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Garon N, Hecker O, Kwan A, Crocker TA, English SD. Integrated versus trial specific focus improves decision-making in older preschoolers. Child Neuropsychol 2023; 29:28-55. [PMID: 35430949 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2022.2063269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the effect of integrated-focus (focusing on a depiction of overall gains/losses) versus trial-focus (focusing on gains/losses at each trial) on choice in a preschool variant of the Iowa Gambling task. Participants included 65 preschoolers (M = 47.82, SD = 7.29). Children completed two versions of the Preschool Gambling task, three cool executive function tasks, a moral reasoning task, and an affective perspective taking task. The results indicated that while the integrated-focus condition led to improvement in the awareness of the game, the condition effect was moderated by age for decision-making choice; older preschoolers showed improvement in decision-making in the integrated focus condition, while younger preschoolers showed no condition effect. Further analysis indicated that differences in the increase of advantageous choice across blocks and the condition effect were partly explained by these differences in awareness. Furthermore, a component of cool executive function (shifting) was associated with the latter phase of decision-making. The findings additionally indicated an association of advantageous decision-making with moral/emotional measures, suggesting that the PGT may be a potentially useful clinical tool for early assessment. Finally, the findings of the current study have implications for how hot and cool executive function abilities may work together to enable adaptive decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Garon
- Department of Psychology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, Canada
| | - Olivia Hecker
- Department of Psychology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, Canada
| | - Andrea Kwan
- Department of Psychology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, Canada
| | - Terese A Crocker
- Department of Psychology, Mount Allison University, Sackville, Canada
| | - Sarah D English
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
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2
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Molins F, Sahin F, Serrano MÁ. The Genetics of Risk Aversion: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14307. [PMID: 36361187 PMCID: PMC9657847 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Risk and loss aversion are phenomena with an important influence on decision-making, especially in economic contexts. At present, it remains unclear whether both are related, as well as whether they could have an emotional origin. The objective of this review, following the PRISMA statements, is to find consistencies in the genetic bases of risk and loss aversion with the aim of understanding their nature and shedding light on the above issues. A total of 23 empirical research met the inclusion criteria and were included from PubMed and ScienceDirect. All of them reported genetic measures from human samples and studied risk and loss aversion within an economic framework. The results for risk aversion, although with many limitations, attributed mainly to their heterogeneity and the lack of control in the studies, point to the implication of multiple polymorphisms related to the regulation of the serotonergic and dopaminergic pathways. In general, studies found the highest levels of risk aversion were associated with alleles that are linked to lower (higher) sensitivity or levels of dopamine (serotonin). For loss aversion, the scarcity of results prevents us from drawing clear conclusions, although the limited evidence seems to point in the same direction as for risk aversion. Therefore, it seems that risk aversion could have a stable genetical base which, in turn, is closely linked to emotions, but more research is needed to answer whether this phenomenon is related to loss aversion, as well as if the latter could also have an emotional origin. We also provide recommendations for future studies on genetics and economic behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Miguel Ángel Serrano
- Department of Psychobiology, Universitat de València, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 13, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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3
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Vilà-Balló A, De la Cruz-Puebla M, López-Barroso D, Miró J, Sala-Padró J, Cucurell D, Falip M, Rodríguez-Fornells A. Reward-based decision-making in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy patients with unilateral hippocampal sclerosis pre- and post-surgery. Neuroimage Clin 2022; 36:103251. [PMID: 36510413 PMCID: PMC9668642 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Correct functioning of the reward processing system is critical for optimizing decision-making as well as preventing the development of addictions and/or neuropsychiatric symptoms such as depression, apathy, and anhedonia. Consequently, patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy due to unilateral hippocampal sclerosis (mTLE-UHS) represent an excellent opportunity to study the brain networks involved in this system. OBJECTIVE The aim of the current study was to evaluate decision-making and the electrophysiological correlates of feedback processing in a sample of mTLE-UHS patients, compared to healthy controls. In addition, we assessed the impact of mesial temporal lobe surgical resection on these processes, as well as general, neuropsychological functioning. METHOD 17 mTLE-UHS patients and 17 matched healthy controls completed: [1] a computerized version of the Game of Dice Task, [2] a Standard Iowa Gambling Task, and [3] a modified ERP version of a probabilistic gambling task coupled with multichannel electroencephalography. Neuropsychological scores were also obtained both pre- and post-surgery. RESULTS Behavioral analyses showed a pattern of increased risk for the mTLE-UHS group in decision-making under ambiguity compared to the control group. A decrease in the amplitude of the Feedback Related Negativity (FRN), a weaker effect of valence on delta power, and a general reduction of delta and theta power in the mTLE-UHS group, as compared to the control group, were also found. The beta-gamma activity associated with the delivery of positive reward was similar in both groups. Behavioral performance and electrophysiological measures did not worsen post-surgery. CONCLUSIONS Patients with mTLE-UHS showed impairments in decision-making under ambiguity, particularly when they had to make decisions based on the outcomes of their choices, but not in decision-making under risk. No group differences were observed in decision-making when feedbacks were random. These results might be explained by the abnormal feedback processing seen in the EEG activity of patients with mTLE-UHS, and by concomitant impairments in working memory, and memory. These impairments may be linked to the disruption of mesial temporal lobe networks. Finally, feedback processing and decision-making under ambiguity were already affected in mTLE-UHS patients pre-surgery and did not show evidence of clear worsening post-surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrià Vilà-Balló
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Psychology, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Girona, Girona, Spain,Corresponding authors.
