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Zhuang J, Ng JCK, Wu Q. I am better because of your expectation: Examining how left-behind status moderates the mediation effect of perceived parental educational expectation on cognitive ability among Chinese rural students. Child Care Health Dev 2024; 50:e13283. [PMID: 38814191 DOI: 10.1111/cch.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chinese rural students have been documented to have relatively delayed cognitive development. From an ecological system perspective, empirical studies have identified the significant effect of the proximal environment on Chinese rural students' cognitive development. Yet, little do we know the mechanism behind that. More importantly, how the mechanism differs among rural students with different left-behind characteristics remains obscure. METHODS Drawing longitudinal data from a nationally representative survey, this study examines the interrelations between rural students' parental educational expectation perception, their own educational expectation, and cognitive ability. Two models were examined using path analysis. The first mediation model tests the mediating effect of educational expectation between the association of parental educational expectation perception and cognitive ability, while the second moderated mediation identifies the moderating effect of rural students' left-behind status on the association between their parental educational expectation perception and educational expectation. RESULTS The first mediation analysis reveals that rural students' perception of parental educational expectation is positively correlated with their educational expectation, which further positively correlated with their cognitive ability. The following moderated mediation analysis suggests that students' left-behind status significantly moderated the effect of their perceived parental educational expectations on their own educational expectation. CONCLUSIONS Chinese rural students' perception of parental educational expectation affects their cognitive ability through their own educational expectations. The number of migrant parents within a family further moderates the indirect effect of education expectation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhuang
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Jacky C K Ng
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Qiaobing Wu
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR
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Yuan GF, Zhang R, Qiao S, Li X, Shen Z, Zhou Y. Exploring the Longitudinal Influence of Perceived Social Support, HIV Stigma, and Future Orientation on Depressive Symptoms Among People Living with HIV in China. AIDS Behav 2024; 28:1662-1672. [PMID: 38329557 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-024-04292-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Prior studies demonstrated that perceived social support is negatively associated with behavioral and mental health problems among people living with HIV (PLWH). However, longitudinal data regarding the associations between perceived social support, internalized HIV stigma, future orientation, and depressive symptoms are limited. The current study aimed to investigate the possible indirect relationship between these variables using four-wave follow-up data (6-month intervals) from a sample of 1,098 Chinese PLWH (Mage = 38.63, SD = 9.20, age range: 18-60 years; 63.9% men). All participants were asked to complete an adapted version of Perceived Social Support Scale, Internalized HIV Stigma Scale, Optimism About the Future Scale, and Center of Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Results indicated that perceived social support at baseline was negatively related to depressive symptoms at wave 4. Internalized HIV stigma at wave 2 and future orientation at wave 3 indirectly affected the linkage between perceived social support at baseline and depressive symptoms serially over time. This study highlights the essential role of perceived social support in alleviating depressive symptoms among PLWH, and underscores the complex interplay in which internalized HIV stigma and future orientation serially mediated the relationship between perceived social support and depressive symptoms. These findings suggest the need for integrated interventions to enhance social support, address HIV-related stigma, and promote positive future orientation, which could potentially alleviate depressive symptoms and promote mental well-being among PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhe Frank Yuan
- Department of Education Science, School of Education Science, Leshan Normal University, Leshan, Sichuan, China.
- Department of Health Promotion Education and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
| | - Ran Zhang
- Department of Health Promotion Education and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Shan Qiao
- Department of Health Promotion Education and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Department of Health Promotion Education and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Zhiyong Shen
- Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
| | - Yuejiao Zhou
- Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, China
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Zhang Y, Wang Y. Daily social support and school belonging among rural Chinese adolescents: Variations by parental migration. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2024. [PMID: 38433270 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
"Left-behind" children refer to those who live in rural areas but have parents migrating to urban areas for work. They are at increased risk for developmental problems and family dysfunction. However, we currently know little regarding their support systems at school. Using daily data over five school days from 90 adolescents (Mage = 13.70) in rural China, this study investigated daily associations linking teacher and peer support to school belonging, and how these associations varied by parental migration. Teacher but not peer support was positively associated with same-day school belonging. However, this association was attenuated for adolescents with longer duration and history of parental migration. The findings highlighted the importance of considering school settings and within-group variations for left-behind adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youchuan Zhang
- Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Yijie Wang
- Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Su S, Wang E, Su S. Perceived discrimination and multiple indicators of positive development among second-generation Chinese-American youth: The moderating role of ethnic identity. Child Care Health Dev 2024; 50:e13251. [PMID: 38529762 PMCID: PMC11132795 DOI: 10.1111/cch.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study examined the associations among ethnic identity, perceived discrimination and multiple indicators of positive youth development (PYD; i.e., intrapersonal-oriented competence, interpersonal-oriented competence, confidence, caring, character, family connection, peer connection, school and community connection, positive attitudes towards diversity and cultural pride) that were specifically identified among second-generation Chinese-American youth. METHODS Participants were 196 second-generation Chinese-American youth (N girl = 93; M age = 14.56, SD age = 1.75) primarily from the greater Boston area in MA, United States. Multivariate regression models were estimated to examine the associations between ethnic identity, perceived discrimination, and each potential indicator of PYD, as well as the moderating role of ethnic identity, controlling for key demographics. RESULTS (1) Ethnic identity was positively related to all PYD indicators, βs = .32 to .72, ps < .01; (2) perceived discrimination was negatively associated with all indicators of PYD (βs = -.15 to -.32, ps < .05), except for interpersonal-oriented competence and caring; and (3) ethnic identity significantly moderated the relationship between perceived discrimination and family connection (β = .23, p < .01). CONCLUSIONS Findings indicate that whereas discrimination has potential negative effects on the positive development of second-generation Chinese-American youth, ethnic identity may be a key strength that should be considered in PYD promotion practices for these youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobing Su
- Implementation Science and Practice Advances Research Center (iSPARC), Department of Psychiatry, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ellen Wang
- Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Shaodan Su
- School of Law and Intellectual Property, Foshan University, Foshan, China
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Liu W, Wang Y, Xia L, Wang W, Li Y, Liang Y. Left-Behind Children's Positive and Negative Social Adjustment: A qualitative Study in China. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:341. [PMID: 37102855 PMCID: PMC10135552 DOI: 10.3390/bs13040341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual interviews were conducted with a total of 66 participants from five groups between May and November 2020: left-behind children, parents, teachers, principals, and community workers. The left-behind children group included 16 primary and secondary school students aged 10-16. Themes in the interviews' data were identified based on the Grounded Theory. Left-behind children's social maladjustment manifested as: (1) depression and loneliness; and (2) poor academic performance. Left-behind children's positive social adjustment manifested as: (1) using adaptive coping strategies; and (2) life skills and independence. Left-behind children's social adjustment is a dynamic process and has both positive and negative aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- College of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China
| | - Yining Wang
- School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behavior and Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Lingxiang Xia
- School of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- College of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China
| | - Yongqiang Li
- College of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China
| | - Ye Liang
- College of Psychology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian 116029, China
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Nguyen LV, Nguyen TTA, Trinh LT, Nguyen HHV. Factors affecting loneliness among left-behind children. CURRENT ISSUES IN PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 12:41-50. [PMID: 38756197 PMCID: PMC11094462 DOI: 10.5114/cipp/162007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Vietnam, research on the impact of parental migration on left-behind children (LBC) has discussed various dimensions of the subject such as subjective well-being, emotional states, social skills, self-esteem and nutrition of LBC. However, there are still gaps in studies on loneliness among LBC in Vietnam. The study aims to explore the status of loneliness in LBC, including associated protective and risk factors, to make suggestions on preventive measures against LBC's loneliness. PARTICIPANTS AND PROCEDURE The conveniently selected sample includes 439 LBC in 4 Vietnamese provinces: Thai Nguyen, Bac Ninh, Thai Binh and Nghe An. The mean age is 12.73 (SD = 1.68). Female children account for 47.80%. The Children's Loneliness Scale was employed in the study. RESULTS The total loneliness score of LBC is 28.62 (SD = 9.40), 95% CI: 27.75-29.48. Perceived social support from friends, caregivers and resilience factors of affect control (RAC), family support (RFS) and help-seeking (RHS) are protective factors for loneliness of LBC, with regression coefficient of -.27, -.18, -.11, -.11 and -.09 respectively. CONCLUSIONS Perceived social support from friends, care-giving attachment and resilience factors of RAC, RFS, and RHS are protective factors for LBC against loneliness. Parents, teachers and guardians are encouraged to have a close connection with LBC, provide adequate care giving; and create a supportive environment for LBC in pursuing healthy peer relationships and train/improve children's skills to strengthen their resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luot V. Nguyen
- University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thu T. A. Nguyen
- University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Linh T. Trinh
- University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Chen L, Yang F. Social Support and Loneliness among Chinese Rural-to-Urban Migrant Children: A Moderated Mediation Analysis of the Roles of Social Competence and Stress Mindset. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15933. [PMID: 36498006 PMCID: PMC9741449 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Social support has been an important social-contextual protective factor against loneliness. However, how individual-level protective factors, such as social competence and a positive stress mindset, may jointly influence the relationship between social support and loneliness is less known. This study examined to what extent the link between social support and loneliness would be mediated by social competence and moderated by stress mindset among migrant children. In total, 198 rural-to-urban migrant children aged 10-14 years (56.1% girls) in Beijing, China, completed a set of self-reported questionnaires. A moderated mediation analysis was performed. We found that perceived social support was associated with a lower level of loneliness, and this association was significant only for migrant children holding a positive stress mindset (indicated by a high ratio of the stress-is-a-challenge mindset to the stress-is-a-threat mindset). Notably, across children with different stress mindsets, perceived social support was indirectly related to a lower level of loneliness through greater social competence. Our findings suggest that social competence and a stress-is-a-challenge mindset are important individual-level protective factors for migrant children to overcome loneliness. Social competence can carry the effect of social support, and a stress-is-a-challenge mindset can optimize the effect of environmental resources on mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxi Chen
