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Linnunsalo S, Yrttiaho S, Turati C, Quadrelli E, Peltola MJ, Hietanen JK. Infants' psychophysiological responses to eye contact with a human and with a humanoid robot. Biol Psychol 2024; 192:108858. [PMID: 39159718 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Eye contact with a human and with a humanoid robot elicits attention- and affect-related psychophysiological responses. However, these responses have mostly been studied in adults, leaving their developmental origin poorly understood. In this study, 114 infants (6-8 months old) viewed direct and averted gaze directions of a live human and an embodied humanoid robot while their heart rate deceleration (attention orienting), skin conductance (affective arousal), and facial muscle activity (affective valence) were measured. In addition, a non-humanoid object (a vase) was used as a control stimulus. Infants' attention orienting was stronger to averted versus direct gaze of a human and a robot, but indifferent to the averted versus direct orientation of the non-humanoid object. Moreover, infants' attention orienting was equally intensive toward a human and a robot, but less intensive toward a non-humanoid object. Affective arousal was insensitive to gaze direction and did not differ between the human, the robot, and the non-humanoid object. Facial muscle responses showed sensitivity to the gaze direction of a human and of a robot but not to the orientation of the non-humanoid object. These results suggest that infants recognize the attentional and affective/affiliative significance not only in a human's gaze but also in a robot's gaze.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuli Linnunsalo
- Human Information Processing Laboratory, Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Santeri Yrttiaho
- Human Information Processing Laboratory, Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Chiara Turati
- Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Ermanno Quadrelli
- Department of Psychology, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Mikko J Peltola
- Human Information Processing Laboratory, Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jari K Hietanen
- Human Information Processing Laboratory, Faculty of Social Sciences/Psychology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.
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Yin H, Zhou Y, Li Z. Contradictory findings in the study of emotional false memory: a review on the inadvisability of controlling valence and arousal. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1380742. [PMID: 38863666 PMCID: PMC11165708 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1380742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Emotional false memories are the erroneous recollection of events accompanied by an emotional experience. In high-risk domains like psychotherapy and the legal system, emotional false memories are of particular importance. Despite the systematic research conducted on emotional false memories in recent years, findings remain contradictory. Some studies have suggested that negative emotion reduces false memories, while others have suggested that negative emotion increases false memories. Research has mainly employed words and pictures as experimental stimuli, and studies using both types of memory stimuli are reviewed here. From this examination, it emerged that the main reasons for contradictory findings are as follows: (1) different materials have varying effects on inducing false memories, with pictures demonstrating a memory advantage compared to words; (2) recall and recognition tests have been used interchangeably, leading to different false-memory effects depending on the memory test employed; and (3) different studies have adopted different levels of control over valence and arousal when manipulating emotional variables. Future studies should distinguish between the use of different memory materials, examine specific differences in recall and recognition tests, and measure the impact of specific emotions on false memory beyond the dimensions of valence and arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haochen Yin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Psychology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yizhou Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Psychology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zuoshan Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Psychology, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
- School of Teacher Education, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing, China
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3
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Roßkopf S, Wechsler TF, Tucha S, Mühlberger A. Effects of facial biofeedback on hypomimia, emotion recognition, and affect in Parkinson's disease. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2024; 30:360-369. [PMID: 38017615 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617723000747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Facial expressions are a core component of emotions and nonverbal social communication. Therefore, hypomimia as secondary symptom of Parkinson's disease (PD) has adverse effects like social impairment, stigmatization, under-diagnosis and under-treatment of depression, and a generally lower quality of life. Beside unspecific dopaminergic treatment, specific treatment options for hypomimia in PD are rarely investigated. This quasi-randomized controlled trial evaluated the short-term effects of facial electromyogram (EMG) based biofeedback to enhance facial expression and emotion recognition as nonverbal social communication skills in PD patients. Furthermore effects on affect are examined. METHOD A sample of 34 in-patients with PD were allocated either to facial EMG-biofeedback as experimental group or non-facial exercises as control group. Facial expression during posing of emotions (measured via EMG), facial emotion recognition, and positive and negative affect were assessed before and after treatment. Stronger improvements were expected in the EMG-biofeedback in comparison to the control group. RESULTS The facial EMG-biofeedback group showed significantly greater improvements in overall facial expression, and especially for happiness and disgust. Also, overall facial emotion recognition abilities improved significantly stronger in the experimental group. Positive affect was significantly increased in both groups with no significant differences between them, while negative affect did not change within both groups. CONCLUSIONS The study provides promising evidence for facial EMG-biofeedback as a tool to improve facial expression and emotion recognition in PD. Embodiment theories are discussed as working mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Roßkopf
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Theresa Friederike Wechsler
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Tucha
- Schön Klinik München Schwabing - Neurologie München, München, Germany
- Schön Klinik MVZ, München, Germany
| | - Andreas Mühlberger
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Institute of Psychology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Oliveira GA, Remondes M, Garcia-Marques T. Easy to process, hard to control: Transient and sustained processing fluency impairs cognitive control adjustments to conflict. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2023; 76:2524-2534. [PMID: 36803030 PMCID: PMC10585938 DOI: 10.1177/17470218231159787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Recent research suggests that the cognitive monitoring system of control could be using negative affective cues intrinsic to changes in information processing to initiate top-down regulatory mechanisms. Here, we propose that positive feelings of ease-of-processing could be picked up by the monitoring system as a cue indicating that control is not necessary, leading to maladaptive control adjustments. We simultaneously target control adjustments driven by task context and on a trial-by-trial level, macro-, and micro-adjustments. This hypothesis was tested using a Stroop-like task comprised trials varying in congruence and perceptual fluency. A pseudo randomisation procedure within different proportion of congruence conditions was used to maximise discrepancy and fluency effects. Results suggest that in a mostly congruent context participants committed more fast errors when incongruent trials were easy-to-read. Moreover, within the mostly incongruent condition, we also found more errors on incongruent trials after experiencing the facilitation effect of repeated congruent trials. These results suggest that transient and sustained feelings of processing fluency can downregulate control mechanisms, leading to failed adaptive adjustments to conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo A Oliveira
- ISPA-William James Center for Research, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Remondes
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Teresa Garcia-Marques
- ISPA-William James Center for Research, Lisboa, Portugal
- ISPA—Instituto Universitário, Lisboa, Portugal
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Devine S, Vassena E, Otto AR. More than a feeling: physiological measures of affect index the integration of effort costs and rewards during anticipatory effort evaluation. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2023:10.3758/s13415-023-01095-3. [PMID: 37059875 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-023-01095-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The notion that humans avoid effortful action is one of the oldest and most persistent in psychology. Influential theories of effort propose that effort valuations are made according to a cost-benefit trade-off: we tend to invest mental effort only when the benefits outweigh the costs. While these models provide a useful conceptual framework, the affective components of effort valuation remain poorly understood. Here, we examined whether primitive components of affective response-positive and negative valence, captured via facial electromyography (fEMG)-can be used to better understand valuations of cognitive effort. Using an effortful arithmetic task, we find that fEMG activity in the corrugator supercilii-thought to index negative valence-1) tracks the anticipation and exertion of cognitive effort and 2) is attenuated in the presence of high rewards. Together, these results suggest that activity in the corrugator reflects the integration of effort costs and rewards during effortful decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Devine
