1
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Manrubia S, Zanette DH. Individual risk-aversion responses tune epidemics to critical transmissibility ( R = 1). ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211667. [PMID: 35425636 PMCID: PMC8984323 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Changes in human behaviour are a major determinant of epidemic dynamics. Collective activity can be modified through imposed control measures, but spontaneous changes can also arise as a result of uncoordinated individual responses to the perceived risk of contagion. Here, we introduce a stochastic epidemic model implementing population responses driven by individual time-varying risk aversion. The model reveals an emergent mechanism for the generation of multiple infection waves of decreasing amplitude that progressively tune the effective reproduction number to its critical value R = 1. In successive waves, individuals with gradually lower risk propensity are infected. The overall mechanism shapes well-defined risk-aversion profiles over the whole population as the epidemic progresses. We conclude that uncoordinated changes in human behaviour can by themselves explain major qualitative and quantitative features of the epidemic process, like the emergence of multiple waves and the tendency to remain around R = 1 observed worldwide after the first few waves of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Manrubia
- Department of Systems Biology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CSIC), c/Darwin 3, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Interdisciplinary Group of Complex Systems (GISC), Madrid, Spain
| | - D. H. Zanette
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica and Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Bustillo 9500, San Carlos de Bariloche, Pcia. de Río Negro 8400, Argentina
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2
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Chen Zeng T, Cheng JT, Henrich J. Dominance in humans. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20200451. [PMID: 35000450 PMCID: PMC8743883 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dominance captures behavioural patterns found in social hierarchies that arise from agonistic interactions in which some individuals coercively exploit their control over costs and benefits to extract deference from others, often through aggression, threats and/or intimidation. Accumulating evidence points to its importance in humans and its separation from prestige-an alternate avenue to high status in which status arises from information (e.g. knowledge, skill, etc.) or other non-rival goods. In this review, we provide an overview of the theoretical underpinnings of dominance as a concept within evolutionary biology, discuss the challenges of applying it to humans and consider alternative theoretical accounts which assert that dominance is relevant to understanding status in humans. We then review empirical evidence for its continued importance in human groups, including the effects of dominance-independently of prestige-on measurable outcomes such as social influence and reproductive fitness, evidence for specialized dominance psychology, and evidence for gender-specific effects. Finally, because human-specific factors such as norms and coalitions may place bounds on purely coercive status-attainment strategies, we end by considering key situations and contexts that increase the likelihood for dominance status to coexist alongside prestige status within the same individual, including how: (i) institutional power and authority tend to elicit dominance; (ii) dominance-enhancing traits can at times generate benefits for others (prestige); and (iii) certain dominance cues and ethology may lead to mis-attributions of prestige. This article is part of the theme issue 'The centennial of the pecking order: current state and future prospects for the study of dominance hierarchies'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Chen Zeng
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Joey T Cheng
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Joseph Henrich
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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3
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Wong CA, Hakimi S, Santanam TS, Madanay F, Fridman I, Ford C, Patel M, Ubel PA. Applying Behavioral Economics to Improve Adolescent and Young Adult Health: A Developmentally-Sensitive Approach. J Adolesc Health 2021; 69:17-25. [PMID: 33288458 PMCID: PMC8175460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Each day, adolescents and young adults (AYAs) choose to engage in behaviors that impact their current and future health. Behavioral economics represents an innovative lens through which to explore decision-making among AYAs. Behavioral economics outlines a diverse set of phenomena that influence decision-making and can be leveraged to develop interventions that may support behavior change. Up to this point, behavioral economic interventions have predominantly been studied in adults. This article provides an integrative review of how behavioral economic phenomena can be leveraged to motivate health-related behavior change among AYAs. We contextualize these phenomena in the physical and social environments unique to AYAs and the neurodevelopmental changes they undergo, highlighting opportunities to intervene in AYA-specific contexts. Our review of the literature suggests behavioral economic phenomena leveraging social choice are particularly promising for AYA health. Behavioral economic interventions that take advantage of AYA learning and development have the potential to positively impact youth health and well-being over the lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene A Wong
- Division of Primary Care, Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina; Duke-Robert J. Margolis, MD, Center for Health Policy, Durham, North Carolina; Duke Clinical Research Institute, Durham, North Carolina; Duke Sanford School of Public Policy, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Shabnam Hakimi
- Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Levine Science Research Center, Durham, North Carolina.
