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Feter N, Ligeza TS, Bashir N, Shanmugam RJ, Montero Herrera B, Aldabbagh T, Usman AF, Yonezawa A, McCarthy S, Herrera D, Vargas D, Mir EM, Syed T, Desai S, Shi H, Kim W, Puhar N, Gowda K, Nowak O, Kuang J, Quiroz F, Caputo EL, Yu Q, Pionke JJ, Zou L, Raine LB, Gratton G, Fabiani M, Lubans DR, Hallal PC, Pindus DM. Effects of reducing sedentary behaviour by increasing physical activity, on cognitive function, brain function and structure across the lifespan: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med 2024:bjsports-2024-108444. [PMID: 39197948 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2024-108444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the acute and chronic effects of reducing prolonged sedentary time (ST) with physical activity (PA) on cognitive and brain health. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, and ProQuest Dissertation and Theses. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) published from inception to 17 June 2024, with healthy participants without cognitive impairment or neurological conditions that affect cognitive functioning, aged ≥4 years, testing acute and chronic effects of reducing ST and/or prolonged ST by reallocating ST to PA on cognitive function, brain function, and structure. RESULTS We included 25 RCTs (n=1289) investigating acute (21 studies) and chronic (4 studies) effects on cognitive function (acute: n=20, chronic: n=4) and brain function (acute: n=7, chronic: n=1); there were no studies on brain structure. Acutely interrupting continuous ST with either multiple or a single PA bout improved cognitive function measured from 3 hours to three consecutive days based on 91 effect sizes (g=0.17, 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.29, p=0.005, I 2=45.5%). When comparing single versus multiple PA bouts, only multiple PA bouts yielded a positive effect on cognitive function based on 72 effect sizes (g=0.20, 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.35, p=0.006; I 2=48.8%). Chronic studies reported null findings on cognitive function (n=4), with some evidence of improved neural efficiency of the hippocampus (n=1). CONCLUSION Interrupting ST with PA acutely improves cognitive function. The evidence from chronic studies remains inconclusive. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42020200998.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natan Feter
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tomasz S Ligeza
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Neha Bashir
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- The School of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Ramiya J Shanmugam
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- The School of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Bryan Montero Herrera
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tamara Aldabbagh
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Anne-Farah Usman
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- The School of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Ayumi Yonezawa
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- The School of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Shane McCarthy
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Danielle Herrera
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Surgery, Ann and Robert Lurie Children's Hospital, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Denise Vargas
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- The School of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Emaad M Mir
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- The School of Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Talha Syed
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Sanam Desai
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Hector Shi
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - William Kim
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Economics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Natalie Puhar
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Kushi Gowda
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- College of Medicine Peoria, University of Illinois, Peoria, Illinois, USA
| | - Olivia Nowak
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Research & Development Solutions, IQVIA, Overland Park, Kansas, USA
| | - Jin Kuang
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Flor Quiroz
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Eduardo L Caputo
- School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Qian Yu
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - J J Pionke
- iSchool, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Liye Zou
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Lauren B Raine
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement & Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medical Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gabriele Gratton
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Monica Fabiani
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - David R Lubans
- College of Human and Social Futures, University of Newcastle Australia, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Pedro C Hallal
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Dominika M Pindus
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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2
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Etnier JL, Kibildis SW, DuBois SL. Exercise and Acute Cognitive Enhancement. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2024. [PMID: 39212905 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2024_492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Substantial research has explored the effects of a single session of exercise on cognitive performance. Meta-analytic reviews provide summary statistics relative to these effects when the cognitive task is performed while exercising and when performed after exercise. When performed concomitantly the effects of exercise are typically small or negative with the exception of moderate effects for speed of cognitive performance during moderate intensity exercise. When cognitive performance is assessed following the cessation of exercise, the effects are typically positive. When considering the effects following exercise, most studies have focused on executive function and episodic memory as the cognitive outcomes of interest with meta-analyses supporting small-to-moderate benefits. When potential moderators related to exercise parameters or participants characteristics are examined, results suggest that 20 minutes of moderate to vigorous intensity exercise consistently benefits performance with larger effects evident for executive function tasks with higher cognitive demands, for long-term memory tasks when exercise is performed prior to information encoding, and when considering individuals with lower initial cognitive performance levels. These observed benefits are likely due to the impacts acute exercise can have on physiological arousal, brain function, and brain neurotrophic factors. Advancements in our understanding of the potential of a single session of exercise to benefit cognitive performance are important for exercise prescription and to inform chronic exercise programs designed to benefit cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Etnier
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA.
| | - Samuel W Kibildis
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - Samantha L DuBois
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
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Garrett J, Chak C, Bullock T, Giesbrecht B. A systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis provide evidence for an effect of acute physical activity on cognition in young adults. COMMUNICATIONS PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 2:82. [PMID: 39242965 PMCID: PMC11358546 DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00124-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Physical exercise is a potential intervention for enhancing cognitive function across the lifespan. However, while studies employing long-term exercise interventions consistently show positive effects on cognition, studies using single acute bouts have produced mixed results. Here, a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine the impact of acute exercise on cognitive task performance in healthy young adults. A Bayesian hierarchical model quantified probabilistic evidence for a modulatory relationship by synthesizing 651 effect sizes from 113 studies from PsychInfo and Google Scholar representing 4,390 participants. Publication bias was mitigated using the trim-and-fill method. Acute exercise was found to have a small beneficial effect on cognition (g = 0.13 ± 0.04; BF = 3.67) and decrease reaction time. A meta-analysis restricted to executive function tasks revealed improvements in working memory and inhibition. Meta-analytic estimates were consistent across multiple priors and likelihood functions. Physical activities were categorized based on exercise type (e.g., cycling) because many activities have aerobic and anaerobic components, but this approach may limit comparison to studies that categorize activities based on metabolic demands. The current study provides an updated synthesis of the existing literature and insights into the robustness of acute exercise-induced effects on cognition. Funding provided by the United States Army Research Office.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan Garrett
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| | - Carly Chak
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Tom Bullock
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Barry Giesbrecht
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
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Albaladejo-García C, Caballero C, Asencio P, Moreno FJ. Acute effects of a vigorous-intensity warm-up on response suppression and decision-making of football referees. J Sports Sci 2024; 42:1081-1089. [PMID: 39077984 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2024.2383071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the acute effect of physical exercise simulating a standard pre-competitive warm-up on the response suppression and decision-making of football referees. Thirty-four referees (n = 17 - regional level; n = 17 - national level) participated in the study. A Stop-Signal Task (SST) and a decision-making video test were used to evaluate the referees' perceptual-cognitive functions. The findings revealed that the vigorous aerobic exercise acutely impacted basic cognitive functions, as indicated by decreased reaction time and decreased choice accuracy. However, higher-order cognitive functions such as response suppression and decision-making did not exhibit significant changes post-exercise. Based on these results, there is no evidence to suggest that a vigorous-intensity warm-up is likely to favour response suppression and decision-making factors in the initial phases of the game. National referees showed superior response suppression abilities (shorter stop-signal reaction times and lower probability of responding to the stop-signal) than regional referees, indicating that higher-level referees possess enhanced perceptual-cognitive skills, likely influenced by their experience. Further studies are required to determine whether these variables can be acutely improved through physical exercise. In this regard, our results suggest the need for alternative strategies in pre-competitive referee warm-ups if aiming to improve perceptual-cognitive skills in the initial phases of the game.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Albaladejo-García
- Sport Research Centre, Sport Sciences Department, Universiad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Carla Caballero
- Sport Research Centre, Sport Sciences Department, Universiad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain
- Neurosciences Research Group, Alicante Institute for Health and Biomedical Research (ISABIAL), Spain, Alicante, Spain
| | - Pablo Asencio
- Sport Research Centre, Sport Sciences Department, Universiad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | - Francisco J Moreno
- Sport Research Centre, Sport Sciences Department, Universiad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Elche, Alicante, Spain
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Lin TY, Cheng HC, Liu HW, Hung TM. Exploring Temporal and Intensity Effects of Resistance Exercise on Inhibition: A Four-Arm Crossover Randomized Controlled Trial. Psychol Res Behav Manag 2024; 17:1917-1934. [PMID: 38745911 PMCID: PMC11091470 DOI: 10.2147/prbm.s455305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Given the recognized benefits of resistance exercise on both physical and cognitive domains, elucidating how to maximize its benefit is pivotal. This study aims to evaluate these effects in terms of their timing and intensity on cognitive performance. Methods This was a four-arm, crossover randomized controlled trial. Healthy college-aged male adults with recreational resistance training experience participated in this study. Participants completed three separate sessions of circuit barbell resistance exercises, including back squat, press, and deadlift. Each session corresponded to a different intensity level: 65% 1RM, 72% 1RM, and 78% 1RM. Each session consisted of 5 repetitions across 3 sets, with a 3-minute rest between exercises and sets. For the control condition, participants engaged in a reading activity for the same duration. The subjective exercise intensity was measured using the rating of perceived exertion and repetitions in reserve immediately after each set. The primary outcome was the temporal effect of acute resistance exercise on inhibition, measured by the Stroop color-word task. The secondary outcome was the effect of different intensities. Results 30 out of 31 recruited participants were randomized, with 28 completing all experiment sessions. Using repeated measures correlation (rrm), a linear temporal effect was observed on accuracy-adjusted congruent reaction time: rrm = 0.114, p = 0.045, 95% CI [0.002, 0.223]. Participants responded 19.1 ms faster than the control condition approximately 10 minutes post-intervention. This advantage, however, gradually declined at a rate of 4.3 ms every 15 minutes between 10-55 minutes post-intervention. In contrast, no significant effects were detected for incongruent trials or the Stroop effect. When examining the linear relationship across exercise intensities, no significant correlations emerged for congruent trials. Conclusion Resistance exercise demonstrates a temporal effect on cognitive performance, particularly in reaction speed for congruent trials, without significant changes in incongruent trials or the overall Stroop effect. The findings highlight the importance of timing in leveraging the cognitive benefits of acute resistance exercise, suggesting a window of enhanced cognitive performance following exercise. However, this study has a limitation regarding Type I error inflation, due to multiple measurements of cognitive performance being undertaken, suggesting caution in interpreting the observed temporal effects. Practically, scheduling crucial, cognitively demanding tasks within 10-60 minutes post-exercise may maximize benefits, as positive effects diminish after this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Lin
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Chien Cheng
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wen Liu
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Min Hung
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lin TY, Cheng HC, Tsai YL, Liu HW, Hung TM. Effects of resistance exercises on inhibitory control and plasma epinephrine levels: A registered report of a crossover randomized controlled trial. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14489. [PMID: 38095293 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