- Centre for Family and Population Research, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117570, Singapore
| | - Fang Yang
- Department of Social Work, School of Sociology and Political Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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Wang Y, Yang S, Wang F, Liu Z. Long-term effects of left-behind experience on adult depression: Social trust as mediating factor. Front Public Health 2022; 10:957324. [PMID: 36159254 PMCID: PMC9500461 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.957324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite much attention paid to the mental health of left-behind children, there has not been sufficient research on whether and how left-behind experiences have long-term effects on adults among the general population. This paper aims to evaluate the long-term effects of left-behind experience on adult psychological depression. Methods By using the China Labor-force Dynamics Survey in 2018 (CLDS 2018), we assessed depression by the Center for Epidemiological Studies, Depression Scale (CES-D) and used a cut-off score of 20 for detecting depression (Yes = 1, No = 0). The Binomial logistic regression was used to compare the odds ratio across groups. We used the KHB method in the mediation analysis, to measure the indirect effect of social trust on the relationship between left-behind experience and depression. Results The rate of depression (χ2 = 17.94, p < 0.001) for the children who have left-behind experience (LBE) (10.87%) was higher than the children who have non-left-behind experience (N-LBE) (6.37%). The rate of social trust (χ2 = 27.51, p < 0.001) of LBE (65.70%) was lower than N-LBE (75.05%). Compared with the other three groups, left-behind experience occurred in preschool (OR = 2.07, p < 0.001, 95% CI = [1.45, 2.97]) was more likely to suffer from depression. The indirect effect of social trust (OR = 1.06, p < 0.01, 95% CI = [1.02, 1.10]) is significantly on the relationship between LBE and psychological depression, with the total effect (OR = 1.71, p < 0.001, 95% CI = [1.27, 2.31]) and direct effect (OR = 1.62, p < 0.01, 95% CI = [1.20, 2.18]) are both significantly. The proportion of indirect effect in the total effect is 10.69%. Conclusion The left-behind experience that occurred in childhood has a significantly negative effect on adult psychological depression, in which preschool left-behind experience played the most critical role. Social trust is the mediating factor associated with left-behind experience and psychological depression. To mitigate the long-term effects of the left-behind experience on psychological depression, parents need to be prudent about the decision-making of migration in the preschool stage of their children. and subsequent policies should strengthen social work targeting vulnerable youth groups especially those with left-behind experience at an early age in terms of their psychological depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Sociology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Department of Sociology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Department of Sociology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Zhijun Liu
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Zhang R, Gao L, Cheng L, Ren P. Latent Profile Analysis of Children's Moral Character and the Classing Effect on Bullying in Rural China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11285. [PMID: 36141557 PMCID: PMC9517369 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Moral character is the key component of positive youth development. However, few studies have examined children's moral character and the association with bullying and bullied behavior. Guided by the framework of positive psychology, this study aimed to investigate the association of moral character with bullying and bullied behavior among children in rural China and whether the association differed between left-behind children (LBC) and non-left-behind children (NLBC). A total of 723 children (aged 11-16 years) in rural China completed standard questionnaires that contained six specific character traits and bullying/bullied behavior. Latent profile analysis revealed that children's moral character was divided into three classes (i.e., low-character class, average-character class, and high-character class). Compared with children in low-character and average-character classes, children in the high-character class had the lowest bullying and bullied behavior. Children in the low-character class were those at greater risk of bullied behavior. The association of the latent character classes with bullied behavior differed between LBC and NLBC. These findings highlight the urgent need for character-based and targeted interventions to prevent children's bullying and bullied behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiping Zhang
- School of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Linlin Gao
- School of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lan Cheng
- School of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ping Ren
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Assessment toward Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing100875, China
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COVID-19 and Vulnerable Children Well-Being: Interview with Left-Behind Children in Rural China. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9091317. [PMID: 36138627 PMCID: PMC9498038 DOI: 10.3390/children9091317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of the study: This study sought to explore the psychological well-being, academic adjustment, and quality of parental attachment of LBC during COVID-19 based on Left-Behind Children’s (LBC) word of mouth. Method: In light of the abundance of quantitative studies, this qualitative study explored the psychological, academic, and parental attachment experiences of rural LBC during COVID-19. To this end, we conducted semi-structured interviews with 22 LBCs aged 10–15 in May 2021. Result: The study results reveal that LBCs developed severe psychological illnesses after the pandemic severely disrupted their already disturbed lives. Our findings showed that most LBCs feel they do not need their parents, which reflects their long record of hopelessness and agony regarding the absence of their parents. Conclusion: Although COVID-19 is a global problem, its impact was particularly devastating for LBCs who have nobody around who could help them with their academic, personal and social need. In the modern COVID-19 era, it seems that Chinese grandparenting has become unreliable in the face of radical change in contemporary Education, society, and the economic system. Therefore, this study suggests that the Chinese government should seek to identify and monitor these children by working with NGOs that target such children.
