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Alhassoon K, Alhsaon MA, Alsunaydih F, Alsaleem F, Salim O, Aly S, Shaban M. Machine learning predictive modeling of the persistence of post-Covid19 disorders: Loss of smell and taste as case studies. Heliyon 2024; 10:e35246. [PMID: 39170549 PMCID: PMC11336404 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The worldwide health crisis triggered by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic has resulted in an extensive variety of symptoms in people who have been infected, the most prevalent disorders of which are loss of smell and taste senses. In some patients, these disorders might occasionally last for several months and can strongly affect patients' quality of life. The COVID-19-related loss of taste and smell does not presently have a particular therapy. However, with the help of an early prediction of these disorders, healthcare providers can direct the patients to control these symptoms and prevent complications by following special procedures. The purpose of this research is to develop a machine learning (ML) model that can predict the occurrence and persistence of post-COVID-19-related loss of smell and taste abnormalities. In this study, we used our dataset to describe the symptoms, functioning, and disability of 413 verified COVID-19 patients. In order to prepare accurate classification models, we combined several ML algorithms, including logistic regression, k-nearest neighbors, support vector machine, random forest, extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM). The accuracy of the loss of taste model was 91.5 % with an area-under-cure (AUC) of 0.94, and the accuracy of the loss of smell model was 95 % with an AUC of 0.97. Our proposed modelling framework can be utilized by hospitals experts to assess these post-COVID-19 disorders in the early stages, which supports the development of treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Alhassoon
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Buraydah, 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mnahal Ali Alhsaon
- Department of Public Health , Qassim Health Cluster, 3032 At Tarafiyyah Rd, 6291, Buraydah, 52367, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Alsunaydih
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Buraydah, 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahd Alsaleem
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Buraydah, 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar Salim
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Buraydah, 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh Aly
- Department of Information Technology, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Majmaah University, Al-Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan, 81542, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Shaban
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Buraydah, 52571, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Aswan University, Aswan, 81542, Egypt
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Song C, Cao S, Luo H, Huang Y, Jiang S, Guo B, Li N, Li K, Zhang P, Zhu C, Fu E, Jiang M, Li X. Effects of simulated multi-sensory stimulation integration on physiological and psychological restoration in virtual urban green space environment. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1382143. [PMID: 38966742 PMCID: PMC11223631 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1382143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Virtual urban green environment images and audio stimuli had been proven to have restorative effects on subjects' physical and mental health. In this area, researchers predominantly focused on visual, auditory and olfactory aspects, while tactile and gustatory senses have been minimally explored. However, the optimal combination of sensory stimuli for promoting physical and mental recovery remains unclear. Therefore, a simulated sensory stimulation approach involving 240 participants was employed, with 30 individuals included in each of the eight experimental groups: the visual-auditory (VA), visual-auditory-olfactory (VAO), visual-auditory-tactile (VAT), visual-auditory-gustatory(VAG), visual-auditory-olfactory-tactile (VAOT), visual-auditory-olfactory-gustatory (VAOG), visual-auditory-tactile-gustatory (VATG), and visual-auditory-olfactory-tactile-gustatory (VAOTG) groups. This study aimed to explore the differences in participants' physiological and psychological health recovery after exposure to different combinations of simulated sensory stimuli in virtual UGSs. The results indicated that the following: (1) In terms of physiological recovery, the blood pressure of the 8 experimental groups decreased significantly after the experiment, indicating that the virtual urban green space environment has a certain recovery effect on physiological state. The combination of VAOTG stimuli in the multisensory group resulted in the best blood pressure recovery (p < 0.05). Tactile is an important sense to enhance the physiological recovery effect. Olfactory-tactile or tactile-gustatory stimuli interactions significantly enhance physiological recovery, emphasizing the importance of tactile stimulation in improving physiological recovery. (2) In terms of psychological recovery, the common trigger of olfactory-gustatory is the most key element to enhance psychological recovery through multi-sensory stimulation of virtual urban green space environment. VAOG stimulation had the best effect on psychological recovery (p < 0.05), followed by VAOTG stimulation (p < 0.05). Gustatory is an important sense to enhance the psychological recovery effect, and both the tactile-gustatory interaction and the olfactory-gustatory interaction significantly enhance the recovery effect. At the same time, the psychological recovery effect obtained by four or more sensory combinations was higher than that obtained by two or three sensory stimulation groups. This study confirms more possibilities for ways to restore physical and mental health through virtual natural environments. It expands the research on the benefits of virtual nature experience and provides theoretical support for the application of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Song
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Saixin Cao
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinghui Huang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siwei Jiang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Baimeng Guo
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Nian Li
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kai Li
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunyan Zhu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Erkang Fu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingyan Jiang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Li