According to the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) theory, activity of the LC, the major releaser of NE in the brain, regulates inhibitory control. As there is reciprocal communication between circulating epinephrine and the LC, plasma epinephrine is used as the index of LC-NE activity. The aim of this crossover randomized controlled trial is to expand on previous findings by investigating the effects of free-weight, multiple-joint, and structural barbell resistance exercises. Previous studies have had some methodological limitations, such as failure to report the process of randomization, absence of resistance exercise familiarization before the maximal strength testing, and lack of protocol publication. To address these issues, this study incorporates resistance exercise familiarization, transparent reporting of randomization, and submission as a registered report. The results suggest that a single session of resistance exercise (barbell squat, press, and deadlift) with an intensity of 65%-78% 1RM for five repetitions (70%-90% relative intensity) and three sets with 3-min rest intervals improved Stroop congruent reaction time (RT) only (t(27) = -2.663, mean reduction = -15 ms, p = .013, 95% CI [-26, -3]). No significant enhancements were observed in Stroop incongruent RT, inhibitory control as indexed by Stroop effect, or inhibitory control as indexed by the RT difference between the Stroop task and the simple reaction task. Moreover, the alterations in plasma epinephrine levels did not significantly associate with changes in any measure of cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Lin
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Chien Cheng
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Luen Tsai
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Wen Liu
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Min Hung
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Khatri RA, Baumgartner NW, Noh K, Ullrich-French S, Schmitt S, Wang CH, Kao SC. Mindfulness induction and executive function after high-intensity interval training with and without mindful recovery intervals. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14558. [PMID: 38268064 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Determine the effect of incorporating mindfulness-based activities into the recovery intervals of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on mindfulness induction and subsequent executive function performance. DESIGNS A within-subject crossover trial. METHODS Forty adults participated in two experimental conditions, including a 30-min bout of HIIT involving mindfulness recovery intervals (Mindful) and a 30-min bout of HIIT without mindfulness recovery intervals (Non-mindful), on two separate days in counterbalanced order. Before and after each condition, participants completed the flanker task, switch-flanker task, and n-back task to measure inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and working memory, respectively. RESULTS A higher level of mindfulness state was observed following the Mindful condition than the Non-mindful condition. Dispositional mindfulness was positively correlated with the level of the mindful state only during the Mindful condition but not the Non-mindful condition. The switch-flanker response accuracy was improved from the pretest to posttest during the Non-mindful condition but remained unchanged over time during the Mindful condition. Time-related improvements in the flanker and n-back task outcomes were observed for both the Mindful and Non-mindful conditions and did not differ between conditions. CONCLUSION Although incorporating mindfulness-based activities during the recovery intervals of HIIT successfully led to greater state-related mindfulness, such a heightened mindful state did not correspond with additional modulation in inhibitory control and working memory performance while attenuating HIIT-related positive changes in task performance requiring cognitive flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rida A Khatri
- Department of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Kyoungmin Noh
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Sarah Ullrich-French
- Department of Kinesiology and Educational Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Sara Schmitt
- Department of Special Education and Clinical Sciences, College of Education, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Chun-Hao Wang
- Institute of Physical Education, Health & Leisure Studies, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chun Kao
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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Chu CH, Kao SC, Hillman CH, Chen FT, Li RH, Ai JY, Chang YK. The influence of volume-matched acute aerobic exercise on inhibitory control in late-middle-aged and older adults: A neuroelectric study. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14393. [PMID: 37493060 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Acute aerobic exercise has been shown to benefit inhibitory control; however, less attention has been devoted to the effects of varying intensity and duration with a predetermined exercise volume. The current study assessed the influence of three distinct exercise conditions, each equated with a predesignated exercise volume but varied in terms of exercise durations and intensities, on inhibitory control utilizing both behavioral and neuroelectric measures obtained among late-middle-aged and older adults. Thirty-four adults (61.76 ± 0.80 years) completed three exercise conditions [i.e., a 30-min low-intensity exercise (LIE), a 20-min moderate-intensity exercise (MIE), and a 16-min high-intensity exercise (HIE)] and a non-exercise reading control condition (CON) on separate days. The exercise volumes of LIE and HIE were designed to match the exercise volume of MIE. Following cessation of each condition, the Stroop task was performed while event-related potentials were recorded. Improved behavioral performance (i.e., shorter response time, higher accuracy, and smaller interference scores) was observed after LIE, MIE, and HIE than CON (ps < .005). Additionally, whereas a larger P3b amplitude was only observed following MIE compared to CON (p < .01), larger N2 and smaller N450 amplitudes were observed following all three exercise conditions compared to CON (ps < .005). These findings suggested that while MIE may provide additional benefits for attentional resource allocation, exercise conditions volume matched to MIE resulted in superior inhibitory control, paralleled by modulations of the neural underpinnings of conflict monitoring/detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Heng Chu
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Chun Kao
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Charles H Hillman
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, Movement, and Rehabilitation Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Feng-Tzu Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Hong Li
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Yi Ai
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kai Chang
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Social Emotional Education and Development Center, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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9
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de Lima-Junior D, Silva DC, Ferreira MEC, de Sousa Fortes L. Effect of brain endurance training on maximal oxygen uptake, time-to-exhaustion, and inhibitory control in runners. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:2166-2180. [PMID: 37589477 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to analyze the effect of brain endurance training on maximum oxygen consumption (VO2máx ), time-to-exhaustion, and inhibitory control in amateur trained runners. We employed a mixed experimental design, with the group as the between-participant factor and time as the within-participant factor. 45 participants attended 36 training sessions over 12 weeks. The cognitive training group (CT) performed the Stroop word-color task [trials of each type (congruent, incongruent, and neutral) were randomly presented during each training session], the endurance training group (ET) participated in a running training program (intensity was 60%Δ of maximal aerobic velocity and performed on a motor-driven treadmill), and the brain endurance training group (BET) make cognitive and endurance training simultaneously over 12 weeks. The total time of each session (i.e., 20-40 min) was identical in the experimental groups. VO2máx , time-to-exhaustion, and inhibitory control tests were measured before (baseline) and after (post-experiment) the 12-week intervention. A significant effect of interaction (group × time) for VO2máx (p < 0.05) was found. A post-hoc test showed an increase in VO2máx from baseline to post-experiment only for ET (Δ% = 2.98) and BET (Δ% = 3.78) groups (p < 0.05). Also, the analyses showed a significant interaction (group × time) for time-to-exhaustion (p < 0.05), and a post-hoc test revealed an improvement in time-to-exhaustion for ET (Δ% = 8.81) and BET (Δ% = 11.01) (p < 0.05). No group × time interaction was found for accuracy and response time in the inhibitory control task (p > 0.05). The results conclude that BET was not superior to ET for improving VO2máx and time-to-exhaustion. Also, the findings conclude that BET improved inhibitory control similar to CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton de Lima-Junior
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
- University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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Wunram HL, Kasparbauer AM, Oberste M, Bender S. [Movement as a Neuromodulator: How Physical Activity Influences the Physiology of Adolescent Depression]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR KINDER- UND JUGENDPSYCHIATRIE UND PSYCHOTHERAPIE 2023; 52:77-93. [PMID: 37851436 DOI: 10.1024/1422-4917/a000954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Movement as a Neuromodulator: How Physical Activity Influences the Physiology of Adolescent Depression Abstract: In the context of adolescent depression, physical activity is becoming increasingly recognized for its positive effects on neuropathology. Current scientific findings indicate that physical training affects the biological effects of depression during adolescence. Yet the pathophysiology of adolescent depression is not yet fully understood. Besides psychosocial and genetic influences, various neurobiological factors are being discussed. One explanation model describes a dysfunction of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) with a sustained elevation in cortisol concentration. Recent studies highlight neuroimmunological processes and a reduced concentration of growth factors as causative factors. These changes appear to lead to a dysregulation of the excitation and inhibition balance of the cerebral cortex as well as to cerebral morphological alterations. Regular physical training can potentially counteract the dysregulation of the HPA axis and normalize cortisol levels. The release of proinflammatory cytokines is inhibited, and the expression of growth factors involved in adult neurogenesis is stimulated. One should ensure the synergistic interaction of biological and psychosocial factors when designing the exercise schedule (endurance or strength training, group or individual sports, frequency, duration, and intensity). Addressing these open questions is essential when integrating physical activity into the guidelines for treating depressive disorders in children and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidrun Lioba Wunram
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Uniklinik Köln, Medizinische Fakultät der Universität zu Köln, Deutschland
- Kinderklinik Uniklinik Köln, Medizinische Fakultät der Universität zu Köln, Deutschland
- Geteilte Erstautorenschaft
| | - Anna-Maria Kasparbauer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Uniklinik Köln, Medizinische Fakultät der Universität zu Köln, Deutschland
- Geteilte Erstautorenschaft
| | - Max Oberste
- Institut für Medizinische Statistik und Bioinformatik, Universität zu Köln, Deutschland
| | - Stephan Bender
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Uniklinik Köln, Medizinische Fakultät der Universität zu Köln, Deutschland
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11
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Yamada Y, Kataoka R, Bell ZW, Wong V, Spitz RW, Song JS, Abe T, Loenneke JP. Improved interference control after exercise with blood flow restriction and cooling is associated with but not mediated by increased lactate. Physiol Behav 2023; 270:114291. [PMID: 37442356 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the effects of recumbent sprint interval exercise with and without blood flow restriction and body cooling on interference control and whether the changes in interference control can be explained by the changes in blood lactate. METHODS 85 participants (22 SD 3 years old) completed 1 familiarization visit and then 5 experimental visits in a randomized order: exercise only (Ex), exercise with blood flow restriction (ExB), exercise with cooling (ExC), and exercise with blood flow restriction and cooling (ExBC), and non-exercise control (Con). Measurements of blood lactate and the Stroop Color Word Test were performed before and after exercise. Each bout began with a 15-minute low-moderate intensity warm-up, followed by five 20-second "all out" sprints separated by 40 s of active recovery. Bayes Factors (BF10) quantified evidence for or against the null hypothesis. Within-subject mediation analysis quantified the indirect effect of changes in blood lactate (mediator) on the change in interference control (each exercise condition vs. Con). RESULTS Bayesian pairwise comparisons found that only ExC [σ: -0.37 (-0.59, -0.15)] and ExBC [σ: -0.3 (-0.53, -0.09)] produced changes in incongruent reaction time different from that of Con. There was also evidence that all exercise conditions increased blood lactate (BF10 = 8.65e+29 - 1.9e+32) and improved congruent reaction time (BF10 = 4.01 - 15.371) compared to that of Con. There was no evidence to show that changes in lactate mediated the change in incongruent reaction time. CONCLUSIONS Both exercise with body cooling and when body cooling was combined with blood flow restriction presented favorable changes in incongruent reaction time (a marker of interference control), which might not be explained by the changes in systemic blood lactate concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Yamada
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management. Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States of America
| | - Ryo Kataoka
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management. Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States of America
| | - Zachary W Bell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education. Exercise Metabolism and Nutrition Research Laboratory, McGill University, Montreal, Oquebec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Vickie Wong
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management. Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States of America
| | - Robert W Spitz
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management. Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States of America
| | - Jun Seob Song
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management. Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States of America
| | - Takashi Abe
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba 270-1360, Japan
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management. Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, United States of America.