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Eliana Vassena
- Department of Experimental Psychopathology and Treatment, Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A Ross Otto
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Liang D, Liu M, Fu Y, Sun J, Wang H. A New Explanation for the Frog-in-the-Pan Phenomenon Based on the Cognitive-Evolutionary Model of Surprise. Behav Sci (Basel) 2022; 13:bs13010007. [PMID: 36661579 PMCID: PMC9854531 DOI: 10.3390/bs13010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The frog-in-the-pan (FIP) phenomenon suggests that investors are more sensitive to abrupt price changes than gradual price changes in the stock market. Based on the cognitive-evolutionary model of surprise and the reinforcement learning model, this paper provides a new explanation for the FIP phenomenon in that this phenomenon could be explained by the elicitation of surprise emotion. We predict that when a change substantially and abruptly occurs, the significant prediction error triggers participants' surprise, which makes participants more sensitive to the change. To ascertain these hypotheses, we recruited 109 participants and compared participants' learning rates and surprise responses under different contexts. We observed that participants' learning rate soared when the prediction error was large enough to trigger surprise emotion under abruptly changed conditions and confirmed that the FIP phenomenon could be explained by the elicitation of surprise emotion. In a word, this research demonstrates the significant role of surprise emotion in the decision-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dapeng Liang
- School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Mengting Liu
- School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yang Fu
- School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jiayin Sun
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Hongyan Wang
- School of Mathematical Science, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
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7
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Beyond the features: The role of consistency in impressions of trust. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2022. [DOI: 10.32872/spb.9233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To be successful in social life, perceivers need to form impressions of other people's trustworthiness. Current models of this process emphasize the role of specific descriptive content–individual verbal and visual features determining trust impressions. In contrast, we describe three lines of our research showing that trust impressions also depend on consistency–a sense of fit–between features. The first line demonstrates that consistency of brief verbal characterizations increases trust judgments. The second line shows that trust judgments and behaviors are boosted by incidental consistency between the foreground and background of visual scenes. The third line observes that consistency between facial features enhances impressions of trustworthiness. In all these studies, consistency (measured via subjective ratings, reaction times, and physiological measures) positively and uniquely predicted trust judgments. Overall, our results, and related findings, show that trust impressions are not a simple sum of the contributing parts, but reflect a “gestalt.” We theoretically locate these findings in frameworks emphasizing the role of fluency, predictive coding, and coherence in social cognition.
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8
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Erle TM, Funk F. Visuospatial and Affective Perspective-Taking. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Perspective-taking is the ability to intuit another person’s mental state. Historically, cognitive and affective perspective-taking are distinguished from visuospatial perspective-taking because the content these processes operate on is too dissimilar. However, all three share functional similarities. Following recent research showing relations between cognitive and visuospatial perspective-taking, this article explores links between visuospatial and affective perspective-taking. Data of three preregistered experiments suggest that visuospatial perspective-taking does not improve emotion recognition speed and only slightly increases emotion recognition accuracy (Experiment 1), yet visuospatial perspective-taking increases the perceived intensity of emotional expressions (Experiment 2), as well as the emotional contagiousness of negative emotions (Experiment 3). The implications of these findings for content-based, cognitive, and functional taxonomies of perspective-taking and related processes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten M. Erle
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Friederike Funk
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, PR China
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Chong D, Yu A, Su H, Zhou Y. The Impact of Emotional States on Construction Workers’ Recognition Ability of Safety Hazards Based on Social Cognitive Neuroscience. Front Psychol 2022; 13:895929. [PMID: 35783709 PMCID: PMC9243482 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.895929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The construction industry is one of the most dangerous industries with grave situation owing to high accident rate and mortality rate, which accompanied with a series of security management issues that need to be tackled urgently. The unsafe behavior of construction workers is a critical reason for the high incidence of safety accidents. Affective Events Theory suggests that individual emotional states interfere with individual decisions and behaviors, which means the individual emotional states can significantly influence construction workers’ unsafe behaviors. As the complexity of the construction site environment and the lack of attention to construction workers’ emotions by managers, serious potential emotional problems were planted, resulting in the inability of construction workers to effectively recognize safety hazards, thus leading to safety accidents. Consequently, the study designs a behavioral experiment with E-prime software based on social cognitive neuroscience theories. Forty construction workers’ galvanic skin response signals were collected by a wearable device (HKR-11C+), and the galvanic skin response data were classified into different emotional states with support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. Variance analysis, correlation analysis and regression analysis were used to analyze the influence of emotional states on construction workers’ recognition ability of safety hazards. The research findings indicate that the SVM algorithm could effectively classify galvanic skin response data. The construct ion workers’ the reaction time to safety hazards and emotional valence were negatively correlated, while the accuracy of safety hazards recognition and the perception level of safety hazard separately had an inverted “U” type relationship with emotional valence. For construction workers with more than 20 years of working experience, work experience could effectively reduce the influence of emotional fluctuations on the accuracy of safety hazards identification. This study contributes to the application of physiological measurement techniques in construction safety management and shed a light on improving the theoretical system of safety management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Chong
- Department of Management Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Anni Yu
- Department of Management Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Anni Yu,
| | - Hao Su
- Department of Management Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Shanghai Urban Construction Road Engineering Co., Ltd, Shanghai Road & Bridge (Group) Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
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Kreibig SD, Samson AC, Gross JJ. Experiential, expressive, and physiological effects of positive and negative emotion regulation goals while reappraising amusing stimuli. Int J Psychophysiol 2022; 178:71-89. [PMID: 35597400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We examined whether positive and negative emotion regulation (ER) goals while cognitively reappraising amusing stimuli differentially engage positive (PA) and negative affect (NA) systems. Forty-eight women watched 20-30s amusing film clips. They were instructed to either respond naturally (no ER goal) or emphasize the film clips' positive (positive ER goal) or negative (negative ER goal) aspects in their interpretation. We measured PA and NA system activity on experiential, expressive, and physiological response channels through self-reported amusement and disgust, electromyography of zygomaticus major and corrugator supercilii, and autonomic nervous system reactivity from respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) and pre-ejection period (PEP). Natural viewing (no ER goal) of amusing clips increased self-reported amusement (and to a lesser degree disgust), zygomaticus reactivity, and RSA. Compared to no and negative ER goals, reappraising the amusing clips with a positive ER goal decreased corrugator reactivity, decreasing negative emotional expression. Compared to no and positive ER goals, reappraising the amusing clips with a negative ER goal decreased self-reported amusement and zygomaticus reactivity and increased self-reported disgust and corrugator reactivity, decreasing positive and increasing negative emotional experience and expression. We conclude that positive and negative ER goals while reappraising amusing stimuli differentially engaged PA and NA systems: The positive ER goal engaged withdrawal of the expressive NA system, whereas the negative ER goal engaged reciprocal NA-PA system activation on experiential and expressive response channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia D Kreibig
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Bldg 420, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA.