| | - Myriam De la Cruz-Puebla
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology, and Immunology, Neurosciences Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Equity in Brain Health, Global Brain Health Institute (GBHI), University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), CA, USA,Department of Internal Medicine, Health Sciences Faculty, Technical University of Ambato, Tungurahua, Ecuador,Dept. of Psychobiology and Methodology of Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Diana López-Barroso
- Cognitive Neurology and Aphasia Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Médico-Sanitarias, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain,Dept. of Psychobiology and Methodology of Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Júlia Miró
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Epilepsy Unit, Neurological Service, Neurology and Genetics Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jacint Sala-Padró
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Dept. of Psychobiology and Methodology of Behavioural Sciences, Faculty of Psychology, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - David Cucurell
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Falip
- Epilepsy Unit, Neurological Service, Neurology and Genetics Group, Neuroscience Program, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica de Bellvitge (IDIBELL), Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Rodríguez-Fornells
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Cognition and Brain Plasticity Group, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain,Institute of Neurosciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Chiu YC, Huang JT, Lee WK, Lin CJ, Lin CH. Reanalyzing the Maia and McClelland (2004) Empirical Data: How Do Participants Really Behave in the Iowa Gambling Task? Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:788456. [PMID: 35463491 PMCID: PMC9026173 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.788456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since 2007, the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) has been a standardized clinical assessment tool for assessing decision behavior in 13 psychiatric/neurological conditions. After the publication of Maia and McClelland's (1) article, there were two responses in 2005 from Bechara et al. and Maia and McClelland, respectively, discussing whether implicit emotion or explicit knowledge influences the development of foresighted decision strategies under uncertain circumstances (e.g., as simulated in the IGT). Methods and Results We reanalyze and verify the data obtained by Maia and McClelland (1) in their study "What participants really know in the Iowa Gambling Task" and find that decision-makers were lured into shortsighted decisions by the prospect of immediate gains and losses. Conclusion Although the findings of this reanalysis cannot support any arguments concerning the effect of either implicit emotion or explicit knowledge, we find evidence that, based on the gain-loss frequency in the IGT, participants behave myopically. This is consistent with most IGT-related articles (58 out of 86) in Lee et al.'s (2) cross-cultural review. Alternatively, under uncertain circumstances, there is probably no such thing as foresighted decision strategy irrespective of the proposed mechanisms of implicit emotion or explicit knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Chu Chiu
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Tsun Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - We-Kang Lee
- Sleep Center, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Jen Lin
- Department of Psychology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Nonlinear Analysis and Optimization, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hung Lin
- Department of Psychology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Research Center for Nonlinear Analysis and Optimization, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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5
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Buelow MT, Jungers MK, Parks C, Rinato B. Contextual Factors Affecting Risky Decision Making: The Influence of Music on Task Performance and Perceived Distraction. Front Psychol 2022; 13:818689. [PMID: 35310222 PMCID: PMC8926386 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.818689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has investigated factors that contribute to the development of different risk-taking behaviors, such as can occur on lab-based behavioral risky decision making tasks. On several of the most common tasks, participants must develop an adequate understanding of the relative risks and benefits associated with each decision in order to learn to decide advantageously. However, contextual factors can affect the decision making process and one's ability to weigh the risks and benefits of a decision. The present study investigates the extent to which music may be an additional contextual factor that can disrupt decision making and other executive functions. Across four studies we examine whether having music playing passively in the background or having participants actively listen to music affects performance on measures of risky decision making, working memory, processing speed, and problem solving. Participants reported greater distraction for rock music than classical music in the passive listening studies but did not report any differences in distraction across conditions in the active listening studies. Despite this self-reported increased level of distraction, few significant differences were found in task performance across groups and across studies. The Angling Risk Task (ART) was sensitive to differences in risk by condition, with music leading to greater risk-taking in a passive listening study, but less risk-taking in an active listening study, compared to no music. The extent to which music serves as a contextual factor disrupting performance on measures of risky decision making and other executive functions may depend in part on whether individuals are actively versus passively listening to the music.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa T Buelow
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Newark, OH, United States
| | - Melissa K Jungers
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Newark, OH, United States
| | - Cora Parks
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Newark, OH, United States
| | - Bonnie Rinato
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Newark, OH, United States
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6