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12
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Sewell KR, Smith NDW, Rainey-Smith SR, Peiffer J, Sohrabi HR, Erickson KI, Brown BM. The effect of acute exercise on objectively measured sleep and cognition in older adults. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1207199. [PMID: 37868603 PMCID: PMC10585032 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1207199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Exercise can improve cognition in aging, however it is unclear how exercise influences cognition, and sleep may partially explain this association. The current study aimed to investigate whether objectively measured sleep mediates the effect of an acute exercise intervention on cognition in older adults. Methods Participants were 30 cognitively unimpaired, physically active older adults (69.2 ± 4.3 years) with poor sleep (determined via self-report). After a triple baseline cognitive assessment to account for any natural fluctuation in cognitive performance, participants completed either a single bout of 20-minutes of high intensity exercise on a cycle ergometer, or a control condition, in a cross-over trial design. Cognition was measured immediately post-intervention and the following day, and sleep (total sleep time, sleep onset latency, sleep efficiency, % of rapid eye movement sleep, light sleep and deep sleep) was characterized using WatchPAT™ at baseline (5 nights) and measured for one night after both exercise and control conditions. Results Results showed no effect of the exercise intervention on cognition immediately post-intervention, nor an effect of acute exercise on any sleep variable. There was no mediating effect of sleep on associations between exercise and cognition. However, a change from baseline to post-intervention in light sleep and deep sleep did predict change in episodic memory at the ~24 h post-intervention cognitive assessment, regardless of intervention condition. Discussion There was no effect of acute high intensity exercise on sleep or cognition in the current study. However, results suggest that associations between sleep and cognition may exist independently of exercise in our sample. Further research is required, and such studies may aid in informing the most effective lifestyle interventions for cognitive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey R. Sewell
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Nathan D. W. Smith
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Stephanie R. Rainey-Smith
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Australian Alzheimer’s Research Foundation, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- School of Psychological Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jeremiah Peiffer
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Hamid R. Sohrabi
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Australian Alzheimer’s Research Foundation, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kirk I. Erickson
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- PROFITH “PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity” Research Group, Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Sport and Health University Research Institute (iMUDS), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- AdventHealth Research Institute, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Belinda M. Brown
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
- Australian Alzheimer’s Research Foundation, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, WA, Australia
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13
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Feng ZT, Mao ZX, Liu FB, Ou XW. Time course efficiency of MICE and HIIE on inhibitory control and HRV in adolescents with obesity and different cardiorespiratory fitness. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1242190. [PMID: 37663339 PMCID: PMC10470641 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1242190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Adolescent obesity is associated with impaired inhibitory control. Acute exercise can improve executive function. However, due to the influence of exercise intensity, cognitive test timing, and cardiorespiratory fitness (CF) level, the most effective exercise program remains controversial. Methods The current study investigated the time-course effects of moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) on inhibitory control (Stroop) and task-related heart rate variability (HRV) in adolescents with different CF. A mixed experimental design of 2 CF levels (high CF, HCF; low CF, LCF) × 3 exercise methods (MICE, HIIE, CON) × 3 test timing (pre, post-0, post-20) was adopted. Heart rate variability (HRV) and Stroop task tests were conducted before exercise (pre), immediately after exercise (post-0), and 20 min after exercise (post-20). Results Individuals with HCF exhibited a positive decrease in Stroop response time immediately and 20 min after MICE and HIIE, compared to pretest response times (RT). Conversely, individuals with LCF showed a slight increase in Stroop task (RT) only immediately after HIIE. All individuals had a slight increase in ACC after MICE and HIIE compared to before exercise. In addition, compared with the control group, the time-domain index (the square root of the mean squared differences of successive NN intervals, RMSSD) of HRV was significantly decreased, the frequency-domain index (the absolute power of the Low-Frequency band/the absolute power of the High-Frequency band ratio, LF/HF) was significantly increased after MICE and HIIE, and the effect of HIIE on RMSSD and LF/HF was significantly greater than that of MICE. Conclusion The current study found that the acute effects of MICE and HIIE on inhibitory control in obese adolescents were influenced by the interaction of cognitive test timing and cardiorespiratory fitness. Individuals with high cardiorespiratory fitness performed better on the Stroop task than individuals with low cardiorespiratory fitness. The inhibitory control of HIIE in high-cardiorespiratory obese adolescents produced positive effects similar to those in MICE but more lasting, suggesting that HIIE is more beneficial for high-cardiorespiratory obese adolescents. MICE promoted inhibitory control in obese adolescents with low cardiorespiratory fitness, but HIIE impaired inhibitory control in obese adolescents with low cardiorespiratory fitness immediately after exercise, suggesting that low cardiopulmonary fitness obese adolescents may be suitable for MICE rather than HIIE exercise intervention. The shift from balanced HRV to sympathetic dominance after acute exercise reflects increased arousal levels and may be one of the underlying mechanisms by which acute exercise brings benefits to executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Tao Feng
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- College of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Rizhao, China
| | - Zhi-Xiong Mao
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Feng-Bo Liu
- School of Physical Education, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Ou
- College of Sports and Health, Shandong Sport University, Rizhao, China
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14
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Chen FT, Feng SH, Nien JT, Cheng YT, Chen YC, Chang YK. Effects of acute moderate-intensity exercise on executive function in children with preterm birth: A randomized crossover study. Early Hum Dev 2023; 183:105795. [PMID: 37364431 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2023.105795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute exercise appears to promote executive function (EF) in children. However, the effect of acute exercise on EF in children with preterm birth (PB) remains unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate whether acute moderate-intensity exercise improves EF in children with PB. METHODS Twenty child participants with PB (age = 10.95 ± 1.19 years, birth age = 31.71 ± 3.64 weeks) completed exercise and control sessions in a randomized crossover design. In the exercise session, participants completed a 30-minute period of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise. In the control session, participants watched a video for appropriately 30 min. Following each session immediately, inhibitory control, an aspect of EF, was assessed with the Numerical Stroop task. RESULTS Response time (RT) for the Stroop's incongruent condition was shorter after the exercise session than after the control session. However, no differences were observed in RT for the congruent condition. Accuracy rate (ACC) in both congruent and incongruent conditions did not differ between exercise and control session. CONCLUSION The findings support the beneficial effect of acute exercise on executive function (EF) in children with PB, particularly in terms of improving inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Tzu Chen
- Department of Sports Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Hsien Feng
- Department of Leisure Industry Management, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Ti Nien
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Cheng
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chu Chen
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kai Chang
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan; Social Emotional Education and Development Center, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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15
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Kao SC, Baumgartner N, Noh K, Wang CH, Schmitt S. Acute effects of intense interval versus aerobic exercise on children's behavioral and neuroelectric measures of inhibitory control. J Sci Med Sport 2023:S1440-2440(23)00083-X. [PMID: 37277231 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2023.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Determine the acute effect of high-intensity interval training as an alternative of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise on behavioral and neuroelectric measures of inhibitory control in preadolescent children. DESIGN A randomized controlled trial. METHODS Seventy-seven children (8-10 years) were randomly assigned to three groups to complete a modified flanker task to measure behavioral and neuroelectric (N2/P3 of event-related potential and frontal theta oscillations) outcomes of inhibitory control before and after a 20-min session of high-intensity interval training (N = 27), moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (N = 25), and sedentary reading activity (N = 25). RESULTS The accuracy of the inhibitory control performance improved over time across three groups but response time was selectively improved only for the high-intensity interval training group. Analysis on N2 showed a time-related decrease in N2 latency selectively for the high-intensity interval training but not the other groups. Analysis on P3 showed a time-related decrease in P3 amplitude for the sedentary and high-intensity interval training groups while the moderate-intensity aerobic exercise group exhibited maintained P3 amplitude from the pretest to the posttest and a larger P3 amplitude compared with the high-intensity interval training group at the posttest. While there was evidence of conflict-induced modulation of frontal theta oscillations, such an effect was unaffected by exercise interventions. CONCLUSIONS A single bout of high-intensity interval training has facilitating effects on the processing speed involving inhibitory control in preadolescent children but not neuroelectric index of attention allocation that only benefited from moderate-intensity aerobic exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chun Kao
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, United States.
