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Sahin Koybulan S, Altin D, Yararbas G, Hassoy H. Smartphone Addiction and Related Factors among Athletes. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:341. [PMID: 38667136 PMCID: PMC11154377 DOI: 10.3390/bs14040341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Smartphone addiction (SA) is increasing worldwide. The aim of this study is to determine the level of SA in athletes affiliated to the Turkish Handball Federation in Izmir and to examine its relationship with factors such as sociodemographic status, health status, eating attitude, and body perception. This cross-sectional study was conducted in March-April 2021 in Izmir Province. The sample of the study consisted of 212 licensed handball athletes. The short SA scale, three-factor nutrition scale, and body perception scale were used. A chi-square test was used for bivariate comparisons and logistic regression analysis was used for multivariate comparisons. The study was completed with 202 individuals (the coverage rate was 95.3%). The prevalence of SA was found to be 27.7%. The risk of SA increased 2.49-fold (CI: 1.17-5.31, p = 0.018) in female participants, 2.01-fold (CI: 1.01-4.06, p = 0.048) in participants with alcohol use, 2.17-fold (CI: 1.04-4.58, p = 0.042) in participants with low nutritional scores, 2.65-fold (CI: 1.15-6.10, p = 0.022) in individuals with high-income status, and 2.66-fold (CI: 1.07-6.64, p = 0.036) in individuals with high body perception scale score. In total, 27.7% of the athlete sample had scores above the SA threshold. These results point out that a behavioral addiction such as SA can occur even in professionals of an activity such as sports, known for beneficial effects in terms of healthy life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Sahin Koybulan
- Institute on Drug Abuse, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey; (S.S.K.); (D.A.)
| | - Duygu Altin
- Institute on Drug Abuse, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey; (S.S.K.); (D.A.)
| | - Gorkem Yararbas
- Institute on Drug Abuse, Toxicology and Pharmaceutical Science, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey; (S.S.K.); (D.A.)
| | - Hur Hassoy
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir 35040, Turkey;
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Guo Z, He Y, Yang T, Ren L, Qiu R, Zhu X, Wu S. The roles of behavioral inhibition/activation systems and impulsivity in problematic smartphone use: A network analysis. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1014548. [PMID: 36339154 PMCID: PMC9627346 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1014548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Behavioral inhibition/activation systems (BIS/BAS) and impulsivity are associated with problematic smartphone use (PSU). However, no studies to date have explored how the subdomains of BIS/BAS and the dimensions of impulsivity relate to the components of PSU in a joint framework. This study aimed to examine the relationships between the three constructs at a fine-grained level and identify the central nodes and bridge nodes of their relationships using network analysis. Methods A regularized partial correlation network of PSU, BIS/BAS, and impulsivity communities was estimated to investigate the connections between variables and determine the expected influence and bridge expected influence for each variable based on data from 325 Chinese adults. PSU, BIS/BAS, and impulsivity were assessed using the Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (SABAS), BIS/BAS scales, and Barratt Impulsiveness Scale-Version 11 (BIS-11), respectively. Results In addition to connections within each community, network analysis revealed that there were connections between different communities, especially connections to PSU. I2 "motor impulsivity" was strongly associated with PSU2 "conflict" and PSU6 "relapse"; BASR "BAS-reward responsiveness" was strongly associated with PSU5 "withdrawal." Nodes BASR "BAS-reward responsiveness" and PSU6 "relapse" were the most central variables, while nodes BASR "BAS-reward responsiveness" and I2 "motor impulsivity" were the strongest bridge variables. Conclusion The connections between the subdomains of BIS/BAS and the components of PSU and between the dimensions of impulsivity and the components of PSU may be particularly important in the development and maintenance of PSU. The central variables identified here, along with the bridge variables, could be promising and effective targets for the prevention and intervention of PSU.
