriacou M, Soteriou GA, Graziani G, De Pascale S, Rouphael Y. Zinc biofortification of hydroponically grown basil: Stress physiological responses and impact on antioxidant secondary metabolites of genotypic variants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1049004. [PMID: 36388561 PMCID: PMC9647093 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1049004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ocimum basilicum L. is an aromatic plant rich in bioactive metabolites beneficial to human health. The agronomic biofortification of basil with Zn could provide a practical and sustainable solution to address Zn deficiency in humans. Our research appraised the effects of biofortification implemented through nutrient solutions of different Zn concentration (12.5, 25.0, 37.5, and 50 µM) on the yield, physiological indices (net CO2 assimilation rate, transpiration, stomatal conductance, and chlorophyll fluorescence), quality, and Zn concentration of basil cultivars 'Aroma 2' and 'Eleonora' grown in a floating raft system. The ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP antioxidant activities were determined by UV-VIS spectrophotometry, the concentrations of phenolic acids by mass spectrometry using a Q Extractive Orbitrap LC-MS/MS, and tissue Zn concentration by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Although increasing the concentration of Zn in the nutrient solution significantly reduced the yield, this reduction was less evident in 'Aroma 2'. However, regardless of cultivar, the use of the maximum dose of Zn (50 µM) increased the concentration of carotenoids, polyphenols, and antioxidant activity on average by 19.76, 14.57, and 33.72%, respectively, compared to the Control. The significant positive correlation between Zn in the nutrient solution and Zn in plant tissues underscores the suitability of basil for soilless biofortification programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ciriello
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Luigi Formisano
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Marios Kyriacou
- Department of Vegetable Crops, Agricultural Research Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - Giulia Graziani
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Naples “Federico II”, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania De Pascale
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
| | - Youssef Rouphael
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, Italy
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15
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McMahon NF, Brooker PG, Pavey TG, Leveritt MD. Nitrate, nitrite and nitrosamines in the global food supply. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:2673-2694. [PMID: 36168920 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2124949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Inorganic nitrate provided by either nitrate salts or food supplements may improve cardiometabolic health. However, current methods to assess dietary nitrate, nitrite and nitrosamine consumption are inadequate. The purpose of this study was to develop a reference database to estimate the levels of nitrate, nitrite and nitrosamines in the global food supply. A systematic literature search was undertaken; of the 5,747 articles screened, 448 met the inclusion criteria. The final database included data for 1,980 food and beverages from 65 different countries. There were 5,105 unique records for nitrate, 2,707 for nitrite, and 954 for nitrosamine. For ease of use, data were sorted into 12 categories; regarding nitrate and nitrite concentrations in food and beverages, 'vegetables and herbs' were most reported in the literature (n = 3,268 and n = 1,200, respectively). For nitrosamines, 'protein foods of animal origin' were most reported (n = 398 records). This database will allow researchers and practitioners to confidently estimate dietary intake of nitrate, nitrite and nitrosamines. When paired with health data, our database can be used to investigate associations between nitrate intake and health outcomes, and/or exercise performance and could support the development of key dietary nitrate intake guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas F McMahon
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paige G Brooker
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Toby G Pavey
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael D Leveritt
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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16
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Kiferle C, Gonzali S, Beltrami S, Martinelli M, Hora K, Holwerda HT, Perata P. Improvement in fruit yield and tolerance to salinity of tomato plants fertigated with micronutrient amounts of iodine. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14655. [PMID: 36038704 PMCID: PMC9424290 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18301-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Iodine is an essential micronutrient for humans, but its role in plant physiology was debated for nearly a century. Recently its functional involvement in plant nutrition and stress-protection collected the first experimental evidence. This study wanted to examine in depth the involvement of iodine in tomato plant nutrition, also evaluating its potential on salt stress tolerance. To this end, iodine was administered at dosages effective for micronutrients to plants grown in different experimental systems (growth chamber and greenhouse), alone or in presence of a mild-moderate NaCl-salinity stress. Plant vegetative fitness, fruit yield and quality, biochemical parameters and transcriptional activity of selected stress-responsive genes were evaluated. In unstressed plants, iodine increased plant growth and fruit yield, as well as some fruit qualitative parameters. In presence of salt stress, iodine mitigated some of the negative effects observed, according to the iodine/NaCl concentrations used. Some fruit parameters and the expressions of the stress marker genes analyzed were affected by the treatments, explaining, at least in part, the increased plant tolerance to the salinity. This study thus reconfirms the functional involvement of iodine in plant nutrition and offers evidence towards the use of minute amounts of it as a beneficial nutrient for crop production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kiferle
