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Bechtold TA, Curry B, Witek M. The perceived catchiness of music affects the experience of groove. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303309. [PMID: 38748741 PMCID: PMC11095763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Catchiness and groove are common phenomena when listening to popular music. Catchiness may be a potential factor for experiencing groove but quantitative evidence for such a relationship is missing. To examine whether and how catchiness influences a key component of groove-the pleasurable urge to move to music (PLUMM)-we conducted a listening experiment with 450 participants and 240 short popular music clips of drum patterns, bass lines or keys/guitar parts. We found four main results: (1) catchiness as measured in a recognition task was only weakly associated with participants' perceived catchiness of music. We showed that perceived catchiness is multi-dimensional, subjective, and strongly associated with pleasure. (2) We found a sizeable positive relationship between PLUMM and perceived catchiness. (3) However, the relationship is complex, as further analysis showed that pleasure suppresses perceived catchiness' effect on the urge to move. (4) We compared common factors that promote perceived catchiness and PLUMM and found that listener-related variables contributed similarly, while the effects of musical content diverged. Overall, our data suggests music perceived as catchy is likely to foster groove experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Amadeus Bechtold
- Department of Music, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Lucerne School of Music, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Ben Curry
- Department of Music, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Witek
- Department of Music, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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2
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Etani T, Miura A, Kawase S, Fujii S, Keller PE, Vuust P, Kudo K. A review of psychological and neuroscientific research on musical groove. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 158:105522. [PMID: 38141692 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
When listening to music, we naturally move our bodies rhythmically to the beat, which can be pleasurable and difficult to resist. This pleasurable sensation of wanting to move the body to music has been called "groove." Following pioneering humanities research, psychological and neuroscientific studies have provided insights on associated musical features, behavioral responses, phenomenological aspects, and brain structural and functional correlates of the groove experience. Groove research has advanced the field of music science and more generally informed our understanding of bidirectional links between perception and action, and the role of the motor system in prediction. Activity in motor and reward-related brain networks during music listening is associated with the groove experience, and this neural activity is linked to temporal prediction and learning. This article reviews research on groove as a psychological phenomenon with neurophysiological correlates that link musical rhythm perception, sensorimotor prediction, and reward processing. Promising future research directions range from elucidating specific neural mechanisms to exploring clinical applications and socio-cultural implications of groove.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahide Etani
- School of Medicine, College of Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Health, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan; Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, Japan; Advanced Research Center for Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan.
| | - Akito Miura
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kawase
- The Faculty of Psychology, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shinya Fujii
- Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Peter E Keller
- Center for Music in the Brain, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark/The Royal Academy of Music Aarhus/Aalborg, Denmark; The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Peter Vuust
- Center for Music in the Brain, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark/The Royal Academy of Music Aarhus/Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Kazutoshi Kudo
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Kawase S. Is happier music groovier? The influence of emotional characteristics of musical chord progressions on groove. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024; 88:438-448. [PMID: 37615754 PMCID: PMC10858120 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-023-01869-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Specific rhythmic patterns in music have been reported to induce an urge to move with feelings of pleasure or enjoyment, called "groove." However, it is unclear how the emotional characteristics of music (e.g., happiness or sadness) affect groove. To address this issue I investigated the effects of the emotional characteristics of music on groove by altering the chord progressions accompanying drum breaks composed by a professional composer while manipulating independent tempo and rhythmic patterns. An online listening experiment was conducted using pieces composed by a professional composer but comprising different types of chord progressions that lead to happiness or sadness. Participants evaluated the nine items on a 7-point scale, including urge to move (i.e., groove), felt emotions, nori, and liking. The experiment found that: (1) chord progressions that evoke happiness were more likely to induce groove, (2) emotional characteristics did not interact with tempi and syncopation in terms of groove ratings, and (3) the accompaniment of drum breaks enhanced groove in both happy and sad chord progressions. Musical pieces with chord progressions that induce happiness were more likely to evoke groove, namely the urge to move. This implies that considering the emotional characteristics of musical pieces and rhythms is crucial when creating music for movement during rehabilitation, therapy, or dance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Kawase
- The Faculty of Psychology, Kobe Gakuin University, 518 Arise, Ikawadani-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 651-2180, Japan.