| | - Andrea C Samson
- Faculty of Psychology, UniDistance Suisse, University Campus Brig, Schinerstr. 18-20, 3900 Brig, Switzerland; Institute of Special Education, University of Fribourg, Rue Saint-Pierre Canisius 21, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - James J Gross
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, 450 Jane Stanford Way, Bldg 420, Stanford, 94305, CA, USA
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Nerantzaki K, Efklides A, Metallidou P. Epistemic emotions: Cognitive underpinnings and relations with metacognitive feelings. NEW IDEAS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2021.100904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Noordewier MK, Scheepers DT, Stins JF, Hagenaars MA. On the physiology of interruption after unexpectedness. Biol Psychol 2021; 165:108174. [PMID: 34453984 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2021.108174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We tested whether surprise elicits similar physiological changes as those associated with orienting and freezing after threat, as surprise also involves a state of interruption and attention for effective action. Moreover, because surprise is primarily driven by the unexpectedness of an event, initial physiological responses were predicted to be similar for positive, neutral, and negative surprises. Results of repetition-change studies (4 + 1 in Supplemental Materials) showed that surprise lowers heart rate (Experiments 1-4) and increases blood pressure (Experiment 4). No effects on body movement (Experiment 2) or finger temperature (Experiment 4) were found. When unexpected stimuli were presented more often (making them less surprising) heart rate returned to baseline, while blood pressure remained high (Experiment 4). These effects were not influenced by stimulus valence. However, second-to-second analyses within the first (surprising) block showed a tendency for a stronger increase in systolic blood pressure after negative vs. positive surprise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marret K Noordewier
- Social, Economic and Organisational Psychology, Social and Behavioural Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Daan T Scheepers
- Social, Economic and Organisational Psychology, Social and Behavioural Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Social, Health and Organizational Psychology, Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - John F Stins
- Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Muriel A Hagenaars
- Clinical Psychology, Social and Behavioural Sciences, Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Ortony A. Are All "Basic Emotions" Emotions? A Problem for the (Basic) Emotions Construct. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2021; 17:41-61. [PMID: 34264141 DOI: 10.1177/1745691620985415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of challenges to the idea that a small number of emotions enjoys the special status of "basic emotions," the idea continues to have considerable influence in psychology and beyond. However, different theorists have proposed substantially different lists of basic emotions, which suggests that there exists no stable criterion of basicness. To some extent, the basic-emotions enterprise is bedeviled by an overreliance on English affective terms, but there also lurks a more serious problem-the lack of agreement as to what emotions are. To address this problem, three necessary conditions are proposed as a minimal requirement for a mental state to be an emotion. A detailed analysis of surprise, a widely accepted basic emotion, reveals that surprise violates even this minimal test, raising the possibility that it and perhaps other would-be basic emotions might not be emotions at all. An approach that combines ideas such as undifferentiated affect and cognitive appraisal is briefly proposed as a way of theorizing about emotions that is less dependent on the vagaries of language and incoherent notions of basic emotions. Finally, it is suggested that the perennial question of what an emotion is should be given more serious attention.
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Comparison of the determinants for positive and negative affect proposed by appraisal theories, goal-directed theories, and predictive processing theories. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Gerten J, Zürn MK, Topolinski S. The Price of Predictability: Estimating Inconsistency Premiums in Social Interactions. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2021; 48:183-202. [PMID: 33729049 DOI: 10.1177/0146167221998533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For financial decision-making, people trade off the expected value (return) and the variance (risk) of an option, preferring higher returns to lower ones and lower risks to higher ones. To make decision-makers indifferent between a risky and risk-free option, the expected value of the risky option must exceed the value of the risk-free option by a certain amount-the risk premium. Previous psychological research suggests that similar to risk aversion, people dislike inconsistency in an interaction partner's behavior. In eight experiments (total N = 2,412) we pitted this inconsistency aversion against the expected returns from interacting with an inconsistent partner. We identified the additional expected return of interacting with an inconsistent partner that must be granted to make decision-makers prefer a more profitable, but inconsistent partner to a consistent, but less profitable one. We locate this inconsistency premium at around 31% of the expected value of the risk-free option.
