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Mirlohi S, Schott G, Imboden A, Voinnet O. An AGO10:miR165/6 module regulates meristem activity and xylem development in the Arabidopsis root. EMBO J 2024; 43:1843-1869. [PMID: 38565948 PMCID: PMC11066010 DOI: 10.1038/s44318-024-00071-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The RNA-silencing effector ARGONAUTE10 influences cell fate in plant shoot and floral meristems. ARGONAUTE10 also accumulates in the root apical meristem (RAM), yet its function(s) therein remain elusive. Here, we show that ARGONAUTE10 is expressed in the root cell initials where it controls overall RAM activity and length. ARGONAUTE10 is also expressed in the stele, where post-transcriptional regulation confines it to the root tip's pro-vascular region. There, variations in ARGONAUTE10 levels modulate metaxylem-vs-protoxylem specification. Both ARGONAUTE10 functions entail its selective, high-affinity binding to mobile miR165/166 transcribed in the neighboring endodermis. ARGONAUTE10-bound miR165/166 is degraded, likely via SMALL-RNA-DEGRADING-NUCLEASES1/2, thus reducing miR165/166 ability to silence, via ARGONAUTE1, the transcripts of cell fate-influencing transcription factors. These include PHABULOSA (PHB), which controls meristem activity in the initials and xylem differentiation in the pro-vasculature. During early germination, PHB transcription increases while dynamic, spatially-restricted transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms reduce and confine ARGONAUTE10 accumulation to the provascular cells surrounding the newly-forming xylem axis. Adequate miR165/166 concentrations are thereby channeled along the ARGONAUTE10-deficient yet ARGONAUTE1-proficient axis. Consequently, inversely-correlated miR165/166 and PHB gradients form preferentially along the axis despite ubiquitous PHB transcription and widespread miR165/166 delivery inside the whole vascular cylinder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Mirlohi
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH-Zürich), Universitätsstrasse 2, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gregory Schott
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH-Zürich), Universitätsstrasse 2, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - André Imboden
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH-Zürich), Universitätsstrasse 2, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Voinnet
- Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH-Zürich), Universitätsstrasse 2, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
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2
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Sun Y, Yang B, De Rybel B. Hormonal control of the molecular networks guiding vascular tissue development in the primary root meristem of Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6964-6974. [PMID: 37343122 PMCID: PMC7615341 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Vascular tissues serve a dual function in plants, both providing physical support and controlling the transport of nutrients, water, hormones, and other small signaling molecules. Xylem tissues transport water from root to shoot; phloem tissues transfer photosynthates from shoot to root; while divisions of the (pro)cambium increase the number of xylem and phloem cells. Although vascular development constitutes a continuous process from primary growth in the early embryo and meristem regions to secondary growth in the mature plant organs, it can be artificially separated into distinct processes including cell type specification, proliferation, patterning, and differentiation. In this review, we focus on how hormonal signals orchestrate the molecular regulation of vascular development in the Arabidopsis primary root meristem. Although auxin and cytokinin have taken center stage in this aspect since their discovery, other hormones including brassinosteroids, abscisic acid, and jasmonic acid also take leading roles during vascular development. All these hormonal cues synergistically or antagonistically participate in the development of vascular tissues, forming a complex hormonal control network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbiao Sun
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Centre for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Baojun Yang
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Centre for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert De Rybel
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Centre for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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3
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Liu X, Liang D, Song W, Wang X, Duan W, Wang C, Wang P. Tobacco roots increasing diameter and secondary lateral density in response to drought stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 204:108122. [PMID: 37939500 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Exploring the responses of root morphology and its physiological mechanisms under drought stress is significant for further improving water and nutrient absorption in roots. Here, we simulated drought through hydroponics combined with PEG treatments in tobacco to characterize the changes in tobacco root architecture. Our results showed the total root length, first lateral root number, and first lateral root length were significantly reduced upon increasing drought severity, but the average root diameter and secondary lateral root density increased under certain drought conditions. The change of auxin content in roots under drought stress was correlated with the root diameter and second lateral root density responses. Exogenous addition of the auxin analog (NAA) and the auxin transport inhibitor (NPA), as well as DR5:GUS staining experiments further demonstrated that auxin participated in this physiological process. Meanwhile, brassinolide (BR) exhibited a similar trend. Exogenous addition of BR (EBR) and the BR synthesis inhibitor BRZ experiments demonstrated that BR may participate upstream of auxin under drought stress. PEG treatment significantly up-regulated NtBRI1 at 9-24 h, and promoted the up-regulation of NtBSK2 and NtBSK3 at 48 h and 24 h, respectively, these genes may contribute to the change in root morphology under drought stress. This study shows that auxin and BR are involved in the changes in root morphology in tobacco exposed to drought stress. The elucidation of the molecular mechanism at play thus represents a future target for breeding drought-tolerant tobacco varieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, PR China
| | - Dong Liang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, PR China; Henan Tobacco Company Sanmenxia City Co., Ltd, Sanmenxia, 472001, PR China
| | - Wenjing Song
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, PR China
| | - Wangjun Duan
- Sichuan Zhongyan Industry Co., Ltd., Chengdu, 610021, PR China
| | - Chengdong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, PR China.
| | - Peng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, PR China.
