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Liang S, Gao Y, Granato D, Ye JH, Zhou W, Yin JF, Xu YQ. Pruned tea biomass plays a significant role in functional food production: A review on characterization and comprehensive utilization of abandon-plucked fresh tea leaves. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13406. [PMID: 39030800 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Tea is the second largest nonalcoholic beverage in the world due to its characteristic flavor and well-known functional properties in vitro and in vivo. Global tea production reaches 6.397 million tons in 2022 and continues to rise. Fresh tea leaves are mainly harvested in spring, whereas thousands of tons are discarded in summer and autumn. Herein, pruned tea biomass refers to abandon-plucked leaves being pruned in the non-plucking period, especially in summer and autumn. At present, no relevant concluding remarks have been made on this undervalued biomass. This review summarizes the seasonal differences of intrinsic metabolites and pays special attention to the most critical bioactive and flavor compounds, including polyphenols, theanine, and caffeine. Additionally, meaningful and profound methods to transform abandon-plucked fresh tea leaves into high-value products are reviewed. In summer and autumn, tea plants accumulate much more phenols than in spring, especially epigallocatechin gallate (galloyl catechin), anthocyanins (catechin derivatives), and proanthocyanidins (polymerized catechins). Vigorous carbon metabolism induced by high light intensity and temperature in summer and autumn also accumulates carbohydrates, such as soluble sugars and cellulose. The characteristics of abandon-plucked tea leaves make them not ideal raw materials for tea, but suitable for novel tea products like beverages and food ingredients using traditional or hybrid technologies such as enzymatic transformation, microbial fermentation, formula screening, and extraction, with the abundant polyphenols in summer and autumn tea serving as prominent flavor and bioactive contributors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liang
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Gao
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daniel Granato
- Bioactivity and Applications Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Natural Sciences Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Jian-Hui Ye
- Zhejiang University Tea Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weibiao Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jun-Feng Yin
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Quan Xu
- Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Breeding of Special Economic Animals and Plants, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, China
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Pathak HK, Chauhan PK, Seth CS, Dubey G, Upadhyay SK. Mechanistic and future prospects in rhizospheric engineering for agricultural contaminants removal, soil health restoration, and management of climate change stress. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:172116. [PMID: 38575037 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Climate change, food insecurity, and agricultural pollution are all serious challenges in the twenty-first century, impacting plant growth, soil quality, and food security. Innovative techniques are required to mitigate these negative outcomes. Toxic heavy metals (THMs), organic pollutants (OPs), and emerging contaminants (ECs), as well as other biotic and abiotic stressors, can all affect nutrient availability, plant metabolic pathways, agricultural productivity, and soil-fertility. Comprehending the interactions between root exudates, microorganisms, and modified biochar can aid in the fight against environmental problems such as the accumulation of pollutants and the stressful effects of climate change. Microbes can inhibit THMs uptake, degrade organic pollutants, releases biomolecules that regulate crop development under drought, salinity, pathogenic attack and other stresses. However, these microbial abilities are primarily demonstrated in research facilities rather than in contaminated or stressed habitats. Despite not being a perfect solution, biochar can remove THMs, OPs, and ECs from contaminated areas and reduce the impact of climate change on plants. We hypothesized that combining microorganisms with biochar to address the problems of contaminated soil and climate change stress would be effective in the field. Despite the fact that root exudates have the potential to attract selected microorganisms and biochar, there has been little attention paid to these areas, considering that this work addresses a critical knowledge gap of rhizospheric engineering mediated root exudates to foster microbial and biochar adaptation. Reducing the detrimental impacts of THMs, OPs, ECs, as well as abiotic and biotic stress, requires identifying the best root-associated microbes and biochar adaptation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu K Pathak
- Department of Environmental Science, V.B.S. Purvanchal University, Jaunpur 222003, India
| | - Prabhat K Chauhan
- Department of Environmental Science, V.B.S. Purvanchal University, Jaunpur 222003, India
| | | | - Gopal Dubey
- Department of Environmental Science, V.B.S. Purvanchal University, Jaunpur 222003, India
| | - Sudhir K Upadhyay
- Department of Environmental Science, V.B.S. Purvanchal University, Jaunpur 222003, India.