| | | | - Kyoungmin Noh
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, United States
| | - Chun-Hao Wang
- Institute of Physical Education, Health & Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan; Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan
| | - Sara Schmitt
- Department of Special Education and Clinical Sciences, College of Education, University of Oregon, United States
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16
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Olson RL, Cleveland DJ, Materia M. Effects of Low-Intensity Aerobic Exercise on Neurophysiological and Behavioral Correlates of Cognitive Function. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:bs13050401. [PMID: 37232638 DOI: 10.3390/bs13050401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute aerobic exercise exerts a small beneficial effect on cognition. Previous research primarily examines cognitive changes following a bout of exercise, while little is currently known about changes in cognitive performance during exercise. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the effects of low-intensity cycling on cognitive function indexed by behavioral (response accuracy; reaction time) and neurocognitive (P3 mean amplitude; P3 centroid latency) responses. Twenty-seven (Mage = 22.9 ± 3.0 years old) individuals were counterbalanced into low-intensity exercise (EX) and seated control (SC) conditions spread across two testing sessions. During each condition, participants completed a 10 min resting baseline period, 20 min of either sustained cycling or seated rest, and a 20 min recovery period. Primary outcomes were assessed at 10 min intervals (five blocks total) throughout each condition via a modified visual oddball task while electroencephalography (EEG) responses were measured. Across time blocks, both conditions exhibited faster reaction times on frequent trials but reduced accuracy to rare trials, suggesting a speed-accuracy tradeoff. There were no differences between conditions in P3 centroid latency, whereas a significant reduction in P3 amplitude was observed during the 20 min exercise period compared to the control condition. Taken together, results suggest that exercise at lower doses may have minimal influence on behavioral outcomes of cognitive performance but may impact more basic measures of brain function. Information gathered from this study may aid in the development of appropriate exercise prescriptions for populations looking to specifically target cognitive function deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Olson
- Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - David J Cleveland
- Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - Melissa Materia
- Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
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Chueh TY, Hung CL, Chang YK, Huang CJ, Hung TM. Effects of cognitive demand during acute exercise on inhibitory control and its electrophysiological indices: A randomized crossover study. Physiol Behav 2023; 265:114148. [PMID: 36913988 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of cognitive demand during acute exercise on the behavioral and electrophysiological correlates of inhibitory control. In a within- participants design, 30 male participants (age range = 18-27 years) performed 20-min sessions of high cognitive-demand exercise (HE), low cognitive-demand exercise (LE), and an active control (AC) on separate days in a randomized order. A moderate-to-vigorous intensity interval step exercise was used as the exercise intervention. During the exercise periods, the participants were instructed to respond to the target among competing stimuli to impose different cognitive demands with their feet. A modified flanker task was administered to assess inhibitory control before and after the interventions, and electroencephalography was used to derive stimulus-elicited N2 and P3 components. Behavioral data showed that the participants performed significantly shorter reaction time (RT), regardless of congruency and a reduced RT flanker effect following HE and LE compared with the AC condition with large (ds = -0.934 to -1.07) and medium effect sizes (ds = -0.502 to -0.507), respectively. Electrophysiological data revealed that compared with the AC condition, acute HE and LE had facilitative effects on stimuli evaluation, as indicated by significantly shorter N2 latency for congruent trials and P3 latency regardless of congruency with medium effect sizes (ds = -0.507 to -0.777). Compared with the AC condition, only acute HE elicited more efficient neural processes in conditions requiring high inhibitory control demand, as indicated by significantly shorter N2 difference latency, with a medium effect size (d = -0.528). Overall, the findings suggest that acute HE and LE facilitate inhibitory control and the electrophysiological substrates of target evaluation. Acute exercise with higher cognitive demand may be associated with more refined neural processing for tasks demanding greater amounts of inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Chueh
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Kinesiology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Chiao-Ling Hung
- Department of Athletics, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kai Chang
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute for Research Excellence and Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Ju Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sport Pedagogy, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Min Hung
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Sport Pedagogy, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan.
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18
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Netz Y, Herschkovitz SF, Levin O, Ziv G. The effect of acute exercise on cognitive and motor inhibition - Does fitness moderate this effect? PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2023; 65:102344. [PMID: 37665827 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the extensive evidence on improvements in cognitive inhibition immediately following exercise, and the literature indicating that cognitive and motor inhibitory functions are mediated by overlapping brain networks, the aim of this study was to assess, for the first time, the effect of moderate intensity acute aerobic exercise on multi-limb motor inhibition, as compared to cognitive inhibition. METHOD Participants were 36 healthy adults aged 40-60 years old (mean age 46.8 ± 5.7), who were randomly assigned to experimental or control groups. One-to-two weeks following baseline assessment, participants were asked to perform a three-limb (3-Limb) inhibition task and a vocal version of the Stroop before and after either acute moderate-intense aerobic exercise (experimental group) or rest (control). RESULTS Similar rates of improvement were observed among both groups from baseline to the pre-test. Conversely, a meaningful, yet non-significant trend was seen among the experimental group in their pretest to posttest improvement in both cognitive and motor tasks. In addition, exploratory analysis revealed significant group differences in favor of the experimental group among highly fit participants on the 3-Limb task. A significant correlation was indicated between the inhibition conditions, i.e., choice in the motor inhibition and color/word (incongruent) in the cognitive inhibition, especially in the improvement observed following the exercise. DISCUSSION Moderate-intensity acute aerobic exercise is a potential stimulator of both multi-limb motor inhibition and cognitive inhibition. It appears that high-fit participants benefit from exercise more than low-fit people. Additionally, performance on behavioral tasks that represent motor and cognitive inhibition is related. This observation suggests that fitness levels and acute exercise contribute to the coupling between cognitive and motor inhibition. Neuroimaging methods would allow examining brain-behavior associations of exercise-induced changes in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Netz
- The Academic College at Wingate, Netanya, Israel.
| | | | - Oron Levin
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Belgium; Department of Health Promotion and Rehabilitation, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Gal Ziv
- The Academic College at Wingate, Netanya, Israel
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Ballester-Ferrer JA, Bonete-López B, Roldan A, Cervelló E, Pastor D. Effect of acute exercise intensity on cognitive inhibition and well-being: Role of lactate and BDNF polymorphism in the dose-response relationship. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1057475. [PMID: 36570982 PMCID: PMC9780502 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1057475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is evidence in the literature that acute exercise can modify cognitive function after the effort. However, there is still some controversy concerning the most effective exercise modality to improve cognitive function in acute interventions. Regarding these different exercise modalities, the dose-response relationship between exercise intensity and cognitive response is one of the most challenging questions in exercise and cognition research. Methods In this study, we tested the impact of moderate-intensity (MICT), high-intensity (HIIT) exercise sessions, or control situation (CTRL) on cognitive inhibition (measured with the Stroop Test). Thirty-six young college students participated in this study, where a within-subject repeated measure design was used. Results ANOVA 2×3 demonstrated that HIIT improved the acute cognitive response to a higher degree when compared to MICT or CTRL (p < 0.05). The cognitive improvements correlated with lactate release, providing a plausible molecular explanation for the cognitive enhancement (r < -0.2 and p < 0.05 for all the Stroop conditions). Moreover, a positive trend in wellbeing was observed after both exercise protocols (HIIT and MICT) but not in the CTRL situation. Genetic BDNF single nucleotide polymorphism did not influence any interactions (p < 0.05). Discussion In this sense, our results suggest that exercise intensity could be a key factor in improved cognitive function following exercise in young college students, with no additional impact of BDNF polymorphism. Moreover, our results also provide evidence that exercise could be a useful tool in improving psychological wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alba Roldan
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Eduardo Cervelló
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche, Spain
| | - Diego Pastor
- Sports Research Centre, Department of Sport Sciences, Miguel Hernández University of Elche, Elche, Spain,*Correspondence: Diego Pastor,
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Zhang JN, Xiang LS, Shi Y, Xie F, Wang Y, Zhang Y. Normal pace walking is beneficial to young participants’ executive abilities. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:195. [DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00587-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Exercise can improve cognitive function. The impact of acute exercise on cognition is related to exercise intensity. This study aimed to explore whether normal walking had a beneficial effect on cognition.
Methods
Compared with standing still, thirty healthy young men walked on a treadmill at a normal pace, and completed the Stroop test. Near-infrared spectroscopy was used to monitor the hemodynamic changes of the prefrontal cortex during the entire experiment.
Results
Studies showed that normal walking did not stimulate higher average cerebral oxygen in the PFC, but the peak cerebral oxygen in cognitive tests during walking was higher (Stroop Word: 2.56 ± 0.43 and 3.80 ± 0.50, P < 0.01, Stroop Color: 2.50 ± 0.37 and 3.66 ± 0.59, P < 0.05, Stroop Color-Word: 4.13 ± 0.55 and 5.25 ± 0.66, P < 0.01, respectively), and better results were achieved in the Stroop Color-Word test, which was reflected in faster reaction times (49.18 ± 1.68 s, 56.92 ± 2.29 s, respectively, P < 0.001) and higher accuracies (46.19 ± 0.69, 44.15 ± 0.91, respectively, P = 0.018).
Conclusion
For healthy young people, even a normal walk is therefore good for cognition.
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21
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Zukowski LA, Shaikh FD, Haggard AV, Hamel RN. Acute effects of virtual reality treadmill training on gait and cognition in older adults: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276989. [PMID: 36322594 PMCID: PMC9629584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Everyday walking often involves walking with divided attention (i.e., dual-tasking). Exercise interventions for older adults should mimic these simultaneous physical and cognitive demands. This proof-of-concept study had a two-fold purpose: 1) identify acute cognitive and gait benefits of a single session of virtual reality treadmill training (VRTT), relative to conventional treadmill training (CTT), and 2) identify differences between those who reduced dual-task costs (i.e., responders) on gait or cognition and those who did not, after the session. METHODS Sixty older adults were randomized to complete a single 30-minute session of VRTT (n = 30, 71.2±6.5 years, 22 females) or CTT (n = 30, 72.0±7.7 years, 21 females). Pre- and post-exercise session, participants performed single-task walking, single-task cognitive, and dual-task walking trials while gait and cognition were recorded. Gait variables were gait speed and gait speed variability. Cognition variables were response reaction time, response accuracy, and cognitive throughput. Dual-task effects (DTE) on gait and cognition variables were also calculated. RESULTS Post-exercise, there were no group differences (all p>0.05). During single- and dual-task trials, both groups walked faster (single-task: F(1, 58) = 9.560, p = 0.003; dual-task: F(1, 58) = 19.228, p<0.001), responded more quickly (single-task: F(1, 58) = 5.054, p = 0.028; dual-task: F(1, 58) = 8.543, p = 0.005), and reduced cognitive throughput (single-task: F(1, 58) = 6.425, p = 0.014; dual-task: F(1, 58) = 28.152, p<0.001). Both groups also exhibited reduced DTE on gait speed (F(1, 58) = 8.066, p = 0.006), response accuracy (F(1, 58) = 4.123, p = 0.047), and cognitive throughput (F(1, 58) = 6.807, p = 0.012). Gait responders and non-responders did not differ (all p>0.05), but cognitive responders completed fewer years of education (t(58) = 2.114, p = 0.039) and better information processing speed (t(58) = -2.265, p = 0.027) than cognitive non-responders. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that both VRTT and CTT may acutely improve gait and cognition. Therefore, older adults will likely benefit from participating in either type of exercise. The study also provides evidence that baseline cognition can impact training effects on DTE on cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A. Zukowski
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Faisal D. Shaikh
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alexa V. Haggard
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Renee N. Hamel
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, North Carolina, United States of America
- School of Physiotherapy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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22
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Acute exercise on memory: application of the retrieval-induced forgetting paradigm. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2022; 87:1417-1428. [DOI: 10.1007/s00426-022-01758-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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23
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Ballester-Ferrer JA, Roldan A, Cervelló E, Pastor D. Memory Modulation by Exercise in Young Adults Is Related to Lactate and Not Affected by Sex or BDNF Polymorphism. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101541. [PMID: 36290444 PMCID: PMC9598181 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Currently, high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) is on the rise compared to moderate-intensity exercise (MIE) due to its similar benefits for health and performance with low time requirements. Recent studies show how physical exercise can also influence cognitive function, although the optimal dose and underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Therefore, in our study, we have compared the effects on visuospatial and declarative memory of different exercise intensities (HIIE vs. MIE), including possible implicated factors such as lactate released after each session and the Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) genotype. Thirty-six undergraduate students participated in this study. The HIIE session consisted of a 3 min warm-up, four 2 min sets at 90−95% of the maximal aerobic speed (MAS) with 2 min of passive recovery between sets, and a 3 min cooldown, and the MIE session implies the same total duration of continuous exercise at 60% of the MAS. Better improvements were found after HIIE than MIE on the backward condition of the visuospatial memory test (p = 0.014, ηp2 = 0.17) and the 48 h retention of the declarative memory test (p = 0.04; d = 0.34). No differences were observed in the forward condition of the visuospatial memory test and the 7-day retention of the declarative memory test (p > 0.05). Moreover, non-modifiable parameters such as biological sex and BDNF polymorphism (Val/Val, Val/Met, or Met/Met) did not modulate the cognitive response to exercise. Curiously, the correlational analysis showed associations (p < 0.05) between changes in memory (visuospatial and declarative) and lactate release. In this sense, our results suggest an important role for intensity in improving cognitive function with exercise, regardless of genetic factors such as biological sex or BDNF Val66Met polymorphism.