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Gao L, Yang C, Yang X, Chu X, Liu Q, Zhou Z. Negative emotion and problematic mobile phone use: The mediating role of rumination and the moderating role of social support. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU) Ministry of Education WuhanChina
- School of Psychology Central China Normal University WuhanChina
| | - Chen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU) Ministry of Education WuhanChina
- School of Psychology Central China Normal University WuhanChina
| | - Xiujuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU) Ministry of Education WuhanChina
- School of Psychology Central China Normal University WuhanChina
| | - Xiaowei Chu
- Institute of Psychological and Brain Sciences Zhejiang Normal University JinhuaChina
| | - Qingqi Liu
- Research Center of Adolescent Psychology and Behavior School of Education Guangzhou University Guangzhou China
| | - Zongkui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU) Ministry of Education WuhanChina
- School of Psychology Central China Normal University WuhanChina
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Guo Z, Liang S, Ren L, Yang T, Qiu R, He Y, Zhu X. Applying network analysis to understand the relationships between impulsivity and social media addiction and between impulsivity and problematic smartphone use. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:993328. [PMID: 36329911 PMCID: PMC9623168 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.993328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior studies have revealed the relationships between impulsivity and social media addiction (SMA) and between impulsivity and problematic smartphone use (PSU) based on total scores on standardized self-report scales. However, there has been a lack of studies exploring how the dimensions of impulsivity and components of SMA or PSU are interrelated. The present study aimed to investigate the structural relationships between the dimensions of impulsivity and components of SMA and PSU and determine the critical bridge node using network analysis. METHODS A total of 325 healthy adults aged 18-36 years participated in the study. SMA and PSU were assessed using the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS) and Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (SABAS), respectively. Impulsivity was measured by the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale Version 11 (BIS-11). Network analysis was used to construct an SMA-Impulsivity network and a PSU-Impulsivity network. Bridge centrality (bridge expected influence, BEI) was estimated to identify influential bridge nodes. RESULTS In addition to relationships within each community, network analysis revealed that the dimensions of impulsivity were closely associated with the components of SMA and PSU. Particularly, I2 "motor impulsivity" had a relatively strong connection with SMA3 "mood modification" and SMA4 "relapse" in the SMA-Impulsivity network, and with PSU2 "conflict" and PSU5 "withdrawal" in the PSU-Impulsivity network. Moreover, I2 "motor impulsivity" was identified as the most critical bridge node in both networks. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate potential pathways between different dimensions of impulsivity and the components of SMA and PSU, providing new evidence relevant to understanding the underlying mechanisms that account for how highly impulsive individuals develop SMA and PSU, and highlight the critical bridge node-motor impulsivity-that may be a promising and effective target for the prevention and treatment of SMA and PSU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Guo
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuyi Liang
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Ren
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tianqi Yang
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Rui Qiu
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yang He
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xia Zhu
- Department of Military Medical Psychology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Deng X, Gao Q, Hu L, Zhang L, Li Y, Bu X. Differences in Reward Sensitivity between High and Low Problematic Smartphone Use Adolescents: An ERP Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18189603. [PMID: 34574543 PMCID: PMC8470587 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18189603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Problematic smartphone use is highly prevalent in adolescent populations compared to other age groups (e.g., adults and young children). Previous studies suggested that higher levels of reward sensitivity were associated with problematic smartphone use. Therefore, the current study investigated the neural processing of monetary and social reward and punishment feedbacks between high and low problematic smartphone use adolescents. Methods: 46 adolescents participated in the current study and they were categorized into two groups based on their level of problematic smartphone use: those who obtained low scores on the measure of problematic smartphone use were categorized as Low Problematic Smartphone Use (LPSU), and those who obtained high scores on the measure of problematic smartphone use were categorized as High Problematic Smartphone Use (HPSU). Electrocortical activities were recorded during the processing of monetary and social reward and punishment feedback. Results: (1) LPSUs evoked larger P3 in the social punishment condition than in the monetary punishment condition. HPSUs evoked larger P3 in the social reward condition than in the monetary condition. (2) The feedback-related negativity (FRN) amplitudes in the reward condition were significantly larger than those in the punishment condition. (3) HPSUs induced larger reward positivity in social feedback conditions than in monetary feedback conditions, while there were no significant differences between the two types of conditions in the LPSUs. Discussion: The results provide neural underpinning evidence that high sensitivity to social rewards may be related to problematic smartphone use in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmei Deng
- School of Psychology, Normal College, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.D.); (L.H.); (L.Z.)