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Sanchez-Lucas R, Mayoral C, Raw M, Mousouraki MA, Luna E. Elevated CO2 alters photosynthesis, growth and susceptibility to powdery mildew of oak seedlings. Biochem J 2023; 480:1429-1443. [PMID: 37497606 PMCID: PMC10586781 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20230002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Elevated CO2 (eCO2) is a determinant factor of climate change and is known to alter plant processes such as physiology, growth and resistance to pathogens. Quercus robur, a tree species integrated in most forest regeneration strategies, shows high vulnerability to powdery mildew (PM) disease at the seedling stage. PM is present in most oak forests and it is considered a bottleneck for oak woodland regeneration. Our study aims to decipher the effect of eCO2 on plant responses to PM. Oak seedlings were grown in controlled environment at ambient (aCO2, ∼400 ppm) and eCO2 (∼1000 ppm), and infected with Erysiphe alphitoides, the causal agent of oak PM. Plant growth, physiological parameters and disease progression were monitored. In addition, to evaluate the effect of eCO2 on induced resistance (IR), these parameters were assessed after treatments with IR elicitor β-aminobutyric acid (BABA). Our results show that eCO2 increases photosynthetic rates and aerial growth but in contrast, reduces root length. Importantly, under eCO2 seedlings were more susceptible to PM. Treatments with BABA protected seedlings against PM and this protection was maintained under eCO2. Moreover, irrespectively of the concentration of CO2, BABA did not significantly change aerial growth but resulted in longer radicular systems, thus mitigating the effect of eCO2 in root shortening. Our results demonstrate the impact of eCO2 in plant physiology, growth and defence, and warrant further biomolecular studies to unravel the mechanisms by which eCO2 increases oak seedling susceptibility to PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Sanchez-Lucas
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Carolina Mayoral
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Mark Raw
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Maria-Anna Mousouraki
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Gibber Hill Campus, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Estrella Luna
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
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Li Z, Ahammed GJ. Salicylic acid and jasmonic acid in elevated CO 2-induced plant defense response to pathogens. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 286:154019. [PMID: 37244001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2023.154019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to elevated CO2 (eCO2) via a variety of signaling pathways that often rely on plant hormones. In particular, phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) play a key role in plant defense against diverse pathogens at eCO2. eCO2 affects the synthesis and signaling of SA and/or JA and variations in SA and JA signaling lead to variations in plant defense responses to pathogens. In general, eCO2 promotes SA signaling and represses the JA pathway, and thus diseases caused by biotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens are typically suppressed, while the incidence and severity of diseases caused by necrotrophic fungal pathogens are enhanced under eCO2 conditions. Moreover, eCO2-induced modulation of antagonism between SA and JA leads to altered plant immunity to different pathogens. Notably, research in this area has often yielded contradictory findings and these responses vary depending on plant species, growth conditions, photoperiod, and fertilizer management. In this review, we focus on the recent advances in SA, and JA signaling pathways in plant defense and their involvement in plant immune responses to pathogens under eCO2. Since atmospheric CO2 will continue to increase, it is crucial to further explore how eCO2 may alter plant defense and host-pathogen interactions in the context of climate change in both natural as well as agricultural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Li
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, PR China
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, PR China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Stress Resistance Regulation and Safe Production of Protected Vegetables, Luoyang, 471023, PR China; Henan Engineering Technology Research Center for Horticultural Crop safety and Disease Control, Luoyang, 471023, PR China.
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Benti T, Debela A, Bekele Y, Suleman S. Effect of seasonal variation on yield and leaf quality of tea clone (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) in South West Ethiopia. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14051. [PMID: 36925555 PMCID: PMC10011197 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The tea plant is widely cultivated in southwest Ethiopia. But the impact of seasonal variation on monthly yield, leaf quality, and the long-term yield response potential of clones has not been studied. The objective of the study is to determine the impact of seasonal change and climate variables on the yield and leaf quality of tea plants in southwest Ethiopia. The experiment consisted of five clones and four seasons under a split-plot design and was replicated three times. The results indicated that the yield and leaf quality showed significant variation in the different seasons at P < 0.05. The highest peak yields of 12.68, 12.59, and 11.3 kg plot-1 were recorded in May, June, and April, respectively, and the yield suddenly dropped by 5.1% in July. Then the soft banjhi increased by 5-10% in July. The yield response potential of clones is highly affected by monthly climate variation at P < 0.05. Clone BB-35 recorded the highest (18.8 kg plot-1) yield in June, followed by clones 11/4 (18.3) in May, 11/56 (14.7) in November, 6/8 (11.7) in December, and 12/38 (5.78 kg plot-1) in June. The lowest mean green leaf and a longer shoot replacement cycle were created due to a decrease in rainfall to 760 mm/month and rising temperatures above 26.35 °C in winter. The leaf phenological response of tea clones is strongly governed by the monthly temperature and suitable precipitation pattern of a season. The highlands have two harvesting seasons, i.e., a dry and a wet harvesting season. The dry harvesting season, which exists between the middle of December and March, accounts for 18.3-24.3% of the total annual yield. The wet harvesting season is subdivided further into two peak harvesting seasons. The first harvest is characterized by a short plucking round, and the highest peak yield occurs in April, May, and June, accounting for 40.22-42.2% of the total annual yield. The second wet harvesting season begins in September and ends in the middle of December, contributing to 35.5-40% of the annual yield. Seasonal variation has a direct impact on leaf quality and clone yielding potential. Clones show higher yield and shorter plucking rounds at maximum temperatures above 23.03 °C and below 26.35 °C, but temperatures above 28.34 °C and below 10.38 °C have a negative effect on leaf quality and yield. Over the last two decades, rainfall, maximum, and mean temperatures all increased by 16.09 mm y-1, 0.127 °C, and 0.0566 °C y-1, respectively, and the tea plant showed a strong correlation with maximum temperature (76%), whereas mean temperature (44.6%) and annual rainfall (32.8%) correlated weakly. Green leaf production is well explained by around 85.4% of the observed climate variance, with an increase of 1287.18 tonnes y-1, and highland tea production will exhibit a positive net benefit from expected climate change in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tesfaye Benti
- Department of Horticulture College of Agriculture in Mizan Tepi University Southwest Ethiopia, Ethiopia
- Corresponding author.