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McDaniel HL, Harrison SE, Fairchild AJ, Li X. Future Orientation Among Children Affected by Parental HIV in China: An Exploratory Analysis of Complex Interactions. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2022; 7:899537. [PMID: 35874445 PMCID: PMC9300854 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2022.899537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We utilized an exploratory analytic approach to examine predictors of children's future beliefs, an internal asset associated with resilience among children affected by HIV, with emphasis on complex interactions among multisystem factors. Children (N = 1221) affected by parental HIV in China reported on psychosocial functioning, as well as internal, familial, and community resilience assets. Exploratory data analysis was conducted using a binary segmentation program. Six binary splits on predictors accounted for 22.78% of the variance in future expectation, suggesting interactions between children's perceived control of their future, loneliness, caregiver trust, and social support. Four binary splits accounted for 23.15% of the variance in future orientation, suggesting multiway interactions between control of the future, loneliness, social support, and perceived stigma. Findings suggest combinations of resilience factors are associated with children's positive future beliefs. Implications for screening, prevention, and intervention among Chinese children affected by parental HIV are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L. McDaniel
- School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Sayward E. Harrison
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Amanda J. Fairchild
- Department of Psychology, College of Arts and Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Xiaoming Li
- South Carolina SmartState Center for Healthcare Quality, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
- Department of Health Promotion, Education, and Behavior, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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Gao C, Tadesse E, Khalid S. Word of Mouth from Left-Behind Children in Rural China: Exploring Their Psychological, Academic and Physical Well-being During COVID-19. CHILD INDICATORS RESEARCH 2022; 15:1719-1740. [PMID: 35251364 PMCID: PMC8881755 DOI: 10.1007/s12187-022-09923-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 has had considerable effects on people's lives worldwide, particularly left-behind children in China as they tragically witnessed the outbreak. From the outset, millions of left-behind children in rural areas experienced extensive physical and psychological disturbances because their migrant parents who lived in the city or another province could not be with them. This study explored the psychological, academic, and physical well-being of rural left-behind children during COVID-19. We captured the experiences of 10- to 15-year-old children and adolescents who were left behind by their migrant parents before the COVID-19 outbreak. The results of the present study suggest that left-behind children have exhibited severe psychological illnesses since the pandemic has limited their social interactions with peers and increased improper caretaking from grandparents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhai Gao
- Faculty of Education, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Endale Tadesse
- Faculty of Education, Educational Leadership and Management, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road Beibei District, 400715 Chongqing, P.R. China
| | - Sabika Khalid
- Faculty of Education, Educational Leadership and Management, Southwest University, No.2 Tiansheng Road Beibei District, 400715 Chongqing, P.R. China
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Lukoševičiūtė J, Argustaitė-Zailskienė G, Šmigelskas K. Measuring Happiness in Adolescent Samples: A Systematic Review. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9020227. [PMID: 35204948 PMCID: PMC8870059 DOI: 10.3390/children9020227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: Happiness is a phenomenon that relates to better mental and physical health and even longevity. There has been an increase in surveys assessing subjective well-being as well as happiness, one of the well-being components that reflect one’s feelings or moods. Happiness is mostly measured in adult samples. There is a lack of an overview of the tools used to evaluate adolescent happiness, so this paper aimed to review them. Methods: A literature search was performed in the PubMed and PsycArticles databases (2010–2019). In total, 133 papers met the eligibility criteria for this systematic review. Results: The results are grouped according to the type of measure, single or multiple items, that was used in a study. Almost half of the studies (64 of 133) evaluated subjective happiness using single-item measures. The most commonly used scales were the 4-item Subjective Happiness Scale and the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire. Among the 133 articles analyzed, 18 reported some validation procedures related to happiness. However, in the majority of cases (14 studies), happiness was not the central phenomenon of validation, which suggests a lack of happiness validation studies. Conclusions: Finally, recommendations for future research and for the choice of happiness assessment tools are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justė Lukoševičiūtė
- Department of Health Psychology, Faculty of Public Health, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės g. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (G.A.-Z.); (K.Š.)
- Faculty of Public Health, Health Research Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės g. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +370-37-242908
| | - Gita Argustaitė-Zailskienė
- Department of Health Psychology, Faculty of Public Health, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės g. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (G.A.-Z.); (K.Š.)
| | - Kastytis Šmigelskas
- Department of Health Psychology, Faculty of Public Health, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės g. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania; (G.A.-Z.); (K.Š.)