- PlantLab, Center of Plant Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Silvia Gonzali
- PlantLab, Center of Plant Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Beltrami
- PlantLab, Center of Plant Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Martinelli
- PlantLab, Center of Plant Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Katja Hora
- SQM International N.V., 2030, Antwerpen, Belgium
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17
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Smoleń S, Kowalska I, Skoczylas Ł, Tabaszewska M, Pitala J, Mrożek J, Kováčik P. Effectiveness of enriching lettuce with iodine using 5-iodosalicylic and 3,5-diiodosalicylic acids and the chemical composition of plants depending on the type of soil in a pot experiment. Food Chem 2022; 382:132347. [PMID: 35151013 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Iodine is a beneficial element for humans, animals and plants. This study was a comparison of the effectiveness of iodosalicylate uptake by lettuce. The experiment included two sub-blocks: organic soil and mineral soil with the addition of the same fertigation of plants (8 times every 7 days) with 10 µM solutions (100 mL/per one plant/one application) of potassium iodate (KIO3), salicylic acid (SA) alone or together with KIO3, 5-iodosalicylic acid (5-ISA) or 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid (3,5-diISA). None of the tested iodine compounds negatively affected the yield of lettuce. When growing plants on mineral soil, plants accumulated more iodine in the leaves than plants grown on peat substrate. The use of 5-ISA allowed for achieving better efficiency of plant biofortification in iodine than the application of KIO3 and 3,5-diISA. The type of soil significantly modified the chemical composition of lettuce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwester Smoleń
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. 29 Listopada 54, 31-425 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Iwona Kowalska
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. 29 Listopada 54, 31-425 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Skoczylas
- Department of Plant Product Technology and Nutrition Hygiene, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, ul. Balicka 122, 30-149 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Tabaszewska
- Department of Plant Product Technology and Nutrition Hygiene, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, ul. Balicka 122, 30-149 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Joanna Pitala
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. 29 Listopada 54, 31-425 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Joanna Mrożek
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, ul. Balicka 122, 30-149 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Peter Kováčik
- Department of Agrochemistry and Plant Nutrition, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 01 Nitra, Slovakia.
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18
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Enhancing the nutritional value of Portulaca oleracea L. by using soilless agronomic biofortification with zinc. Food Res Int 2022; 155:111057. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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19
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An Appraisal of Critical Factors Configuring the Composition of Basil in Minerals, Bioactive Secondary Metabolites, Micronutrients and Volatile Aromatic Compounds. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Baldassano S, Di Gaudio F, Sabatino L, Caldarella R, De Pasquale C, Di Rosa L, Nuzzo D, Picone P, Vasto S. Biofortification: Effect of Iodine Fortified Food in the Healthy Population, Double-Arm Nutritional Study. Front Nutr 2022; 9:871638. [PMID: 35399653 PMCID: PMC8984677 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.871638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is estimated that one-third of the world's population lives in areas where iodine (I) is scarce and its deficiency is responsible for many related disorders, such as goiter, reproductive failure, hearing loss, growth impairment, congenital I deficiency syndrome, and numerous kinds of brain injury. Mineral deficiencies can be overcome via dietary diversification and mineral supplementation. An alternative or even complementary way is represented by the intake of biofortified foods, which can tackle this lack of micronutrients. In this short-term double-arm nutritional intervention study, a cohort of ten people was supplemented with curly endive leaf biofortified with I and ten people with curly endive without biofortification (Intervention Study on Iodine Biofortification Vegetables (Nutri-I-Food - Full-Text View - ClinicalTrials.gov). The effects on whole-body homeostasis and specifically on I, glucose, lipid, and hepatic, iron metabolism was investigated. Blood samples were obtained at baseline and after 12 days of supplementation with curly endive and compared with controls. Hematochemical and urinary parameters were analyzed at baseline and after 12 days. The results showed that short-term I curly endive intervention did not affect the whole body homeostasis in healthy people and revealed an increase in I concentration in urine samples and an increase in vitamin D, calcium, and potassium concentration in blood samples only in the biofortified cohort respect to controls. This study suggests that short-term consumption of I curly endive crops is safe and could positively impact body health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Baldassano