| | | | - Yetenayet Bekele
- Department of Postharvest Management of Jimma University College of Agriculture, Oromia, Ethiopia
| | - Sultan Suleman
- Jimma University Laboratory of Drug Quality (JuLaDQ) and School of Pharmacy, Jimma University, Oromia, Ethiopia
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Zaman S, Hassan SSU, Ding Z. The Role of Calmodulin Binding Transcription Activator in Plants under Different Stressors: Physiological, Biochemical, Molecular Mechanisms of Camellia sinensis and Its Current Progress of CAMTAs. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:bioengineering9120759. [PMID: 36550965 PMCID: PMC9774361 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9120759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Low temperatures have a negative effect on plant development. Plants that are exposed to cold temperatures undergo a cascade of physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes that activate several genes, transcription factors, and regulatory pathways. In this review, the physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms of Camellia sinensis have been discussed. Calmodulin binding transcription activator (CAMTAs) by molecular means including transcription is one of the novel genes for plants' adaptation to different abiotic stresses, including low temperatures. Therefore, the role of CAMTAs in different plants has been discussed. The number of CAMTAs genes discussed here are playing a significant role in plants' adaptation to abiotic stress. The illustrated diagrams representing the mode of action of calcium (Ca2+) with CAMTAs have also been discussed. In short, Ca2+ channels or Ca2+ pumps trigger and induce the Ca2+ signatures in plant cells during abiotic stressors, including low temperatures. Ca2+ signatures act with CAMTAs in plant cells and are ultimately decoded by Ca2+sensors. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review reporting CAMAT's current progress and potential role in C. sinensis, and this study opens a new road for researchers adapting tea plants to abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shah Zaman
- Tea Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Syed Shams ul Hassan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Chiral Drugs, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhaotang Ding
- Tea Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100, China
- Tea Research Institute, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China
- Correspondence:
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Ahammed GJ, Li X. Hormonal regulation of health-promoting compounds in tea (Camellia sinensis L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 185:390-400. [PMID: 35785551 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tea is the most frequently consumed natural beverage across the world produced with the young leaves and shoots of the evergreen perennial plant Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze. The expanding global appeal of tea is partly attributed to its health-promoting benefits such as anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, anti-allergy, anti-hypertension, anti-obesity, and anti- SARS-CoV-2 activity. The many advantages of healthy tea intake are linked to its bioactive substances such as tea polyphenols, flavonoids (catechins), amino acids (theanine), alkaloids (caffeine), anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, etc. that are produced through secondary metabolic pathways. Phytohormones regulate secondary metabolite biosynthesis in a variety of plants, including tea. There is a strong hormonal response in the biosynthesis of polyphenols, catechins, theanine and caffeine in tea under control and perturbed environmental conditions. In addition to the impact of preharvest plant hormone manipulation on green tea quality, changes in hormones of postharvest tea also regulate quality-related metabolites in tea. In this review, we discuss the health benefits of major tea constituents and the role of various plant hormones in improving the endogenous levels of these compounds for human health benefits. The fact that the ratio of tea polyphenols to amino acids and the concentrations of tea components are changed by environmental conditions, most notably by climate change-associated variables, the selection and usage of optimal hormone combinations may aid in sustaining tea quality, and thus can be beneficial to both consumers and producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, PR China.
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, PR China.