- Faculty of Public Health, Health Research Institute, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Tilžės g. 18, LT-47181 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Zhao J, Ge J, Li Q. Grandparent-child cohesion, friendship quality, and left-behind children's positive/negative affect in rural China. J Health Psychol 2021; 27:2489-2504. [PMID: 34617485 DOI: 10.1177/13591053211049941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the roles of grandparent-child cohesion and friendship quality in left-behind children's positive and negative affect compared with non-left-behind children. Data from 557 participants indicated that grandparent-child cohesion and friendship quality predicted children's emotional adaptation. Friend trust and support and intimate exchange had a stronger predictive effect on positive affect among non-left-behind children. Moreover, the interaction effects between grandparent-child cohesion and friendship quality on children's positive affect supported the reinforcement model, while the interaction effects on negative affect supported the reinforcement model among left-behind children but supported the compensation model among non-left-behind children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing Ge
- Shandong Normal University, China
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15
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Bi X, Wang S. Parent-Adolescent Communication Quality and Life Satisfaction: The Mediating Roles of Autonomy and Future Orientation. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2021; 14:1091-1099. [PMID: 34321937 PMCID: PMC8310925 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s317389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have suggested that family communication quality is an important factor that can influence adolescents' life satisfaction. However, relatively few studies have examined this relationship in the Chinese cultural context or explored the potential mechanisms underlying this relationship. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether family communication quality is closely linked to Chinese adolescents' life satisfaction and whether this link was mediated by autonomy and future orientation. METHODS This study recruited 442 Chinese college students (67.19% girls) as participants. Based on a longitudinal design, the participants reported family communication quality at Time 1 and reported autonomy, future orientation, and life satisfaction at Time 2. RESULTS The results of correlation analysis showed the existence of a positive correlation between family communication quality, autonomy, future orientation, and life satisfaction. The mediation models showed family communication quality predicted adolescents' life satisfaction through the mediating effects of autonomy and future orientation. Furthermore, autonomy and future orientation not only independently mediated the relationship between family communication quality and life satisfaction but sequentially mediated this relationship. CONCLUSION Autonomy and future orientation mediated the relationship between family communication quality and life satisfaction. The findings of the present study highlight the significance of elevating family communication quality and promoting adolescents' development of autonomy and future orientation to enhance their life satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Bi
- Department of Education, Shandong Women’s University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuqiong Wang
- Department of Education, Shandong Women’s University, Jinan, Shandong Province, People’s Republic of China
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16
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Left-Behind Children, Parent-Child Communication and Psychological Resilience: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18105123. [PMID: 34066012 PMCID: PMC8150701 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to examine the role of parental migration status and parent communication in the psychological and related behavioral status of left-behind children and their psychological resilience. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in Anhui Province of China, and a questionnaire survey was conducted with 1992 teens using the Chinese version of the Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale (PACS), Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), and Strength and Difficulties Questionnaires (SDQ). Compared with the never left-behind group, left behind children had relatively lower PACS, CD-RISC and SDQ scores. Absence of parents is related with poorer psychological resilience, while good parent communication is related with better psychological resilience. Better psychological resilience is related to fewer psychological problems regardless of parental migration status. Currently left-behind status demonstrated a negative influence on psychological resilience, while never left-behind status had a positive effect. Interventions are needed to enhance psychological resilience of left-behind children to prevent psychological and related behavioral problems.
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17
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Wang H, Abbey C, She X, Rozelle S, Ma X. Association of Child Mental Health with Child and Family Characteristics in Rural China: A Cross-Sectional Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:5107. [PMID: 34065853 PMCID: PMC8150989 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18105107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Assessing the mental health problems encountered by school children and understanding the contributing factors are crucial to inform strategies aimed at improving mental health in low-resource contexts. However, few studies have investigated the mental health problems among disadvantaged children in poorer countries. This study examines the prevalence of mental health problems in rural China and their association with child and family characteristics. The study uses survey data from 9696 children in 120 rural primary schools and measures child mental health using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Overall, 17.9% of the sample children were found to be in the abnormal range of the SDQ total difficulties scores. The mean score was 12.93 (SD = 4.94). Abnormal scores were associated with child and family characteristics, including older child age (Odds Ratio, OR = 0.704, 95% CI: 0.611, 0.810; p < 0.001), gender (OR = 1.235, 95% CI: 1.112, 1.371; p < 0.001), and academic performance (OR = 0.421, 95% CI: 0.369, 0.480; p < 0.001). Reading time was found to be protective for mental health. Risk factors include excessive screen time (OR = 1.685, 95% CI: 1.409, 2.016; p < 0.001) and being bullied (OR = 3.695, 95% CI: 3.301, 4.136; p < 0.001). Our study suggests that future mental health illness prevention programs in rural China should consider targeting different aspects of children's social contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Stanford Center on China’s Economy and Institutions, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (H.W.); (C.A.); (S.R.)
| | - Cody Abbey
- Stanford Center on China’s Economy and Institutions, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (H.W.); (C.A.); (S.R.)
| | - Xinshu She
- Stanford School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
| | - Scott Rozelle
- Stanford Center on China’s Economy and Institutions, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; (H.W.); (C.A.); (S.R.)