| | - Taruni S Santanam
- Duke-Robert J. Margolis, MD, Center for Health Policy, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Farrah Madanay
- Duke Sanford School of Public Policy, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ilona Fridman
- Duke-Robert J. Margolis, MD, Center for Health Policy, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Carol Ford
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mitesh Patel
- Perelman Center for Advanced Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter A Ubel
- Duke Sanford School of Public Policy, Durham, North Carolina; Fuqua School of Business, Durham North Carolina
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4
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Grueneisen S, Rosati A, Warneken F. Children show economic trust for both ingroup and outgroup partners. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2021.101077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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5
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De Petrillo F, Rosati AG. Variation in primate decision-making under uncertainty and the roots of human economic behaviour. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20190671. [PMID: 33423637 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncertainty is a ubiquitous component of human economic behaviour, yet people can vary in their preferences for risk across populations, individuals and different points in time. As uncertainty also characterizes many aspects of animal decision-making, comparative research can help evaluate different potential mechanisms that generate this variation, including the role of biological differences or maturational change versus cultural learning, as well as identify human-unique components of economic decision-making. Here, we examine decision-making under risk across non-human primates, our closest relatives. We first review theoretical approaches and current methods for understanding decision-making in animals. We then assess the current evidence for variation in animal preferences between species and populations, between individuals based on personality, sex and age, and finally, between different contexts and individual states. We then use these primate data to evaluate the processes that can shape human decision-making strategies and identify the primate foundations of human economic behaviour. This article is part of the theme issue 'Existence and prevalence of economic behaviours among non-human primates'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca De Petrillo
- Institute for Advanced Study in Toulouse, Toulouse, Occitanie, France.,Unità di Primatologia Cognitiva e Centro Primati, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie della Cognizione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Roma, Lazio, Italy.,Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alexandra G Rosati
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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6
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Abstract
Chimpanzees, like humans, place a higher value on positive social relationships as they grow older
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Silk
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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7
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Romer D, Reyna VF, Satterthwaite TD. Beyond stereotypes of adolescent risk taking: Placing the adolescent brain in developmental context. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2017; 27:19-34. [PMID: 28777995 PMCID: PMC5626621 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent neuroscience models of adolescent brain development attribute the morbidity and mortality of this period to structural and functional imbalances between more fully developed limbic regions that subserve reward and emotion as opposed to those that enable cognitive control. We challenge this interpretation of adolescent development by distinguishing risk-taking that peaks during adolescence (sensation seeking and impulsive action) from risk taking that declines monotonically from childhood to adulthood (impulsive choice and other decisions under known risk). Sensation seeking is primarily motivated by exploration of the environment under ambiguous risk contexts, while impulsive action, which is likely to be maladaptive, is more characteristic of a subset of youth with weak control over limbic motivation. Risk taking that declines monotonically from childhood to adulthood occurs primarily under conditions of known risks and reflects increases in executive function as well as aversion to risk based on increases in gist-based reasoning. We propose an alternative Life-span Wisdom Model that highlights the importance of experience gained through exploration during adolescence. We propose, therefore, that brain models that recognize the adaptive roles that cognition and experience play during adolescence provide a more complete and helpful picture of this period of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Romer
- Annenberg Public Policy Center, University of Pennsylvania, United States.