| | - Qiufeng Gao
- Department of Sociology, Law School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (Y.L.); (X.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Lijun Hu
- School of Psychology, Normal College, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.D.); (L.H.); (L.Z.)
| | - Lin Zhang
- School of Psychology, Normal College, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.D.); (L.H.); (L.Z.)
| | - Yanzhen Li
- Department of Sociology, Law School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (Y.L.); (X.B.)
| | - Xiangyu Bu
- Department of Sociology, Law School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (Y.L.); (X.B.)
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Zeidan J, Hallit S, Akel M, Louragli I, Obeid S. Problematic smartphone use and affective temperaments among Lebanese young adults: scale validation and mediating role of self-esteem. BMC Psychol 2021; 9:136. [PMID: 34496954 PMCID: PMC8424409 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-021-00638-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adults all over the world face serious issues from problematic smartphone use (PSU). It influences them negatively on a cognitive, behavioral, and emotional level, as well as on their tendencies and well-being. In Lebanon, the prevalence of PSU was shown to be 20.2% within the adult population, specifically with young adults (18-34 years old). This study investigates the validity and reliability of the Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) Arabic version. In addition, this study evaluates the association between PSU and affective temperaments and the mediating role of self-esteem in this association. METHOD A cross-sectional study was carried out between August and September 2020, using a sample of community-dwelling participants aged 18 to 29 years. The Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version was used to evaluate smartphone addiction among adolescents and adults. The five different temperaments of the patients were assessed by using the Affective temperament Scale (TEMPS-A). The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale was used to evaluate self-esteem. RESULTS 461 participants were included in this study. All items of the SAS were extracted and yielded a one-factor solution with Eigenvalues > 1 (variance explained = 49.96%; αCronbach = 0.886). The confirmatory analysis results consolidated those obtained from the factor analysis. Higher depressive temperament (B = 0.46) was significantly associated with more smartphone addiction, whereas higher self-esteem (B = - 0.28) was significantly associated with less smartphone addiction. Self-esteem was found to mediate the association between depressive and hyperthymic temperaments with smartphone addiction. CONCLUSION This study added a better understanding of the high smartphone addiction rate among adults in Lebanon. It confirms the association between affective temperaments and PSU through the mediating effect of self-esteem on Lebanese adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Zeidan
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon
| | - Souheil Hallit
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon. .,Research Department, Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal Eddib, Lebanon.