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Wang W, Loladze I, Wang J, Han Y, Gu J, Zhang H, Liu L, Wang J, Xu Y, Zhang W, Wang Z, Yang J. Improving the accuracy of meta-analysis for datasets with missing measures of variance: Elevated [CO 2] effect on plant growth as a case study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150669. [PMID: 34597563 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) are expected to stimulate biomass and yield of plants possessing the C3 photosynthetic pathway; however, the extent of stimulation is likely to vary both intra- and inter-species specifically. Meta-analytic approaches can be applied to decrease variation and uncertainty by delineating and characterizing variation, allowing results to be used in modeling plant responses to elevated [CO2]. However, the use of meta-analysis in this effort could be limited by missing measures of variance, including standard deviations (SDs) of the compiled dataset. Here, we examined whether there were differences in effect sizes of elevated [CO2] on plant growth using various weighting and imputation approaches. Our results showed that the efficacy of different weighting functions and data interpolation methods on meta-analysis outcomes depended on the SDs provided by the studies. Comparing different methodologies for [CO2] fumigation as a case study, if the ratio of missing SD was low, the overall trend of effect values and 95% confidence interval (CI) were not changed. For datasets of greenhouse and growth chamber [CO2] methodologies, which had a high ratio of missing SDs, effect sizes and 95% confidence intervals using different weighing and imputation methods were influenced relative to that of the raw dataset, with reduced effect sizes and broader CI. Overall these results suggest that application of meta-analysis to discern general biological responses could be influenced by the number of missing SDs. As such, efforts should be made to check the proportion of missing SDs of the compiled dataset and if necessary, to apply various weighting functions and imputation methods to fully discern meta-analysis implications. Our findings could improve the assessment of methodological choices for future [CO2] experimentation and discerning long-term trends for agricultural productivity and food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilu Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Irakli Loladze
- Bryan College of Health Sciences, Bryan Medical Center, Lincoln, NE 68506, USA; School of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA.
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Economics and Management, Nanchang Hangkong University, Nanchang 330063, China
| | - Yunxia Han
- School of Business, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Junfei Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Lijun Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Jinyang Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Yunji Xu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Weiyang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhiqin Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Jianchang Yang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
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Sharma R, Singh H. Alteration in biochemical constituents and nutrients partitioning of Asparagus racemosus in response to elevated atmospheric CO 2 concentration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:6812-6821. [PMID: 34458971 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the response of medicinal plants to elevated CO2 concentrations is crucial to evaluate the climate change impacts on medicinal plant's productivity together with the accumulation of biochemical constituents counting nutrients wealth. The present study investigated the effect of elevated CO2 concentrations (ambient-~400±4, 600±12, and 800±16 μmol CO2 mol-1) on the biochemical constituents (viz. chlorophyll, carotenoids, ascorbic acid, protein, total sugars, and carbon partitioning) and accumulation of mineral nutrients (viz. potassium, phosphorus, and magnesium) in different plant parts (viz. leaf, stem, and root) of Asparagus racemosus Willd., an endangered medicinal plant species. The results confirmed that the elevated CO2 concentration significantly (p ≤ 0.05) enhanced the leaves biochemical constituents, viz. chlorophyll, protein, total sugars, and carbon content while conversely diminishes the ascorbic acid content in leaf. The accumulation of nutrients especially potassium and magnesium were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) improved while it is reverse in case of phosphorus under the elevated CO2 concentration. Moreover, elevated CO2 notably altered protein, sugars, carbon, and nutrients partitioning in leaf, stem, and root tissues. This study will be helpful in anticipating the effect of rising atmospheric CO2 concentration on medicinal and threatened plants and require further intensive studies to comprehend the effects of elevated CO2 concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Sharma
- Forest Ecology and Climate change Division, Forest Research Institute, P.O. New Forest, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248006, India
| | - Hukum Singh
- Forest Ecology and Climate change Division, Forest Research Institute, P.O. New Forest, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248006, India.