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4
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Granot R. The music we march to: Beyond beat, floating intentionality and improvisation: A comment on "Musical engagement as a duet of tight synchrony and loose interpretability" by Tal-Chen Rabinowitch. Phys Life Rev 2023; 47:9-14. [PMID: 37660431 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roni Granot
- The MusiCog Lab, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
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5
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Fukuie T, Suwabe K, Kawase S, Shimizu T, Ochi G, Kuwamizu R, Sakairi Y, Soya H. Groove Rhythm Enhances Exercise Impact on Prefrontal Cortex Function in Groove Enjoyers. Neuroscience 2023; 531:117-129. [PMID: 37678588 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
A positive affective response modulates the effects of aerobic exercise on prefrontal executive function (EF). Groove rhythm (GR), eliciting the feeling of wanting to move to music, is useful for inducing positive affective response during exercise. Three minutes of listening to GR activated the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (l-DLPFC) and enhanced EF in participants who had higher psychological responses to GR. This finding prompted us to test the hypothesis that the combination of GR and exercise (GREX) induces positive psychological responses that enhance PFC function through entrainment of body movements and musical beats. 41 participants were administered two experimental conditions: three min of very light-intensity (30% V̇ O2peak) exercise combined with GR and combined with a white-noise metronome (WMEX). Before and after exercise, participants performed a Stroop task and were monitored for l-DLPFC activity with functional near-infrared spectroscopy. GREX enhanced EF and l-DLPFC activity in participants who experienced greater subjective feelings of audiomotor entrainment and increased excitement with GREX. These psychological responses were predictive of the impact of GREX on l-DLPFC activity and EF. These findings, together with previous results, support the hypothesis that GR allows us to boost the cognitive benefits of exercise via l-DLPFC activity only in those who enjoy groove, and suggest that subjective audiomotor entrainment is a key mechanism of this boosting effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takemune Fukuie
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan; School of Nursing and Social Services, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Hokkaido 061-0293, Japan
| | - Kazuya Suwabe
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan; Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan; Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, Ryutsu Keizai University, Ibaraki 301-8555, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kawase
- Faculty of Psychology, Kobe Gakuin University, Hyogo 651-2180, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shimizu
- School of Information and Communication, Meiji University, Tokyo 101-8301, Japan
| | - Genta Ochi
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan; Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan; Department of Health and Sports, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, Niigata 950-3198, Japan
| | - Ryuta Kuwamizu
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan; Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yosuke Sakairi
- Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan
| | - Hideaki Soya
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry and Neuroendocrinology, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan; Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8574, Japan.
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6
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Sailer U, Zucknick M, Laeng B. Caressed by music: Related preferences for velocity of touch and tempo of music? Front Psychol 2023; 14:1135988. [PMID: 36935986 PMCID: PMC10017781 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1135988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Given that both hearing and touch are 'mechanical senses' that respond to physical pressure or mechanical energy and that individuals appear to have a characteristic internal or spontaneous tempo, individual preferences in musical and touch rhythms might be related. We explored this in two experiments probing individual preferences for tempo in the tactile and auditory modalities. Study 1 collected ratings of received stroking on the forearm and measured the velocity the participants used for stroking a fur. Music tempo preferences were assessed as mean beats per minute of individually selected music pieces and via the adjustment of experimenter-selected music to a preferred tempo. Heart rate was recorded to measure levels of physiological arousal. We found that the preferred tempo of favorite (self-selected) music correlated positively with the velocity with which each individual liked to be touched. In Study 2, participants rated videos of repeated touch on someone else's arm and videos of a drummer playing with brushes on a snare drum, both at a variety of tempos. We found that participants with similar rating patterns for the different stroking speeds did not show similar rating patterns for the different music beats. The results suggest that there may be a correspondence between preferences for favorite music and felt touch, but this is either weak or it cannot be evoked effectively with vicarious touch and/or mere drum beats. Thus, if preferences for touch and music are related, this is likely to be dependent on the specific type of stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uta Sailer
- Department of Behavioural Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- *Correspondence: Uta Sailer,
| | - Manuela Zucknick
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bruno Laeng
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time and Motion, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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7