| | - Marwan Akel
- INSPECT-LB: National Institute of Public Health, Clinical Epidemiology and Toxicology, Beirut, Lebanon.,School of Pharmacy, Lebanese International University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Sahar Obeid
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Holy Spirit University of Kaslik (USEK), Jounieh, Lebanon.,INSPECT-LB: National Institute of Public Health, Clinical Epidemiology and Toxicology, Beirut, Lebanon
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Busch PA, McCarthy S. Antecedents and consequences of problematic smartphone use: A systematic literature review of an emerging research area. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Amiri M, Dowran B. Smartphone Overuse from Iranian University Students' Perspective: A Qualitative Study. ADDICTION & HEALTH 2020; 12:205-215. [PMID: 33244397 PMCID: PMC7679485 DOI: 10.22122/ahj.v12i3.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Smartphone usage has increasing during recent years. Since its excessive use can have negative consequences, it is important to know how users use it and become dependent on it. This study was aimed at exploring how university students use their phones, how they depend on them, and the possible consequences of overusing them. Methods This study was conducted using a qualitative design and with a thematic analysis method. Data were collected using 3 focus group discussions regarding experiences of using smartphones among 22 smartphone owners who reported smartphone overuse. They were chosen through snowball sampling at a University of Medical Sciences in Tehran (Iran). Findings Based on the analysis, the 3 categories of process usage (sub-categories: doing daily routines, information seeking, to take a picture or video, entertainment, academic work, making money, to escape real-life, and passing the time), social usage (sub-categories: relationship with family, relationship with friends, interact with the opposite gender, to be seen and heard, approval seeking, and free expression), and disadvantages (sub-categories: interference with other essential activities, decreased face-to-face communications, overdependence, automatic use, loss of sense of time, stress, fatigue, sleep disturbances, physical inactivity, eye problems, high bills, and distraction) were developed. Conclusion In this research, participants mentioned various uses of their smartphones that enable them to meet their personal needs and, in spite of the negative consequences of its overuse, cause them to continue to use it. Some uses seem to be affected by environmental and cultural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandana Amiri
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Life Style Institute AND Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnaz Dowran
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Life Style Institute AND Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Harris B, Regan T, Schueler J, Fields SA. Problematic Mobile Phone and Smartphone Use Scales: A Systematic Review. Front Psychol 2020; 11:672. [PMID: 32431636 PMCID: PMC7214716 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The popularity of smartphones is undeniable in nearly all facets of society. Despite the many benefits attributed to the technology, concern has grown over the potential for excessive smartphone use to become problematic in nature. Due to the growing concerns surrounding the recognized and unrecognized implications of smartphone use, great efforts have been made through research to evaluate, label and identify problematic smartphone use mostly through the development and administration of scales assessing the behavior. This study examines 78 existing validated scales that have been developed over the past 13 years to measure, identify or characterize excessive or problematic smartphone use by evaluating their theoretical foundations and their psychometric properties. Our review determined that, despite an abundance of self-report scales examining the construct, many published scales lack sufficient internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Additionally, there is a lack of research supporting the theoretical foundation of many of the scales evaluated. Future research is needed to better characterize problematic smartphone use so that assessment tools can be more efficiently developed to evaluate the behavior in order to avoid the excessive publication of seemingly redundant assessment tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Harris
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Timothy Regan
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Jordan Schueler
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Sherecce A Fields
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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Li C, Liu D, Dong Y. Self-Esteem and Problematic Smartphone Use Among Adolescents: A Moderated Mediation Model of Depression and Interpersonal Trust. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2872. [PMID: 31920889 PMCID: PMC6933501 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has found that self-esteem is negatively associated with problematic smartphone use (PSU). However, the internal mechanisms underlying that relationship need further investigation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the roles of depression and interpersonal trust in the relationship between self-esteem and PSU among adolescents. A questionnaire comprised of the Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, Inclusive General Trust Scale (IGTS), Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), and personal questions was administered to 637 students (female = 355) at two middle schools in Shanghai, China. Correlation analyses, mediation analysis, and moderated mediation analysis were performed. A moderated mediation model was established, which revealed: (1) a significant negative association between self-esteem and PSU, (2) depression mediated the relationship between self-esteem and PSU, and (3) the influence of depression on the relationship between self-esteem and PSU was moderated by interpersonal trust. The results indicated that low self-esteem was a risk factor, and interpersonal trust was a moderating factor for PSU among adolescents in the sample. Building adolescents' self-esteem and increasing their interpersonal trust might decrease their PSU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Liu
- School of Journalism and Communication, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Psychology, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