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Ahammed GJ, Guang Y, Yang Y, Chen J. Mechanisms of elevated CO 2-induced thermotolerance in plants: the role of phytohormones. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2021; 40:2273-2286. [PMID: 34269828 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-021-02751-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Rising atmospheric CO2 is a key driver of climate change, intensifying drastic changes in meteorological parameters. Plants can sense and respond to changes in environmental parameters including atmospheric CO2 and temperatures. High temperatures beyond the physiological threshold can significantly affect plant growth and development and thus attenuate crop productivity. However, elevated atmospheric CO2 can mitigate the deleterious effects of heat stress on plants. Despite a large body of literature supporting the positive impact of elevated CO2 on thermotolerance, the underlying biological mechanisms and precise molecular pathways that lead to enhanced tolerance to heat stress remain largely unclear. Under heat stress, elevated CO2-induced expression of respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling play a critical role in stomatal movement, which optimizes gas exchange to enhance photosynthesis and water use efficiency. Notably, elevated CO2 also fortifies antioxidant defense and redox homeostasis to alleviate heat-induced oxidative damage. Both hormone-dependent and independent pathways have been shown to mediate high CO2-induced thermotolerance. The activation of heat-shock factors and subsequent expression of heat-shock proteins are thought to be the essential mechanism downstream of hormone and ROS signaling. Here we review the role of phytohormones in plant response to high atmospheric CO2 and temperatures. We also discuss the potential mechanisms of elevated CO2-induced thermotolerance by focusing on several key phytohormones such as ethylene. Finally, we address some limitations of our current understanding and the need for further research to unveil the yet-unknown crosstalk between plant hormones in mediating high CO2-induced thermotolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, China
| | - Yelan Guang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits and Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China
| | - Youxin Yang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits and Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
| | - Jinyin Chen
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Postharvest Technology and Nondestructive Testing of Fruits and Vegetables, Collaborative Innovation Center of Post-Harvest Key Technology and Quality Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, China.
- Pingxiang University, Pingxiang, Jiangxi, China.
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Wu H, Wu Z, Wang Y, Ding J, Zheng Y, Tang H, Yang L. Transcriptome and Metabolome Analysis Revealed the Freezing Resistance Mechanism in 60-Year-Old Overwintering Camellia sinensis. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10100996. [PMID: 34681095 PMCID: PMC8533452 DOI: 10.3390/biology10100996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary The freezing stress during overwintering brings great challenges to the normal growth of Camellia sinensis. The current research on C. sinensis mainly focuses on cold resistance, but less on freezing resistance. In the present study, the transcriptome and metabolome of C. sinensis under freezing stress were studied. Results showed that Pyr/PYL-PP2C-SnRK2 played a critical role in the signal transduction of freezing stress. Three metabolic pathways including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, and flavonoid biosynthesis contributed to the freezing resistance of C. sinensis. This study provides substantial insights for the breeding of C. sinensis. Abstract Freezing stress in winter is the biggest obstacle to the survival of C. sinensis in mid-latitude and high-latitude areas, which has a great impact on the yield, quality, and even life of C. sinensis every year. In this study, transcriptome and metabolome were used to clarify the freezing resistance mechanism of 60-year-old natural overwintering C. sinensis under freezing stress. Next, 3880 DEGs and 353 DAMs were obtained. The enrichment analysis showed that pathways of MAPK and ABA played a key role in the signal transduction of freezing stress, and Pyr/PYL-PP2C-SnRK2 in the ABA pathway promoted stomatal closure. Then, the water holding capacity and the freezing resistance of C. sinensis were improved. The pathway analysis showed that DEGs and DAMs were significantly enriched and up-regulated in the three-related pathways of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, flavone and flavonol biosynthesis, and flavonoid biosynthesis. In addition, the carbohydrate and fatty acid synthesis pathways also had a significant enrichment, and the synthesis of these substances facilitated the freezing resistance. These results are of great significance to elucidate the freezing resistance mechanism and the freezing resistance breeding of C. sinensis.
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Funneliformis mosseae Improves Growth and Nutrient Accumulation in Wheat by Facilitating Soil Nutrient Uptake under Elevated CO 2 at Daytime, Not Nighttime. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7060458. [PMID: 34200509 PMCID: PMC8229587 DOI: 10.3390/jof7060458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The concurrent effect of elevated CO2 (eCO2) concentrations and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on plant growth, carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) accumulations in plant and soil is largely unknown. To understand the mechanisms of eCO2 and mycorrhization on wheat (Triticum aestivum) performance and soil fertility, wheat seedlings were grown under four different CO2 environments for 12 weeks, including (1) ambient CO2 (ACO2, 410/460 ppm, daytime/nighttime), (2) sole daytime eCO2 (DeCO2, 550/460 ppm), (3) sole nighttime eCO2 (NeCO2, 410/610 ppm), and (4) dual or continuous daytime/nighttime eCO2 ((D + N)eCO2, 550/610 ppm), and with or without AMF (Funneliformis mosseae) colonization. DeCO2, NeCO2 and (D + N)eCO2 generally significantly increased shoot and root biomass, plant C, N, P and K accumulation, soil invertase and urease activity, but decreased shoot and root N, P and K concentrations, and soil available N, P and K. Compared with non-AMF, AMF effects on above-mentioned characteristics were significantly positive under ACO2, DeCO2 and (D + N)eCO2, but negative on plant biomass, C, N, P and K accumulation under NeCO2. Overall, AMF colonization alleviated soil nutrient constraints on plant responses to DeCO2, while NeCO2 decreased AMF's beneficial effects on plants. These results demonstrated that an integration of AMF's benefits to plants under factual field DeCO2 and/or NeCO2 will be critical for managing the long-term consequence of future CO2 rising on global cropping systems.