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24
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Li J, Qu W, Ge Y. Which lifestyle affects how people drive in chinese culture? CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03691-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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25
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Physical Exercise and Cognitive Function. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159564. [PMID: 35954921 PMCID: PMC9368601 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive skills are relevant predictors of academic achievement, employability, socioeconomic success, health, and longevity [...]
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Effects of Acute Exercise on Cognitive Flexibility in Young Adults with Different Levels of Aerobic Fitness. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159106. [PMID: 35897486 PMCID: PMC9331115 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) and moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE) on cognitive flexibility in young adults with differing levels of aerobic fitness. Sixty-six young adults were grouped into high- and low-fit groups based on their final running distance on the 20 m Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run (PACER) test. Individuals participated in a 10 min HIIE, a 20 min HIIE, a 20 min MICE, and a control session (reading quietly in a chair) in a counterbalanced order. The more-odd shifting task was completed before and approximately 5 min after each intervention to assess cognitive flexibility. The results showed that young adults with a high fitness level gained greater benefits in terms of switch cost from the 20 min HIIE, while low-fitness participants benefited more from the 10 min HIIE and the 20 min MICE. These findings suggest that aerobic fitness may influence the effect of acute HIIE and MICE on cognitive flexibility. Young adults should consider individual fitness level when adopting time-effective and appropriate exercise routines to improve cognitive flexibility.
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27
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Ferrer-Uris B, Ramos MA, Busquets A, Angulo-Barroso R. Can exercise shape your brain? A review of aerobic exercise effects on cognitive function and neuro-physiological underpinning mechanisms. AIMS Neurosci 2022; 9:150-174. [PMID: 35860684 PMCID: PMC9256523 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2022009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that physical exercise can be used as a tool for the prevention and treatment of various diseases or disorders. In addition, in the recent years, exercise has also been successfully used to enhance people's cognition. There is a large amount of research that has supported the benefits of physical exercise on human cognition, both in children and adults. Among these studies, some have focused on the acute or transitory effects of exercise on cognition, while others have focused on the effects of regular physical exercise. However, the relation between exercise and cognition is complex and we still have limited knowledge about the moderators and mechanisms underlying this relation. Most of human studies have focused on the behavioral aspects of exercise-effects on cognition, while animal studies have deepened in its possible neuro-physiological mechanisms. Even so, thanks to advances in neuroimaging techniques, there is a growing body of evidence that provides valuable information regarding these mechanisms in the human population. This review aims to analyze the effects of regular and acute aerobic exercise on cognition. The exercise-cognition relationship will be reviewed both from the behavioral perspective and from the neurophysiological mechanisms. The effects of exercise on animals, adult humans, and infant humans will be analyzed separately. Finally, physical exercise intervention programs aiming to increase cognitive performance in scholar and workplace environments will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blai Ferrer-Uris
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Angeles Ramos
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Busquets
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Angulo-Barroso
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge, CA, United States
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28
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Li J, Herold F, Ludyga S, Yu Q, Zhang X, Zou L. The acute effects of physical exercise breaks on cognitive function during prolonged sitting: The first quantitative evidence. Complement Ther Clin Pract 2022; 48:101594. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2022.101594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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29
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Chueh TY, Chen YC, Hung TM. Acute effect of breaking up prolonged sitting on cognition: a systematic review. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e050458. [PMID: 35292487 PMCID: PMC8928248 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To review the current evidence on the acute effects of interrupting prolonged periods of sitting with intermittent physical activity (PA) on cognition in healthy populations. DESIGN This systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. METHODS Studies were included if they investigated the acute effects of taking regular PA breaks from sitting on cognition in healthy populations without any cardiovascular disease, history of brain injury, or psychiatric or neurological disorder. Four electronic databases-PubMed, Scopus, MEDLINE and ProQuest-were searched for eligible studies on 20 September 2020. Study quality was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. RESULTS Seven studies, involving 168 participants aged between 18 and 80 years, were eligible for inclusion in this review. Three of the seven studies found positive effects of interrupting sitting with either (a) 3 min of relatively high-intensity (6 km/hour) walking every 30 min on attention and inhibitory control in young adults; (b) hourly breaks with progressively longer duration (10-30 min) of very light-intensity cycling/walking on attention, working memory and cognitive flexibility in adults with obesity; or (c) an initial bout of continuous moderate-intensity exercise, followed by interruption of post-exercise sitting with 3 min breaks of light-intensity walking (3.2 km/hour) every 30 min, on working memory in older adults with overweight. CONCLUSION Given the limited evidence with mixed findings on this topic in the literature and the heterogeneity of PA protocols across the included studies, the results regarding the effectiveness of interrupting prolonged sitting with PA breaks in improving cognition warrant further verification. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020147536.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Yu Chueh
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chih Chen
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Min Hung
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute for Research Excellence and Learning Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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30
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Kao SC, Baumgartner N, Nagy C, Fu HL, Yang CT, Wang CH. Acute effects of aerobic exercise on conflict suppression, response inhibition, and processing efficiency underlying inhibitory control processes: An ERP and SFT study. Psychophysiology 2022; 59:e14032. [PMID: 35199340 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise has been identified as an effective strategy for transiently enhancing inhibitory control, an ability to suppress irrelevant distractors while focusing on relevant information in facilitating the implementation of goal-directed behavior. The purpose of this study was to employ a go/no-go version of the redundant-target task and event-related potential to further determine whether inhibitory control at the perceptual and response levels as well as their underlying processing capacity and neuroelectric alterations are differentially affected by a single bout of aerobic exercise. Twenty-seven young adults completed the redundant-target task while electroencephalogram was recorded before and after one 20-min bout of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise and a sitting control condition on separate days in counterbalanced order. Although behavioral outcomes of mean-level performance did not differ between intervention conditions, time-related decreases in processing capacity for the faster responses were only observed following rest. Aerobic exercise resulted in maintained P3b amplitude from pretest to posttest for all trial types while decreased P3b amplitude from pretest to posttest during single-target and redundant-target trials was observed following rest. Further, the time-related changes in P3b amplitude were positively correlated with improvements in task performance following exercise. These findings suggest that a short bout of aerobic exercise selectively counteracts the time-related decrements in processing capacity as well as neuroelectric processing of attention and conflict suppression that contribute to behavioral outcomes of inhibitory control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chun Kao
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Nicholas Baumgartner
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Christian Nagy
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Hao-Lun Fu
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ta Yang
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Mind, Brain and Consciousness, Taipei Medical University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hao Wang
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan.,Institute of Physical Education, Health & Leisure Studies, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
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31
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Yamada Y, Spitz RW, Wong V, Bell ZW, Song JS, Abe T, Loenneke JP. The impact of isometric handgrip exercise and training on health‐related factors: A review. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2022; 42:57-87. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Yamada
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management The University of Mississippi Oxford Mississippi USA
| | - Robert W. Spitz
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management The University of Mississippi Oxford Mississippi USA
| | - Vickie Wong
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management The University of Mississippi Oxford Mississippi USA
| | - Zachary W. Bell
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management The University of Mississippi Oxford Mississippi USA
| | - Jun Seob Song
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management The University of Mississippi Oxford Mississippi USA
| | - Takashi Abe
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science Juntendo University Inzai Chiba Japan
| | - Jeremy P. Loenneke
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management The University of Mississippi Oxford Mississippi USA
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32
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Tomoo K, Suga T, Dora K, Sugimoto T, Mok E, Tsukamoto H, Takada S, Hashimoto T, Isaka T. Impact of Inter-Set Short Rest Interval Length on Inhibitory Control Improvements Following Low-Intensity Resistance Exercise in Healthy Young Males. Front Physiol 2021; 12:741966. [PMID: 34880772 PMCID: PMC8645957 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.741966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The length of rest interval between sets (i.e., inter-set rest interval) is an important variable for resistance exercise program. However, the impact of the inter-set rest interval on improvements in cognitive function following resistance exercise remains unknown. In this study, we compared the effect of short rest interval (SRI) vs. long rest interval (LRI) protocols on post-exercise cognitive inhibitory control (IC) improvements induced by low-intensity resistance exercise. Twenty healthy, young males completed both SRI and LRI sessions in a crossover design. The bilateral knee extensor low-intensity resistance exercise was programed for six sets with 10 repetitions per set using 40% of one-repetition maximum. The inter-set rest interval lengths for SRI and LRI protocols were set for 1 and 3min, respectively. The color-word Stroop task (CWST) was administrated at six time points: baseline, pre-exercise, immediate post-exercise, and every 10min during the 30-min post-exercise recovery period. The levels of blood lactate, which may be an important determinant for improving IC, throughout the 30-min post-exercise recovery period were significantly higher following SRI protocol than following LRI protocol (p=0.002 for interaction effect). In line with this result, large-sized decreases in the reverse-Stroop interference score, which represent improved IC, were observed immediately after SRI protocol (d=0.94 and 0.82, respectively, vs. baseline and pre-exercise) as opposed to the moderate-sized decreases immediately after LRI protocol (d=0.62 and 0.66, respectively, vs. baseline and pre-exercise). Moreover, significant decreases in the reverse-Stroop interference score were observed from 10 to 30min after SRI protocol (all ps<0.05 vs. baseline and/or pre-exercise), whereas no such decrease was observed after LRI protocol. Furthermore, the degree of decreases in the reverse-Stroop interference score throughout the 30-min post-exercise recovery period was significantly greater in SRI protocol than in LRI protocol (p=0.046 for interaction effect). We suggest that the SRI protocol is more useful in improving post-exercise IC, potentially via greater circulating lactate levels, compared to the LRI protocol. Therefore, the inter-set rest interval length may be an important variable for determining the degree of cognitive function improvements following resistance exercise in healthy young males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keigo Tomoo
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Tadashi Suga
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan.,Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Kento Dora
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sugimoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Ernest Mok