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McCarthy M, Zhang L, Monacelli G, Ward T. Using Methods From Computational Decision-making to Predict Nonadherence to Fitness Goals: Protocol for an Observational Study. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e29758. [PMID: 34842557 PMCID: PMC8665389 DOI: 10.2196/29758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Can methods from computational models of decision-making be used to build a predictive model to identify individuals most likely to be nonadherent to personal fitness goals? Such a model may have significant value in the global battle against obesity. Despite growing awareness of the impact of physical inactivity on human health, sedentary behavior is increasingly linked to premature death in the developed world. The annual impact of sedentary behavior is significant, causing an estimated 2 million deaths. From a global perspective, sedentary behavior is one of the 10 leading causes of mortality and morbidity. Annually, considerable funding and countless public health initiatives are applied to promote physical fitness, with little impact on sustained behavioral change. Predictive models developed from multimodal methodologies combining data from decision-making tasks with contextual insights and objective physical activity data could be used to identify those most likely to abandon their fitness goals. This has the potential to enable development of more targeted support to ensure that those who embark on fitness programs are successful. Objective The aim of this study is to determine whether it is possible to use decision-making tasks such as the Iowa Gambling Task to help determine those most likely to abandon their fitness goals. Predictive models built using methods from computational models of decision-making, combining objective data from a fitness tracker with personality traits and modeling from decision-making games delivered via a mobile app, will be used to ascertain whether a predictive algorithm can identify digital personae most likely to be nonadherent to self-determined exercise goals. If it is possible to phenotype these individuals, it may be possible to tailor initiatives to support these individuals to continue exercising. Methods This is a siteless study design based on a bring your own device model. A total of 200 healthy adults who are novice exercisers and own a Fitbit (Fitbit Inc) physical activity tracker will be recruited via social media for this study. Participants will provide consent via the study app, which they will download from the Google Play store (Alphabet Inc) or Apple App Store (Apple Inc). They will also provide consent to share their Fitbit data. Necessary demographic information concerning age and sex will be collected as part of the recruitment process. Over 12 months, the scheduled study assessments will be pushed to the subjects to complete. The Iowa Gambling Task will be administered via a web app shared via a URL. Results Ethics approval was received from Dublin City University in December 2020. At manuscript submission, study recruitment was pending. The expected results will be published in 2022. Conclusions It is hoped that the study results will support the development of a predictive model and the study design will inform future research approaches. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04783298; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04783298
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie McCarthy
- Insight Centre For Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lili Zhang
- Insight Centre For Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Greta Monacelli
- Insight Centre For Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tomas Ward
- Insight Centre For Data Analytics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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7
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Xu M, Lee WK, Ko CH, Chiu YC, Lin CH. The Prominent Deck B Phenomenon in Schizophrenia: An Empirical Study on Iowa Gambling Task. Front Psychol 2021; 12:619855. [PMID: 34539474 PMCID: PMC8446202 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.619855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) was established to evaluate emotion-based decision-making ability under uncertain circumstances in clinical populations, including schizophrenia (Sz). However, there remains a lack of stable behavioral measures regarding discrimination for decision-making performance in IGT between schizophrenic cases and healthy participants. None of the Sz-IGT studies has specifically verified the prominent deck B (PDB) phenomenon gradually revealed in other populations. Here, we provided a global review and empirical study to verify these Sz-IGT issues. Methods: Seeking reliable and valid behavioral measures, we reviewed 38 studies using IGT to investigate decision-making behavior in Sz groups. The IGT, the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and clinical symptoms evaluations were administered to 61 schizophrenia or schizoaffective cases diagnosed by psychiatrists and 62 demographically matched healthy participants. Results: There were no valid behavioral measures in IGT that could significantly identify the decision-making dysfunction of Sz. However, Sz cases, on average, made more choices from disadvantageous deck B relative to other decks, particularly in the later learning process (block 3-5). Compared to the control group, the Sz group was more impaired on the WCST. The high-gain frequency decks B and D showed significant correlations with WCST but no correlation between clinical symptoms and IGT/WCST. Conclusions: Gain-loss frequency (GLF) has a dominant and stable impact on the decision-making process in both Sz and control groups. PDB phenomenon is essentially challenging to be observed on the ground of the expected value (EV) viewpoint approach on the IGT in both populations. Consequently, caution should be exercised when launching the IGT to assess the decision-making ability of Sz under a clinical scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Xu
- Department of Psychology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - We-Kang Lee
- Sleep Center, Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Ko
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chu Chiu
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hung Lin
- Department of Psychology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Non-linear Analysis and Optimization, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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8
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Singh V. Role of Cortisol and Testosterone in Risky Decision-Making: Deciphering Male Decision-Making in the Iowa Gambling Task. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:631195. [PMID: 34211361 PMCID: PMC8239136 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.631195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the widely observed high risk-taking behaviors in males, studies using the Iowa gambling task (IGT) have suggested that males choose safe long-term rewards over risky short-term rewards. The role of sex and stress hormones in male decision-making is examined in the initial uncertainty and the latter risk phase of the IGT. The task was tested at peak hormone activity, with breath counting to facilitate cortisol regulation and its cognitive benefits. Results from IGT decision-making before and after counting with saliva samples from two all-male groups (breath vs. number counting) indicated that cortisol declined independent of counting. IGT decision-making showed phase-specific malleability: alteration in the uncertainty phase and stability in the risk phase. Working memory showed alteration, whereas inhibition task performance remained stable, potentially aligning with the phase-specific demands of working memory and inhibition. The results of hierarchical regression for the uncertainty and risk trials indicated that testosterone improved the model fit, cortisol was detrimental for decision-making in uncertainty, and decision-making in the risk trials was benefitted by testosterone. Cortisol regulation accentuated hormones' phase-specific effects on decision-making. Aligned with the dual-hormone hypothesis, sex, and stress hormones might jointly regulate male long-term decision-making in the IGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Singh
- Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
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9
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Pandey G, Zayas V. What is a face worth? Facial attractiveness biases experience-based monetary decision-making. Br J Psychol 2021; 112:934-963. [PMID: 33969477 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There is ample evidence that attractive individuals, across diverse domains, are judged more favourably. But most research has focused on single/one-shot decisions, where decision-makers receive no feedback following their decisions, and outcomes of their judgements are inconsequential to the self. Would attractive individuals still be judged favourably in experience-based decision-making where people make iterative decisions and receive consequential feedback (money gained/lost) following each decision? To investigate this question, participants viewed headshots of four financial partners presented side-by-side and repeatedly (over 50-100 trials) selected partners that would help maximize their profits. Following every partner-selection, participants received feedback about the net monetary gains/losses the partner had conferred. Unbeknownst to participants, two partners (one attractive, one unattractive) were equally advantageous (conferred net-gains overtime) and two partners (one attractive and one unattractive) were equally disadvantageous (conferred net-losses overtime). Even though attractive and unattractive partners were equally profitable and despite receiving feedback, participants selected attractive partners more throughout the task were quicker to reselect them even when they conferred losses and judged them as more helpful. Indeed, attractive-disadvantageous partners were preferred to the same extent (or more) as unattractive-advantageous partners. Importantly, the effect of attractiveness on decision-making was fully explained by the perceived trustworthiness of the financial partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Pandey
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Vivian Zayas
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
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10
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Lee WK, Lin CJ, Liu LH, Lin CH, Chiu YC. Recollecting Cross-Cultural Evidences: Are Decision Makers Really Foresighted in Iowa Gambling Task? Front Psychol 2021; 11:537219. [PMID: 33408659 PMCID: PMC7779794 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.537219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) has become a remarkable experimental paradigm of dynamic emotion decision making. In recent years, research has emphasized the "prominent deck B (PDB) phenomenon" among normal (control group) participants, in which they favor "bad" deck B with its high-frequency gain structure-a finding that is incongruent with the original IGT hypothesis concerning foresightedness. Some studies have attributed such performance inconsistencies to cultural differences. In the present review, 86 studies featuring data on individual deck selections were drawn from an initial sample of 958 IGT-related studies published from 1994 to 2017 for further investigation. The PDB phenomenon was found in 67.44% of the studies (58 of 86), and most participants were recorded as having adopted the "gain-stay loss-randomize" strategy to cope with uncertainty. Notably, participants in our sample of studies originated from 16 areas across North America, South America, Europe, Oceania, and Asia, and the findings suggest that the PDB phenomenon may be cross-cultural.
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Affiliation(s)
- We-Kang Lee
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Shin Kong Wu Ho-Su Memorial Hospital Sleep Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Jen Lin
- Department of Psychology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Nonlinear Analysis and Optimization, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Hua Liu
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hung Lin
- Department of Psychology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Nonlinear Analysis and Optimization, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chu Chiu
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
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11
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Verstynen T, Dunovan K, Walsh C, Kuan CH, Manuck SB, Gianaros PJ. Adiposity covaries with signatures of asymmetric feedback learning during adaptive decisions. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2020; 15:1145-1156. [PMID: 32608485 PMCID: PMC7657458 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Unhealthy weight gain relates, in part, to how people make decisions based on prior experience. Here we conducted post hoc analysis on an archival data set to evaluate whether individual differences in adiposity, an anthropometric construct encompassing a spectrum of body types, from lean to obese, associate with signatures of asymmetric feedback learning during value-based decision-making. In a sample of neurologically healthy adults (N = 433), ventral striatal responses to rewards, measured using fMRI, were not directly associated with adiposity, but rather moderated its relationship with feedback-driven learning in the Iowa gambling task, tested outside the scanner. Using a biologically inspired model of basal ganglia-dependent decision processes, we found this moderating effect of reward reactivity to be explained by an asymmetrical use of feedback to drive learning; that is, with more plasticity for gains than for losses, stronger reward reactivity leads to decisions that minimize exploration for maximizing long-term outcomes. Follow-up analysis confirmed that individual differences in adiposity correlated with signatures of asymmetric use of feedback cues during learning, suggesting that reward reactivity may especially relate to adiposity, and possibly obesity risk, when gains impact future decisions more than losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Verstynen
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Carnegie Mellon Neuroscience Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Kyle Dunovan
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Catherine Walsh
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Chieh-Hsin Kuan
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Stephen B Manuck
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Peter J Gianaros
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA.,Center for the Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
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12