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Pokharel SS, Shen F, Parajulee MN, Wang Y, Chen F. Effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration on tea quality and insect pests’ occurrences: A review. Glob Ecol Conserv 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Dhami N, Cazzonelli CI. Short photoperiod attenuates CO 2 fertilization effect on shoot biomass in Arabidopsis thaliana. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 27:825-834. [PMID: 33967465 PMCID: PMC8055755 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-00968-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The level of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the air can affect several traits in plants. Elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2) can enhance photosynthesis and increase plant productivity, including biomass, although there are inconsistencies regarding the effects of eCO2 on the plant growth response. The compounding effects of ambient environmental conditions such as light intensity, photoperiod, water availability, and soil nutrient composition can affect the extent to which eCO2 enhances plant productivity. This study aimed to investigate the growth response of Arabidopsis thaliana to eCO2 (800 ppm) under short photoperiod (8/16 h, light/dark cycle). Here, we report an attenuated fertilization effect of eCO2 on the shoot biomass of Arabidopsis plants grown under short photoperiod. The biomass of two-, three-, and four-week-old Arabidopsis plants was increased by 10%, 15%, and 28%, respectively, under eCO2 compared to the ambient CO2 (aCO2, 400 ppm) i.e. control. However, the number of rosette leaves, rosette area, and shoot biomass were similar in mature plants under both CO2 conditions, despite 40% higher photosynthesis in eCO2 exposed plants. The levels of chlorophylls and carotenoids were similar in the fully expanded rosette leaves regardless of the level of CO2. In conclusion, CO2 enrichment moderately increased Arabidopsis shoot biomass at the juvenile stage, whereas the eCO2-induced increment in shoot biomass was not apparent in mature plants. A shorter day-length can limit the source-to-sink resource allocation in a plant in age-dependent manner, hence diminishing the eCO2 fertilization effect on the shoot biomass in Arabidopsis plants grown under short photoperiod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namraj Dhami
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751 Australia
- Present Address: School of Health and Allied Sciences, Pokhara University, Pokhara 30, Kaski, Gandaki 33700 Nepal
| | - Christopher Ian Cazzonelli
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751 Australia
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Shi S, Qiu Y, Wen M, Xu X, Dong X, Xu C, He X. Daytime, Not Nighttime, Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Exposure Improves Plant Growth and Leaf Quality of Mulberry ( Morus alba L.) Seedlings. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 11:609031. [PMID: 33613585 PMCID: PMC7890035 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.609031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Almost all elevated atmospheric CO2 concentrations (eCO2) studies have not addressed the potential responses of plant growth to different CO2 in daytime and nighttime. The present study was to determine the impact of daytime and/or nighttime eCO2 on growth and quality of mulberry (Morus alba L.), a perennial multipurpose cash plant. Six-month-old mulberry seedlings were hence grown in environmentally auto-controlled growth chambers under four CO2 concentrations: (1) ambient CO2 (ACO2, 410 μmol mol-1 daytime/460 μmol mol-1 nighttime), (2) sole daytime elevated CO2 (DeCO2, 710 μmol mol-1/460 μmol mol-1), (3) sole nighttime elevated CO2 (NeCO2, 410 μmol mol-1/760 μmol mol-1), and (4) continuous daytime and nighttime elevated CO2 (D + NeCO2, 710 μmol mol-1/760 μmol mol-1). Plant growth characteristics, nutrient uptake, and leaf quality were then examined after 120 days of CO2 exposure. Compared to control, DeCO2 and (D + N)eCO2 increased plant biomass production and thus the harvest of nutrients and accumulation of leaf carbohydrates (starch, soluble sugar, and fatty acid) and N-containing compounds (free amino acid and protein), though there were some decreases in the concentration of leaf N, P, Mg, Fe, and Zn. NeCO2 had no significant effects on leaf yield but an extent positive effect on leaf nutritional quality due to their concentration increase in leaf B, Cu, starch, and soluble sugar. Meanwhile, (D + N)eCO2 decreased mulberry leaf yield and harvest of nutritious compounds for silkworm when compared with DeCO2. The reason may be associated to N, P, Mg, Fe, and Zn that are closely related to leaf pigment and N metabolism. Therefore, the rational application of mineral nutrient (especially N, P, Fe, Mg, and Zn) fertilizers is important for a sustainable mulberry production under future atmosphere CO2 concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songmei Shi
- Centre of Excellence for Soil Biology, School of Resource and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuling Qiu
- Centre of Excellence for Soil Biology, School of Resource and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Miao Wen
- Centre of Excellence for Soil Biology, School of Resource and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (China West Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanchong, China
| | - Xingshui Dong
- Centre of Excellence for Soil Biology, School of Resource and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chenyang Xu