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Kragness HE, Anderson L, Chow E, Schmuckler M, Cirelli LK. Musical groove shapes children's free dancing. Dev Sci 2023; 26:e13249. [PMID: 35175668 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The drive to move to music is evident across a variety of contexts, from the simple urge to tap our toe to a song on the radio, to massive crowds dancing in time at a rock concert. Though seemingly effortless, beat synchronization is difficult to master and children are often poor beat synchronizers. Nevertheless, auditory-motor integration is fundamental for many daily processes, such as speech. A topic that has been relatively understudied concerns how stimulus properties affect young children's movement in responses to auditory stimuli. In the present study, we examined how musical groove (adult-rated desire to move) affected 3.0- to 6.9-year-old children's free dancing in the comfort of their home (n = 78). In the high groove conditions, children danced more and with more energy compared to the low groove conditions. Moreover, in the high groove condition, children's movement tempos corresponded better with the tempos of the music. Results point to early childhood sensitivity to the musical features that motivate adults to move to music. High groove music may therefore prove especially effective at facilitating early auditory-motor integration. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://youtu.be/vli0-6N12Ts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley E Kragness
- University of Toronto Scarborough, Department of Psychology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lucy Anderson
- University of Toronto Scarborough, Department of Psychology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ester Chow
- University of Toronto Scarborough, Department of Psychology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Schmuckler
- University of Toronto Scarborough, Department of Psychology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura K Cirelli
- University of Toronto Scarborough, Department of Psychology, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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O’Connell SR, Nave-Blodgett JE, Wilson GE, Hannon EE, Snyder JS. Elements of musical and dance sophistication predict musical groove perception. Front Psychol 2022; 13:998321. [PMID: 36467160 PMCID: PMC9712211 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.998321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Listening to groovy music is an enjoyable experience and a common human behavior in some cultures. Specifically, many listeners agree that songs they find to be more familiar and pleasurable are more likely to induce the experience of musical groove. While the pleasurable and dance-inducing effects of musical groove are omnipresent, we know less about how subjective feelings toward music, individual musical or dance experiences, or more objective musical perception abilities are correlated with the way we experience groove. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate how musical and dance sophistication relates to musical groove perception. One-hundred 24 participants completed an online study during which they rated 20 songs, considered high- or low-groove, and completed the Goldsmiths Musical Sophistication Index, the Goldsmiths Dance Sophistication Index, the Beat and Meter Sensitivity Task, and a modified short version of the Profile for Music Perception Skills. Our results reveal that measures of perceptual abilities, musical training, and social dancing predicted the difference in groove rating between high- and low-groove music. Overall, these findings support the notion that listeners' individual experiences and predispositions may shape their perception of musical groove, although other causal directions are also possible. This research helps elucidate the correlates and possible causes of musical groove perception in a wide range of listeners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R. O’Connell
- Caruso Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Grace E. Wilson
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Erin E. Hannon
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Joel S. Snyder
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, United States
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Duman D, Neto P, Mavrolampados A, Toiviainen P, Luck G. Music we move to: Spotify audio features and reasons for listening. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275228. [PMID: 36174020 PMCID: PMC9522267 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous literature has shown that music preferences (and thus preferred musical features) differ depending on the listening context and reasons for listening (RL). Yet, to our knowledge no research has investigated how features of music that people dance or move to relate to particular RL. Consequently, in two online surveys, participants (N = 173) were asked to name songs they move to (“dance music”). Additionally, participants (N = 105) from Survey 1 provided RL for their selected songs. To investigate relationships between the two, we first extracted audio features from dance music using the Spotify API and compared those features with a baseline dataset that is considered to represent music in general. Analyses revealed that, compared to the baseline, the dance music dataset had significantly higher levels of energy, danceability, valence, and loudness, and lower speechiness, instrumentalness and acousticness. Second, to identify potential subgroups of dance music, a cluster analysis was performed on its Spotify audio features. Results of this cluster analysis suggested five subgroups of dance music with varying combinations of Spotify audio features: “fast-lyrical”, “sad-instrumental”, “soft-acoustic”, “sad-energy”, and “happy-energy”. Third, a factor analysis revealed three main RL categories: “achieving self-awareness”, “regulation of arousal and mood”, and “expression of social relatedness”. Finally, we identified variations in people’s RL ratings for each subgroup of dance music. This suggests that certain characteristics of dance music are more suitable for listeners’ particular RL, which shape their music preferences. Importantly, the highest-rated RL items for dance music belonged to the “regulation of mood and arousal” category. This might be interpreted as the main function of dance music. We hope that future research will elaborate on connections between musical qualities of dance music and particular music listening functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Duman
- Department of Music, Art and Culture Studies, Centre of Excellence in Music, Mind, Body and Brain, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | - Pedro Neto
- Department of Music, Art and Culture Studies, Centre of Excellence in Music, Mind, Body and Brain, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anastasios Mavrolampados
- Department of Music, Art and Culture Studies, Centre of Excellence in Music, Mind, Body and Brain, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Petri Toiviainen
- Department of Music, Art and Culture Studies, Centre of Excellence in Music, Mind, Body and Brain, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Geoff Luck