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Díaz Batanero C, Sanchez-Garcia M, Fernández-Calderón F, Lozano OM. Decision making in substance use disorder patients: Reliability, convergent validity and sensitivity to change of a new behavioral measure. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2020; 42:998-1009. [PMID: 33153371 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2020.1840519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) and the Delay Discounting Test (DDT) are two of the most widely used decision-making tests within the field of addiction research. The IGT creates a context of uncertainty where immediate rewards or long-term benefits are chosen, whilst the DDT measures the change in value of a reward as the time taken to obtain it increases. The objective of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of a new task: Deciding about your health (DAYH), which integrates both components. METHOD Longitudinal observational study. The sample was composed of 97 patients being treated for cocaine use disorder. The DAYH, IGT, DDT and other instruments for measuring dependence severity were administered. Relapse was evaluated within 3 and 6 months after the baseline assessment. RESULTS Reliability was indicated by an intraclass correlation coefficient (r) of. 80. DAYH scores showed significant relationships with IGT (r = -.237; p <.05), although not with DDT (r =.048) scores. A relationship was also found between DAYH and dependency severity (r = -.213; p <.05) and craving (r = -.231; p <.05). The DAYH scores showed sensitivity to change, and the capacity to predict relapse. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate the utility of DAYH for exploring decision-making in patients with substance use disorders. The relationships with IGT and DDT also indicate the need to further investigate how decisions are made in various contexts of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Díaz Batanero
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Psychology, University of Huelva , Huelva, Spain.,Research Center for Natural Resources, Health and the Environment, University of Huelva , Huelva, Spain
| | - M Sanchez-Garcia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Psychology, University of Huelva , Huelva, Spain.,Research Center for Natural Resources, Health and the Environment, University of Huelva , Huelva, Spain
| | - Fermín Fernández-Calderón
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Psychology, University of Huelva , Huelva, Spain.,Research Center for Natural Resources, Health and the Environment, University of Huelva , Huelva, Spain
| | - O M Lozano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Psychology, University of Huelva , Huelva, Spain.,Research Center for Natural Resources, Health and the Environment, University of Huelva , Huelva, Spain
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13
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Joyal CC, Tardif M, Spearson-Goulet JA. Executive Functions and Social Cognition in Juveniles Who Have Sexually Offended. SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2020; 32:179-202. [PMID: 30419790 DOI: 10.1177/1079063218807487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although neuropsychological assessments provide valuable information for those working in forensic mental health, few neuropsychological studies concern persons who sexually offend, particularly juveniles who have sexually offended (JSO). It has been suggested that, contrary to current theories, executive function in JSO, as a group, is no more impaired than it is in juvenile delinquents in general. However, JSO with child victims seem to be more impulsive than JSO whose victims are peers or adults. To verify this potentially important (and unexpected) finding, a sample of adolescent males (N = 134; 15.6 ± 1.5 years old) that included JSO, general delinquents, and underprivileged nondelinquents was assessed using a battery of behavioral and psychological tests that focus on impulsivity. No difference was found between groups regarding higher order executive functions as measured with the Wisconsin Card Sorting Task but JSO with child victims were found to be the most impulsive subgroup as evidenced with the Iowa Gambling Task, the Stop-Signal Reaction Task, and the Impulsive scale of the Social Problem Solving Inventory. They also had the highest number of prescriptions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication. These results, which contradict hypotheses derived from assessment of adult sex offenders, illustrate an important difference between the cognitive profiles of adult and juvenile males who sexually offended. They also confirm that JSO whose victims are children appear to be more impulsive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian C Joyal
- Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Canada
- Institut Philippe-Pinel de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Monique Tardif
- Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada
- Institut Philippe-Pinel de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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14
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Buelow MT, Jungers MK, Chadwick KR. Manipulating the decision making process: Influencing a “gut” reaction. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2019; 41:1097-1113. [DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2019.1662374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa T. Buelow
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Newark, OH, USA
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15
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Lin CH, Wang CC, Sun JH, Ko CH, Chiu YC. Is the Clinical Version of the Iowa Gambling Task Relevant for Assessing Choice Behavior in Cases of Internet Addiction? Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:232. [PMID: 31191368 PMCID: PMC6545792 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: A critical issue in research related to the Iowa gambling task (IGT) is the use of the alternative factors expected value and gain-loss frequency to distinguish between clinical cases and control groups. When the IGT has been used to examine cases of Internet addiction (IA), the literature reveals inconsistencies in the results. However, few studies have utilized the clinical version of IGT (cIGT) to examine IA cases. The present study aims to resolve previous inconsistencies and to examine the validity of the cIGT by comparing performances of controls with cases of Internet gaming disorder (IGD), a subtype of IA defined by the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Methods: The study recruited 23 participants with clinically diagnosed IGD and 38 age-matched control participants. Based on the basic assumptions of IGT and the gain-loss frequency viewpoint, a dependent variables analysis was carried out. Results: The results showed no statistical difference between the two groups in most performance indices and therefore support the findings of most IGT-IA studies; in particular, expected value and gain-loss frequency did not distinguish between the IGD cases and controls. However, the participants in both groups were influenced by the gain-loss frequency, revealing the existence of the prominent deck B phenomenon. Conclusion: The findings provide two possible interpretations. The first is that choice behavior deficits do not constitute a characteristic feature of individuals who have been diagnosed with IGD/IA. The second is that, as the cIGT was unable to distinguish the choice behavior of the IGD/IA participants from that of controls, the cIGT may not be relevant for assessing IGD based on the indices provided by the expected value and gain-loss frequency perspectives in the standard administration of IGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Hung Lin
- Department of Psychology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Nonlinear Analysis and Optimization, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Chih Wang
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Research Center for Education and Mind Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Huang Sun
- Department of Psychology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Ko
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chu Chiu