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4
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Wu J, Mei X, Zhang J, Ye L, Hu Y, Chen T, Wang Y, Liu M, Zhang Y, Xin XF. CURLY LEAF modulates apoplast liquid water status in Arabidopsis leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:792-808. [PMID: 37300539 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The apoplast of plant leaves, the intercellular space between mesophyll cells, is normally largely filled with air with a minimal amount of liquid water in it, which is essential for key physiological processes such as gas exchange to occur. Phytopathogens exploit virulence factors to induce a water-rich environment, or "water-soaked" area, in the apoplast of the infected leaf tissue to promote disease. We propose that plants evolved a "water soaking" pathway, which normally keeps a nonflooded leaf apoplast for plant growth but is disturbed by microbial pathogens to facilitate infection. Investigation of the "water soaking" pathway and leaf water control mechanisms is a fundamental, yet previously overlooked, aspect of plant physiology. To identify key components in the "water soaking" pathway, we performed a genetic screen to isolate Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) severe water soaking (sws) mutants that show liquid water overaccumulation in the leaf under high air humidity, a condition required for visible water soaking. Here, we report the sws1 mutant, which displays rapid water soaking upon high humidity treatment due to a loss-of-function mutation in CURLY LEAF (CLF), encoding a histone methyltransferase in the POLYCOMB REPRESSIVE COMPLEX 2 (PRC2). We found that the sws1 (clf) mutant exhibits enhanced abscisic acid (ABA) levels and stomatal closure, which are indispensable for its water soaking phenotype and mediated by CLF's epigenetic regulation of a group of ABA-associated NAM, ATAF, and CUC (NAC) transcription factor genes, NAC019/055/072. The clf mutant showed weakened immunity, which likely also contributes to the water soaking phenotype. In addition, the clf plant supports a substantially higher level of Pseudomonas syringae pathogen-induced water soaking and bacterial multiplication, in an ABA pathway and NAC019/055/072-dependent manner. Collectively, our study sheds light on an important question in plant biology and demonstrates CLF as a key modulator of leaf liquid water status via epigenetic regulation of the ABA pathway and stomatal movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingni Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao Mei
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Luhuan Ye
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yezhou Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hebei 430070, China
- Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Yiping Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Menghui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Yijing Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Xiu-Fang Xin
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
- CAS-JIC Center of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Sciences (CEPAMS), Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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5
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Ghazy MI, Hamad HS, Gewaily EE, Bleih EM, Arafat EFA, El-Kallawy WH, El-Naem SA, Rehan M, Alwutayd KM, Abd El Moneim D. Impacts of kinetin implementation on leaves, floral and root-related traits during seed production in hybrid rice under water deficiency. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:398. [PMID: 37605164 PMCID: PMC10463769 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04405-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Water deficit is one of the most significant abiotic factors affecting rice and agricultural production worldwide. In hybrid rice, cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is an important technique for creating high-yielding crop based on heterosis. The phytohormone kinetin (Kin) regulates cell division in plant during the early stages of grain formation, as well as flow assimilation and osmotic regulation under water stress. The present study performed to estimate the effects of irrigation intervals (irrigation each six days (I6), nine days (I9), twelve days (I12) and fifteen days (I15) against continuous flooding (CF, each three days)) and kinetin exogenously application (control, 15 mg L-1 and 30 mg L-1) on hybrid rice (L1, IR69625A; L2, G46A and R, Giza 178 R) seed production. RESULTS Leaves traits (Chlorophyll content (CHC), relative water content (RWC), stomatal conductance (SC), Leaf temperature (LT) and transpiration rate (TR)), floral traits such as style length (SL) and total stigma length (TSL), in addition to root traits (i.e., root length (RL), root volume (RV), root: shoot ratio (RSR), root thickness (RT), root xylem vessels number (RXVN) and root xylem vessel area (RXVA) were evaluated and a significant enhancement in most traits was observed. Applying 30 mg L-1 kinetin significantly and positively enhanced all growth, floral and roots traits (RV and RXVA recorded the most increased values by 14.8% and 23.9%, respectively) under prolonging irrigation intervals, in comparison to non-treated plants. CONCLUSIONS Subsequently, spraying kinetin exogenously on foliar could be an alternative method to reduce the harmful influences of water deficiency during seed production in hybrid rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed I Ghazy
- Rice Research and Training Department, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Kafrelsheikh, 33717, Egypt
| | - Hassan Sh Hamad
- Rice Research and Training Department, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Kafrelsheikh, 33717, Egypt
| | - Elsayed E Gewaily
- Rice Research and Training Department, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Kafrelsheikh, 33717, Egypt
| | - Eman M Bleih
- Rice Research and Training Department, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Kafrelsheikh, 33717, Egypt
| | - Elsayed F A Arafat
- Rice Research and Training Department, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Kafrelsheikh, 33717, Egypt
| | - Wael H El-Kallawy
- Rice Research and Training Department, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Kafrelsheikh, 33717, Egypt
| | - Sabry A El-Naem
- Rice Research and Training Department, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Kafrelsheikh, 33717, Egypt
| | - Medhat Rehan
- Department of Plant Production and Protection, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, 51452, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Khairiah Mubarak Alwutayd
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, 11671, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Diaa Abd El Moneim
- Department of Plant Production (Genetic Branch), Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, El-Arish, 45511, Egypt.