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16
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Sumiya M, Katahira K. Surprise Acts as a Reducer of Outcome Value in Human Reinforcement Learning. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:852. [PMID: 33013288 PMCID: PMC7506125 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Motofumi Sumiya
- Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences, Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
- *Correspondence: Motofumi Sumiya,
| | - Kentaro Katahira
- Department of Cognitive and Psychological Sciences, Graduate School of Informatics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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17
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Oversensitivity and overgeneralization of the error withdrawal response in different obsessive-compulsive traits. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-018-9835-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Fernandes AC, Garcia-Marques T. The perception of time is dynamically interlocked with the facial muscle activity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18737. [PMID: 31822706 PMCID: PMC6904682 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55029-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Time perception relies on the motor system. Involves core brain regions of this system, including those associated with feelings generated from sensorimotor states. Perceptual timing is also distorted when movement occurs during timing tasks, possibly by interfering with sensorimotor afferent feedback. However, it is unknown if the perception of time is an active process associated with specific patterns of muscle activity. We explored this idea based on the phenomenon of electromyographic gradients, which consists of the dynamic increase of muscle activity during cognitive tasks that require sustained attention, a critical function in perceptual timing. We aimed to determine whether facial muscle dynamic activity indexes the subjective representation of time. We asked participants to judge stimuli durations (varying in familiarity) while we monitored the time course of the activity of the zygomaticus-major and corrugator-supercilii muscles, both associated with cognitive and affective feelings. The dynamic electromyographic activity in corrugator-supercilii over time reflected objective time and this relationship predicted subjective judgments of duration. Furthermore, the zygomaticus-major muscle signaled the bias that familiarity introduces in duration judgments. This suggests that subjective duration could be an embodiment process based in motor information changing over time and their associated feelings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre C Fernandes
- ISPA - Instituto Universitário, William James Center for Research, Lisboa, Portugal.
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19
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Nigbur R, Ullsperger M. Funny kittens: Positive mood induced via short video-clips affects error processing but not conflict control. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 147:147-155. [PMID: 31760106 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The interplay of performance monitoring functions and affective variables labeled as moods or emotions has been investigated within different theoretical frameworks including conflict adaptation and reinforcement learning. However, results regarding the electrophysiological underpinnings of performance monitoring such as the error-related negativity (ERN), the N200 or the error positivity (Pe) remain largely inconsistent. While some studies report ERN enhancements after positive mood induction, others find reductions due to positive affect. An additional source of complexity regards the manifold induction methods across studies. Here, we investigated whether performance-independent, blocked mood inductions via mini-clips alter electrophysiological markers of performance monitoring. Positive clips consisted of a pre-rated collection of human and animal funny/fail videos, while neutral clips showed natural scenes of humans and animals or sport events. The main task was a modified flanker paradigm. The effectivity of mood induction was confirmed via recorded skin conductance response (SCR), facial-muscle electromyogram (EMG) and intermittent subjective mood questionnaires. Regarding interference control neither reaction times nor error rates were influenced by mood induction, similarly no mood effects of the N2 component were observed. In contrast, we found enhanced ERN as well as Pe amplitudes in the positive compared to the neutral condition. Additional to post error slowing we found increased interference effects after errors in positive blocks on the behavioral level. The results suggest a specific receptiveness of evaluative control components to positive affect that will be discussed regarding their possible neuronal underpinnings.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nigbur
- Otto von Guericke University, Institute of Psychology, Department of Neuropsychology, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - M Ullsperger
- Otto von Guericke University, Institute of Psychology, Department of Neuropsychology, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
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20
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Abstract
Presenting information in a coherent fashion has been shown to increase processing fluency, which in turn influences affective responses. The pattern of responses have been explained by two apparently competing accounts: hedonic marking (response to fluency is positive) and fluency amplification (response to fluency can be positive or negative, depending on stimuli valence). This paper proposes that these accounts are not competing explanations, but separate mechanisms, serving different purposes. Therefore, their individual contributions to overall affective responses should be observable. In three experiments, participants were presented with businesses scenarios, with riskiness (valence) and coherence (fluency) manipulated, and affective responses recorded. Results suggested that increasing the fluency of stimuli increases positive affect. If the stimulus is negative, then increasing fluency simultaneously increases negative affect. These affective responses appeared to cancel each other out (Experiment 1) when measured using self-report bipolar scales. However, separate measurement of positive and negative affect, either using unipolar scales (Experiment 2) or using facial electromyography (Experiment 3), provided evidence for co-occurring positive and negative affective responses, and therefore the co-existence of hedonic marking and fluency amplification mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Gamblin
- Department of Organizational Psychology, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Adrian P Banks
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Philip J A Dean
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
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21
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Gerten J, Topolinski S. Shades of surprise: Assessing surprise as a function of degree of deviance and expectation constraints. Cognition 2019; 192:103986. [PMID: 31234080 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Merging recent surprise theories renders the prediction that surprise is a function of how strong an event deviates from what was expected and of how easily this event can be integrated into the constraints of an activated expectation. The present research investigates the impact of both these factors on the behavioral, affective, experiential, and cognitive surprise responses. In two experiments (total N = 1257), participants were instructed that ten stimuli of a certain type would appear on the screen. Crucially, we manipulated the degree of deviance of the last stimulus by showing a stimulus that deviated to either no, a medium, or a high degree from the previous nine stimuli. Orthogonally to this deviation, we induced an expectation with either high, moderate, or low constraints prior to the experimental task. We measured behavioral response delay and explicit ratings of liking, surprise, and expectancy. Our findings point out an overall only low association between the behavioral, affective, experiential, and cognitive surprise responses and reveal rather dichotomous response patterns that differentiate between deviance and non-deviance of an event. Challenging previous accounts, the present evidence further implies that surprise is not about the ease of integrating an event with the constraints of an explicit a-priori expectation but rather reflects the automatic outcome of implicit discrepancy detection, resulting from a continuous cognitive fine-tuning of expectations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Gerten
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Psychology, Germany.