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De-Sola J, Rubio G, Talledo H, Pistoni L, Van Riesen H, Rodríguez de Fonseca F. Cell Phone Use Habits Among the Spanish Population: Contribution of Applications to Problematic Use. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:883. [PMID: 31920744 PMCID: PMC6928108 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mobile phone abuse may be associated with health problems as well as with interferences in daily life. However, beyond the mobile as a device, the contributions of specific utilities and applications to the problematic mobile phone use remains to be analyzed. To address this important question we conducted 1,126 online interviews in Spain with participants aged 16 to 65 who are representative of the general population. The aim of the study was to analyze the patterns and differences of cell phone use based on habitual use, abuse, and problematic use, considering the most frequently used utilities and applications. Additional variables used were personal perception of cell phones, intensity of use, and participant's lifestyle with regard to entertainment and the maintenance of healthy habits. Further, we aimed to analyze difference between problematic and non-problematic mobile phone users in the utilization of applications, controlling for additional variables such as age, gender, educational level, consumption of tobacco and alcohol and illegal drugs. Results show that problematic use is consistent with the self-perception of abuse and is related to internet browsing, social media, music, and mobile games; particular applications of interest include Facebook, music applications, and Twitter. Furthermore, among problematic users, a pattern of interference with other activities or inappropriate use in certain contexts is observed, with a differential pattern of entertainment and abandonment of healthy habits. Finally, two binary logistic regression analyses demonstrated that beyond the cell phones themselves, specific utilities and applications such as browsing, chatting, or downloading and listening to music contribute to the differences between problematic and non-problematic users. Specifically, the use of Facebook, Twitter, and music applications have the greatest power to discriminate between the two types of users.
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Affiliation(s)
- José De-Sola
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Somosaguas Campus, Madrid, Spain
- DE SALUD PSICÓLOGOS, Centro de Psicología y Psicoterapia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gabriel Rubio
- Departamento de Psiquiatria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de investigación i+12, Red de trastornos adictivos, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Hernán Talledo
- Departamento de Comunicación y Marketing, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
| | | | | | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Somosaguas Campus, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga—IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Red de trastornos adictivos del Instituto de Salud Carlos III de Madrid, Malaga, Spain
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12
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Canale N, Vieno A, Doro M, Rosa Mineo E, Marino C, Billieux J. Emotion-related impulsivity moderates the cognitive interference effect of smartphone availability on working memory. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18519. [PMID: 31811205 PMCID: PMC6898282 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54911-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Although recent studies suggest that the mere presence of a smartphone might negatively impact on working memory capacity, fluid intelligence, and attentional processes, less is known about the individual differences that are liable to moderate this cognitive interference effect. This study tested whether individual differences in emotion-related impulsivity traits (positive urgency and negative urgency) moderate the effect of smartphone availability on cognitive performance. We designed an experiment in which 132 college students (age 18–25 years) completed a laboratory task that assessed visual working memory capacity in three different conditions: two conditions differing in terms of smartphone availability (smartphone turned off and visible, smartphone in silent mode and visible) and a condition in which the smartphone was not available and was replaced by a calculator (control condition). Participants also completed self-reports that assessed their thoughts after the task performance, positive/negative urgency, and problematic smartphone use. The results showed that participants with higher positive urgency presented increased cognitive interference (reflected by poorer task performance) in the “silent-mode smartphone” condition compared with participants in the “turned-off smartphone” condition. The present study provides new insights into the psychological factors that explain how smartphone availability is liable to interfere with high-level cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natale Canale
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Alessio Vieno
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Mattia Doro
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Erika Rosa Mineo
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Claudia Marino
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Joël Billieux
- Addictive and Compulsive Behaviours Lab, Institute for Health and Behaviour, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg.,Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Oh J, An J. Depressive Symptoms, Emotional Aggression, School Adjustment, and Mobile Phone Dependency Among Adolescents with Allergic Diseases in South Korea. J Pediatr Nurs 2019; 47:e24-e29. [PMID: 31029517 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to examine the effects of depression, aggression, and school adjustment on mobile phone dependency among South Korean adolescents, and to identify the differences in these paths among adolescents with or without allergic diseases. DESIGN AND METHODS The Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey, a nationwide multistage cluster sampling survey, was used for this cross-sectional study. Data were collected from 1937 first-year middle school students in South Korea, using self-reported questionnaires. Multiple-group structural equation modeling was used to test the differences of the critical ratio for the variables depressive symptom, emotional aggression, school adjustment, and mobile phone dependency between adolescents with allergic diseases and those without allergic disease. RESULTS Depressive symptoms and emotional aggression were significantly higher in the allergic disease group. Significantly different effects were found on the path of depressive symptoms to school adjustment and depressive symptoms to mobile phone dependency. CONCLUSIONS Higher depressive symptoms in allergic disease adolescents had a greater negative effect on school adjustment and a more positive effect on mobile phone dependency. Healthcare professionals need to be concerned not only with the physical symptoms of adolescents with allergic diseases but also with psychological issues, such as depression. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Early assessments and interventions for depressive symptoms in adolescents with allergic diseases could help prevent over dependency on mobile phones, as well as maladjustment to school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juyeon Oh
- Seoul Women's College of Nursing, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon An
- Department of Nursing Science, Far East University, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea.