- Centre of Excellence for Soil Biology, School of Resource and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xinhua He
- Centre of Excellence for Soil Biology, School of Resource and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Huang P, Xia L, Zhou L, Liu W, Wang P, Qing Z, Zeng J. Influence of different elicitors on BIA production in Macleaya cordata. Sci Rep 2021; 11:619. [PMID: 33436669 PMCID: PMC7804250 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79802-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sanguinarine (SAN) and chelerythrine (CHE) have been widely used as substitutes for antibiotics for decades. For a long time, SAN and CHE have been extracted from mainly Macleaya cordata, a plant species that is a traditional herb in China and belongs to the Papaveraceae family. However, with the sharp increase in demand for SAN and CHE, it is necessary to develop a new method to enhance the supply of raw materials. Here, we used methyl jasmonate (MJ), salicylic acid (SA) and wounding alone and in combination to stimulate aseptic seedlings of M. cordata at 0 h, 24 h, 72 h and 120 h and then compared the differences in metabolic profiles and gene expression. Ultimately, we found that the effect of using MJ alone was the best treatment, with the contents of SAN and CHE increasing by 10- and 14-fold, respectively. However, the increased SAN and CHE contents in response to combined wounding and MJ were less than those for induced by the treatment with MJ alone. Additionally, after MJ treatment, SAN and CHE biosynthetic pathway genes, such as those encoding the protopine 6-hydroxylase and dihydrobenzophenanthridine oxidase enzymes, were highly expressed, which is consistent with the accumulation of SAN and CHE. At the same time, we have also studied the changes in the content of synthetic intermediates of SAN and CHE after elicitor induction. This study is the first systematic research report about using elicitors to increase the SAN and CHE in Macleaya cordata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Huang
- grid.257160.70000 0004 1761 0331Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 Hunan China ,grid.257160.70000 0004 1761 0331Animal Nutritional Genome and Germplasm Innovation Research Center, College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410125 Hunan China
| | - Liqiong Xia
- Clinical Pharmacy, Yueyang Hospital of TCM, Yueyang, 414000 Hunan China
| | - Li Zhou
- grid.257160.70000 0004 1761 0331Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 Hunan China
| | - Wei Liu
- grid.257160.70000 0004 1761 0331Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 Hunan China ,grid.257160.70000 0004 1761 0331College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 Hunan China
| | - Peng Wang
- grid.257160.70000 0004 1761 0331Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 Hunan China
| | - Zhixing Qing
- grid.257160.70000 0004 1761 0331College of Food Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianguo Zeng
- grid.257160.70000 0004 1761 0331Hunan Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 Hunan China ,grid.257160.70000 0004 1761 0331National and Local Union Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Herbal Medicine Resource and Initiative, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, 410128 Hunan China
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Marçal DMS, Avila RT, Quiroga-Rojas LF, de Souza RPB, Gomes Junior CC, Ponte LR, Barbosa ML, Oliveira LA, Martins SCV, Ramalho JDC, DaMatta FM. Elevated [CO 2] benefits coffee growth and photosynthetic performance regardless of light availability. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 158:524-535. [PMID: 33293205 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite being evolved in shaded environments, most coffee (Coffea arabica L.) is cultivated worldwide under sparse shade or at full sunlight. Coffee is ranked as greatly responsive to climate change (CC), and shading has been considered an important management strategy for mitigating the harmful CC outcomes on the crop. However, there is no information on the effects of enhanced [CO2] (eCa) on coffee performance in response to light availability. Here, we examined how carbon assimilation and use are affected by eCa in combination with contrasting light levels. For that, greenhouse-grown plants were submitted to varying light levels (16 or 7.5 mol photons m-2 day-1) and [CO2] (ca. 380 or 740 μmol mol-1 air) over six months. We demonstrated that both high light and eCa improved growth and photosynthetic performance, independently. Despite marginal alterations in biomass partitioning, some allometric changes, such as higher root biomass-to-total leaf area and lower leaf area ratio under the combination of eCa and high light were found. Stimulation of photosynthetic rates by eCa occurred with no direct effect on stomatal and mesophyll conductances, and no signs of photosynthetic down-regulation were found irrespective of treatments. Particularly at high light, eCa led to decreases in both photorespiration rates and oxidative pressure. Overall, our novel findings suggest that eCa could tandemly act with shading to mitigate the harmful CC effects on coffee sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinorah M S Marçal
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo T Avila
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | | | - Raylla P B de Souza
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Carlos C Gomes Junior
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Lucas R Ponte