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6
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Bauget F, Protto V, Pradal C, Boursiac Y, Maurel C. A root functional-structural model allows assessment of the effects of water deficit on water and solute transport parameters. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:1594-1608. [PMID: 36515073 PMCID: PMC10010609 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Root water uptake is driven by a combination of hydrostatic and osmotic forces. Water transport was characterized in primary roots of maize seedlings grown hydroponically under standard and water deficit (WD) conditions, as induced by addition of 150 g l-1 polyethylene glycol 8000 (water potential= -0.336 MPa). Flow measurements were performed using the pressure chamber technique in intact roots or on progressively cut root system architectures. To account for the concomitant transport of water and solutes in roots under WD, we developed within realistic root system architectures a hydraulic tree model integrating both solute pumping and leak. This model explains the high spontaneous sap exudation of roots grown in standard conditions, the non-linearity of pressure-flow relationships, and negative fluxes observed under WD conditions at low external hydrostatic pressure. The model also reveals the heterogeneity of driving forces and elementary radial flows throughout the root system architecture, and how this heterogeneity depends on both plant treatment and water transport mode. The full set of flow measurement data obtained from individual roots grown under standard or WD conditions was used in an inverse modeling approach to determine their respective radial and axial hydraulic conductivities. This approach allows resolution of the dramatic effects of WD on these two components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Bauget
- Institute for Plant Sciences of Montpellier (IPSiM), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Virginia Protto
- Institute for Plant Sciences of Montpellier (IPSiM), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Pradal
- CIRAD, UMR AGAP Institute, Montpellier, France
- Inria & LIRMM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Yann Boursiac
- Institute for Plant Sciences of Montpellier (IPSiM), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
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7
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Piacentini D, Della Rovere F, D’Angeli S, Fattorini L, Falasca G, Betti C, Altamura MM. Convergence between Development and Stress: Ectopic Xylem Formation in Arabidopsis Hypocotyl in Response to 24-Epibrassinolide and Cadmium. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3278. [PMID: 36501318 PMCID: PMC9739498 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ectopic xylary element (EXE) formation in planta is a poorly investigated process, and it is unknown if it occurs as a response to the soil pollutant Cadmium (Cd). The pericycle cells of Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyl give rise to EXEs under specific hormonal inputs. Cadmium triggers pericycle responses, but its role in EXE formation is unknown. Brassinosteroids (BRs) affect numerous developmental events, including xylogenesis in vitro, and their exogenous application by 24-epibrassinolide (eBL) helps to alleviate Cd-stress by increasing lateral/adventitious rooting. Epibrassinolide's effects on EXEs in planta are unknown, as well as its relationship with Cd in the control of the process. The research aims to establish an eBL role in pericycle EXE formation, a Cd role in the same process, and the possible interaction between the two. Results show that 1 nM eBL causes an identity reversal between the metaxylem and protoxylem within the stele, and its combination with Cd reduces the event. All eBL concentrations increase EXEs, also affecting xylary identity by changing from protoxylem to metaxylem in a concentration-dependent manner. Cadmium does not affect EXE identity but increases EXEs when combined with eBL. The results suggest that eBL produces EXEs to form a mechanical barrier against the pollutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Piacentini
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Simone D’Angeli
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Fattorini
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Falasca
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Camilla Betti
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
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8
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Ke D, Guo J, Li K, Wang Y, Han X, Fu W, Miao Y, Jia KP. Carotenoid-derived bioactive metabolites shape plant root architecture to adapt to the rhizospheric environments. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:986414. [PMID: 36388571 PMCID: PMC9643742 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.986414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Roots are important plant organs for the uptake of water and nutrient elements. Plant root development is finely regulated by endogenous signals and environmental cues, which shapes the root system architecture to optimize the plant growth and adapt to the rhizospheric environments. Carotenoids are precursors of plant hormones strigolactones (SLs) and ABA, as well as multiple bioactive molecules. Numerous studies have demonstrated SLs and ABA as essential regulators of plant root growth and development. In addition, a lot carotenoid-derived bioactive metabolites are recently identified as plant root growth regulators, such as anchorene, β-cyclocitral, retinal and zaxinone. However, our knowledge on how these metabolites affect the root architecture to cope with various stressors and how they interact with each other during these processes is still quite limited. In the present review, we will briefly introduce the biosynthesis of carotenoid-derived root regulators and elaborate their biological functions on root development and architecture, focusing on their contribution to the rhizospheric environmental adaption of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danping Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jinggong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Sanya Institute of Henan University, Sanya, Hainan, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Sanya Institute of Henan University, Sanya, Hainan, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yujie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiaomeng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Weiwei Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yuchen Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Sanya Institute of Henan University, Sanya, Hainan, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Kun-Peng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Henan Joint International Laboratory for Crop Multi-Omics Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Sanya Institute of Henan University, Sanya, Hainan, China