| | - Xiaochen Ma
- China Center for Health Development Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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18
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Zhang Y, Wang Y. Daily bidirectional associations between adolescent negative peer interactions and sleep in rural China: The moderating effect of parental migration. Appl Psychol Health Well Being 2021; 13:693-711. [PMID: 33964117 DOI: 10.1111/aphw.12280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Left-behind adolescents' biobehavioral adjustment, such as sleep, is poorly understood by research. Using daily data over one week from 90 middle school students (Mage = 13.69) in rural China, this study investigated daily bidirectional associations between negative peer interactions and sleep disturbances, and how these associations varied by parental migration. On days when adolescents reported higher levels of negative peer interactions, they also reported greater daytime dysfunction the following day. Conversely, when adolescents had more nighttime disturbances the previous night, they also reported higher levels of negative peer interactions. The effects of other sleep disturbance indicators (poor sleep quality the previous night and daytime dysfunction on the same day) on negative peer interactions were significant for adolescents with at least one parent migrating and for those with both parents migrating. Findings highlight the importance of considering dynamic interrelations between interpersonal and biobehavioral factors for the healthy development of left-behind adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youchuan Zhang
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Yijie Wang
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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19
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Does quitting intention increase by perceived risk of smoking? The effects of negative outcome expectancy, future orientation and emotional support. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01815-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Fan Z, Fan X. Effect of Social Support on the Psychological Adjustment of Chinese Left-Behind Rural Children: A Moderated Mediation Model. Front Psychol 2021; 11:604397. [PMID: 33574783 PMCID: PMC7870505 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.604397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are tens of millions of children left behind by one or both rural-to-urban migrant parents (left-behind children, LBC) in rural China. Compared to non-left-behind children (NLBC), LBC are disadvantaged in psychological adjustment. Research has shown social support can help LBC grow up healthily, but the plausible mechanisms linking support to adjustment remain unclear. The present study investigated the mediating role of basic psychological need satisfaction (BPNS) in the above relationship, as well as whether the predictive pathways of support on adjustment and BPNS were moderated by resilience in a sample of 692 LBC and 264 NLBC. Structural equation modeling indicated social support positively predicted LBC's psychological adjustment, which was completely mediated by BPNS. In addition, the mediating effect was weaker for LBC with higher levels of resilience, which indicated resilience was a necessary asset for LBC's growth amid the adversity of low social support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Fan
- School of Educational Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinghua Fan
- School of Educational Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
- Cognition and Human Behavior Key Laboratory of Hunan Province, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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21
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Guo S, Cheung CKJ, Hu J, Ning X. The moderation effect of identity exploration and basic psychological needs satisfaction on flourishing of Chinese rural children. PSICOLOGIA-REFLEXAO E CRITICA 2021; 34:1. [PMID: 33392867 PMCID: PMC7779380 DOI: 10.1186/s41155-020-00166-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Most studies equate children's mental health to a state of flourishing, which is a positive feeling and functions in their lives. Identity exploration and the satisfaction of three basic psychological needs are universal and crucial indicators of children's flourishing. First, according to identity crisis theory, children in the pre-adolescence period begin to explore their own identities, a process which significantly affects their development and flourishing. Meanwhile, self-determination theory points out that the basic psychological needs, namely the needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness, are essential for children's development and flourishing in the worldwide. Accordingly, this study examined how identity exploration affects the flourishing of rural children in China, one kind of collectivism cultural contexts, with the interaction effect of identity exploration and basic psychological needs satisfaction. To understand the interaction effect of identity exploration and basic psychological needs satisfaction on rural children's flourishing, we form a theoretical framework combining identity crisis theory and self-determination theory. Both these two theories emphasize the importance of self in facilitating mental health and the development of functioning. Specifically, identity crisis theory focuses on intrapsychic process, while self-determination theory stresses the influence of the surrounding environment on the individual, which provides a solid foundation for integrating these two theories to explore rural children's flourishing in China. Accordingly, this study collected 520 left-behind children and 475 other rural children in Liaoning Province in Mainland of China, and used regression analysis to measure the associations among variables. This study found that identity exploration and basic psychological needs satisfaction positively affect rural children's flourishing respectively, while their interaction effects negatively affect on their flourishing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Guo
- College of Public Administration and Humanities, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Chau Kiu Jacky Cheung
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jieyi Hu
- Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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22
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Zhang J, Wu Y, Qu G, Wang L, Wu W, Tang X, Liu H, Chen X, Zhao T, Xuan K, Sun Y. The relationship between psychological resilience and emotion regulation among preschool left-behind children in rural China. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2020; 26:595-606. [PMID: 33206569 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2020.1849748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the relationship between resilience and emotion regulation among preschool left-behind children (LBC) in rural China. A total of 620 preschool LBC were enrolled from rural areas in Anhui province, China. Multivariate logistic regression was used to evaluate the associations between resilience and variables. The results showed that 20.2% of LBC had higher resilience. Emotion regulation was correlated with resilience among preschool LBC. Children with higher cognitive reconstruction (adjusted OR (AOR) = 0.349,95%CI:0.249-0.489), passive dealing (AOR = 0.577, 95%CI:0.411-0.810), alternative action (AOR = 0.369, 95%CI:0.267-0.510) and self-comforting (AOR = 0.441, 95%CI:0.315-0.619) would have lower risk of low resilience. Our findings suggest that strengthening emotion regulation could promote psychological resilience and prevent adverse developments in LBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Department of Neonatology, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital/Children's Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yile Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xue Tang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Haixia Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tianming Zhao