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Marcela L Barbosa
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo A Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Samuel C V Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - José D C Ramalho
- PlantStress & Biodiversity Lab, Centro de Estudos Florestais (CEF), Dept. Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Território (DRAT), Instituto Superior de Agronomia (ISA), Universidade de Lisboa (ULisboa), Quinta do Marquês, Av. da República, 2784-505, Oeiras, Portugal; Unidade de Geobiociências, Geoengenharias e Geotecnologias (GeoBioTec), Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia (FCT), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa (UNL), Monte de Caparica, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Fábio M DaMatta
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
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Flowering season of vernal herbs is shortened at elevated temperatures with reduced precipitation in early spring. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17494. [PMID: 33060698 PMCID: PMC7567058 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74566-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Vernal herbs are exposed to the risk of climate change under spring frost and canopy closure. Although vernal herbs contribute to the biodiversity of the understorey layer in temperate forests, few studies assessed the effect of climate change on the phenology of the herbs. To examine phenological shifts in flowering seasons of vernal herb species caused by climate change, a greenhouse experiment was conducted using four species (Adonis amurensis, Hepatica nobilis var. japonica, Viola phalacrocarpa, and Pulsatilla cernua) under two temperature conditions (ambient or elevated temperature) and two precipitation conditions (convective or reduced precipitation). Experimental warming advanced overall aspects of the flowering timing including the first and last day of flowering. The growth of flowering stalk was also promoted by elevated temperature. Effects of decreased precipitation varied among species, which advanced the last day of the flowering of the later flowering species. Consequently, a decrease in overall flowering period length was observed. These results indicate that overall, climate change results in a shortening of the flowering season of vernal herb species, specifically at a higher temperature and under conditions of less precipitation.
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Li X, Li MH, Deng WW, Ahammed GJ, Wei JP, Yan P, Zhang LP, Fu JY, Han WY. Exogenous melatonin improves tea quality under moderate high temperatures by increasing epigallocatechin-3-gallate and theanine biosynthesis in Camellia sinensis L. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 253:153273. [PMID: 32927134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2020.153273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Global warming has multifarious effects on crop growth and productivity. Nonetheless, the effects of moderate-high temperatures and melatonin on tea yield and quality remain unclear. In this study, we found that melatonin, a universal growth stimulatory molecule, not only promotes photosynthesis and biomass accumulation in tea plants (Camellia sinensis L.) but also improves tea quality under sub high temperature (SHT). SHT increased the dry biomass and photosynthesis by 40.8% and 28.1%, respectively, and exogenous melatonin caused a further improvement. Moreover, SHT increased the total polyphenol concentrations and decreased the free amino acid concentrations, leading to a significant increase (68.2%) in polyphenol to free amino acid ratio. However, melatonin decreased the polyphenol to free amino acid ratio by delicately improving the concentrations of polyphenols and amino acids. Consistent with the total polyphenol, melatonin increased the concentrations of (-)-catechin, (-)-gallocatechin (GC), and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) in tea leaves. The qRT-PCR analysis revealed that melatonin increased the transcript levels of catechins biosynthesis genes, such as CsCHS, CsCH1, CsF3H, CsDFR, CsANS, CsLAR, and CsANR under SHT. Meanwhile, the theanine concentration was decreased by SHT, which was attributed to the attenuated expression of CsGS, CsGOGAT, CsGDH, and CsTS1. Nonetheless, melatonin significantly increased those transcripts and the content of theanine under SHT. Melatonin also increased the caffeine content by inducing the expression of CsTIDH, CssAMS, and CsTCS1. These results suggest that melatonin could positively alter tea growth and quality by modulating the photosynthesis and biosynthesis of polyphenols, amino acids, and caffeine in tea leaves under SHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, PR China
| | - Meng-Han Li
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, PR China
| | - Wei-Wei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, PR China.
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, 471023, PR China.
| | - Ji-Peng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, PR China
| | - Peng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, PR China
| | - Li-Ping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, PR China
| | - Jian-Yu Fu
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, PR China
| | - Wen-Yan Han
- Key Laboratory of Tea Quality and Safety Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, PR China.
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