- College of Landscape Architecture, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
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Simonini L, Frijia F, Ait Ali L, Foffa I, Vecoli C, De Gori C, De Cori S, Baroni M, Aquaro GD, Maremmani C, Lombardo F. A Comprehensive Review of COVID-19-Related Olfactory Deficiency: Unraveling Associations with Neurocognitive Disorders and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:359. [PMID: 38396398 PMCID: PMC10888385 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14040359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is one of the most common symptoms in COVID-19 patients and can impact patients' lives significantly. The aim of this review was to investigate the multifaceted impact of COVID-19 on the olfactory system and to provide an overview of magnetic resonance (MRI) findings and neurocognitive disorders in patients with COVID-19-related OD. Extensive searches were conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar until 5 December 2023. The included articles were 12 observational studies and 1 case report that assess structural changes in olfactory structures, highlighted through MRI, and 10 studies correlating the loss of smell with neurocognitive disorders or mood disorders in COVID-19 patients. MRI findings consistently indicate volumetric abnormalities, altered signal intensity of olfactory bulbs (OBs), and anomalies in the olfactory cortex among COVID-19 patients with persistent OD. The correlation between OD and neurocognitive deficits reveals associations with cognitive impairment, memory deficits, and persistent depressive symptoms. Treatment approaches, including olfactory training and pharmacological interventions, are discussed, emphasizing the need for sustained therapeutic interventions. This review points out several limitations in the current literature while exploring the intricate effects of COVID-19 on OD and its connection to cognitive deficits and mood disorders. The lack of objective olfactory measurements in some studies and potential validity issues in self-reports emphasize the need for cautious interpretation. Our research highlights the critical need for extensive studies with larger samples, proper controls, and objective measurements to deepen our understanding of COVID-19's long-term effects on neurological and olfactory dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Simonini
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 54100 Massa, Italy; (I.F.); (C.V.)
| | - Francesca Frijia
- Bioengineering Unit, Fondazione Toscana G. Monasterio, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Lamia Ait Ali
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 54100 Massa, Italy; (I.F.); (C.V.)
- Pediatric Cardiology and GUCH Unit, Fondazione “G. Monasterio” CNR-Regione Toscana, 54100 Massa, Italy
| | - Ilenia Foffa
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 54100 Massa, Italy; (I.F.); (C.V.)
| | - Cecilia Vecoli
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council (CNR), 54100 Massa, Italy; (I.F.); (C.V.)
| | - Carmelo De Gori
- Department of Radiology, Fondazione Monasterio/CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.D.G.); (S.D.C.); (F.L.)
| | - Sara De Cori
- Department of Radiology, Fondazione Monasterio/CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.D.G.); (S.D.C.); (F.L.)
| | - Monica Baroni
- Fondazione “G. Monasterio” CNR-Regione Toscana, 54100 Massa, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Donato Aquaro
- Academic Radiology Unit, Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Area, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Carlo Maremmani
- Unit of Neurology, Ospedale Apuane, Azienda USL Toscana Nord Ovest, 54100 Massa, Italy;
| | - Francesco Lombardo
- Department of Radiology, Fondazione Monasterio/CNR, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (C.D.G.); (S.D.C.); (F.L.)
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Pendolino AL, Ottaviano G, Navaratnam AV, Scarpa B, Andrews PJ. Clinical factors influencing olfactory performance in patients with persistent COVID-19 smell loss longer than 1 year. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2023; 8:1449-1458. [PMID: 38130252 PMCID: PMC10731512 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.1160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Factors affecting persistence of COVID-19-related olfactory dysfunction (OD) remain partially unknown. We aim to evaluate the clinical factors which could influence olfactory performance in patients with persistent COVID-19-related smell loss. Methods A retrospective analysis of 100 patients with persistent COVID-19-related OD was performed between October 2020 and December 2022 at a single-center long-COVID smell clinic. All subjects underwent smell assessment using Sniffin' Sticks (S'S) extended test, nasal endoscopy, nasal airflow evaluation (peak nasal inspiratory flow [PNIF]), allergy test (skin prick test [SPT]) for common aeroallergens, MRI of the head and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs-VAS, SF-36, Short QOD-NS, SNOT-22). Based on S'S score, subjects were divided into normosmics (TDI ≥ 30.75) and dysosmics (TDI < 30.75). Results The median age was 42 years and the median length of patient-reported OD was 1.4 years. 20 patients (20.0%) were normosmic at the time of S'S assessment. Dysosmic patients were found to have significantly lower scores at the SF-36 health domains for energy/fatigue (p = .0004) and emotional wellbeing (p = .04) when compared to normosmics. A moderate correlation (r = .45-.59) between S'S scores and some PROMs was also demonstrated. At the multivariate analysis higher PNIF scores positively influenced odor threshold (p = .001) while positivity to SPT negatively influenced odor identification (p = .04). Conclusions Impairment of nasal airflow and sensitivity to aeroallergens can negatively affect olfactory performance in COVID-19-related OD. Long-COVID smell loss deeply affects QoL although recovery of olfaction can bring it back to a normal range. Level of Evidence IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Luca Pendolino
- Department of ENTRoyal National ENT & Eastman Dental HospitalsLondonUK
- Ear Institute, UCLLondonUK
| | - Giancarlo Ottaviano
- Department of Neurosciences, Otolaryngology SectionUniversity of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | | | - Bruno Scarpa
- Department of Statistical Sciences and Department of MathematicsTullio Levi‐Civita University of PadovaPadovaItaly
| | - Peter J. Andrews
- Department of ENTRoyal National ENT & Eastman Dental HospitalsLondonUK
- Ear Institute, UCLLondonUK