| | - Valerie F Reyna
- Human Neuroscience Institute, Cornell University, United States
| | - Theodore D Satterthwaite
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, United States
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8
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Li R, Roberts RC, Huettel SA, Brannon EM. Five-year-olds do not show ambiguity aversion in a risk and ambiguity task with physical objects. J Exp Child Psychol 2017; 159:319-326. [PMID: 28359540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Ambiguity aversion arises when a decision maker prefers risky gambles with known probabilities over equivalent ambiguous gambles with unknown probabilities. This phenomenon has been consistently observed in adults across a large body of empirical work. Evaluating ambiguity aversion in young children, however, has posed methodological challenges because probabilistic representations appropriate for adults might not be understood by young children. Here, we established a novel method for representing risk and ambiguity with physical objects that overcomes previous methodological limitations and allows us to measure ambiguity aversion in young children. We found that individual 5-year-olds exhibited consistent choice preferences and, as a group, exhibited no ambiguity aversion in a task that evokes ambiguity aversion in adults. Across individuals, 5-year-olds exhibited greater variance in ambiguity preferences compared with adults tested under similar conditions. This suggests that ambiguity aversion is absent during early childhood and emerges over the course of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Li
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Rachel C Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Scott A Huettel
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Center for Interdisciplinary Decision Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA; Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Brannon
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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9
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Kluwe-Schiavon B, Viola TW, Sanvicente-Vieira B, Pezzi JC, Grassi-Oliveira R. Similarities between adult female crack cocaine users and adolescents in risky decision-making scenarios. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2016; 38:795-810. [PMID: 27187587 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2016.1167171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although previous studies have shown that both adolescence and drug addiction can influence risk-taking and decision-making processes, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Specifically, there is a lack of evidence as to whether these conditions could affect deliberative and affective processes involved in risk taking, such as feedback learning and valuation of profits and risk. OBJECTIVES The objectives were to compare the role of feedback and the use of information in risk-taking behavior between female crack cocaine users and adolescents. Additionally, we aimed to investigate whether sensation seeking, impulsivity, depressive and anxiety symptoms, executive functioning, and working memory performance could explain differences in risk-taking behavior. METHOD This is a quasi-experimental study comparing 27 low-income adult female crack cocaine users (CU) to 18 female adolescents (AD) within two conditions (no-feedback or delayed-feedback) of the Columbia Card Task (CCT). In order to investigate CCT reference values for adult females, we also included 20 female non-drug-users with regular education and income as a reference group (RG). RESULTS A similar pattern of risk-taking behavior was found between CU and AD within the CCT no-feedback condition. When delayed feedback was provided, AD exhibited a similar pattern of risk-taking behavior in the no-feedback condition, while CU showed a reduction of risk-taking behavior. Both groups exhibited higher risk taking than the RG within the CCT no-feedback condition, but only the AD group showed higher risk-taking behavior within the CCT feedback condition. Depressive symptom severity and working memory deficits were associated with higher risk-taking behaviors in CU. Executive functioning deficits were associated with higher risk-taking behavior in AD. CONCLUSIONS Adult female crack cocaine users and female adolescents took similar risks during risky decision-making scenarios where feedback about their own performance was absent. However, when participants were provided with such feedback, it modulated risk-taking behaviors in crack cocaine users but not in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Kluwe-Schiavon
- a Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Graduate Program in Psychology , Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Thiago Wendt Viola
- b Graduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, PUCRS , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Breno Sanvicente-Vieira
- a Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Graduate Program in Psychology , Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Júlio Carlos Pezzi
- c Post-Graduate Program in Health Sciences , Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA) , Porto Alegre , Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira
- a Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience Lab (DCNL), Graduate Program in Psychology , Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) , Porto Alegre , Brazil.,b Graduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, PUCRS , Porto Alegre , Brazil
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10