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesca Di Gaudio
- Department of Promoting Health, Maternal-Infant, Excellence and Internal and Specialized Medicine (ProMISE) G. D’Alessandro, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Leo Sabatino
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali (SAAF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rosalia Caldarella
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, “P. Giaccone” University Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudio De Pasquale
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali (SAAF), University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Luigi Di Rosa
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Domenico Nuzzo
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l’Innovazione Biomedica (IRIB), CNR, Palermo, Italy
| | - Pasquale Picone
- Istituto per la Ricerca e l’Innovazione Biomedica (IRIB), CNR, Palermo, Italy
| | - Sonya Vasto
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institutes of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
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21
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Hutter EM, Sangster R, Testerink C, Ehrler B, Gommers CMM. Metal halide perovskite toxicity effects on Arabidopsis thaliana plants are caused by iodide ions. iScience 2022; 25:103583. [PMID: 35005533 PMCID: PMC8717450 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly efficient solar cells containing lead halide perovskites are expected to revolutionize sustainable energy production in the coming years. Perovskites are generally assumed to be toxic because of the lead (Pb), but experimental evidence to support this prediction is scarce. We tested the toxicity of the perovskite MAPbI3 (MA = CH3NH3) and several precursors in Arabidopsis thaliana plants. Both MAPbI3 and the precursor MAI hamper plant growth at concentrations above 5 μM. Lead-based precursors without iodide are only toxic above 500 μM. Iodine accumulation in Arabidopsis correlates with growth inhibition at much lower concentrations than lead. This reveals that perovskite toxicity at low concentrations is caused by iodide ions specifically, instead of lead. We calculate that toxicity thresholds for iodide, but not lead, are likely to be reached in soils upon perovskite leakage. This work stresses the importance to further understand and predict harmful effects of iodide-containing perovskites in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline M Hutter
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, 1098 XG Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Reiny Sangster
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Christa Testerink
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bruno Ehrler
- Center for Nanophotonics, AMOLF, 1098 XG Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Charlotte M M Gommers
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
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22
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Golubkina N, Moldovan A, Fedotov M, Kekina H, Kharchenko V, Folmanis G, Alpatov A, Caruso G. Iodine and Selenium Biofortification of Chervil Plants Treated with Silicon Nanoparticles. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2528. [PMID: 34834890 PMCID: PMC8618568 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Production of functional food with high levels of selenium (Se) and iodine (I) obtained via plant biofortification shows significant difficulties due to the complex interaction between the two elements. Taking into account the known beneficial effect of silicon (Si) on plant growth and development, single and joint foliar biofortification of chervil plants with potassium iodide (150 mg L-1) and sodium selenate (10 mg L-1) was carried out in a pot experiment with and without Si nanoparticles foliar supplementation. Compared to control plants, nano-Si (14 mg L-1) increased shoot biomass in all treatments: by 4.8 times with Si; by 2.8 times with I + Si; by 5.6 times with Se + Si; by 4.0 times with I + Se + Si. The correspondent increases in root biomass were 4.5, 8.7, 13.3 and 10.0 times, respectively. The growth stimulation effect of Se, I and I + Se treatments resulted in a 2.7, 3.5 and 3.6 times increase for chervil shoots and 1.6, 3.1 and 8.6 times for roots, respectively. Nano-Si improved I biofortification levels by twice, while I and Se enhanced the plant content of each other. All treatments decreased nitrate levels, compared to control, and increased the photopigment accumulation. Improvement of total antioxidant activity and phenolic content was recorded only under the joint application of Se + I + Si. Foliar nano-Si treatment affected other element content in plants: decreased Na+ accumulation in single and joint supplementation with Se and I, restored Fe, Mn and Cr amount compared to the decreased levels recorded in separately Se and I fortified plants and promoted Al accumulation both with or without Se and I biofortification. The results of this research suggest high prospects of foliar nano-Si supply for enhancing both growth and joint I/Se biofortification of chervil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Golubkina
- Federal Scientific Vegetable Center, Moscow 143072, Russia; (A.M.); (V.K.)