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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9
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Qin T, Kazim A, Wang Y, Richard D, Yao P, Bi Z, Liu Y, Sun C, Bai J. Root-Related Genes in Crops and Their Application under Drought Stress Resistance—A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911477. [PMID: 36232779 PMCID: PMC9569943 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Crop growth and development are frequently affected by biotic and abiotic stresses. The adaptation of crops to stress is mostly achieved by regulating specific genes. The root system is the primary organ for nutrient and water uptake, and has an important role in drought stress response. The improvement of stress tolerance to increase crop yield potential and yield stability is a traditional goal of breeders in cultivar development using integrated breeding methods. An improved understanding of genes that control root development will enable the formulation of strategies to incorporate stress-tolerant genes into breeding for complex agronomic traits and provide opportunities for developing stress-tolerant germplasm. We screened the genes associated with root growth and development from diverse plants including Arabidopsis, rice, maize, pepper and tomato. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the application of root-related genes in molecular breeding to achieve crop drought tolerance by the improvement of root architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyuan Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Ali Kazim
- National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, National Agricultural Research Centre, Park Road, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan
| | - Yihao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Dormatey Richard
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Panfeng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Zhenzhen Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yuhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Chao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (J.B.); Tel.: +86-189-9319-8496 (C.S.); +86-181-0942-4020 (J.B.)
| | - Jiangping Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Correspondence: (C.S.); (J.B.); Tel.: +86-189-9319-8496 (C.S.); +86-181-0942-4020 (J.B.)
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10
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Boursiac Y, Pradal C, Bauget F, Lucas M, Delivorias S, Godin C, Maurel C. Phenotyping and modeling of root hydraulic architecture reveal critical determinants of axial water transport. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:1289-1306. [PMID: 35708646 PMCID: PMC9516777 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Water uptake by roots is a key adaptation of plants to aerial life. Water uptake depends on root system architecture (RSA) and tissue hydraulic properties that, together, shape the root hydraulic architecture. This work investigates how the interplay between conductivities along radial (e.g. aquaporins) and axial (e.g. xylem vessels) pathways determines the water transport properties of highly branched RSAs as found in adult Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants. A hydraulic model named HydroRoot was developed, based on multi-scale tree graph representations of RSAs. Root water flow was measured by the pressure chamber technique after successive cuts of a same root system from the tip toward the base. HydroRoot model inversion in corresponding RSAs allowed us to concomitantly determine radial and axial conductivities, providing evidence that the latter is often overestimated by classical evaluation based on the Hagen-Poiseuille law. Organizing principles of Arabidopsis primary and lateral root growth and branching were determined and used to apply the HydroRoot model to an extended set of simulated RSAs. Sensitivity analyses revealed that water transport can be co-limited by radial and axial conductances throughout the whole RSA. The number of roots that can be sectioned (intercepted) at a given distance from the base was defined as an accessible and informative indicator of RSA. The overall set of experimental and theoretical procedures was applied to plants mutated in ESKIMO1 and previously shown to have xylem collapse. This approach will be instrumental to dissect the root water transport phenotype of plants with intricate alterations in root growth or transport functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Stathis Delivorias
- Institute for Plant Sciences of Montpellier (IPSiM), Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier 34060, France
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11
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Kim G, Ryu H, Sung J. Hormonal Crosstalk and Root Suberization for Drought Stress Tolerance in Plants. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060811. [PMID: 35740936 PMCID: PMC9220869 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher plants in terrestrial environments face to numerous unpredictable environmental challenges, which lead to a significant impact on plant growth and development. In particular, the climate change caused by global warming is causing drought stress and rapid desertification in agricultural fields. Many scientific advances have been achieved to solve these problems for agricultural and plant ecosystems. In this review, we handled recent advances in our understanding of the physiological changes and strategies for plants undergoing drought stress. The activation of ABA synthesis and signaling pathways by drought stress regulates root development via the formation of complicated signaling networks with auxin, cytokinin, and ethylene signaling. An abundance of intrinsic soluble sugar, especially trehalose-6-phosphate, promotes the SnRK-mediated stress-resistance mechanism. Suberin deposition in the root endodermis is a physical barrier that regulates the influx/efflux of water and nutrients through complex hormonal and metabolic networks, and suberization is essential for drought-stressed plants to survive. It is highly anticipated that this work will contribute to the reproduction and productivity improvements of drought-resistant crops in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaeun Kim
- Department of Crop Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheong-ju 28644, Korea;
| | - Hojin Ryu
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheong-ju 28644, Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheong-ju 28644, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.R.); (J.S.); Tel.: +82-043-261-2293 (H.R.); +82-043-261-2512 (J.S.)