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Kun Xuan
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Yehuan Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Sun T, Tang Q, Liu D, Zhao L, Wang F, Xie H. Mental health literacy about depression among rural left-behind children in China: a comparative and cross-sectional study. J Ment Health 2020; 30:263-270. [PMID: 32816536 DOI: 10.1080/09638237.2020.1793117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental health literacy (MHL) is vital for raising mental health awareness, reducing stigma, and improving health-related decision making, which may have lifelong consequences for patients with mental disorders. AIMS To examine MHL about depression among rural left-behind children (LBC) in China and explore differences between LBC and non-left-behind children (NLBC). METHODS A total of 3456 rural school children (mean age = 13.02 years) in fourth to ninth grades who were living in Sichuan, Anhui, and Henan provinces were surveyed in April and July 2018 using stratified random cluster sampling. RESULTS More NLBC correctly recognized depression compared with LBC (p < 0.05). The most common sources of mental health information were the TV and the Internet. LBC felt more uneasy if they asked for help (p < 0.01). Statistical differences in help-seeking barriers were observed between LBC and NLBC (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Respondents showed low levels of depression-related MHL compared with peer groups in other countries, LBC showed lower MHL than NLBC in terms of the correct recognition rate of depression, attitude toward seeking help, etc. More school-based interventions should be implemented in rural schools, and parent involvement and digital-based educational strategies should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Sun
- School of Nursing, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Qishou Tang
- School of Marxism, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Depei Liu
- School of Nursing, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Long Zhao
- School of Nursing, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Fuzhi Wang
- Department of Health Management, Innovation Team of Health Information Management and Application Research (BYKC201913), Bengbu Medical College (BBMC), Bengbu, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Hui Xie
- School of Nursing, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, P. R. China
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24
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Ye L, Qian Y, Meng S, Ye D, Rong C, Vandenhouten EE, Jing F, Mao Y. Subjective well-being of left-behind children: a cross-sectional study in a rural area of eastern China. Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2020; 14:27. [PMID: 32536967 PMCID: PMC7288409 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-020-00333-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Psychological well-beings of left-behind children (LBC) in rural areas of China remain under-studied. In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to explore the subjective well-being (SWB) in LBC and its associated factors in a rural area in eastern China. METHODS Stratified random cluster sampling was used to select middle school and high school students in Qingyuan County of Zhejiang Province. Relevant information including sociodemographic characteristics was collected from each participant using an organized questionnaire. SWB was measured using the modified scale developed for Chinese adolescents. Univariable and multivariable regression analyses were performed using R version 3.3.0. RESULTS A total of 1086 children were recruited and examined in the current analysis, with 365 (33.61%) being left-behind. Compared with non-left-behind children (NLBC), LBC had significantly lower scores in family satisfaction (P = 0.003) and environment satisfaction (P = 0.020). Multivariable regression analysis uncovered that frequent parent-child communication was associated with high positive affect (P = 0.003) and life satisfaction (P < 0.001), and the type of caregivers was associated with negative affect among LBC (P = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest SWB was lower in LBC, and targeted interventions including strengthening parental-child communication should be developed and implemented to improve LBC's SWB in rural areas of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Ye
- grid.268505.c0000 0000 8744 8924School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053 China
| | - Yu Qian
- grid.268505.c0000 0000 8744 8924School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053 China
| | - Shuyang Meng
- grid.268505.c0000 0000 8744 8924The Fourth College of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053 China
| | - Ding Ye
- grid.268505.c0000 0000 8744 8924School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053 China
| | - Chao Rong
- grid.268505.c0000 0000 8744 8924School of Humanities and Management, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053 China
| | - Eric E. Vandenhouten
- grid.268505.c0000 0000 8744 8924International Education College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053 China
| | - Fangyuan Jing
- grid.506977.aSchool of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310053 China ,grid.506977.aDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hangzhou Medical College, 481 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, 310053 China
| | - Yingying Mao
- grid.268505.c0000 0000 8744 8924School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053 China ,grid.268505.c0000 0000 8744 8924Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 548 Binwen Road, Hangzhou, 310053 China
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Tian Y, Ma L, Xu W, Chen S. The Influence of Listening to Music on Adults with Left-behind Experience Revealed by EEG-based Connectivity. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7575. [PMID: 32372046 PMCID: PMC7200695 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64381-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain has a close relationship with music. Music-induced structural and functional brain changes have been demonstrated in the healthy adult. In the present study, adults with left-behind experience (ALB) were divided into two groups. The experimental group (ALB-E) took part in the music therapy experiment with three stages, including before listening to music (pre-stage), initially listening to music (mid-stage) and after listening to music (post-stage). The control group (ALB-C) did not participate in music therapy. Scalp resting-state EEGs of ALB were recorded during the three stages. We found no significant frequency change in the ALB-C group. In the ALB-E group, only the theta power spectrum was significantly different at all stages. The topographical distributions of the theta power spectrum represented change in trends from the frontal regions to the occipital regions. The result of Granger causal analysis (GCA), based on theta frequency, showed a stronger information flow from the middle frontal gyrus to the middle temporal gyrus (MFG → MTG) in the left hemisphere at the pre-stage compared to the post-stage. Additionally, the experimental group showed a weaker information flow from inferior gyrus to superior temporal gyrus (IFG → STG) in the right hemisphere at post-test stage compared to the ALB-C group. Our results demonstrate that listening to music can play a positive role on improving negative feelings for individuals with left behind experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Tian
- Bio-information College, ChongQing University of Posts and Telecommunications, ChongQing, 400065, China.