| | - Anastasia Moldovan
- Federal Scientific Vegetable Center, Moscow 143072, Russia; (A.M.); (V.K.)
| | - Mikhail Fedotov
- A. Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Material Science, Leninsky Pr. 49, Moscow 119334, Russia; (M.F.); (G.F.); (A.A.)
| | - Helene Kekina
- Department of Hygiene, Medical Postgraduate Academy, Moscow 123995, Russia;
| | - Viktor Kharchenko
- Federal Scientific Vegetable Center, Moscow 143072, Russia; (A.M.); (V.K.)
| | - Gundar Folmanis
- A. Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Material Science, Leninsky Pr. 49, Moscow 119334, Russia; (M.F.); (G.F.); (A.A.)
| | - Andrey Alpatov
- A. Baikov Institute of Metallurgy and Material Science, Leninsky Pr. 49, Moscow 119334, Russia; (M.F.); (G.F.); (A.A.)
| | - Gianluca Caruso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy;
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23
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Smoleń S, Czernicka M, Kowalska I, Kȩska K, Halka M, Grzebelus D, Grzanka M, Skoczylas Ł, Pitala J, Koronowicz A, Kováčik P. New Aspects of Uptake and Metabolism of Non-organic and Organic Iodine Compounds-The Role of Vanadium and Plant-Derived Thyroid Hormone Analogs in Lettuce. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:653168. [PMID: 33936138 PMCID: PMC8086602 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.653168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The process of uptake and translocation of non-organic iodine (I) ions, I- and IO3 -, has been relatively well-described in literature. The situation is different for low-molecular-weight organic aromatic I compounds, as data on their uptake or metabolic pathway is only fragmentary. The aim of this study was to determine the process of uptake, transport, and metabolism of I applied to lettuce plants by fertigation as KIO3, KIO3 + salicylic acid (KIO3+SA), and iodosalicylates, 5-iodosalicylic acid (5-ISA) and 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid (3,5-diISA), depending on whether additional fertilization with vanadium (V) was used. Each I compound was applied at a dose of 10 μM, SA at a dose of 10 μM, and V at a dose of 0.1 μM. Three independent 2-year-long experiments were carried out with lettuce; two with pot systems using a peat substrate and mineral soil and one with hydroponic lettuce. The effectiveness of I uptake and translocation from the roots to leaves was as follows: 5-ISA > 3,5-diISA > KIO3. Iodosalicylates, 5-ISA and 3,5-diISA, were naturally synthesized in plants, similarly to other organic iodine metabolites, i.e., iodotyrosine, as well as plant-derived thyroid hormone analogs (PDTHA), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). T3 and T4 were synthesized in roots with the participation of endogenous and exogenous 5-ISA and 3,5-diISA and then transported to leaves. The level of plant enrichment in I was safe for consumers. Several genes were shown to perform physiological functions, i.e., per64-like, samdmt, msams5, and cipk6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwester Smoleń
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Czernicka
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Iwona Kowalska
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Kinga Kȩska
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Halka
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Dariusz Grzebelus
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marlena Grzanka
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Łukasz Skoczylas
- Department of Plant Product Technology and Nutrition Hygiene, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Pitala
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Aneta Koronowicz
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Kraków, Poland
| | - Peter Kováčik
- Department of Agrochemistry and Plant Nutrition, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra, Slovakia
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24
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Iodine Biofortification Counters Micronutrient Deficiency and Improve Functional Quality of Open Field Grown Curly Endive. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7030058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human iodine (I) shortage disorders are documented as an imperative world-wide health issue for a great number of people. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends I consumption through ingestion of seafood and biofortified food such as vegetables. The current work was carried out to appraise the effects of different I concentrations (0, 50, 250, and 500 mg L−1), supplied via foliar spray on curly endive grown in the fall or spring–summer season. Head fresh weight, stem diameter, head height, and soluble solid content (SSC) were negatively correlated to I dosage. The highest head dry matter content was recorded in plants supplied with 250 mg I L−1, both in the fall and spring–summer season, and in those cultivated in the fall season and supplied with 50 mg I L−1. The highest ascorbic acid concentration was recorded in plants cultivated in the spring–summer season and biofortified with the highest I dosage. The highest fructose and glucose concentrations in leaf tissues were obtained in plants cultivated in the spring–summer season and treated with 250 mg I L−1. Plants sprayed with 250 mg I L−1 and cultivated in the fall season had the highest I leaf concentration. Overall, our results evidently suggested that an I application of 250 mg L−1 in both growing seasons effectively enhanced plant quality and functional parameters in curly endive plants.