- Department of Music, Art and Culture Studies, Centre of Excellence in Music, Mind, Body and Brain, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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10
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Howlin C, Stapleton A, Rooney B. Tune out pain: Agency and active engagement predict decreases in pain intensity after music listening. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271329. [PMID: 35921262 PMCID: PMC9348657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Music is increasingly being recognised as an adjuvant treatment for pain management. Music can help to decrease the experience of both chronic and experimental pain. Cognitive agency has been identified as a specific mechanism that may mediate the analgesic benefits of music engagement however, it is unclear if this specific mechanism translates to acute pain. Previous attempts to understand the cognitive mechanisms that underpin music analgesia have been predominantly lab-based, limiting the extent to which observed effects may apply to participants’ everyday lives. Addressing these gaps, in naturalistic settings, the present study examined the degree to which cognitive agency (i.e., perceived choice in music), music features (i.e., complexity), and individual levels of musical sophistication were related to perceived pain. In an online global experiment, using a randomised between groups experimental design with two levels for choice (no choice and perceived choice) and two levels for music (high and low complexity), a sample of 286 adults experiencing acute pain reported their pain intensity and pain unpleasantness pre- and post-music listening. A bespoke piece of music was co-created with a commercial artist to enable the manipulation of music complexity while controlling for familiarity, while facilitating an authentic music listening experience. Overall, findings demonstrated that increased perceived control over music is associated with analgesic benefits, and that perceived choice is more important than music complexity. Highlighting the importance of listener engagement, people who reported higher levels of active engagement experienced greater decreases of pain intensity in the perceived choice condition, than those who reported lower levels of active engagement. These findings have implications for both research and practice, emphasising the importance of facilitating freedom of choice, and sustained engagement with music throughout music listening interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Howlin
- Department of Biological and Experimental Psychology School of Biological and Experimental Psychology, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Alison Stapleton
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brendan Rooney
- School of Psychology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Stupacher J, Wrede M, Vuust P. A brief and efficient stimulus set to create the inverted U-shaped relationship between rhythmic complexity and the sensation of groove. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266902. [PMID: 35588097 PMCID: PMC9119456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
When listening to music, we often feel a strong desire to move our body in relation to the pulse of the rhythm. In music psychology, this desire to move is described by the term groove. Previous research suggests that the sensation of groove is strongest when a rhythm is moderately complex, i.e., when the rhythm hits the sweet spot between being too simple to be engaging and too complex to be interpretable. This means that the relationship between rhythmic complexity and the sensation of groove can be described by an inverted U-shape (Matthews 2019). Here, we recreate this inverted U-shape with a stimulus set that was reduced from 54 to only nine rhythms. Thereby, we provide an efficient toolkit for future studies to induce and measure different levels of groove sensations. Pleasure and movement induction in relation to rhythmic complexity are emerging topics in music cognition and neuroscience. Investigating the sensation of groove is important for understanding the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying motor timing and reward processes in the general population, and in patients with conditions such as Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease and motor impairment after stroke. The experimental manipulation of groove also provides new approaches for research on social bonding in interpersonal movement interactions that feature music. Our brief stimulus set facilitates future research on these topics by enabling the creation of efficient and concise paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Stupacher
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Music in the Brain, Aarhus University & The Royal Academy of Music Aarhus, Aalborg, Denmark
- Institute of Psychology, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Markus Wrede
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Peter Vuust
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Music in the Brain, Aarhus University & The Royal Academy of Music Aarhus, Aalborg, Denmark
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12
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Groove rhythm stimulates prefrontal cortex function in groove enjoyers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7377. [PMID: 35513415 PMCID: PMC9072545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-11324-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing a groove rhythm (GR), which creates the sensation of wanting to move to the music, can also create feelings of pleasure and arousal in people, and it may enhance cognitive performance, as does exercise, by stimulating the prefrontal cortex. Here, we examined the hypothesis that GR enhances executive function (EF) by acting on the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (l-DLPFC) while also considering individual differences in psychological responses. Fifty-one participants underwent two conditions: 3 min of listening to GR or a white-noise metronome. Before and after listening, participants performed the Stroop task and were monitored for l-DLPFC activity with functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Our results show that GR enhanced EF and l-DLPFC activity in participants who felt a greater groove sensation and a more feeling clear-headed after listening to GR. Further, these psychological responses predict the impact of GR on l-DLPFC activity and EF, suggesting that GR enhances EF via l-DLPFC activity when the psychological response to GR is enhanced.