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Han SD, Boyle PA, James BD, Yu L, Barnes LL, Bennett DA. Discrepancies between cognition and decision making in older adults. Aging Clin Exp Res 2016; 28:99-108. [PMID: 25995167 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-015-0375-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There is increasing clinical and legal interest in discrepancies between decision-making ability and cognition in old age, a stage of life when decisions have major ramifications. We investigated the frequency and correlates of such discrepancies in non-demented older adults participating in a large community-based cohort study of aging, the Rush Memory and Aging Project. METHODS Participants [n = 689, mean age 81.8 (SD 7.6), mean education 15.2 (SD 3.1), 76.8 % female and 93.3 % white] completed a measure of financial and healthcare decision making (DM) and a battery of 19 neuropsychological tests from which a composite measure of global cognition (COG) was derived. RESULTS Results indicated that 23.9 % of the sample showed a significant discrepancy between DM and COG abilities. Of these, 12.9 % showed DM < COG, while 11.0 % showed DM > COG. Logistic regression models showed older age, being non-white, greater temporal discounting, and greater risk aversion were associated with higher odds of being in the DM < COG group. Being male was associated with higher odds of being in the DM > COG group. Education, income, depressive symptoms, and impulsivity were not associated with a discrepancy. Only demographic associations (age, sex, and race) remained significant in a fully adjusted model with terms included for all factors. CONCLUSION These results support the consideration of decision making and cognition as potentially separate constructs.
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11
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Imuta K, Hewitt J, Scarf D. Gollin's (1965) levels-by-levels approach: the importance of manipulating the task dimension when assessing age-related changes and individual differences in decision making. Front Psychol 2015; 6:541. [PMID: 25983712 PMCID: PMC4415303 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kana Imuta
- Department of Psychology, University of QueenslandBrisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Josh Hewitt
- Department of Psychology, University of OtagoDunedin, New Zealand
| | - Damian Scarf
- Department of Psychology, University of OtagoDunedin, New Zealand
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12
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Viswanathan V, Lee S, Gilman JM, Kim BW, Lee N, Chamberlain L, Livengood SL, Raman K, Lee MJ, Kuster J, Stern DB, Calder B, Mulhern FJ, Blood AJ, Breiter HC. Age-related striatal BOLD changes without changes in behavioral loss aversion. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:176. [PMID: 25983682 PMCID: PMC4415398 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss aversion (LA), the idea that negative valuations have a higher psychological impact than positive ones, is considered an important variable in consumer research. The literature on aging and behavior suggests older individuals may show more LA, although it is not clear if this is an effect of aging in general (as in the continuum from age 20 and 50 years), or of the state of older age (e.g., past age 65 years). We also have not yet identified the potential biological effects of aging on the neural processing of LA. In the current study we used a cohort of subjects with a 30 year range of ages, and performed whole brain functional MRI (fMRI) to examine the ventral striatum/nucleus accumbens (VS/NAc) response during a passive viewing of affective faces with model-based fMRI analysis incorporating behavioral data from a validated approach/avoidance task with the same stimuli. Our a priori focus on the VS/NAc was based on (1) the VS/NAc being a central region for reward/aversion processing; (2) its activation to both positive and negative stimuli; (3) its reported involvement with tracking LA. LA from approach/avoidance to affective faces showed excellent fidelity to published measures of LA. Imaging results were then compared to the behavioral measure of LA using the same affective faces. Although there was no relationship between age and LA, we observed increasing neural differential sensitivity (NDS) of the VS/NAc to avoidance responses (negative valuations) relative to approach responses (positive valuations) with increasing age. These findings suggest that a central region for reward/aversion processing changes with age, and may require more activation to produce the same LA behavior as in younger individuals, consistent with the idea of neural efficiency observed with high IQ individuals showing less brain activation to complete the same task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Viswanathan
- Medill Integrated Marketing Communications, Northwestern University Evanston, IL, USA ; Applied Neuromarketing Consortium: Northwestern University, Wayne State University, University of Michigan, Loughborough University School of Business and Economics (UK) and Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard University Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sang Lee
- Mood and Motor Control Laboratory or Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA ; Warren Wright Adolescent Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, IL, USA ; Northwestern University and Massachusetts General Hospital Phenotype Genotype Project in Addiction and Mood Disorders Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jodi M Gilman
- Mood and Motor Control Laboratory or Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA
| | - Byoung Woo Kim
- Applied Neuromarketing Consortium: Northwestern University, Wayne State University, University of Michigan, Loughborough University School of Business and Economics (UK) and Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard University Chicago, IL, USA ; Mood and Motor Control Laboratory or Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA ; Warren Wright Adolescent Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, IL, USA ; Northwestern University and Massachusetts General Hospital Phenotype Genotype Project in Addiction and Mood Disorders Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nick Lee
- Applied Neuromarketing Consortium: Northwestern University, Wayne State University, University of Michigan, Loughborough University School of Business and Economics (UK) and Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard University Chicago, IL, USA ; Marketing Group, Aston Business School Birmingham, UK
| | - Laura Chamberlain
- Applied Neuromarketing Consortium: Northwestern University, Wayne State University, University of Michigan, Loughborough University School of Business and Economics (UK) and Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard University Chicago, IL, USA ; Marketing Group, Aston Business School Birmingham, UK
| | - Sherri L Livengood
- Applied Neuromarketing Consortium: Northwestern University, Wayne State University, University of Michigan, Loughborough University School of Business and Economics (UK) and Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard University Chicago, IL, USA ; Warren Wright Adolescent Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kalyan Raman
- Medill Integrated Marketing Communications, Northwestern University Evanston, IL, USA ; Applied Neuromarketing Consortium: Northwestern University, Wayne State University, University of Michigan, Loughborough University School of Business and Economics (UK) and Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard University Chicago, IL, USA ; Warren Wright Adolescent Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, IL, USA ; Department of Marketing, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Myung Joo Lee
- Applied Neuromarketing Consortium: Northwestern University, Wayne State University, University of Michigan, Loughborough University School of Business and Economics (UK) and Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard University Chicago, IL, USA ; Mood and Motor Control Laboratory or Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA ; Warren Wright Adolescent Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, IL, USA ; Northwestern University and Massachusetts General Hospital Phenotype Genotype Project in Addiction and Mood Disorders Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jake Kuster
- Mood and Motor Control Laboratory or Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA ; Northwestern University and Massachusetts General Hospital Phenotype Genotype Project in Addiction and Mood Disorders Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel B Stern
- Applied Neuromarketing Consortium: Northwestern University, Wayne State University, University of Michigan, Loughborough University School of Business and Economics (UK) and Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard University Chicago, IL, USA ; Warren Wright Adolescent Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Bobby Calder
- Applied Neuromarketing Consortium: Northwestern University, Wayne State University, University of Michigan, Loughborough University School of Business and Economics (UK) and Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard University Chicago, IL, USA ; Department of Marketing, Kellogg School of Management, Northwestern University Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Frank J Mulhern
- Medill Integrated Marketing Communications, Northwestern University Evanston, IL, USA ; Applied Neuromarketing Consortium: Northwestern University, Wayne State University, University of Michigan, Loughborough University School of Business and Economics (UK) and Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard University Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anne J Blood
- Applied Neuromarketing Consortium: Northwestern University, Wayne State University, University of Michigan, Loughborough University School of Business and Economics (UK) and Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard University Chicago, IL, USA ; Mood and Motor Control Laboratory or Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA ; Northwestern University and Massachusetts General Hospital Phenotype Genotype Project in Addiction and Mood Disorders Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hans C Breiter
- Applied Neuromarketing Consortium: Northwestern University, Wayne State University, University of Michigan, Loughborough University School of Business and Economics (UK) and Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard University Chicago, IL, USA ; Mood and Motor Control Laboratory or Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Genetics, Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital Boston, MA, USA ; Warren Wright Adolescent Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine Chicago, IL, USA ; Northwestern University and Massachusetts General Hospital Phenotype Genotype Project in Addiction and Mood Disorders Chicago, IL, USA
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13