| | - Jwakyung Sung
- Department of Crop Science, Chungbuk National University, Cheong-ju 28644, Korea;
- Correspondence: (H.R.); (J.S.); Tel.: +82-043-261-2293 (H.R.); +82-043-261-2512 (J.S.)
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12
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Priatama RA, Heo J, Kim SH, Rajendran S, Yoon S, Jeong DH, Choo YK, Bae JH, Kim CM, Lee YH, Demura T, Lee YK, Choi EY, Han CD, Park SJ. Narrow lpa1 Metaxylems Enhance Drought Tolerance and Optimize Water Use for Grain Filling in Dwarf Rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:894545. [PMID: 35620680 PMCID: PMC9127761 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.894545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Rice cultivation needs extensive amounts of water. Moreover, increased frequency of droughts and water scarcity has become a global concern for rice cultivation. Hence, optimization of water use is crucial for sustainable agriculture. Here, we characterized Loose Plant Architecture 1 (LPA1) in vasculature development, water transport, drought resistance, and grain yield. We performed genetic combination of lpa1 with semi-dwarf mutant to offer the optimum rice architecture for more efficient water use. LPA1 expressed in pre-vascular cells of leaf primordia regulates genes associated with carbohydrate metabolism and cell enlargement. Thus, it plays a role in metaxylem enlargement of the aerial organs. Narrow metaxylem of lpa1 exhibit leaves curling on sunny day and convey drought tolerance but reduce grain yield in mature plants. However, the genetic combination of lpa1 with semi-dwarf mutant (dep1-ko or d2) offer optimal water supply and drought resistance without impacting grain-filling rates. Our results show that water use, and transports can be genetically controlled by optimizing metaxylem vessel size and plant height, which may be utilized for enhancing drought tolerance and offers the potential solution to face the more frequent harsh climate condition in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryza A. Priatama
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
- Institute of Plasma Technology, Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, Gunsan, South Korea
| | - Jung Heo
- Division of Biological Sciences and Research Institute for Basic Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
- Environmental Exposure & Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Sujeevan Rajendran
- Division of Biological Sciences and Research Institute for Basic Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Seoa Yoon
- Department of Horticulture Industry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Jeong
- Department of Life Science and Multidisciplinary Genome Institute, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Young-Kug Choo
- Division of Biological Sciences and Research Institute for Basic Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Jong Hyang Bae
- Department of Horticulture Industry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Chul Min Kim
- Department of Horticulture Industry, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Yeon Hee Lee
- National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Taku Demura
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Japan
| | - Young Koung Lee
- Institute of Plasma Technology, Korea Institute of Fusion Energy, Gunsan, South Korea
| | - Eun-Young Choi
- Department of Agricultural Science, Korea National Open University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Chang-deok Han
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center (PMBBRC), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
| | - Soon Ju Park
- Division of Biological Sciences and Research Institute for Basic Science, Wonkwang University, Iksan, South Korea
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Cornelis S, Hazak O. Understanding the root xylem plasticity for designing resilient crops. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:664-676. [PMID: 34971462 PMCID: PMC9303747 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Xylem is the main route for transporting water, minerals and a myriad of signalling molecules within the plant. With its onset during early embryogenesis, the development of the xylem relies on hormone gradients, the activity of unique transcription factors, the distribution of mobile microRNAs, and receptor-ligand pathways. These regulatory mechanisms are often interconnected and together contribute to the plasticity of this water-conducting tissue. Environmental stresses, such as drought and salinity, have a great impact on xylem patterning. A better understanding of how the structural properties of the xylem are regulated in normal and stress conditions will be instrumental in developing crops of the future. In addition, vascular wilt pathogens that attack the xylem are becoming increasingly problematic. Further knowledge of xylem development in response to these pathogens will bring new solutions against these diseases. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the molecular mechanisms of xylem formation that largely come from Arabidopsis research with additional insights from tomato and monocot species. We emphasize the impact of abiotic factors and pathogens on xylem plasticity and the urgent need to uncover the underlying mechanisms. Finally, we discuss the multidisciplinary approach to model xylem capacities in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salves Cornelis
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| | - Ora Hazak
- Department of BiologyUniversity of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
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14