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Kumari V, Chauhan S, Vakani K, Antonova E, Bryant J. Camera-based visual feedback learning aid for recovering sense of smell and taste in COVID-19 survivors: a proof-of-concept study. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1213254. [PMID: 37502751 PMCID: PMC10371255 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1213254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction A significant proportion of people report persistent COVID-19-related anosmia, hyposmia or parosmia, often accompanied with ageusia, hypogeusia or dysgeusia. Here, we present a proof-of-concept study that assessed the feasibility and acceptability of a new Camera-Based Visual Feedback Learning Aid (CVFLA) and explored its potential to restore or improve persistent COVID-19-related smell and/or taste impairment. Methods Fifteen adult participants with persistent smell and/or taste impairment were randomly allocated to 7-, 14-, or 21-days baseline of symptom monitoring before receiving the intervention in up to 10 sessions (length and frequency determined by participant's preference and progress) using a specialised CVFLA apparatus (patent no. 10186160). Smell and taste were assessed pre- and post-intervention subjectively, and also objectively using the ODOFIN Taste Strips and Sniffin Sticks. Participant feedback about their experience of receiving CVFLA was obtained via a semi-structured interview conducted by someone not involved in delivering the intervention. Results The intervention was extremely well received, with no dropouts related to the intervention. There was also a significant improvement in smell and taste from pre- to post-CVFLA intervention (mean number of sessions = 7.46, SD = 2.55; total duration = 389.96 min, SD = 150.93) both in subjective and objective measures. All participants, except one, reported experiencing some improvement from the 2nd or 3rd session. Discussion This new CVFLA intervention shows promise in improving COVID-19 related impairment in smell and taste with a very high level of acceptability. Further studies with larger samples are required to confirm its potential in restoring, improving or correcting smell and/or taste impairment in relevant clinical and non-clinical groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena Kumari
- Division of Psychology, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Satyam Chauhan
- Division of Psychology, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Krupa Vakani
- Division of Psychology, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Antonova
- Division of Psychology, Department of Life Sciences, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
- Centre for Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
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6
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Doty RL. The Olfactory Dysfunction of COVID-19. Semin Neurol 2023. [PMID: 37196670 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1767712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Until the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, much of the scientific community and the general public lacked an appreciation of the impact of decreased smell function on everyday life, including the importance of this sensory system for safety, nutrition, and overall quality of life. It is now well established that the SARS-CoV-2 virus inflicts measurable but frequently reversible smell loss during its acute phase. Indeed, in many studies such loss is the most common symptom of COVID-19. Permanent or long-term deficits (i.e., deficits lasting over a year) may occur in up to 30% of those who have been infected, including the development of odor distortions (dysosmias; parosmias). This review presents up-to-date information on the epidemiology, severity, and pathophysiology of COVID-19-related smell dysfunction, including its association with psychological and neurological sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Doty
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, Smell and Taste Center, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Castellano P, Gigli V, Ghezzi V, Ang YS, Schettino M, Pizzagalli DA, Ottaviani C. Momentary gustative-olfactory sensitivity and tonic heart rate variability are independently associated with motivational behavior. Int J Psychophysiol 2023; 186:1-9. [PMID: 36738932 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2023.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Deficits in motivational functioning including impairments in reward learning or reward sensitivity are common in psychiatric disorders characterized by anhedonia. Recently, anhedonic symptoms have been exacerbated by the pandemic caused by the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the general population. The present study examined the putative associations between loss of smell (anosmia) and taste (ageusia) sensitivity, irrespective of COVID-19 infection, and anhedonia, measured by a signal-detection task probing the ability to modify behavior as a function of rewards (Probabilistic Reward Task; PRT). Tonic heart rate variability (HRV) was included in the model, due to its association with both smell and taste sensitivity as well as motivational functioning. The sample included 114 healthy individuals (81 females; mean age 22.2 years), who underwent a laboratory session in which dispositional traits, resting HRV and PRT performance were assessed, followed by a 4-days ecological momentary assessment to obtain daily measures of anosmia and ageusia. Lower levels of tonic HRV and lower momentary levels of smell and taste sensitivity were associated with impaired reward responsiveness and ability to shape future behavioral choices based on prior reinforcement experiences. Overall, the current results provide initial correlational evidence that could be fruitfully used to inform future experimental investigations aimed at elucidating the disruptive worldwide mental health consequences triggered by the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Castellano
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Valeria Gigli
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Valerio Ghezzi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Yuen-Siang Ang
- Department of Social and Cognitive Computing, Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Martino Schettino
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Neuroimaging Laboratory, IRCCS, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Diego A Pizzagalli
- Center for Depression, Anxiety and Stress Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Cristina Ottaviani
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy; Neuroimaging Laboratory, IRCCS, Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy.