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Fırat S, Gül H, Sertçelik M, Gül A, Gürel Y, Kılıç BG. The relationship between problematic smartphone use and psychiatric symptoms among adolescents who applied to psychiatry clinics. Psychiatry Res 2018; 270:97-103. [PMID: 30245382 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Problematic mobile phone use is an important problem which has increasing prevalence among adolescents. We should address risk factors to create intervention frameworks related to this problem. In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence of problematic smartphone use among adolescents who were referred to clinics, its relationship to sociodemographic characteristics, psychiatric symptoms and emotion regulation problems. We included 150 adolescents aged 12-18 years who own smartphones. All participants filled out the Sociodemographic Information Form, Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and Problematic Mobile Phone Use Scale (PMPUS). Problematic smart phone use was detected in 50.6% of the sample. Adolescents with problematic use were found to be older than the others, with lower levels of maternal education and self-achievement. Regression analysis revealed that the factors predicting the risk of problematic smartphone use are somatization, interpersonal sensitivity and hostility symptoms. According to our results, we suggest psychiatrists consider the high prevalence of problematic smartphone use, address the relationship between hostility, somatic symptoms and interpersonal sensitivity (susceptibility) and the effects of this current problem on social-academic functioning while evaluating and treating adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sümeyra Fırat
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Şırnak State Hospital, Şırnak, Turkey
| | - Hesna Gül
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Gülhane Research and Training Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet Sertçelik
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hitit University Erol Olçok Research and Training Hospital, Çorum, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Gül
- Psychiatry, Ufuk University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yusuf Gürel
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Birim Günay Kılıç
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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15
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Thomée S. Mobile Phone Use and Mental Health. A Review of the Research That Takes a Psychological Perspective on Exposure. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E2692. [PMID: 30501032 PMCID: PMC6314044 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15122692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to carry out a review of observational studies that consider links between mobile phone use and mental health from a psychological or behavioral perspective. Systematic literature searches in PubMed and PsycINFO for articles published until 2017 were done. Exclusion criteria included: papers that considered radiofrequency fields, attention, safety, relational consequences, sexual behavior, cyberbullying, and reviews, qualitative, and case or experimental studies. A total of 4738 papers were screened by title and abstract, 404 were retrieved in full text, and 290 were included. Only 5% had any longitudinal design. Self-reporting was the dominating method of measurement. One third of the studies included children or youth. A majority of adult populations consisted of university students and/or self-selected participants. The main research results included associations between frequent mobile phone use and mental health outcomes, such as depressive symptoms and sleep problems. Mobile phone use at bedtime was associated with, e.g., shorter sleep duration and lower sleep quality. "Problematic use" (dependency) was associated with several negative outcomes. In conclusion, associations between mobile phone use and adverse mental health outcomes are found in studies that take a psychological or behavioral perspective on the exposure. However, more studies of high quality are needed in order to draw valid conclusions about the mechanisms and causal directions of associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Thomée
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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16