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Brookbank BP, Patel J, Gazzarrini S, Nambara E. Role of Basal ABA in Plant Growth and Development. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121936. [PMID: 34946886 PMCID: PMC8700873 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) regulates various aspects of plant physiology, including promoting seed dormancy and adaptive responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. In addition, ABA plays an im-portant role in growth and development under non-stressed conditions. This review summarizes phenotypes of ABA biosynthesis and signaling mutants to clarify the roles of basal ABA in growth and development. The promotive and inhibitive actions of ABA in growth are characterized by stunted and enhanced growth of ABA-deficient and insensitive mutants, respectively. Growth regulation by ABA is both promotive and inhibitive, depending on the context, such as concentrations, tissues, and environmental conditions. Basal ABA regulates local growth including hyponastic growth, skotomorphogenesis and lateral root growth. At the cellular level, basal ABA is essential for proper chloroplast biogenesis, central metabolism, and expression of cell-cycle genes. Basal ABA also regulates epidermis development in the shoot, by inhibiting stomatal development, and deposition of hydrophobic polymers like a cuticular wax layer covering the leaf surface. In the root, basal ABA is involved in xylem differentiation and suberization of the endodermis. Hormone crosstalk plays key roles in growth and developmental processes regulated by ABA. Phenotypes of ABA-deficient and insensitive mutants indicate prominent functions of basal ABA in plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P. Brookbank
- Department of Cells and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M3S 3G5, Canada; (B.P.B.); (J.P.)
| | - Jasmin Patel
- Department of Cells and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M3S 3G5, Canada; (B.P.B.); (J.P.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Sonia Gazzarrini
- Department of Cells and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M3S 3G5, Canada; (B.P.B.); (J.P.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
- Correspondence: (S.G.); (E.N.)
| | - Eiji Nambara
- Department of Cells and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M3S 3G5, Canada; (B.P.B.); (J.P.)
- Correspondence: (S.G.); (E.N.)
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15
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Dhar S, Kim H, Segonzac C, Lee JY. The Danger-Associated Peptide PEP1 Directs Cellular Reprogramming in the Arabidopsis Root Vascular System. Mol Cells 2021; 44:830-842. [PMID: 34764230 PMCID: PMC8627833 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2021.0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
When perceiving microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) or plant-derived damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), plants alter their root growth and development by displaying a reduction in the root length and the formation of root hairs and lateral roots. The exogenous application of a MAMP peptide, flg22, was shown to affect root growth by suppressing meristem activity. In addition to MAMPs, the DAMP peptide PEP1 suppresses root growth while also promoting root hair formation. However, the question of whether and how these elicitor peptides affect the development of the vascular system in the root has not been explored. The cellular receptors of PEP1, PEPR1 and PEPR2 are highly expressed in the root vascular system, while the receptors of flg22 (FLS2) and elf18 (EFR) are not. Consistent with the expression patterns of PEP1 receptors, we found that exogenously applied PEP1 has a strong impact on the division of stele cells, leading to a reduction of these cells. We also observed the alteration in the number and organization of cells that differentiate into xylem vessels. These PEP1-mediated developmental changes appear to be linked to the blockage of symplastic connections triggered by PEP1. PEP1 dramatically disrupts the symplastic movement of free green fluorescence protein (GFP) from phloem sieve elements to neighboring cells in the root meristem, leading to the deposition of a high level of callose between cells. Taken together, our first survey of PEP1-mediated vascular tissue development provides new insights into the PEP1 function as a regulator of cellular reprogramming in the Arabidopsis root vascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souvik Dhar
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Hyoujin Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Cécile Segonzac
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Bioresources, Seoul National University, Seoul 00826, Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Ji-Young Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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16
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Karlova R, Boer D, Hayes S, Testerink C. Root plasticity under abiotic stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 187:1057-1070. [PMID: 34734279 PMCID: PMC8566202 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses increasingly threaten existing ecological and agricultural systems across the globe. Plant roots perceive these stresses in the soil and adapt their architecture accordingly. This review provides insights into recent discoveries showing the importance of root system architecture (RSA) and plasticity for the survival and development of plants under heat, cold, drought, salt, and flooding stress. In addition, we review the molecular regulation and hormonal pathways involved in controlling RSA plasticity, main root growth, branching and lateral root growth, root hair development, and formation of adventitious roots. Several stresses affect root anatomy by causing aerenchyma formation, lignin and suberin deposition, and Casparian strip modulation. Roots can also actively grow toward favorable soil conditions and avoid environments detrimental to their development. Recent advances in understanding the cellular mechanisms behind these different root tropisms are discussed. Understanding root plasticity will be instrumental for the development of crops that are resilient in the face of abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumyana Karlova
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Damian Boer
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Scott Hayes
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Christa Testerink
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Wageningen University, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Author for communication:
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Moler ERV, Nelson AS. Perspectives on Drought Preconditioning Treatments With a Case Study Using Western Larch. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:741027. [PMID: 34659309 PMCID: PMC8515015 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.741027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As the demand for drought hardy tree seedlings rises alongside global temperatures, there is a need to optimize nursery drought preconditioning methods to improve field performance of planted seedlings. This perspective article advocates for a more holistic approach to drought preconditioning research that considers the moderating role of plant developmental stage on the effects of drought preconditioning. We identify discrepancies in past studies of root growth potential (RGP) responses to drought preconditioning and highlight studies that suggest such discrepancies may result from inconsistencies among studies in the timing of drought preconditioning implementation. We then illustrate our perspective by presenting original research from an aeroponic RGP trial of 1st-year western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.) seedlings exposed to three soil moisture contents for 6months. We evaluated whether drought preconditioning could be used to increase the ratio of root: foliar tissue mass or enhance seedling physiological vigor during a subsequent growth period. Drought preconditioning was found to increase the ratio of root: foliar tissue mass and enhance seedling physiological vigor. Specifically, soil moisture content related negatively with new root biomass, positively with new foliar biomass, and negatively with the length and number of new roots (p<0.001). Meanwhile, the mass of lateral root production following drought preconditioning, but prior to aeroponic growth, correlated weakly to the mass, count, and length of new roots produced during aeroponic growth. We propose that evaluating the importance of the timing of drought preconditioning treatments constitutes an important research frontier in plant science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehren Reid Von Moler
- Center for Forest Nursery and Seedling Research, College of Natural Resources, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, United States
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18
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Li C, Li L, Reynolds MP, Wang J, Chang X, Mao X, Jing R. Recognizing the hidden half in wheat: root system attributes associated with drought tolerance. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:5117-5133. [PMID: 33783492 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Improving drought tolerance in wheat is crucial for maintaining productivity and food security. Roots are responsible for the uptake of water from soil, and a number of root traits are associated with drought tolerance. Studies have revealed many quantitative trait loci and genes controlling root development in plants. However, the genetic dissection of root traits in response to drought in wheat is still unclear. Here, we review crop root traits associated with drought, key genes governing root development in plants, and quantitative trait loci and genes regulating root system architecture under water-limited conditions in wheat. Deep roots, optimal root length density and xylem diameter, and increased root surface area are traits contributing to drought tolerance. In view of the diverse environments in which wheat is grown, the balance among root and shoot traits, as well as individual and population performance, are discussed. The known functions of key genes provide information for the genetic dissection of root development of wheat in a wide range of conditions, and will be beneficial for molecular marker development, marker-assisted selection, and genetic improvement in breeding for drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaonan Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Long Li
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | | | - Jingyi Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoping Chang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xinguo Mao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ruilian Jing
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement/Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Mubarik MS, Khan SH, Sajjad M, Raza A, Hafeez MB, Yasmeen T, Rizwan M, Ali S, Arif MS. A manipulative interplay between positive and negative regulators of phytohormones: A way forward for improving drought tolerance in plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:1269-1290. [PMID: 33421147 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Among different abiotic stresses, drought stress is the leading cause of impaired plant growth and low productivity worldwide. It is therefore essential to understand the process of drought tolerance in plants and thus to enhance drought resistance. Accumulating evidence indicates that phytohormones are essential signaling molecules that regulate diverse processes of plant growth and development under drought stress. Plants can often respond to drought stress through a cascade of phytohormones signaling as a means of plant growth regulation. Understanding biosynthesis pathways and regulatory crosstalk involved in these vital compounds could pave the way for improving plant drought tolerance while maintaining overall plant health. In recent years, the identification of phytohormones related key regulatory genes and their manipulation through state-of-the-art genome engineering tools have helped to improve drought tolerance plants. To date, several genes linked to phytohormones signaling networks, biosynthesis, and metabolism have been described as a promising contender for engineering drought tolerance. Recent advances in functional genomics have shown that enhanced expression of positive regulators involved in hormone biosynthesis could better equip plants against drought stress. Similarly, knocking down negative regulators of phytohormone biosynthesis can also be very effective to negate the negative effects of drought on plants. This review explained how manipulating positive and negative regulators of phytohormone signaling could be improvised to develop future crop varieties exhibiting higher drought tolerance. In addition, we also discuss the role of a promising genome editing tool, CRISPR/Cas9, on phytohormone mediated plant growth regulation for tackling drought stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Salman Mubarik