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
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16
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Abstract
My objectives are to review: 1) a brief history of sport-related concussion (SRC) and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), 2) the evolution of CTE in American professional football, 3) the data regarding SRC/CTE as they relate to depression and suicide, 4) the data on the neurocognitive effects of subconcussion/repetitive head trauma (with emphases on heading the ball in soccer and early exposure to football), 5) the evidence related to SRC and neurodegenerative diseases, 6) the published studies of CTE, 7) the NINDS neuropathological criteria for CTE, 8) public beliefs about SRC/CTE, and 9) the scientific questions regarding CTE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Solomon
- a Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt Sports Concussion Center , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , Tennessee , USA
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17
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Chiu YC, Huang JT, Duann JR, Lin CH. Editorial: Twenty Years After the Iowa Gambling Task: Rationality, Emotion, and Decision-Making. Front Psychol 2018; 8:2353. [PMID: 29422876 PMCID: PMC5788943 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Chu Chiu
- Department of Psychology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jong-Tsun Huang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Ren Duann
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hung Lin
- Department of Psychology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Nonlinear Analysis and Optimization, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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18
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Hadlaczky G, Hökby S, Mkrtchian A, Wasserman D, Balazs J, Machín N, Sarchiapone M, Sisask M, Carli V. Decision-Making in Suicidal Behavior: The Protective Role of Loss Aversion. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:116. [PMID: 29674980 PMCID: PMC5895652 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loss aversion is a central and well operationalized trait behavior that describes the tendency for humans to strongly prefer avoiding losses to making equivalent gains. Human decision-making is thus biased toward safer choices. AIM The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between loss aversion and suicidal behavior in a large cohort of adolescents recruited in 30 schools of seven European countries for a longitudinal study (Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN65120704). We hypothesized that individuals with higher loss aversion would be less likely to attempt suicide. METHODS A mixed monetary gamble task was used to generate loss aversion scores for each participant. Logistic regression was used to estimate the cross-sectional association between loss aversion and life-time suicide attempts in the baseline sample (N = 2,158; 156 attempters), and incident attempts were predicted in a 4-month prospective model (N = 1,763; 75 attempters). Multiple regression was used to estimate the association between loss aversion and suicidal ideation. RESULTS Loss aversion was a significant predictor of attempted suicide in both the cross-sectional (OR = 0.79; P = 0.005) and prospective analysis (OR = 0.81; P = 0.040), adjusting for depression, anxiety, stress, and sex. The correlation between pre and post measures of loss aversion was r = 0.52 (P < 0.001). Interestingly, although depression, anxiety, and stress were associated with suicidal ideation, loss aversion was not (cross-sectional model: P = 0.092; Prospective model: P = 0.390). This suggests that the concept of loss aversion may be useful in understanding the transition from suicidal thoughts to attempts. CONCLUSION This and previous studies suggest that altered decision-making is involved in suicide attempts. In our study, we show the involvement of loss aversion in particular, and propose that individuals high in loss aversion are discouraged from carrying out the suicide attempt because of a greater focus on the negative consequences of the decision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergö Hadlaczky
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Hökby
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anahit Mkrtchian
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Danuta Wasserman
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Judit Balazs
- Vadaskert Child Psychiatry Hospital and Outpatient Clinic, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Psychology, Eötövös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Núria Machín
- Skylark Health Research Ltd., London, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Sarchiapone
- Department of Medicine and Health Science, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy.,National Institute for Health, Migration and Poverty, Rome, Italy.,Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Merike Sisask
- Estonian-Swedish Mental Health and Suicidology Institute, Tallinn, Estonia.,School of Governance, Law and Society, Tallinn University, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Vladimir Carli
- National Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention of Mental Ill-Health, Department of Learning, Informatics, Management and Ethics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Externalizing Behavior in at-Risk Preadolescents: Relationships among Effortful Control, Affective Experiences, and Autonomic Psychophysiology. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-017-9604-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Buelow MT, Wirth JH. Decisions in the face of known risks: Ostracism increases risky decision-making. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Doyle KL, Woods SP, Morgan EE, Iudicello JE, Cameron MV, Gilbert PE, Beltran J. Health-Related Decision-Making in HIV Disease. J Clin Psychol Med Settings 2016; 23:135-46. [PMID: 26946300 PMCID: PMC4878822 DOI: 10.1007/s10880-016-9455-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Individuals living with HIV show moderate decision-making deficits, though no prior studies have evaluated the ability to make optimal health-related decisions across the HIV healthcare continuum. Forty-three HIV+ individuals with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND+), 50 HIV+ individuals without HAND (HAND-), and 42 HIV- participants were administered two measures of health-related decision-making as part of a comprehensive neuropsychological battery: (1) The Decisional Conflict Scale (DCS), and (2) The Modified UCSD Brief Assessment for Capacity to Consent (UBACC-T). Multiple regression analyses revealed that HAND was an independent predictor of both the DCS and the UBACC-T, such that the HAND+ sample evidenced significantly poorer scores relative to comparison groups. Within the HIV+ sample, poorer health-related decision-making was associated with worse performance on tests of episodic memory, risky decision-making, and health literacy. Findings indicate that individuals with HAND evidence moderate deficits in effectively comprehending and evaluating various health-related choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie L Doyle
- Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Steven Paul Woods
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, 126 Heyne Building, Houston, TX, 77204-5022, USA.