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Vahedi Z, Saiphoo A. The association between smartphone use, stress, and anxiety: A meta-analytic review. Stress Health 2018; 34:347-358. [PMID: 29673047 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Research investigating the various mental, physical, and social effects of smartphone use has proliferated in the previous decade. Two variables of interest in this literature are the levels of anxiety and stress associated with smartphone use. The current meta-analysis aimed to provide the first quantitative review of this literature, as well as determine potential moderators that might influence this relationship. A total of 39 independent samples (N = 21, 736) were used to compute a summary effect size of r = .22, p < .001, CI [.17-.28] indicating a small-to-medium association between smartphone use and stress and anxiety. Significant moderators included the year in which the article was published, as well as whether problematic or nonproblematic phone use was assessed. In addition, studies using validated measures of smartphone use indicated a (nonsignificantly) larger association than studies using nonvalidated measures. Strengths and limitations of the meta-analysis, as well as future directions of research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Vahedi
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alyssa Saiphoo
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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17
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Fransson A, Chóliz M, Håkansson A. Addiction-Like Mobile Phone Behavior - Validation and Association With Problem Gambling. Front Psychol 2018; 9:655. [PMID: 29780345 PMCID: PMC5945881 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mobile phone use and its potential addiction has become a point of interest within the research community. The aim of the study was to translate and validate the Test of Mobile Dependence (TMD), and to investigate if there are any associations between mobile phone use and problem gambling. This was a cross-sectional study on a Swedish general population. A questionnaire consisting of a translated version of the TMD, three problem gambling questions (NODS-CLiP) together with two questions concerning previous addiction treatment was published online. Exploratory factor analysis based on polychoric correlations was performed on the TMD. Independent samples T-tests, Mann-Whitney test, logistic regression analyses and ANOVA were performed to examine mean differences between subjects based on TMD test score, gambling and previous addiction treatment. A total of 1,515 people (38.3% men) answered the questionnaire. The TMD showed acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha: 0.905), and significant correlation with subjective dependence on one's mobile phone. Women scored higher on the TMD and 15-18 year olds had the highest mean test score. The TMD test score was significantly associated with problem gambling, but only when controlling for age and sex. Various separated items related to mobile phone use were associated with problem gambling. The TMD had acceptable internal consistency and correlates with subjective dependence, while future confirmatory factor analysis is recommended. An association between mobile phone use and problem gambling may be possible, but requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Fransson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Mariano Chóliz
- Psychology of Addictions, Psychology School, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Anders Håkansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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18
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Olivencia-Carrión MA, Ramírez-Uclés I, Holgado-Tello P, López-Torrecillas F. Validation of a Spanish Questionnaire on Mobile Phone Abuse. Front Psychol 2018; 9:621. [PMID: 29760674 PMCID: PMC5936979 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mobile phone addiction has attracted much attention recently and is showing similarity to other substance use disorders. Because no studies on mobile phone addiction had yet been conducted in Spain, we developed and validated a questionnaire (Cuestionario de Abuso del Teléfono Móvil, ATeMo) to measure mobile phone abuse among young adults in Spanish. The ATeMo questionnaire was designed based on relevant DSM-5 diagnostic criteria and included craving as a diagnostic symptom. Using stratified sampling, the ATeMo questionnaire was administered to 856 students (mean age 21, 62% women). The MULTICAGE questionnaire was administered to assess history of drug abuse and addiction. Using confirmatory factor analysis, we found evidence for the construct validity of the following factors: Craving, Loss of Control, Negative Life Consequences, and Withdrawal Syndrome, and their association with a second order factor related to mobile phone abuse. The four ATeMO factors were also associated with alcoholism, internet use, and compulsive buying. Important gender differences were found that should be considered when studying mobile phone addictions. The ATeMo is a valid and reliable instrument that can be used in further research on mobile phone abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isabel Ramírez-Uclés
- Department of Personality, Assessment and Psychological Treatment, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Holgado-Tello
- Department of Behavioral Sciences Methodology, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Madrid, Spain
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