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Hayato Tsukamoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Shingo Takada
- Department of Sports Education, Faculty of Lifelong Sport, Hokusho University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hashimoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Tadao Isaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
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33
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Jacquet T, Poulin-Charronnat B, Bard P, Perra J, Lepers R. Physical Activity and Music to Counteract Mental Fatigue. Neuroscience 2021; 478:75-88. [PMID: 34601062 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mental fatigue impairs both cognitive and physical performance. Bioactive substances (e.g., caffeine) have been used to counteract mental fatigue but could have side effects. The present study aimed to test two non-bioactive strategies to counteract mental fatigue: physical activity and listening to music. The participants first performed an arm-pointing task, then carried out a 32-min cognitively demanding task to induce mental fatigue (TLDB task), followed by another arm-pointing task at the end of the experiment. Between the end of the cognitively demanding task and the last arm-pointing task, 20 min went during which participants performed either 15 min of physical activity, of listening to music or of discussion (control). The subjective feeling of mental fatigue was assessed before each arm-pointing task and after the cognitively demanding task. For "physical activity" and "listening to music" groups, EEG was recorded at rest after each evaluation of subjective feeling of mental fatigue and during the cognitively demanding task. An increase in alpha power during the cognitively demanding task evidenced the presence of mental fatigue, without recovery during the following 20-min period. In the control condition, the arm-pointing task performance was deteriorated 20-min after the cognitively demanding task, while it remained stable after both physical activity and listening to music. Furthermore, recovery on the subjective feeling of mental fatigue was similar for both groups. The present results suggested that practicing physical activity and listening to music could be efficient strategies to counteract the negative effects of mental fatigue on motor performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jacquet
- LEAD - CNRS UMR5022, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle AAFE, 11 Esplanade Erasme, 21000 Dijon, France; CAPS, INSERM U1093, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Faculty of Sport Sciences, BP 27877 UFR STAPS, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Bénédicte Poulin-Charronnat
- LEAD - CNRS UMR5022, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle AAFE, 11 Esplanade Erasme, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Patrick Bard
- LEAD - CNRS UMR5022, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle AAFE, 11 Esplanade Erasme, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Joris Perra
- LEAD - CNRS UMR5022, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle AAFE, 11 Esplanade Erasme, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Romuald Lepers
- CAPS, INSERM U1093, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Faculty of Sport Sciences, BP 27877 UFR STAPS, 21000 Dijon, France
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34
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Smith DL, Haworth JL, Brooks EK, Cousins JM. Postural Control, Dual Task Performance and Executive Function Following an Ultramarathon. Percept Mot Skills 2021; 128:2767-2786. [PMID: 34474623 DOI: 10.1177/00315125211044351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As research into the postural and cognitive effects of ultramarathon running is sparse and still needed, we investigated the effect of ultramarathon running on runners' postural control, dual task postural control and a measure of executive function-the flanker test, expecting fatigue-related deterioration on each measure. We used a pre- and post-test research design with 14 runners who completed (a) postural assessment with eyes open and closed, on a flat surface and on foam during (b) a two-choice reaction time dual task postural assessment, and (c) an executive function modified flanker task. With regard to postural stability, we observed, after running, increased anterior-posterior (AP) path length and AP root mean square (RMS) and reductions in both mediolateral (ML) RMS and ML median frequency. Dual task analysis showed reduced ML RMS prior to the race, whereas the effect was absent afterwards. Reaction times were not significantly altered between pre-post or surface conditions assessments. There were no statistically significant differences in mean modified flanker scores before and after the race. These data demonstrated that, following an endurance run, there were plane specific movement adaptations in postural sway that may have resulted from neuroprotective changes under extreme fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean L Smith
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States.,Essence of Wellness Chiropractic Center, Eaton, Ohio, United States
| | - Joshua L Haworth
- Department of Human Movement Science, 6918Oakland University, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, United States
| | - Eric K Brooks
- Department of Kinesiology and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Julie M Cousins
- Department of Kinesiology, 1098Albion College, Albion College, Albion, Michigan, United States
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35
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Yamada Y, Song JS, Bell ZW, Wong V, Spitz RW, Abe T, Loenneke JP. Effects of isometric handgrip exercise with or without blood flow restriction on interference control and feelings. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2021; 41:480-487. [PMID: 34392595 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether isometric handgrip exercise, with or without blood flow restriction, would alter interference control and feelings. 60 healthy young adults completed three experimental visits, consisting of four sets of 2 min isometric handgrip exercise, at 30% of maximal strength with or without blood flow restriction (50% of arterial occlusion pressure), or a non-exercise/time-matched control. Exercise-induced feeling inventory and Stroop Color Word Test were performed at pre- and ~10-min post-exercise, respectively. Bayes factors (BF10 ) quantified the evidence for or against the null. There were no changes or differences between conditions for interference control following exercise with or without blood flow restriction (Incongruent BF10 : 0.155; Stroop Interference BF10 : 0.082). There were also no differences in the error rate as well as no differences between conditions for changes in 'positivity' or 'revitalization'. Feelings of 'tranquility' were reduced relative to a control following exercise with (median δ [95% credible interval]: -0.74 (-1.05, -0.45), BF10 : 5515.7) and without (median δ: -0.72 [-1.02, -0.41], BF10 : 571.3) blood flow restriction. These changes were not different between exercise conditions. Feelings of 'physical exhaustion' were increased relative to a control following exercise without blood flow restriction (median δ: 0.35[0.09, 0.61], BF10 : 5.84). However, this increase was not different from the same exercise with blood flow restriction. These results suggest that 1) isometric handgrip exercise could be performed without impairing interference control, even when blood flow restriction is added, and that 2) changes in feelings occur independent of changes in interference control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Yamada
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA
| | - Jun Seob Song
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA
| | - Zachary W Bell
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA
| | - Vickie Wong
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA
| | - Robert W Spitz
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA
| | - Takashi Abe
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba, Japan
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi, USA
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36
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Herold F, Törpel A, Hamacher D, Budde H, Zou L, Strobach T, Müller NG, Gronwald T. Causes and Consequences of Interindividual Response Variability: A Call to Apply a More Rigorous Research Design in Acute Exercise-Cognition Studies. Front Physiol 2021; 12:682891. [PMID: 34366881 PMCID: PMC8339555 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.682891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The different responses of humans to an apparently equivalent stimulus are called interindividual response variability. This phenomenon has gained more and more attention in research in recent years. The research field of exercise-cognition has also taken up this topic, as shown by a growing number of studies published in the past decade. In this perspective article, we aim to prompt the progress of this research field by (i) discussing the causes and consequences of interindividual variability, (ii) critically examining published studies that have investigated interindividual variability of neurocognitive outcome parameters in response to acute physical exercises, and (iii) providing recommendations for future studies, based on our critical examination. The provided recommendations, which advocate for a more rigorous study design, are intended to help researchers in the field to design studies allowing them to draw robust conclusions. This, in turn, is very likely to foster the development of this research field and the practical application of the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Herold
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | | | - Dennis Hamacher
- Department of Sport Science, German University for Health and Sports (DHGS), Berlin, Germany
| | - Henning Budde
- Faculty of Human Sciences, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Liye Zou
- Exercise and Mental Health Laboratory, Institute of KEEP Collaborative Innovation, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tilo Strobach
- Department of Psychology, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Notger G Müller
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Gronwald
- Department of Performance, Neuroscience, Therapy and Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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37
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Tsai YJ, Hsieh SS, Huang CJ, Hung TM. Dose-Response Effects of Acute Aerobic Exercise Intensity on Inhibitory Control in Children With Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:617596. [PMID: 34220467 PMCID: PMC8249764 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.617596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to examine whether the effect of acute aerobic exercise on inhibitory control of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is moderated by exercise intensity. Using a within-subjects design, 25 children with ADHD completed a flanker task with concurrent collection of electroencephalography (EEG) data after three different intensities of treadmill running. The results showed that low- and moderate-intensity exercises resulted in shorter reaction times (RTs) relative to vigorous-intensity exercise during the incompatible condition of the flanker task regardless of task congruency. A P3 congruency effect was observed following low- and vigorous-intensity exercises but not after moderate-intensity exercise. The mean alpha power, a measure of cortical arousal, increased following low- and moderate-intensity exercises but decreased following vigorous-intensity exercise. In addition, the change in arousal level after moderate-intensity exercise was negatively correlated with RT during incompatible flanker tasks. The current findings suggest that children with ADHD have better inhibitory control following both low- and moderate-intensity exercises relative to vigorous aerobic exercise, which could be characterized by an optimal state of cortical arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jung Tsai
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Shih Hsieh
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Chung-Ju Huang
- Graduate Institute of Sport Pedagogy, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Min Hung
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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38
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Jost L, Weishäupl A, Jansen P. Interactions between simultaneous aerobic exercise and mental rotation. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01785-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWhile the effects of aerobic exercise during a cognitive task on the performance of said cognitive task have been extensively studied, it has not been investigated whether cognitive performance during aerobic exercise influences the physical performance. For this, it is the main goal of the study to investigate the physical and cognitive performance during a simultaneous conduction of aerobic exercise and mental rotation. Forty-one German sport students cycled at 60% intensity while simultaneously performing a mental rotation task. In a within-subject design, both physical and cognitive performances were compared with isolated cycling and mental rotation as control conditions using both objective (heart rate and pedal cadence in the cycling task, reaction time and accuracy in the mental rotation task) and subjective (RPE) cognitive and physical measures. The results analyzed with hierarchical linear modeling revealed no effect of either simultaneous cognitive tasks on objective (heart rate) or subjective (RPE) physical effort, nor of simultaneous exercise on reaction time or accuracy in cognitive performance. However, we have found lower cadence during cognitive tasks, which was also stable in time compared to an increase in cadence during exercise control. Furthermore, our results demonstrated increased cognitive effort during exercise. Our findings suggest that increased effort, both physiological and cognitive, is required during combined physical and cognitive work in support of neurological resource conflicts caused by the differing demands of exercise and executive function.