| | - Sascha Topolinski
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Human Sciences, Department of Psychology, Germany
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22
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Rymarczyk K, Żurawski Ł, Jankowiak-Siuda K, Szatkowska I. Empathy in Facial Mimicry of Fear and Disgust: Simultaneous EMG-fMRI Recordings During Observation of Static and Dynamic Facial Expressions. Front Psychol 2019; 10:701. [PMID: 30971997 PMCID: PMC6445885 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Real-life faces are dynamic by nature, particularly when expressing emotion. Increasing evidence suggests that the perception of dynamic displays enhances facial mimicry and induces activation in widespread brain structures considered to be part of the mirror neuron system, a neuronal network linked to empathy. The present study is the first to investigate the relations among facial muscle responses, brain activity, and empathy traits while participants observed static and dynamic (videos) facial expressions of fear and disgust. During display presentation, blood-oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal as well as muscle reactions of the corrugator supercilii and levator labii were recorded simultaneously from 46 healthy individuals (21 females). It was shown that both fear and disgust faces caused activity in the corrugator supercilii muscle, while perception of disgust produced facial activity additionally in the levator labii muscle, supporting a specific pattern of facial mimicry for these emotions. Moreover, individuals with higher, compared to individuals with lower, empathy traits showed greater activity in the corrugator supercilii and levator labii muscles; however, these responses were not differentiable between static and dynamic mode. Conversely, neuroimaging data revealed motion and emotional-related brain structures in response to dynamic rather than static stimuli among high empathy individuals. In line with this, there was a correlation between electromyography (EMG) responses and brain activity suggesting that the Mirror Neuron System, the anterior insula and the amygdala might constitute the neural correlates of automatic facial mimicry for fear and disgust. These results revealed that the dynamic property of (emotional) stimuli facilitates the emotional-related processing of facial expressions, especially among whose with high trait empathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Rymarczyk
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Żurawski
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences (PAS), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamila Jankowiak-Siuda
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Szatkowska
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences (PAS), Warsaw, Poland
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23
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Hyniewska S, Sato W, Kaiser S, Pelachaud C. Naturalistic Emotion Decoding From Facial Action Sets. Front Psychol 2019; 9:2678. [PMID: 30713515 PMCID: PMC6345715 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers have theoretically proposed that humans decode other individuals' emotions or elementary cognitive appraisals from particular sets of facial action units (AUs). However, only a few empirical studies have systematically tested the relationships between the decoding of emotions/appraisals and sets of AUs, and the results are mixed. Furthermore, the previous studies relied on facial expressions of actors and no study used spontaneous and dynamic facial expressions in naturalistic settings. We investigated this issue using video recordings of facial expressions filmed unobtrusively in a real-life emotional situation, specifically loss of luggage at an airport. The AUs observed in the videos were annotated using the Facial Action Coding System. Male participants (n = 98) were asked to decode emotions (e.g., anger) and appraisals (e.g., suddenness) from facial expressions. We explored the relationships between the emotion/appraisal decoding and AUs using stepwise multiple regression analyses. The results revealed that all the rated emotions and appraisals were associated with sets of AUs. The profiles of regression equations showed AUs both consistent and inconsistent with those in theoretical proposals. The results suggest that (1) the decoding of emotions and appraisals in facial expressions is implemented by the perception of set of AUs, and (2) the profiles of such AU sets could be different from previous theories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Hyniewska
- Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Human Behaviour Analysis Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Wataru Sato
- Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Susanne Kaiser
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Human Behaviour Analysis Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Pelachaud
- Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique (ISIR), Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
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24
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Abstract
Recent research has shown that perceptual processes carry intrinsic affect. But prior studies have only manipulated the occurrence of perceptual processes by presenting two different stimulus categories. The present studies go beyond this by manipulating perceptual expectations for identical stimuli. Seven experiments demonstrated that objectively identical stimuli become visually disappointing and are liked less when they violate the expectation that an intrinsically pleasant perceptual process will occur compared to when there is no perceptual expectation. These effects were specific to violations of perceptual expectations. By using between-subjects designs, participants' insight into the experimental manipulation was prevented. In combination with the use of identical stimuli across conditions, this provides the most stringent test of the idea that perception is intrinsically (un-)pleasant yet. The results are related to predictive coding frameworks and provide an explanation for why people sometimes enjoy additional perceptual effort.
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25
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Munnich EL, Foster MI, Keane MT. Editors' Introduction and Review: An Appraisal of Surprise: Tracing the Threads That Stitch It Together. Top Cogn Sci 2018; 11:37-49. [PMID: 30580495 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Though the scientific study of surprise dates back to Darwin (), there was an upsurge in interest beginning in the 1960s and 70s, and this has continued to the present. Recent developments have shed much light on the cognitive mechanisms and consequences of surprise, but research has often been siloed within sub-areas of Cognitive Science. A central challenge for research on surprise is, therefore, to connect various research programs around their overlapping foci. This issue has its roots in a symposium on surprise, entitled "Triangulating Surprise: Expectations, Uncertainty, and Making Sense," at the 36th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (Quebec City, July 2014). Building on the interdisciplinary conversations that started at the symposium, this issue aims to draw attention to some promising empirical and modeling results and their theoretical implications. The present paper sets the stage for the issue by presenting a historical summary, discussing contrasting definitions of surprise, and then by tracing major threads that run through both this issue and the larger literature on surprise. Our aim is to develop broader, shared understandings of the main insights, theories, and findings regarding surprise, with a view to supporting future integration and progress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Meadhbh I Foster
- School of Computer Science and Informatics, University College Dublin
| | - Mark T Keane
- School of Computer Science and Informatics, University College Dublin
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26
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Breithaupt F, Li B, Liddell TM, Schille-Hudson EB, Whaley S. Fact vs. Affect in the Telephone Game: All Levels of Surprise Are Retold With High Accuracy, Even Independently of Facts. Front Psychol 2018; 9:2210. [PMID: 30515116 PMCID: PMC6255933 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
When people retell stories, what guides their retelling? Most previous research on story retelling and story comprehension has focused on information accuracy as the key measure of stability in transmission. This paper suggests that there is a second, affective, dimension that provides stability for retellings, namely the audience affect of surprise. In a large-sample study with multiple iterations of retellings, we found evidence that people are quite accurate in preserving all degrees of surprisingness in serial reproduction – even when the event that produced the surprisingness in the original story is dropped or changed. Thus, we propose that the preservation of affect is an implicit goal of retelling: merely do retellers not recall highly surprising events better, but rather they register all levels of surprisingness precisely and aim to surprise their implied audience to same degree. This study used 2,389 participants. Significance Statement: Story retelling is a process whereby cultural information is transmitted horizontally across social networks and vertically down generations. For the most part, retelling research has focused on the relevance and stability of factual information, “who did what, where, when, and why”; comparatively little is known about the transmission of affective information. We suggest that affect can serve as a second axis of stability for retelling, partially independent from factual information. In serial reproduction tasks modeled after the telephone game, we find that surprisingness of stories is well preserved across retellings – even when the facts and events of the story are not. The findings are significant for the communication of information, and thereby also the stability and transformation of culture in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Breithaupt