| | - Liang Ma
- Bio-information College, ChongQing University of Posts and Telecommunications, ChongQing, 400065, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Bio-information College, ChongQing University of Posts and Telecommunications, ChongQing, 400065, China
| | - Sifan Chen
- Sichuan Heguang Clinical Psychology Institute, ChengDu, 610074, China
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Yu L, Chan KL. Moderating effects of personal strengths in the relationship between juvenile victimization and delinquent behaviors. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2019; 93:79-90. [PMID: 31075573 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Robust evidence suggests a strong association between juvenile victimization and delinquency. Yet, there is a lack of research on the protective factors at the individual level that may buffer the relationship between victimization and delinquent behaviors. OBJECTIVES This study adopted a positive psychology perspective to examine the effects of three types of personal strength (self-regulation, interpersonal, and intellectual) on the relationship between different types of victimization and delinquency. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Data were collected from 631 Chinese migrant children (mean age = 10.52 ± 0.92 years) via convenience sampling. METHODS Participants completed a self-reported questionnaire that assessed experiences of victimization in family, interpersonal, and community settings, involvement in delinquent behaviors, and personal strengths. RESULTS The prevalence of different delinquent behaviors was significantly higher in the victimization groups than in the non-victimization groups. Regression analyses revealed that all three types of personal strength served as direct predictors of delinquency (Bself-regulation = -0.46, SEself-regulation = .09, p < .001; Binterpersonal strength = -0.23, SEinterpersonal strength = .06, p < .001; Bintellectual strength = -0.19, SEintellectual strength = .05, p < .001), while self-regulation further moderated the victimization-delinquency relationship. When self-regulation was high, the association between victimization and delinquency was significantly weaker than when self-regulation was low. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that personal strengths are important protective factors for youth exposed to experiences of victimization. Identifying methods to help victims recognize, develop, and use their personal strengths should be integral to support and intervention efforts for young victims.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yu
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ko Ling Chan
- Department of Applied Social Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
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Chai X, Du H, Li X, Su S, Lin D. What Really Matters for Loneliness Among Left-Behind Children in Rural China: A Meta-Analytic Review. Front Psychol 2019; 10:774. [PMID: 31057450 PMCID: PMC6482215 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In rural China, left-behind children are likely to suffer chronic loneliness. Research has identified a variety of factors that may be associated with loneliness among these children. A meta-analysis is needed to address the empirical inconsistencies and examine the strength of relations between different factors and loneliness. The current meta-analysis included 51 studies on predictors of loneliness published from 2008 to 2017. Results showed that one individual factor (social anxiety) is a key risk factor for loneliness, whereas eight individual (older age, self-esteem, resilience, extroversion) and contextual factors (family functioning, parent–child relationship, peer relationship, social support) serve as protective factors in predicting loneliness. In addition, boys were more likely to feel lonely than girls. Findings and implications of this study were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Chai
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongfei Du
- Department of Psychology, Social and Health Psychology Research Center, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shaobing Su
- Eliot-Pearson Department of Child Study and Human Development, Institute for Applied Research in Youth Development, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States
| | - Danhua Lin
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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Chai X, Li X, Ye Z, Li Y, Lin D. Subjective well-being among left-behind children in rural China: The role of ecological assets and individual strength. Child Care Health Dev 2019; 45:63-70. [PMID: 30443917 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The plight of left-behind children affected by parental migration has aroused widespread public concern in China. However, limited research has been conducted on the positive aspects of the development (e.g., subjective well-being) among left-behind children. Recently, a new means to investigating the mechanisms of positive development in left-behind children emerged from the positive youth development (PYD) approach. Grounded in the framework of PYD, this study was designed to examine how ecological assets (i.e., neighbourhood social cohesion and trusting relationships with caregivers) and individual strength (i.e., resilience) predict subjective well-being among left-behind children. METHODS Altogether, 1,449 left-behind children (50.70% boys; Mage = 12.11 years, SD = 1.84) were recruited to complete questionnaires designed to assess perceived neighbourhood social cohesion, trusting relationships with caregivers, resilience, and subjective well-being. RESULTS The results show that neighbourhood social cohesion and trusting relationships with caregivers positively predicted left-behind children's subjective well-being. Moreover, structural equation modelling results reveal that resilience partially mediated the effect of neighbourhood social cohesion and trusting relationships with caregivers on subjective well-being. CONCLUSIONS In this research, we identified key contextual and personal enablers for subjective well-being among left-behind children. The results provide some important implications regarding the manner in which subjective well-being can be promoted among left-behind children by increasing neighbourhood and family ecological assets and enhancing resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Chai
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Ye
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxuan Li
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Danhua Lin
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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