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13
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Engel A, Hoefle S, Monteiro MC, Moll J, Keller PE. Neural Correlates of Listening to Varying Synchrony Between Beats in Samba Percussion and Relations to Feeling the Groove. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:779964. [PMID: 35281511 PMCID: PMC8915847 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.779964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Listening to samba percussion often elicits feelings of pleasure and the desire to move with the beat-an experience sometimes referred to as "feeling the groove"- as well as social connectedness. Here we investigated the effects of performance timing in a Brazilian samba percussion ensemble on listeners' experienced pleasantness and the desire to move/dance in a behavioral experiment, as well as on neural processing as assessed via functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants listened to different excerpts of samba percussion produced by multiple instruments that either were "in sync", with no additional asynchrony between instrumental parts other than what is usual in naturalistic recordings, or were presented "out of sync" by delaying the snare drums (by 28, 55, or 83 ms). Results of the behavioral experiment showed increasing pleasantness and desire to move/dance with increasing synchrony between instruments. Analysis of hemodynamic responses revealed stronger bilateral brain activity in the supplementary motor area, the left premotor area, and the left middle frontal gyrus with increasing synchrony between instruments. Listening to "in sync" percussion thus strengthens audio-motor interactions by recruiting motor-related brain areas involved in rhythm processing and beat perception to a higher degree. Such motor related activity may form the basis for "feeling the groove" and the associated desire to move to music. Furthermore, in an exploratory analysis we found that participants who reported stronger emotional responses to samba percussion in everyday life showed higher activity in the subgenual cingulate cortex, an area involved in prosocial emotions, social group identification and social bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annerose Engel
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Unit, D’Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sebastian Hoefle
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Unit, D’Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marina Carneiro Monteiro
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Unit, D’Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jorge Moll
- Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience Unit, D’Or Institute for Research and Education, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Peter E. Keller
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Center for Music in the Brain, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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14
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Emmanouil A, Rousanoglou E, Georgaki A, Boudolos KD. When Musical Accompaniment Allows the Preferred Spatio-Temporal Pattern of Movement. Sports Med Int Open 2021; 5:E81-E90. [PMID: 34646934 PMCID: PMC8500738 DOI: 10.1055/a-1553-7063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A musical accompaniment is often used in movement coordination and stability
exercise modalities, although considered obstructive for their fundament of
preferred movement pace. This study examined if the rhythmic strength of musical
excerpts used in movement coordination and exercise modalities allows the
preferred spatio-temporal pattern of movement. Voluntary and spontaneous body
sway (70 s) were tested (N=20 young women) in a non-musical
(preferred) and two rhythmic strength (RS) musical conditions (Higher:HrRS,
Lower:LrRS). The center of pressure trajectory was used for the body sway
spatio-temporal characteristics (Kistler forceplate, 100 Hz). Statistics
included paired t-tests between each musical condition and the non-musical one,
as well as between musical conditions (p≤0.05). Results indicated no
significant difference between the musical and the non-musical conditions
(p>0.05). The HrRS differed significantly from LrRS only in the
voluntary body sway, with increased sway duration (p=0.03), center of
pressure path (p=0.04) and velocity (p=0.01). The findings
provide evidence-based support for the rhythmic strength recommendations in
movement coordination and stability exercise modalities. The HrRS to LrRS
differences in voluntary body sway most possibly indicate that low-frequency
musical features rather than just tempo and pulse clarity are also
important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analina Emmanouil
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Department of Sport Medicine and Biology of Exercise, Sport Biomechanics Lab, Daphne, Greece
| | - Elissavet Rousanoglou
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Department of Sport Medicine and Biology of Exercise, Sport Biomechanics Lab, Daphne, Greece
| | - Anastasia Georgaki
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Music Studies, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos D Boudolos
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Science, Department of Sport Medicine and Biology of Exercise, Sport Biomechanics Lab, Daphne, Greece
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15
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Varlet M, Nozaradan S, Trainor L, Keller PE. Dynamic Modulation of Beta Band Cortico-Muscular Coupling Induced by Audio-Visual Rhythms. Cereb Cortex Commun 2021; 1:tgaa043. [PMID: 34296112 PMCID: PMC8263089 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human movements often spontaneously fall into synchrony with auditory and visual environmental rhythms. Related behavioral studies have shown that motor responses are automatically and unintentionally coupled with external rhythmic stimuli. However, the neurophysiological processes underlying such motor entrainment remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated with electroencephalography (EEG) and electromyography (EMG) the modulation of neural and muscular activity induced by periodic audio and/or visual sequences. The sequences were presented at either 1 or 2 Hz, while participants maintained constant finger pressure on a force sensor. The results revealed that although there was no change of amplitude in participants' EMG in response to the sequences, the synchronization between EMG and EEG recorded over motor areas in the beta (12-40 Hz) frequency band was dynamically modulated, with maximal coherence occurring about 100 ms before each stimulus. These modulations in beta EEG-EMG motor coherence were found for the 2-Hz audio-visual sequences, confirming at a neurophysiological level the enhancement of motor entrainment with multimodal rhythms that fall within preferred perceptual and movement frequency ranges. Our findings identify beta band cortico-muscular coupling as a potential underlying mechanism of motor entrainment, further elucidating the nature of the link between sensory and motor systems in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Varlet