| | - Erin E Morgan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer E Iudicello
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Marizela V Cameron
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paul E Gilbert
- Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Beltran
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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22
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Gutiérrez-Cobo MJ, Cabello R, Fernández-Berrocal P. The Relationship between Emotional Intelligence and Cool and Hot Cognitive Processes: A Systematic Review. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:101. [PMID: 27303277 PMCID: PMC4882325 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although emotion and cognition were considered to be separate aspects of the psyche in the past, researchers today have demonstrated the existence of an interplay between the two processes. Emotional intelligence (EI), or the ability to perceive, use, understand, and regulate emotions, is a relatively young concept that attempts to connect both emotion and cognition. While EI has been demonstrated to be positively related to well-being, mental and physical health, and non-aggressive behaviors, little is known about its underlying cognitive processes. The aim of the present study was to systematically review available evidence about the relationship between EI and cognitive processes as measured through "cool" (i.e., not emotionally laden) and "hot" (i.e., emotionally laden) laboratory tasks. We searched Scopus and Medline to find relevant articles in Spanish and English, and divided the studies following two variables: cognitive processes (hot vs. cool) and EI instruments used (performance-based ability test, self-report ability test, and self-report mixed test). We identified 26 eligible studies. The results provide a fair amount of evidence that performance-based ability EI (but not self-report EI tests) is positively related with efficiency in hot cognitive tasks. EI, however, does not appear to be related with cool cognitive tasks: neither through self-reporting nor through performance-based ability instruments. These findings suggest that performance-based ability EI could improve individuals' emotional information processing abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosario Cabello
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Granada Granada, Spain
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23
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Okdie BM, Buelow MT, Bevelhymer-Rangel K. It's All in How You Think About It: Construal Level and the Iowa Gambling Task. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:2. [PMID: 26834531 PMCID: PMC4722111 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research has identified a number of factors that can influence performance on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) when it is used in clinical or research settings. The current studies examine the effects of construal level theory (CLT) on the IGT. Study 1 suggests that when primed with a high construal mindset (i.e., thinking abstractly vs. concretely), individuals learned to avoid Deck A more than those primed with a low construal mindset. Study 2 suggests that when construal level is manipulated through psychological distance (i.e., selecting for a close vs. distant friend), individuals in a high construal mindset instead showed a preference for Deck A compared to individuals in a low construal mindset or a control group. Taken together, these studies suggest that IGT performance is impacted by the manner in which one construes the task. Implications for decision making research and use of the IGT as a clinical and research instrument are discussed.
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Besnard J, Allain P, Aubin G, Chauviré V, Etcharry-Bouyx F, Le Gall D. Decision-making of Prefrontal Patients with the Iowa Gambling Task: Unexpected Spared Performances and Preliminary Evidence for the Need of Alternative Measures. Clin Neuropsychol 2015; 29:509-21. [PMID: 26053240 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2015.1050458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human decision-making is a growing area of research most commonly associated with the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), which was first developed to assess patients with prefrontal cortex (PFC) damage. The IGT is now considered an appropriate task to predict behavioral disorders in various clinical populations. However, several studies have questioned the validity and reliability of the task, arguing that its particular payoff scheme may influence the decision-making process in terms of sensitivity to gain-loss frequency (GLF) rather than long-term outcome (the basic assumption of IGT). Despite the potential significance of this assertion for the diagnosis of decision-making deficits, few studies have addressed the influence of GLF on IGT performances in clinical populations, and there is no study to date that involves patients with prefrontal lobe damage. METHOD We tested 17 patients with PFC damage and 17 matched healthy controls with the IGT to analyze influence in choice behavior of both long-term outcomes and GLF. RESULTS There was a difference between groups in the GLF score, but none between groups in the long-term outcome variable (the traditional measure). Our findings demonstrate that only control subjects seemed able to consider both long-term outcome and GLF. CONCLUSIONS The discussion focuses on the contribution of empirical data, which may have implications for the clinical assessment of decision-making ability with the IGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Besnard
- a Laboratoire de Psychologie des Pays de la Loire (UPRES EA 4638), LUNAM Université , University of Angers , Angers , France
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25
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Bull PN, Tippett LJ, Addis DR. Decision making in healthy participants on the Iowa Gambling Task: new insights from an operant approach. Front Psychol 2015; 6:391. [PMID: 25904884 PMCID: PMC4387474 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) has contributed greatly to the study of affective decision making. However, researchers have observed high inter-study and inter-individual variability in IGT performance in healthy participants, and many are classified as impaired using standard criteria. Additionally, while decision-making deficits are often attributed to atypical sensitivity to reward and/or punishment, the IGT lacks an integrated sensitivity measure. Adopting an operant perspective, two experiments were conducted to explore these issues. In Experiment 1, 50 healthy participants completed a 200-trial version of the IGT which otherwise closely emulated Bechara et al.'s (1999) original computer task. Group data for Trials 1–100 closely replicated Bechara et al.'s original findings of high net scores and preferences for advantageous decks, suggesting that implementations that depart significantly from Bechara's standard IGT contribute to inter-study variability. During Trials 101–200, mean net scores improved significantly and the percentage of participants meeting the “impaired” criterion was halved. An operant-style stability criterion applied to individual data revealed this was likely related to individual differences in learning rate. Experiment 2 used a novel operant card task—the Auckland Card Task (ACT)—to derive quantitative estimates of sensitivity using the generalized matching law. Relative to individuals who mastered the IGT, persistent poor performers on the IGT exhibited significantly lower sensitivity to magnitudes (but not frequencies) of rewards and punishers on the ACT. Overall, our findings demonstrate the utility of operant-style analysis of IGT data and the potential of applying operant concurrent-schedule procedures to the study of human decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter N Bull