- Department of Germanic Studies, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Binyan Li
- Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Department of Linguistics, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Torrin M Liddell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Eleanor B Schille-Hudson
- Cognitive Science Program, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States.,Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
| | - Sarah Whaley
- Hutton Honors College, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, United States
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27
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Abstract
Responses to surprising events are dynamic. We argue that initial responses are primarily driven by the unexpectedness of the surprising event and reflect an interrupted and surprised state in which the outcome does not make sense yet. Later responses, after sense-making, are more likely to incorporate the valence of the outcome itself. To identify initial and later responses to surprising stimuli, we conducted two repetition-change studies and coded the general valence of facial expressions using computerised facial coding and specific facial action using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS). Results partly supported our unfolding logic. The computerised coding showed that initial expressions to positive surprises were less positive than later expressions. Moreover, expressions to positive and negative surprises were initially similar, but after some time differentiated depending on the valence of the event. Importantly, these patterns were particularly pronounced in a subset of facially expressive participants, who also showed facial action in the FACS coding. The FACS data showed that the initial phase was characterised by limited facial action, whereas the later increase in positivity seems to be explained by smiling. Conceptual as well as methodological implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marret K Noordewier
- a Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Social and Organizational Psychology , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands
| | - Eric van Dijk
- a Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Social and Organizational Psychology , Leiden University , Leiden , The Netherlands
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28
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Does contextualized attitude change depend on individual differences in responses to belief-incongruent information? JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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29
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Schützwohl A. Approach and Avoidance During Routine Behavior and During Surprise in a Non-evaluative Task: Surprise Matters and So Does the Valence of the Surprising Event. Front Psychol 2018; 9:826. [PMID: 29962978 PMCID: PMC6013581 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis that emotions influence our behavior via emotional action tendencies is at the core of many emotion theories. According to a strong version of this hypothesis, these emotional action tendencies are immediate, automatic (unintentional), stimulus-based and directly linked with specific muscle movements. Recent evidence, however, provides little empirical support for this strong version during routine behavior, especially when the task does not require the evaluation of the stimuli. The present study tested the prediction that surprise interrupts routine behavior and triggers a threat avoidance response. In the presence of a threat-related stimulus, avoidance responses are relatively rapid, and approach responses impeded, even when the interrupted routine behavior is guided by a non-evaluative task goal. In contrast, approach and avoidance responses are predicted to be unaffected in the presence of a pleasant surprising stimulus. To test these predictions, in each trial the participants had to execute an approach or withdrawal movement depending on the location of a target stimulus. In the critical trial, either a picture of a pleasant or a threat-related animal was presented as target. Supporting the predictions, the initiation times for these movements were shorter in response to a threat-relevant than a pleasant surprising stimulus. Additionally, in the presence of a threat-related surprising stimulus, withdrawal movements were made faster than approach movements even though the participants performed a non-evaluative task. Implications and limitations of the present study are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Schützwohl
- Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, United Kingdom
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30
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Moon C, Weick M, Uskul AK. Cultural variation in individuals' responses to incivility by perpetrators of different rank: The mediating role of descriptive and injunctive norms. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chanki Moon
- School of Psychology; University of Kent; Canterbury UK
| | - Mario Weick
- School of Psychology; University of Kent; Canterbury UK
| | - Ayse K. Uskul
- School of Psychology; University of Kent; Canterbury UK
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31
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Tian F, Hou Y, Zhu W, Dietrich A, Zhang Q, Yang W, Chen Q, Sun J, Jiang Q, Cao G. Getting the Joke: Insight during Humor Comprehension - Evidence from an fMRI Study. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1835. [PMID: 29093693 PMCID: PMC5651280 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a high-level cognitive activity, humor comprehension requires incongruity detection and incongruity resolution, which then elicits an insight moment. The purpose of the study was to explore the neural basis of humor comprehension, particularly the moment of insight, by using both characters and language-free cartoons in a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. The results showed that insight involving jokes elicited greater activation in language and semantic-related brain regions as well as a variety of additional regions, such as the superior frontal gyrus (SFG), the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), the middle temporal gyrus (MTG), the superior temporal gyrus (STG), the temporoparietal junctions (TPJ), the hippocampus and visual areas. These findings indicate that the MTG might play a role in incongruity detection, while the SFG, IFG and the TPJ might be involved in incongruity detection. The passive insight event elicited by jokes appears to be mediated by a limited number of brain areas. Our study showed that the brain regions associated with humor comprehension were not affected by the type of stimuli and that humor and insight shared common brain areas. These results indicate that one experiences a feeling of insight during humor comprehension, which contributes to the understanding of humor comprehension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Tian
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuling Hou
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenfeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Arne Dietrich
- Department of Psychology, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Qinglin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qunlin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiangzhou Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiu Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guikang Cao
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (SWU), Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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32
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Shapiro MS, Rylant R, de Lima A, Vidaurri A, van de Werfhorst H. Playing a rigged game: Inequality's effect on physiological stress responses. Physiol Behav 2017; 180:60-69. [PMID: 28818539 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
High income and wealth inequality corresponds with high rates of various health and social problems. One possible factor that could be contributing to this correlation is stress experienced by those being treated unfairly in an unequal society. The present experiment attempted to simulate aspects of income inequality in a lab setting while recording several measures of stress. Participants (n=96) were assigned to one of four groups and played a memory game against a confederate opponent to earn "money" to spend in a lab market. The four groups depended on the difficulty of the problems and the fairness of the game that they and their opponents experienced. Stress attitudes were assessed with the Short Stress State Questionnaire (SSSQ) and four physiological measures: salivary cortisol, medial frontalis and corrugator facial muscle EMG, heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV), and skin conductance levels (SCL). Cortisol levels and HRV scores were the highest in groups that competed in an unfair game regardless of the difficulty of the problem compared to the groups playing a fair game. The group playing an unfair game with hard problems (disadvantaged) also had elevated facial muscle activity indicating negative affect and reported higher distress on the stress questionnaire. The results of this experiment showed that experiencing inequality even for a short time elicited several stress responses even if the participant benefited from the inequality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Shapiro
- Department of Psychology, California State University Fresno, 2576 E. San Ramon M/S ST11, Fresno, CA, United States.