- The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Sylvie Nozaradan
- The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
| | - Laurel Trainor
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter E Keller
- The MARCS Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Penrith, Australia
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16
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Stults-Kolehmainen MA, Blacutt M, Fogelman N, Gilson TA, Stanforth PR, Divin AL, Bartholomew JB, Filgueiras A, McKee PC, Ash GI, Ciccolo JT, Brotnow Decker L, Williamson SL, Sinha R. Measurement of Motivation States for Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior: Development and Validation of the CRAVE Scale. Front Psychol 2021; 12:568286. [PMID: 33841225 PMCID: PMC8027339 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.568286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical activity, and likely the motivation for it, varies throughout the day. The aim of this investigation was to create a short assessment (CRAVE: Cravings for Rest and Volitional Energy Expenditure) to measure motivation states (wants, desires, urges) for physical activity and sedentary behaviors. Five studies were conducted to develop and evaluate the construct validity and reliability of the scale, with 1,035 participants completing the scale a total of 1,697 times. In Study 1, 402 university students completed a questionnaire inquiring about the want or desire to perform behaviors "at the present moment (right now)." Items related to physical activity (e.g., "move my body") and sedentary behaviors (e.g., "do nothing active"). An exploratory structural equation model (ESEM) revealed that 10 items should be retained, loading onto two factors (5 each for Move and Rest). In Study 2, an independent sample (n = 444) confirmed these results and found that Move and Rest desires were associated with stage-of-change for exercise behavior. In Study 3, 127 community-residing participants completed the CRAVE at 6-month intervals over two years- two times each session. Across-session interclass correlations (ICC) for Move (ICC = 0.72-0.95) and Rest (ICC = 0.69-0.88) were higher than when they were measured across 24-months (Move: ICC = 0.53; Rest: ICC = 0.49), indicating wants/desires have state-like qualities. In Study 4, a maximal treadmill test was completed by 21 university students. The CRAVE was completed immediately pre and post. Move desires decreased 26% and Rest increased 74%. Changes in Move and Rest desires were moderately associated with changes in perceived physical fatigue and energy. In Study 5, 41 university students sat quietly during a 50-min lecture. They completed the CRAVE at 3 time points. Move increased 19.6% and Rest decreased 16.7%. Small correlations were detected between move and both perceived energy and tiredness, but not calmness or tension. In conclusion, the CRAVE scale has good psychometric properties. These data also support tenets of the WANT model of motivation states for movement and rest (Stults-Kolehmainen et al., 2020a). Future studies need to explore how desires to move/rest relate to dynamic changes in physical activity and sedentarism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A. Stults-Kolehmainen
- Digestive Health Multispecialty Clinic, Yale – New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Miguel Blacutt
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nia Fogelman
- Yale Stress Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Todd A. Gilson
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, IL, United States
| | - Philip R. Stanforth
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Amanda L. Divin
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Northwestern State University, Natchitoches, LA, United States
| | - John B. Bartholomew
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Alberto Filgueiras
- Department of Cognition and Human Development, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paul C. McKee
- Department of Psychology, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Garrett I. Ash
- Pain, Research, Informatics, Medical Comorbidities and Education Center (PRIME), VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States
- Center for Medical Informatics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Joseph T. Ciccolo
- Department of Biobehavioral Sciences, Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Line Brotnow Decker
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Division of Mental Health, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Susannah L. Williamson
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Rajita Sinha
- Yale Stress Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Yale Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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17
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Zelechowska A, Gonzalez-Sanchez VE, Laeng B, Jensenius AR. Headphones or Speakers? An Exploratory Study of Their Effects on Spontaneous Body Movement to Rhythmic Music. Front Psychol 2020; 11:698. [PMID: 32373030 PMCID: PMC7187959 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that music may lead to spontaneous body movement, even when people try to stand still. But are spontaneous movement responses to music similar if the stimuli are presented using headphones or speakers? This article presents results from an exploratory study in which 35 participants listened to rhythmic stimuli while standing in a neutral position. The six different stimuli were 45 s each and ranged from a simple pulse to excerpts from electronic dance music (EDM). Each participant listened to all the stimuli using both headphones and speakers. An optical motion capture system was used to calculate their quantity of motion, and a set of questionnaires collected data about music preferences, listening habits, and the experimental sessions. The results show that the participants on average moved more when listening through headphones. The headphones condition was also reported as being more tiresome by the participants. Correlations between participants' demographics, listening habits, and self-reported body motion were observed in both listening conditions. We conclude that the playback method impacts the level of body motion observed when people are listening to music. This should be taken into account when designing embodied music cognition studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Zelechowska
- RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time and Motion, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Musicology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Victor E Gonzalez-Sanchez
- RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time and Motion, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Musicology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bruno Laeng
- RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time and Motion, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexander Refsum Jensenius
- RITMO Centre for Interdisciplinary Studies in Rhythm, Time and Motion, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Musicology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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18
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Vikene K, Skeie GO, Specht K. Subjective judgments of rhythmic complexity in Parkinson's disease: Higher baseline, preserved relative ability, and modulated by tempo. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221752. [PMID: 31479488 PMCID: PMC6719828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that people with Parkinson's disease (PD) have difficulties with the perceptual discrimination of rhythms, relative to healthy controls. It is not however clear if this applies only to simpler rhythms (a so called "beat-based" deficit), or if it is a more generalized deficit that also applies to more complex rhythms. Further insight into how people with PD process and perceive rhythm can refine our understanding of the well known problems of temporal processing in the disease. In this study, we wanted to move beyond simple/complex-dichotomy in previous studies, and further investigate the effect of tempo on the perception of musical rhythms. To this end, we constructed ten musical rhythms with a varied degree of complexity across three different tempi. Nineteen people with PD and 19 healthy controls part-took in an internet based listening survey and rated 10 different musical rhythms for complexity and likeability. In what we believe is the first study to do so, we asked for the participants subjective ratings of individual rhythms and not their capacity to directly compare or discriminate between them. We found an overall between-group difference in complexity judgments that was modulated by tempo, but not level of complexity. People with PD rated all rhythms as more complex across tempi, with significant group differences in complexity ratings at 120 and 150bpm, but not at 90bpm. Our analysis found a uniform elevated baseline for complexity judgments in the PD-group, and a strong association between the two groups' rank-ordering the rhythms for complexity. This indicates a preserved ability to discriminate between relative levels of complexity. Finally, the two groups did not significantly differ in their subjective scoring of likeability, demonstrating a dissimilarity between judgment of complexity and judgment of likeability between the two groups. This indicates different cognitive operations for the two types of judgment, and we speculate that Parkinson's disease affects judgment of complexity but not judgment of likeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjetil Vikene
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Medical Imaging and Visualization Centre, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Geir Olve Skeie
- Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- The Grieg Academy - Department of Music, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Karsten Specht
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Medical Imaging and Visualization Centre, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Education, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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19
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Senn O, Rose D, Bechtold T, Kilchenmann L, Hoesl F, Jerjen R, Baldassarre A, Alessandri E. Preliminaries to a Psychological Model of Musical Groove. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1228. [PMID: 31214069 PMCID: PMC6558102 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Senn
- School of Music, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Dawn Rose
- School of Music, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Toni Bechtold
- School of Music, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Kilchenmann
- School of Music, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Florian Hoesl
- School of Music, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Rafael Jerjen
- School of Music, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Baldassarre
- School of Music, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Elena Alessandri
- School of Music, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Lucerne, Switzerland
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20
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Cirelli LK, Trehub SE. Dancing to Metallica and Dora: Case Study of a 19-Month-Old. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1073. [PMID: 31156507 PMCID: PMC6531910 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhythmic movement to music, whether deliberate (e.g., dancing) or inadvertent (e.g., foot-tapping), is ubiquitous. Although parents commonly report that infants move rhythmically to music, especially to familiar music in familiar environments, there has been little systematic study of this behavior. As a preliminary exploration of infants' movement to music in their home environment, we studied V, an infant who began moving rhythmically to music at 6 months of age. Our primary goal was to generate testable hypotheses about movement to music in infancy. Across nine sessions, beginning when V was almost 19 months of age and ending 8 weeks later, she was video-recorded by her mother during the presentation of 60-s excerpts from two familiar and two unfamiliar songs presented at three tempos—the original song tempo as well as faster and slower versions. V exhibited a number of repeated dance movements such as head-bobbing, arm-pumping, torso twists, and bouncing. She danced most to Metallica's Now that We're Dead, a recording that her father played daily in V's presence, often dancing with her while it played. Its high pulse clarity, in conjunction with familiarity, may have increased V's propensity to dance, as reflected in lesser dancing to familiar music with low pulse clarity and to unfamiliar music with high pulse clarity. V moved faster to faster music but only for unfamiliar music, perhaps because arousal drove her movement to familiar music. Her movement to music was positively correlated with smiling, highlighting the pleasurable nature of the experience. Rhythmic movement to music may have enhanced her pleasure, and the joy of listening may have promoted her movement. On the basis of behavior observed in this case study, we propose a scaled-up study to obtain definitive evidence about the effects of song familiarity and specific musical features on infant rhythmic movement, the developmental trajectory of dance skills, and the typical range of variation in such skills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura K Cirelli