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lynette J Tippett
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Donna Rose Addis
- School of Psychology, The University of Auckland Auckland, New Zealand
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26
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Are normal decision-makers sensitive to changes in value contrast under uncertainty? Evidence from the Iowa Gambling Task. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101878. [PMID: 25036094 PMCID: PMC4103768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) developed by Bechara et al. in 1994 is used to diagnose patients with Ventromedial Medial Prefrontal Cortex (VMPFC) lesions, and it has become a landmark in research on decision making. According to Bechara et al., the manipulation of progressive increments of monetary value can normalize the performance of patients with VMPFC lesions; thus, they developed a computerized version of the IGT. However, the empirical results showed that patients' performances did not improve as a result of this manipulation, which suggested that patients with VMPFC lesions performed myopically for future consequences. Using the original version of the IGT, some IGT studies have demonstrated that increments of monetary value significantly influence the performance of normal subjects in the IGT. However, other research has resulted in inconsistent findings. In this study, we used the computerized IGT (1X-IGT) and manipulated the value contrast of progressive increments (i.e., by designing the 10X-IGT, which contained 10 times of progressive increment) to investigate the influence of value contrast on the performance of normal subjects. The resulting empirical observations indicated that the value contrast (1X- vs. 10X-IGT) of the progressive increment had no effect on the performance of normal subjects. This study also provides a discussion of the issue of value in IGT-related studies. Moreover, we found the “prominent deck B phenomenon” in both versions of the IGT, which indicated that the normal subjects were guided mostly by the gain-loss frequency, rather than by the monetary value contrast. In sum, the behavioral performance of normal subjects demonstrated a low correlation with changes in monetary value, even in the 10X-IGT.
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27
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Beitz KM, Salthouse TA, Davis HP. Performance on the Iowa Gambling Task: From 5 to 89 years of age. J Exp Psychol Gen 2014; 143:1677-1689. [PMID: 24512562 DOI: 10.1037/a0035823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present study focuses on the role of frequency bias and expected value on the learning processes driving performance on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) in individuals between 5 and 89 years of age. As in previous studies, children performed poorly on the IGT, were increasingly influenced by frequency of losses during learning, and constantly changed their decisions. Decision-making strategies changed after childhood from erratic behavior to more consistent strategies that promoted expected value of deck choices. Performance deficits as well as a loss frequency bias were found in older adults. However, age-related deficits were distinct between children and older adults. Cognitive modeling analysis indicated that older adults were more likely to forget about recent outcomes and were more consistent than children when selecting decks. Cognitive ability was associated with a modeling parameter for memory as well as IGT performance, suggesting the involvement of a cognitive component in young and middle-aged adult decision making. The interactions of modeling parameters suggested that cognitive changes were the cause of lowered performance in older adults. These analyses suggest critical developments in decision processes during the adolescent years and decline in a cognitive process leading to decision-making deficits after age 60.
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28
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Buelow MT, Okdie BM, Blaine AL. Seeing the forest through the trees: improving decision making on the Iowa gambling task by shifting focus from short- to long-term outcomes. Front Psychol 2013; 4:773. [PMID: 24151485 PMCID: PMC3798868 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The present study sought to examine two methods by which to improve decision making on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT): inducing a negative mood and providing additional learning trials. Method: In the first study, 194 undergraduate students [74 male; Mage = 19.44 (SD = 3.69)] were randomly assigned to view a series of pictures to induce a positive, negative, or neutral mood immediately prior to the IGT. In the second study, 276 undergraduate students [111 male; Mage = 19.18 (SD = 2.58)] completed a delay discounting task and back-to-back administrations of the IGT. Results: Participants in an induced negative mood selected more from Deck C during the final trials than those in an induced positive mood. Providing additional learning trials resulted in better decision making: participants shifted their focus from the frequency of immediate gains/losses (i.e., a preference for Decks B and D) to long-term outcomes (i.e., a preference for Deck D). In addition, disadvantageous decision making on the additional learning trials was associated with larger delay discounting (i.e., a preference for more immediate but smaller rewards). Conclusions: The present results indicate that decision making is affected by negative mood state, and that decision making can be improved by increasing the number of learning trials. In addition, the current results provide evidence of a relationship between performance on the IGT and on a separate measure of decision making, the delay discounting task. Moreover, the present results indicate that improved decision making on the IGT can be attributed to shifting focus toward long-term outcomes, as evidenced by increased selections from advantageous decks as well as correlations between the IGT and delay discounting task. Implications for the assessment of decision making using the IGT are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa T Buelow
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University Newark Newark, OH, USA
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