| | - Rhanda Rylant
- Department of Psychology, California State University Fresno, 2576 E. San Ramon M/S ST11, Fresno, CA, United States
| | - Amanda de Lima
- Department of Psychology, California State University Fresno, 2576 E. San Ramon M/S ST11, Fresno, CA, United States
| | - Andrea Vidaurri
- Department of Psychology, California State University Fresno, 2576 E. San Ramon M/S ST11, Fresno, CA, United States
| | - Herman van de Werfhorst
- Department of Sociology, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 15508, 1001 NA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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33
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Hochman EY, Milman V, Tal L. Evidence for aversive withdrawal response to own errors. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2017; 180:147-154. [PMID: 28946007 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent model suggests that error detection gives rise to defensive motivation prompting protective behavior. Models of active avoidance behavior predict it should grow larger with threat imminence and avoidance. We hypothesized that in a task requiring left or right key strikes, error detection would drive an avoidance reflex manifested by rapid withdrawal of an erring finger growing larger with threat imminence and avoidance. In experiment 1, three groups differing by error-related threat imminence and avoidance performed a flanker task requiring left or right force sensitive-key strikes. As predicted, errors were followed by rapid force release growing faster with threat imminence and opportunity to evade threat. In experiment 2, we established a link between error key release time (KRT) and the subjective sense of inner-threat. In a simultaneous, multiple regression analysis of three error-related compensatory mechanisms (error KRT, flanker effect, error correction RT), only error KRT was significantly associated with increased compulsive checking tendencies. We propose that error response withdrawal reflects an error-withdrawal reflex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eldad Yitzhak Hochman
- Department of Psychology and Education, The Open University of Israel, Derekh ha-Universita 1, Ra'anana 4353701, Israel.
| | - Valery Milman
- Department of Psychology and Education, The Open University of Israel, Derekh ha-Universita 1, Ra'anana 4353701, Israel
| | - Liron Tal
- Hevel Eilot Psychology Service, D.N. Hevel Eilot, 88820, Israel
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34
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Reisenzein R, Horstmann G, Schützwohl A. The Cognitive-Evolutionary Model of Surprise: A Review of the Evidence. Top Cogn Sci 2017; 11:50-74. [PMID: 28940761 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Research on surprise relevant to the cognitive-evolutionary model of surprise proposed by Meyer, Reisenzein, and Schützwohl (1997) is reviewed. The majority of the assumptions of the model are found empirically supported. Surprise is evoked by unexpected (schema-discrepant) events and its intensity is determined by the degree if schema-discrepancy, whereas the novelty and the valence of the eliciting events probably do not have an independent effect. Unexpected events cause an automatic interruption of ongoing mental processes that is followed by an attentional shift and attentional binding to the events, which is often followed by causal and other event analysis processes and by schema revision. The facial expression of surprise postulated by evolutionary emotion psychologists has been found to occur rarely in surprise, for as yet unknown reasons. A physiological orienting response marked by skin conductance increase, heart rate deceleration, and pupil dilation has been observed to occur regularly in the standard version of the repetition-change paradigm of surprise induction, but the specificity of these reactions as indicators of surprise is controversial. There is indirect evidence for the assumption that the feeling of surprise consists of the direct awareness of the schema-discrepancy signal, but this feeling, or at least the self-report of surprise, is also influenced by experienced interference. In contrast, facial feedback probably does contribute substantially to the feeling of surprise and the evidence for the hypothesis that surprise is affected by the difficulty of explaining an unexpected event is, in our view, inconclusive. Regardless of how the surprise feeling is constituted, there is evidence that it has both motivational and informational effects. Finally, the prediction failure implied by unexpected events sometimes causes a negative feeling, but there is no convincing evidence that this is always the case, and we argue that even if it were so, this would not be a sufficient reason for regarding this feeling as a component, rather than as an effect of surprise.
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35
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Elkins-Brown N, Saunders B, He F, Inzlicht M. Stability and reliability of error-related electromyography over the corrugator supercilii with increasing trials. Psychophysiology 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Blair Saunders
- Department of Psychology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Frank He
- Department of Psychology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Michael Inzlicht
- Department of Psychology; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Rotman School of Management; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
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36
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Abstract
In this review, we examine the paradigms and measures available for experimentally studying mixed emotions in the laboratory. For eliciting mixed emotions, we describe a mixed emotions film library that allows for the repeated elicitation of a specific homogeneous mixed emotional state and appropriately matched pure positive, pure negative, and neutral emotional states. For assessing mixed emotions, we consider subjective and objective measures that fall into univariate, bivariate, and multivariate measurement categories. As paradigms and measures for objectively studying mixed emotions are still in their early stages, we conclude by outlining future directions that focus on the reliability, temporal dynamics, and response coherence of mixed emotions paradigms and measures. This research will build a strong foundation for future studies and significantly advance our understanding of mixed emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James J Gross
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
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37
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Jakesch M, Goller J, Leder H. Positive fEMG Patterns with Ambiguity in Paintings. Front Psychol 2017; 8:785. [PMID: 28559872 PMCID: PMC5432603 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Whereas ambiguity in everyday life is often negatively evaluated, it is considered key in art appreciation. In a facial EMG study, we tested whether the positive role of visual ambiguity in paintings is reflected in a continuous affective evaluation on a subtle level. We presented ambiguous (disfluent) and non-ambiguous (fluent) versions of Magritte paintings and found that M. Zygomaticus major activation was higher and M. corrugator supercilii activation was lower for ambiguous than for non-ambiguous versions. Our findings reflect a positive continuous affective evaluation to visual ambiguity in paintings over the 5 s presentation time. We claim that this finding is indirect evidence for the hypothesis that visual stimuli classified as art, evoke a safe state for indulging into experiencing ambiguity, challenging the notion that processing fluency is generally related to positive affect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juergen Goller
- Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
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38
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(In)consistency in the eye of the beholder: The roles of warmth, competence, and valence in lay perceptions of inconsistency. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2016.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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39
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Chetverikov A, Kristjánsson Á. On the joys of perceiving: Affect as feedback for perceptual predictions. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2016; 169:1-10. [PMID: 27195963 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