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CAS-AFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sultan Habibullah Khan
- Centre of Agricultural Biochemistry and Biotechnology (CABB), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Center for Advanced Studies in Agriculture and Food Security (CAS-AFS), University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sajjad
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ali Raza
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Wuhan, China
| | | | - Tahira Yasmeen
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shafaqat Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saleem Arif
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Cuadrado-Pedetti MB, Rauschert I, Sainz MM, Amorim-Silva V, Botella MA, Borsani O, Sotelo-Silveira M. The Arabidopsis TETRATRICOPEPTIDE THIOREDOXIN-LIKE 1 Gene Is Involved in Anisotropic Root Growth during Osmotic Stress Adaptation. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:236. [PMID: 33562207 PMCID: PMC7915054 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Arabidopsis TETRATRICOPEPTIDE THIOREDOXIN-LIKE 1 (TTL1) gene cause reduced tolerance to osmotic stress evidenced by an arrest in root growth and root swelling, which makes it an interesting model to explore how root growth is controlled under stress conditions. We found that osmotic stress reduced the growth rate of the primary root by inhibiting the cell elongation in the elongation zone followed by a reduction in the number of cortical cells in the proximal meristem. We then studied the stiffness of epidermal cell walls in the root elongation zone of ttl1 mutants under osmotic stress using atomic force microscopy. In plants grown in control conditions, the mean apparent elastic modulus was 448% higher for live Col-0 cell walls than for ttl1 (88.1 ± 2.8 vs. 16.08 ± 6.9 kPa). Seven days of osmotic stress caused an increase in the stiffness in the cell wall of the cells from the elongation zone of 87% and 84% for Col-0 and ttl1, respectively. These findings suggest that TTL1 may play a role controlling cell expansion orientation during root growth, necessary for osmotic stress adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Cuadrado-Pedetti
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, UdelaR, 12900 Montevideo, Uruguay; (M.B.C.-P.); (M.M.S.); (O.B.)
| | - Inés Rauschert
- Laboratorio de Señalización Celular y Nanobiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable (IIBCE), 11600 Montevideo, Uruguay;
| | - María Martha Sainz
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, UdelaR, 12900 Montevideo, Uruguay; (M.B.C.-P.); (M.M.S.); (O.B.)
| | - Vítor Amorim-Silva
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortifruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora,” Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (V.A.-S); (M.A.B.)
| | - Miguel Angel Botella
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortifruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “La Mayora,” Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Universidad de Málaga, Campus Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain; (V.A.-S); (M.A.B.)
| | - Omar Borsani
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, UdelaR, 12900 Montevideo, Uruguay; (M.B.C.-P.); (M.M.S.); (O.B.)
| | - Mariana Sotelo-Silveira
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, UdelaR, 12900 Montevideo, Uruguay; (M.B.C.-P.); (M.M.S.); (O.B.)
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Zluhan-Martínez E, López-Ruíz BA, García-Gómez ML, García-Ponce B, de la Paz Sánchez M, Álvarez-Buylla ER, Garay-Arroyo A. Integrative Roles of Phytohormones on Cell Proliferation, Elongation and Differentiation in the Arabidopsis thaliana Primary Root. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:659155. [PMID: 33981325 PMCID: PMC8107238 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.659155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The growth of multicellular organisms relies on cell proliferation, elongation and differentiation that are tightly regulated throughout development by internal and external stimuli. The plasticity of a growth response largely depends on the capacity of the organism to adjust the ratio between cell proliferation and cell differentiation. The primary root of Arabidopsis thaliana offers many advantages toward understanding growth homeostasis as root cells are continuously produced and move from cell proliferation to elongation and differentiation that are processes spatially separated and could be studied along the longitudinal axis. Hormones fine tune plant growth responses and a huge amount of information has been recently generated on the role of these compounds in Arabidopsis primary root development. In this review, we summarized the participation of nine hormones in the regulation of the different zones and domains of the Arabidopsis primary root. In some cases, we found synergism between hormones that function either positively or negatively in proliferation, elongation or differentiation. Intriguingly, there are other cases where the interaction between hormones exhibits unexpected results. Future analysis on the molecular mechanisms underlying crosstalk hormone action in specific zones and domains will unravel their coordination over PR development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estephania Zluhan-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Brenda Anabel López-Ruíz
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Mónica L. García-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Berenice García-Ponce
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - María de la Paz Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Elena R. Álvarez-Buylla
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Adriana Garay-Arroyo
- Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Desarrollo y Evolución de Plantas, Departamento de Ecología Funcional, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Adriana Garay-Arroyo,
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