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39
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Yamada Y, Frith EM, Wong V, Spitz RW, Bell ZW, Chatakondi RN, Abe T, Loenneke JP. Acute exercise and cognition: A review with testable questions for future research into cognitive enhancement with blood flow restriction. Med Hypotheses 2021; 151:110586. [PMID: 33848917 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2021.110586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Blood flow restriction, in combination with low load/intensity exercise, has consistently been shown to increase both muscle size and strength. In contrast, the effects of blood flow restricted exercise on cognition have not been well studied. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is 1) to review the currently available literature investigating the impact of blood flow restricted exercise on cognition and 2) to provide some hypotheses for how blood flow restriction might provide an additive stimulus for augmenting specific cognitive domains above exercise alone. Given the lack of research in this area, the effects of blood flow restricted exercise on cognition are still unclear. We hypothesize that blood flow restricted exercise could potentially enhance several cognitive domains (such as attention, executive functioning, and memory) through increases in lactate production, catecholamine concentration, and PGC-1α expression. We review work that suggests that blood flow restriction is not only a beneficial strategy to improve musculoskeletal function but could also be a favorable method for enhancing multiple domains of cognition. Nonetheless, it must be emphasized this is a hypothesis that currently has only minimal experimental support, and further investigations in the future are necessary to test the hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiro Yamada
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Emily M Frith
- Department of Psychology, Cognitive Neuroscience of Creativity Laboratory, Pennsylvania State University, PA 16801, USA
| | - Vickie Wong
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Robert W Spitz
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Zachary W Bell
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Raksha N Chatakondi
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Takashi Abe
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Jeremy P Loenneke
- Department of Health, Exercise Science, and Recreation Management, Kevser Ermin Applied Physiology Laboratory, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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40
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Ai JY, Chen FT, Hsieh SS, Kao SC, Chen AG, Hung TM, Chang YK. The Effect of Acute High-Intensity Interval Training on Executive Function: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3593. [PMID: 33808399 PMCID: PMC8037758 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a time-efficient strategy to improve physical health; however, the effect of acute HIIT on executive function (EF) is unclear. The aim of this study was to systematically review the existing evidence and quantify the effect of acute HIIT on overall EF and the factors affecting the relationship between acute HIIT and EF. Standard databases (i.e., the PubMed, Medline, Scopus, and CENTRAL databases) were searched for studies that examined the effect of acute HIIT on EF and were published up until January 2021. The overall EF and factors grouped by three categories, namely, EF assessment characteristics, exercise intervention characteristics, and sample and study characteristics, were analyzed by percentage of comparison for positive or null/negative effects. Overall, 35 of 57 outcomes (61%) across 24 studies revealed that acute HIIT has a positive effect on overall EF. In terms of factors, the results indicated that among EF assessment characteristics, groups, inhibition, updating, and the assessment occurring within 30 min may moderate the effect of acute HIIT on EF, while among exercise intervention characteristics, total time within 11 to 30 min may moderate the effect. Finally, among sample characteristics, age under 40 years may moderate the effect. Acute HIIT is generally considered a viable alternative for eliciting EF gains, with factors related to EF components, timing of the assessment, exercise total time, and age potentially moderating the effect of HIIT on EF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Ai
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106209, Taiwan;
| | - Feng-Tzu Chen
- Sport Neuroscience Division, Advanced Research Initiative for Human High Performance (ARIHHP), Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058577, Japan;
| | - Shu-Shih Hsieh
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
| | - Shih-Chun Kao
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Ai-Guo Chen
- College of Physical Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Tsung-Min Hung
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106209, Taiwan;
- Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106209, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kai Chang
- Department of Physical Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106209, Taiwan;
- Institute for Research Excellence in Learning Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106209, Taiwan
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41
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Yu Q, Herold F, Becker B, Klugah-Brown B, Zhang Y, Perrey S, Veronese N, Müller NG, Kramer AF, Zou L. Cognitive benefits of exercise interventions: an fMRI activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 226:601-619. [PMID: 33675397 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02247-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite a growing number of functional MRI studies reporting exercise-induced changes during cognitive processing, a systematic determination of the underlying neurobiological pathways is currently lacking. To this end, our neuroimaging meta-analysis included 20 studies and investigated the influence of physical exercise on cognition-related functional brain activation. The overall meta-analysis encompassing all experiments revealed physical exercise-induced changes in the left parietal lobe during cognitive processing. Subgroup analysis further revealed that in the younger-age group (< 35 years old) physical exercise induced more widespread changes in the right hemisphere, whereas in the older-age group (≥ 35 years old) exercise-induced changes were restricted to the left parietal lobe. Subgroup analysis for intervention duration showed that shorter exercise interventions induced changes in regions connected with frontoparietal and default mode networks, whereas regions exhibiting effects of longer interventions connected with frontoparietal and dorsal attention networks. Our findings suggest that physical exercise interventions lead to changes in functional activation patterns primarily located in precuneus and associated with frontoparietal, dorsal attention and default mode networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yu
- Exercise and Mental Health Laboratory, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Fabian Herold
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Becker
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, China
| | - Ben Klugah-Brown
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 610054, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- Exercise and Mental Health Laboratory, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Stephane Perrey
- , EuroMov Digital Health in Motion, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Ales, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicola Veronese
- Primary Care Department, Azienda ULSS 3 (Unità Locale Socio Sanitaria) Serenissima, Dolo-Mirano District, Venice, Italy
| | - Notger G Müller
- Research Group Neuroprotection, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Arthur F Kramer
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Health, Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Beckman Institute, University of Illinois At Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Liye Zou
- Exercise and Mental Health Laboratory, School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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42
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Oberste M, Sharma S, Bloch W, Zimmer P. Acute Exercise-Induced Set Shifting Benefits in Healthy Adults and Its Moderators: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychol 2021; 12:528352. [PMID: 33584460 PMCID: PMC7879782 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.528352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Positive effects of acute exercise on cognitive performances in general inspired research that investigated the effects of acute exercise on specific cognitive subdomains. Many existing studies examined beneficial effects of acute exercise on subsequent set shifting performance in healthy adults. Set shifting, a subdomain of executive function, is the ability to switch between different cognitive sets. The results of existing studies are inconsistent. Therefore, a meta-analysis was conducted that pooled available effect sizes. Additionally, moderator analyses were carried out to identify covariates that determine the magnitude of exercise-induced set shifting benefits. Methods: Medline, PsycINFO, and SPORTDiscus were searched for eligible studies. Hedges' g corrected standardized mean difference values were used for analyses. Random-effects weights were applied to pool effects. Potential moderation of the effect of acute exercise on subsequent set shifting performance by exercise intensity, type of exercise, participants' age, and type of control group were examined. Results: Twenty-two studies (N = 1,900) were included into analysis. All aggregated effect sizes ranged from small to moderate. Overall, a small significant beneficial effect was revealed (g = −0.32, 95 % CI −0.45 to −0.18). Heterogeneity of included effect sizes was moderate and significant (T2 = 0.0715, I2 = 46.4%, (p < 0.0016). Moderator analyses revealed a larger average effect in older adults than for studies examining younger adults (−0.42 vs. −0.29). Light exercise (−0.51) led to larger effects than moderate (−0.24) or vigorous exercise (−0.29). Studies testing acute exercise against active control groups showed a noticeably smaller average effect (−0.13) than studies that used passive (−0.38) or cognitive engaging control groups (−0.34). Interestingly, application of resistance or aerobic exercise led to no different average effect sizes (−0.30 vs. −0.32). However, none of the tested covariates reached statistical significance. Conclusion: Acute exercise improves subsequent set shifting performance. However, effect sizes are small, making the relevance for everyday life questionable. The results indicate that older adults benefit more from acute exercise than younger adults do. Light intensity exercise seems most effective while the type of exercise does not seem to influence the magnitude of effects. Research designs with active control groups show the smallest average effect, raising concerns about placebo effects. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42019138799
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Oberste
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sophia Sharma
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Bloch
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Research and Sports Medicine, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- Division of Performance and Health (Sports Medicine), Institute for Sport and Sport Science, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
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43
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Smith JL, Carbine KA, Larson MJ, Tucker LA, Christensen WF, LeCheminant JD, Bailey BW. To play or not to play? The relationship between active video game play and electrophysiological indices of food‐related inhibitory control in adolescents. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 53:876-894. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L. Smith
- Department of Exercise Sciences Brigham Young University Provo UT USA
| | | | - Michael J. Larson
- Department of Psychology Brigham Young University Provo UT USA
- Neuroscience CenterBrigham Young University Provo UT USA
| | - Larry A. Tucker
- Department of Exercise Sciences Brigham Young University Provo UT USA
| | | | | | - Bruce W. Bailey
- Department of Exercise Sciences Brigham Young University Provo UT USA
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44
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Cao Y, Huang T, Huang J, Xie X, Wang Y. Effects and Moderators of Computer-Based Training on Children's Executive Functions: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychol 2020; 11:580329. [PMID: 33324291 PMCID: PMC7726355 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.580329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Computer-based training has attracted increasing attention from researchers in recent years. Several studies have found that computer-based training resulted in improved executive functions (EFs) in adults. However, it remains controversial whether children can benefit from computer-based training and what moderator could influence the training effects. The focus of the present meta-analysis was to examine the effects of computer-based training on EFs in children: working memory, cognitive flexibility, and inhibitory control. A thorough search of published work yielded a sample of 36 studies with 216 effect sizes. The results indicated that computer-based training showed moderate training effects on improving EFs in children (g = 0.35, k = 36, p < 0.001), while training effects of working memory were significantly higher. Furthermore, we found near-transfer effects were marginally significantly higher than far-transfer effects. The standard training method was significantly more effective than training with game elements. In computer-based training, typically developing children had significantly better training effects than atypically developing children. Some additional factors, such as the number of training sessions and age, also modulated the training effects. In conclusion, the present study investigated the effects and moderators of computer-based training for children's EFs. The results provided evidence that computer-based training (especially standard training) may serve as an efficient way to improve EFs in children (especially typically developing individuals). We also discussed some directions for future computer-based training studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Cao