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Sandra E Trehub
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
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21
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Etani T, Miura A, Okano M, Shinya M, Kudo K. Accent Stabilizes 1:2 Sensorimotor Synchronization of Rhythmic Knee Flexion-Extension Movement in Upright Stance. Front Psychol 2019; 10:888. [PMID: 31105620 PMCID: PMC6494955 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have shown the importance of metrical structure on beat perception and sensorimotor synchronization (SMS), which indicates why metrical structure has evolved as a widespread musical element. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the effect of metrical structure with or without accented sounds and the alignment of accent with flexion or extension movements on the stability of 1:2 SMS in rhythmic knee flexion-extension movement in upright stance (flexing the knee once every two sounds). Fourteen participants completed 1:2 rhythmic knee flexion-extension movements with a metronome beat that accelerated from 2 to 8 Hz (the frequency of the movement was 1–4 Hz). Three sound-movement conditions were provided: (1) combining the flexion phase with loud (accented) sound and the extension phase with soft (non-accented) sound, (2) the reverse combination, and (3) combining both movements with loud sound. ANOVA results showed that metrical structure with accented sounds stabilizes 1:2 SMS in the range of 3.5–7.8 Hz in terms of timing accuracy, and flexing on the accented sound is more globally stable (resistant to phase transition) than flexing on the non-accented sound. Furthermore, our results showed that metrical structure with accented sounds induces larger movement amplitude in the range of 4.6–7.8 Hz than does that without accented sounds. The present study demonstrated that metrical structure with accented sounds stabilizes SMS and induces larger movement amplitude in rhythmic knee flexion-extension movement in upright stance than does SMS with sequences without accents. In addition, we demonstrated that coordinating flexion movement with accented sound is more globally stable than coordinating extension movement with accented sound. Thus, whereas previous studies have revealed that metrical structure enhances the timing accuracy of SMS, the current study revealed that metrical structure enhances the global stability of SMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahide Etani
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akito Miura
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Advanced Research Center for Human Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masahiro Okano
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research Organization, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Masahiro Shinya
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Kudo
- Graduate School of Interdisciplinary Information Studies, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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Senn O, Kilchenmann L, Bechtold T, Hoesl F. Groove in drum patterns as a function of both rhythmic properties and listeners' attitudes. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199604. [PMID: 29958289 PMCID: PMC6025871 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Music psychology defines groove as humans’ pleasureable urge to move their body in synchrony with music. Past research has found that rhythmic syncopation, event density, beat salience, and rhythmic variability are positively associated with groove. This exploratory study investigates the groove effect of 248 reconstructed drum patterns from different popular music styles (pop, rock, funk, heavy metal, rock’n’roll, hip hop, soul, R&B). It aims at identifying factors that might be relevant for groove and worth investigating in a controlled setting in the future. Drum patterns of eight bars duration, chosen from 248 popular music tracks, have been transcribed and audio reconstructions have been created on the basis of sound samples. During an online listening experiment, 665 participants rated the reconstructions a total of 8,329 times using a groove questionnaire. Results show that, among 15 tested variables, syncopation (R2 = 0.010) and event density (R2 = 0.011) were positively associated with the groove ratings. These effects were stronger in participants who were music professionals, compared to amateur musicians or mere listeners. A categorisation of the stimuli according to structural aspects was also associated with groove (R2 = 0.018). Beat salience, residual microtiming and rhythmic variability showed no effect on the groove ratings. Participants’ familiarity with a drum pattern had a positive influence on the groove ratings (η2 = 0.051). The largest isolated effect was measured for participants’ style bias (R2 = 0.123): groove ratings tended to be high if participants had the impression that the drum pattern belonged to a style they liked. Combined, the effects of style bias and familiarity (R2 = 0.152) exceeded the other effects as predictors for groove by a wide margin. We conclude that listeners’ taste, musical biographies and expertise have a strong effect on their groove experience. This motivates groove research not to focus on the music alone, but to take the listeners into account as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Senn
- School of Music, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Lucerne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Lorenz Kilchenmann
- School of Music, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Toni Bechtold
- School of Music, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Florian Hoesl
- School of Music, Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Lucerne, Switzerland
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