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Grueneisen S, Wyman E, Tomasello M. Conforming to coordinate: children use majority information for peer coordination. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014; 33:136-47. [PMID: 25495153 DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Humans are constantly required to coordinate their behaviour with others. As this often relies on everyone's convergence on the same strategy (e.g., driving on the left side of the road), a common solution is to conform to majority behaviour. In this study, we presented 5-year-old children with a coordination problem: To retrieve some rewards, they had to choose the same of four options as a peer partner--in reality a stooge--whose decision they were unable to see. Before making a choice, they watched a video showing how other children from their partner's peer group had behaved; a majority chose the same option and a minority chose a different one. In a control condition, children watched the same video but could then retrieve the reward irrespective of their partner's choice (i.e., no coordination was necessary). Children followed the majority more often when coordination was required. Moreover, conformers mostly justified their choices by referring to the majority from the video demonstration. This study is the first to show that young children are able to strategically coordinate decisions with peers by conforming to the majority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Grueneisen
- Department of Developmental and Comparative Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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14
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Grueneisen S, Wyman E, Tomasello M. “I Know You Don't Know I Know…” Children Use Second-Order False-Belief Reasoning for Peer Coordination. Child Dev 2014; 86:287-93. [DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily Wyman
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
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15
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Kolling N, Wittmann M, Rushworth MFS. Multiple neural mechanisms of decision making and their competition under changing risk pressure. Neuron 2014; 81:1190-1202. [PMID: 24607236 PMCID: PMC3988955 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sometimes when a choice is made, the outcome is not guaranteed and there is only a probability of its occurrence. Each individual’s attitude to probability, sometimes called risk proneness or aversion, has been assumed to be static. Behavioral ecological studies, however, suggest such attitudes are dynamically modulated by the context an organism finds itself in; in some cases, it may be optimal to pursue actions with a low probability of success but which are associated with potentially large gains. We show that human subjects rapidly adapt their use of probability as a function of current resources, goals, and opportunities for further foraging. We demonstrate that dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) carries signals indexing the pressure to pursue unlikely choices and signals related to the taking of such choices. We show that dACC exerts this control over behavior when it, rather than ventromedial prefrontal cortex, interacts with posterior cingulate cortex. Against common belief, risk preference is not fixed but is dynamically updated Environments exert varying “risk pressure” tracked by ACC Risk-related values and behavior are then regulated by ACC Two mechanisms regulate competition for control of behavior between ACC and vmPFC
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Kolling
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK.
| | - Marco Wittmann
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK
| | - Matthew F S Rushworth
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3UD, UK; Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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Xu ER, Kralik JD. Risky business: rhesus monkeys exhibit persistent preferences for risky options. Front Psychol 2014; 5:258. [PMID: 24795661 PMCID: PMC4006032 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhesus monkeys have been shown to prefer risky over safe options in experiential decision-making tasks. These findings might be due, however, to specific contextual factors, such as small amounts of fluid reward and minimal costs for risk-taking. To better understand the factors affecting decision-making under risk in rhesus monkeys, we tested multiple factors designed to increase the stakes including larger reward amounts, distinct food items rather than fluid reward, a smaller number of trials per session, and risky options with greater variation that also included non-rewarded outcomes. We found a consistent preference for risky options, except when the expected value of the safe option was greater than the risky option. Thus, with equivalent mean utilities between the safe and risky options, rhesus monkeys appear to have a robust preference for the risky options in a broad range of circumstances, akin to the preferences found in human children and some adults in similar tasks. One account for this result is that monkeys make their choices based on the salience of the largest payoff, without integrating likelihood and value across trials. A related idea is that they fail to override an impulsive tendency to select the option with the potential to obtain the highest possible outcome. Our results rule out strict versions of both accounts and contribute to an understanding of the diversity of risky decision-making among primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Xu
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jerald D Kralik
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College Hanover, NH, USA
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