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Ting Huang
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Jipeng Huang
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaochun Xie
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- School of Psychology, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
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45
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Loprinzi PD, Harper J, Olinyk T, Richards J. Effects of acute exercise on directed forgetting. Health Promot Perspect 2020; 10:418-421. [PMID: 33312938 PMCID: PMC7722999 DOI: 10.34172/hpp.2020.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The directed forgetting paradigm involves individuals encoding a list of words(List 1; L1) and then, prior to encoding a second list of words (List 2; L2), they are given specific instructions to either remember all the words from L1 or to try and forget these words. In this paradigm, after encoding L1, those who are given the directed forgetting (DF) instructions tend tore call more words for L2 when compared to those who were given the remember (R) instructions(DF benefit effect). Similarly, those given the DF instructions tend to recall fewer words from L1(DF cost effect). This DF phenomenon may, in part, occur via attentional inhibitory mechanisms, or mental context-change mechanisms, which may be influenced via acute exercise. Methods: The present experiment investigates if acute exercise can facilitate DF when exercise occurs after L1 forgetting instructions. Participants (N = 97; Mage = 21 years) were randomly assigned into either acute exercise (15-min high-intensity aerobic exercise) plus DF (EX + DF),2) DF (directed forgetting) only (DF) or 3) R (remember) only (R). A standard two list (L1 and L2)DF paradigm was employed. Results: We observed evidence of a DF cost effect, but not a DF benefit effect. For L1, although both EX + DF and DF differed from R, there was no difference between EX + DF and DF. Further, although for L2, EX + DF was different than DF, neither of these groups differed when compared to R. Conclusion: We reserve caution in suggesting that exercise had a DF effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D. Loprinzi
- Exercise & Memory Laboratory, Department of Health, Exercise Science and Recreation Management, The University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
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46
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Coco M, Buscemi A, Cavallari P, Massimino S, Rinella S, Tortorici MM, Maci T, Perciavalle V, Tusak M, Di Corrado D, Perciavalle V, Zappalà A. Executive Functions During Submaximal Exercises in Male Athletes: Role of Blood Lactate. Front Psychol 2020; 11:537922. [PMID: 33192780 PMCID: PMC7661740 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.537922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was carried out among 20 healthy young male athletes to determine whether aerobic exercise performed at two different intensities is able to affect executive functions. For this purpose, we used the Stroop Color Word Test (SCWT) to evaluate the ability to inhibit cognitive interference and the Trail Making Test (TMT) to assess organized visual search, set shifting, and cognitive flexibility. Simple Reaction Time (RT), as a measure of perception and response execution, was also evaluated. The experimental protocol included the measure of blood lactate levels with the aim of assessing possible relations between lactate blood values and selected executive functions after a 30-min steady-state test performed at 60% and at 80% of VO2max. The results showed that a 30-min aerobic exercise is not associated with a worsening of executive functions as long as the blood lactate levels stay within the 4 mmol/l threshold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinella Coco
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Buscemi
- Study Center of Italian Osteopathy, Catania and Horus Social Cooperative, Catania, Italy
| | - Paolo Cavallari
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Massimino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sergio Rinella
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Marta Maria Tortorici
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Tiziana Maci
- Alzheimer’s and Psychogeriatrics Center, Mental Health Department, ASP, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Matej Tusak
- Department of Social and Humanistic Sciences in Sport at Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Agata Zappalà
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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47
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D'Cruz N, Seuthe J, Ginis P, Hulzinga F, Schlenstedt C, Nieuwboer A. Short-Term Effects of Single-Session Split-Belt Treadmill Training on Dual-Task Performance in Parkinson's Disease and Healthy Elderly. Front Neurol 2020; 11:560084. [PMID: 33101174 PMCID: PMC7554617 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.560084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Dual-tasking is challenging for people with Parkinson's disease and freezing of gait (PD+FOG) and can exacerbate freezing episodes and falls. Split-belt treadmill training (SBT) is a novel tool to train complex gait and may improve dual-task (DT) walking and turning. Objective: To investigate the single-session effects of SBT on DT walking and DT turning performance in PD+FOG and older adults (OA), compared to regular treadmill training. Methods: Forty-five PD+FOG and 36 OA participated in a single training session (30 min). They were randomized into one of four training groups: (A) SB75—steady belt speed ratio 0.75:1; (B) SB50—steady belt speed ratio 0.5:1; (C) SBCR—changing belt speed ratios between 0.75:1 and 0.5:1; and (D) Tied-Belt (TBT). Over-ground straight-line gait and an alternating turning in place task combined with a cognitive dual-task (DT) (auditory Stroop) were assessed pre- and post-training, and the following day (retention). Constrained longitudinal data analysis was used to investigate the training effects for all participants and for PD+FOG alone. Results: DT gait speed improved at post-training for all groups (p < 0.001). However, SBT (SB50 and SBCR) led to larger post-training improvements compared to TBT, which were still visible at retention (SB50). For mean DT turning speed and Stroop response time while walking, only SBT groups showed significant improvements at post-training or retention. DT stride length, peak DT turning speed, and Stroop performance index while walking also showed larger gains in SBT compared to TBT. Results for PD+FOG alone showed similar effects although with smaller effect sizes. Conclusions: A single session of SBT in PD+FOG and OA showed larger short-term effects on DT walking and turning compared to TBT. Cognitive DT performance was also improved in SBT, likely due to reduced cortical control of gait. These results illustrate the potential for SBT to improve DT during complex gait and possibly reduce fall risk in clinical and healthy populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D'Cruz
- Neurorehabilitation Research Group, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jana Seuthe
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University (CAU) Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Pieter Ginis
- Neurorehabilitation Research Group, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Femke Hulzinga
- Neurorehabilitation Research Group, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christian Schlenstedt
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Christian-Albrechts-University (CAU) Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Alice Nieuwboer
- Neurorehabilitation Research Group, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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48
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Wilke J, Royé C. Exercise Intensity May Not Moderate the Acute Effects of Functional Circuit Training on Cognitive Function: A Randomized Crossover Trial. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E738. [PMID: 33066593 PMCID: PMC7602507 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10100738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional circuit training (FCT) has been demonstrated to acutely enhance cognitive performance (CP). However, the moderators of this observation are unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the role of exercise intensity. According to an a priori sample size calculation, n = 24 healthy participants (26 ± 3 years, 13 females), in randomized order, performed a single 15-min bout of FCT with low (20-39% of the heart rate reserve/HRR), moderate (40-59% HRR) or high intensity (maximal effort). Immediately pre- and post-workout, CP was measured by use of the Digit Span test, Stroop test and Trail Making test. Non-parametric data analyses did not reveal significant differences between conditions (p > 0.05) although parameter-free 95% confidence intervals showed pre-post improvements in some outcomes at moderate and high intensity only. The effort level does not seem to be a major effect modifier regarding short-term increases in CP following HCT in young active adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Wilke
- Department of Sports Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60488 Frankfurt am Main, Germany;
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49
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Quinones MM, Gallegos AM, Lin FV, Heffner K. Dysregulation of inflammation, neurobiology, and cognitive function in PTSD: an integrative review. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2020; 20:455-480. [PMID: 32170605 PMCID: PMC7682894 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-020-00782-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Compelling evidence from animal and human research suggest a strong link between inflammation and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Furthermore, recent findings support compromised neurocognitive function as a key feature of PTSD, particularly with deficits in attention and processing speed, executive function, and memory. These cognitive domains are supported by brain structures and neural pathways that are disrupted in PTSD and which are implicated in fear learning and extinction processes. The disruption of these supporting structures potentially results from their interaction with inflammation. Thus, the converging evidence supports a model of inflammatory dysregulation and cognitive dysfunction as combined mechanisms underpinning PTSD symptomatology. In this review, we summarize evidence of dysregulated inflammation in PTSD and further explore how the neurobiological underpinnings of PTSD, in the context of fear learning and extinction acquisition and recall, may interact with inflammation. We then present evidence for cognitive dysfunction in PTSD, highlighting findings from human work. Potential therapeutic approaches utilizing novel pharmacological and behavioral interventions that target inflammation and cognition also are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Quinones
- Elaine C. Hubbard Center for Nursing Research on Aging, School of Nursing, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
| | - Autumn M Gallegos
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Feng Vankee Lin
- Elaine C. Hubbard Center for Nursing Research on Aging, School of Nursing, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Kathi Heffner
- Elaine C. Hubbard Center for Nursing Research on Aging, School of Nursing, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
- Division of Geriatrics & Aging, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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50
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Combined and Isolated Effects of Acute Exercise and Brain Stimulation on Executive Function in Healthy Young Adults. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051410. [PMID: 32397614 PMCID: PMC7291170 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract: Acute cognitive enhancement has been sought by healthy young individuals to improve academic and professional performance. Among several methods, physical exercise interventions and transcranial direct current brain stimulation (tDCS) have shown promise in impacting executive functions. Here, we observed a set of new findings about the causal effect of acute aerobic exercise and tDCS across three facets of executive function: Inhibition (as measured by a flanker task) was selectively impacted by acute aerobic exercise but not tDCS, whereas working memory (as measured by an n-back task) was impacted by both acute aerobic exercise and tDCS, with effects emerging on distinct processing components for each manipulation. Sustained attention (as measured by the Mackworth clock task), on the other hand, was not impacted by acute aerobic exercise or tDCS. Interestingly, no effects of combining acute aerobic exercise and tDCS emerged. We argue that understanding the unique and combined contributions of these cognitive enhancement techniques can not only contribute to a deeper mechanistic explanation in healthy individuals but also inform future research with clinical and aging populations.
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