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25
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Budke C, Dierend W, Schön HG, Hora K, Mühling KH, Daum D. Iodine Biofortification of Apples and Pears in an Orchard Using Foliar Sprays of Different Composition. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:638671. [PMID: 33719316 PMCID: PMC7943743 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.638671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Many people across the world suffer from iodine (I) deficiency and related diseases. The I content in plant-based foods is particularly low, but can be enhanced by agronomic biofortification. Therefore, in this study two field experiments were conducted under orchard conditions to assess the potential of I biofortification of apples and pears by foliar fertilization. Fruit trees were sprayed at various times during the growing season with solutions containing I in different concentrations and forms. In addition, tests were carried out to establish whether the effect of I sprays can be improved by co-application of potassium nitrate (KNO3) and sodium selenate (Na2SeO4). Iodine accumulation in apple and pear fruits was dose-dependent, with a stronger response to potassium iodide (KI) than potassium iodate (KIO3). In freshly harvested apple and pear fruits, 51% and 75% of the biofortified iodine was localized in the fruit peel, respectively. The remaining I was translocated into the fruit flesh, with a maximum of 3% reaching the core. Washing apples and pears with running deionized water reduced their I content by 14%. To achieve the targeted accumulation level of 50-100 μg I per 100 g fresh mass in washed and unpeeled fruits, foliar fertilization of 1.5 kg I per hectare and meter canopy height was required when KIO3 was applied. The addition of KNO3 and Na2SeO4 to I-containing spray solutions did not affect the I content in fruits. However, the application of KNO3 increased the total soluble solids content of the fruits by up to 1.0 °Brix compared to the control, and Na2SeO4 in the spray solution increased the fruit selenium (Se) content. Iodine sprays caused leaf necrosis, but without affecting the development and marketing quality of the fruits. Even after three months of cold storage, no adverse effects of I fertilization on general fruit characteristics were observed, however, I content of apples decreased by 20%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Budke
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Werner Dierend
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Schön
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Katja Hora
- SQM International N.V, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Karl Hermann Mühling
- Faculty of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Institute of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Diemo Daum
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Landscape Architecture, Osnabrück University of Applied Sciences, Osnabrück, Germany
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26
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Kiferle C, Martinelli M, Salzano AM, Gonzali S, Beltrami S, Salvadori PA, Hora K, Holwerda HT, Scaloni A, Perata P. Evidences for a Nutritional Role of Iodine in Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:616868. [PMID: 33679830 PMCID: PMC7925997 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.616868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the role of iodine in plant physiology. We evaluated the impact of low concentrations of iodine on the phenotype, transcriptome and proteome of Arabidopsis thaliana. Our experiments showed that removal of iodine from the nutrition solution compromises plant growth, and restoring it in micromolar concentrations is beneficial for biomass accumulation and leads to early flowering. In addition, iodine treatments specifically regulate the expression of several genes, mostly involved in the plant defence response, suggesting that iodine may protect against both biotic and abiotic stress. Finally, we demonstrated iodine organification in proteins. Our bioinformatic analysis of proteomic data revealed that iodinated proteins identified in the shoots are mainly associated with the chloroplast and are functionally involved in photosynthetic processes, whereas those in the roots mostly belong and/or are related to the action of various peroxidases. These results suggest the functional involvement of iodine in plant nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kiferle
- Plant Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marco Martinelli
- Plant Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Salzano
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute for the Animal Production System in the Mediterranean Environment (ISPAAM), National Research Council, Napoli, Italy
| | - Silvia Gonzali
- Plant Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Beltrami
- Plant Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Katja Hora
- SQM International N.V., Antwerpen, Belgium
| | | | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Institute for the Animal Production System in the Mediterranean Environment (ISPAAM), National Research Council, Napoli, Italy
| | - Pierdomenico Perata
- Plant Lab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
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