How we perceive, attend to, or remember the stimuli in our environment depends on our preferences for them. Here we argue that this dependence is reciprocal: pleasures and displeasures are heavily dependent on cognitive processing, namely, on our ability to predict the world correctly. We propose that prediction errors, inversely weighted with prior probabilities of predictions, yield subjective experiences of positive or negative affect. In this way, we link affect to predictions within a predictive coding framework. We discuss how three key factors - uncertainty, expectations, and conflict - influence prediction accuracy and show how they shape our affective response. We demonstrate that predictable stimuli are, in general, preferred to unpredictable ones, though too much predictability may decrease this liking effect. Furthermore, the account successfully overcomes the "dark-room" problem, explaining why we do not avoid stimulation to minimize prediction error. We further discuss the implications of our approach for art perception and the utility of affect as feedback for predictions within a prediction-testing architecture of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Chetverikov
- Laboratory for Visual Perception and Visuomotor Control, Faculty of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland; Department of Psychology, Saint Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia; Cognitive Research Lab, Russian Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Árni Kristjánsson
- Laboratory for Visual Perception and Visuomotor Control, Faculty of Psychology, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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40
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Noordewier MK, Topolinski S, Van Dijk E. The Temporal Dynamics of Surprise. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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41
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Abstract
Abstract. The affective consequences of sequential approach-avoidance movements in the mouth were investigated. Participants (total N = 872) received words for which consonantal stricture spots either wandered first-inward-then-outward (e.g., FOLOKOLOF; approach-avoidance) or first-outward-then-inward (e.g., KOLOFOLOK; avoidance-approach) in the mouth. In a pilot study, it was established that first-inward-then-outward (first-outward-then-inward) is associated with negative disgust (positive ingestion) reactions (Experiment 1). Approach-avoidance sequences were preferred less than avoidance-approach sequences (Experiments 2a–3b); and this effect disappeared under oral motor-interference (Experiment 4). Experiment 5 provides evidence that a mere recency effect is an unlikely explanation for these effects. Thus, sequentially executed oral approach and avoidance movements do not cancel each other out but jointly influence resulting affective responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giti Bakhtiari
- Department of Psychology, University of Würzburg, Germany
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42
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Topolinski S, Bakhtiari G, Erle TM. Can I cut the Gordian tnok? The impact of pronounceability, actual solvability, and length on intuitive problem assessments of anagrams. Cognition 2015; 146:439-52. [PMID: 26550802 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
When assessing a problem, many cues can be used to predict solvability and solving effort. Some of these cues, however, can be misleading. The present approach shows that a feature of a problem that is actually related to solving difficulty is used as a cue for solving ease when assessing the problem in the first place. For anagrams, it is an established effect that easy-to-pronounce anagrams (e.g., NOGAL) take more time to being solved than hard-to-pronounce anagrams (e.g., HNWEI). However, when assessing an anagram in the first place, individuals use the feature of pronounceability to predict solving ease, because pronounceability is an instantiation of the general mechanism of processing fluency. Participants (total N=536) received short and long anagrams and nonanagrams and judged solvability and solving ease intuitively without actually solving the items. Easy-to-pronounce letter strings were more frequently judged as being solvable than hard-to-pronounce letters strings (Experiment 1), and were estimated to require less effort (Experiments 2, 4-7) and time to be solved (Experiment 3). This effect was robust for short and long items, anagrams and nonanagrams, and presentation timings from 4 down to 0.5s, and affected novices and experts alike. Spontaneous solutions did not mediate this effect. Participants were sensitive to actual solvability even for long anagrams (6-11 letters long) presented only for 500 ms.
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Seibt B, Mühlberger A, Likowski KU, Weyers P. Facial mimicry in its social setting. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1122. [PMID: 26321970 PMCID: PMC4531238 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In interpersonal encounters, individuals often exhibit changes in their own facial expressions in response to emotional expressions of another person. Such changes are often called facial mimicry. While this tendency first appeared to be an automatic tendency of the perceiver to show the same emotional expression as the sender, evidence is now accumulating that situation, person, and relationship jointly determine whether and for which emotions such congruent facial behavior is shown. We review the evidence regarding the moderating influence of such factors on facial mimicry with a focus on understanding the meaning of facial responses to emotional expressions in a particular constellation. From this, we derive recommendations for a research agenda with a stronger focus on the most common forms of encounters, actual interactions with known others, and on assessing potential mediators of facial mimicry. We conclude that facial mimicry is modulated by many factors: attention deployment and sensitivity, detection of valence, emotional feelings, and social motivations. We posit that these are the more proximal causes of changes in facial mimicry due to changes in its social setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Seibt
- Department of Psychology, University of OsloOslo, Norway
- Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social, ISCTE - Instituto Universitário de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Andreas Mühlberger
- Department of Psychology, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of RegensburgRegensburg, Germany
| | | | - Peter Weyers
- Department of Psychology, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
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Topolinski S, Erle TM, Reber R. Necker’s smile: Immediate affective consequences of early perceptual processes. Cognition 2015; 140:1-13. [PMID: 25855534 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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45
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Topolinski S, Zürn M, Schneider IK. What's in and what's out in branding? A novel articulation effect for brand names. Front Psychol 2015; 6:585. [PMID: 26029136 PMCID: PMC4429570 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present approach exploits the biomechanical connection between articulation and ingestion-related mouth movements to introduce a novel psychological principle of brand name design. We constructed brand names for diverse products with consonantal stricture spots either from the front to the rear of the mouth, thus inwards (e.g., BODIKA), or from the rear to the front, thus outwards (e.g., KODIBA). These muscle dynamics resemble the oral kinematics during either ingestion (inwards), which feels positive, or expectoration (outwards), which feels negative. In 7 experiments (total N = 1261), participants liked products with inward names more than products with outward names (Experiment 1), reported higher purchase intentions (Experiment 2), and higher willingness-to-pay (Experiments 3a–3c, 4, 5), with the price gain amounting to 4–13% of the average estimated product value. These effects occurred across English and German language, under silent reading, for both edible and non-edible products, and even in the presence of a much stronger price determinant, namely fair-trade production (Experiment 5).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Zürn
- Department of Psychology, University of Wuerzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Iris K Schneider
- Department of Psychology, VU University of Amsterdam Amsterdam, Netherlands ; Department of Psychology, University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA, USA
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