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Marin C, Alobid I, Fuentes M, López-Chacón M, Mullol J. Olfactory Dysfunction in Mental Illness. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2023; 23:153-164. [PMID: 36696016 PMCID: PMC9875195 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-023-01068-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Olfactory dysfunction contributes to the psychopathology of mental illness. In this review, we describe the neurobiology of olfaction, and the most common olfactory alterations in several mental illnesses. We also highlight the role, hitherto underestimated, that the olfactory pathways play in the regulation of higher brain functions and its involvement in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, as well as the effect of inflammation on neurogenesis as a possible mechanism involved in olfactory dysfunction in psychiatric conditions. RECENT FINDINGS The olfactory deficits present in anxiety, depression, schizophrenia or bipolar disorder consist of specific alterations of different components of the sense of smell, mainly the identification of odours, as well as the qualifications of their hedonic valence (pleasant or unpleasant). Epidemiological findings have shown that both environmental factors, such as air pollutants, and inflammatory disease of the upper respiratory tract, can contribute to an increased risk of mental illness, at least in part, due to peripheral inflammatory mechanisms of the olfactory system. In this review, we describe the neurobiology of olfaction, and the most common olfactory function alterations in several psychiatric conditions and its role as a useful symptom for the differential diagnosis. We also highlight the effect of inflammation on neurogenesis as a possible mechanism involved in olfactory dysfunction in these psychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepció Marin
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CELLEX, Department 2B, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. .,Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isam Alobid
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CELLEX, Department 2B, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Mireya Fuentes
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CELLEX, Department 2B, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mauricio López-Chacón
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CELLEX, Department 2B, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Mullol
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), CELLEX, Department 2B, Villarroel 170, 08036, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. .,Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Health Institute Carlos III, Madrid, Spain. .,Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
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9
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Singh M, Pushpakumar S, Bard N, Zheng Y, Homme RP, Mokshagundam SPL, Tyagi SC. Simulation of COVID-19 symptoms in a genetically engineered mouse model: implications for the long haulers. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:103-119. [PMID: 35731343 PMCID: PMC9214689 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04487-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing pandemic (also known as coronavirus disease-19; COVID-19) by a constantly emerging viral agent commonly referred as the severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 or SARS-CoV-2 has revealed unique pathological findings from infected human beings, and the postmortem observations. The list of disease symptoms, and postmortem observations is too long to mention; however, SARS-CoV-2 has brought with it a whole new clinical syndrome in "long haulers" including dyspnea, chest pain, tachycardia, brain fog, exercise intolerance, and extreme fatigue. We opine that further improvement in delivering effective treatment, and preventive strategies would be benefited from validated animal disease models. In this context, we designed a study, and show that a genetically engineered mouse expressing the human angiotensin converting enzyme 2; ACE-2 (the receptor used by SARS-CoV-2 agent to enter host cells) represents an excellent investigative resource in simulating important clinical features of the COVID-19. The ACE-2 mouse model (which is susceptible to SARS-CoV-2) when administered with a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SP) intranasally exhibited a profound cytokine storm capable of altering the physiological parameters including significant changes in cardiac function along with multi-organ damage that was further confirmed via histological findings. More importantly, visceral organs from SP treated mice revealed thrombotic blood clots as seen during postmortem examination. Thus, the ACE-2 engineered mouse appears to be a suitable model for studying intimate viral pathogenesis thus paving the way for identification, and characterization of appropriate prophylactics as well as therapeutics for COVID-19 management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahavir Singh
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
| | - Sathnur Pushpakumar
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Nia Bard
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Yuting Zheng
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Rubens P Homme
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Sri Prakash L Mokshagundam
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes and Robley Rex VA Medical Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Suresh C Tyagi
- Department of Physiology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
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10
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Tai APL, Leung MK, Lau BWM, Ngai SPC, Lau WKW. Olfactory dysfunction: A plausible source of COVID-19-induced neuropsychiatric symptoms. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1156914. [PMID: 37021130 PMCID: PMC10067586 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1156914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction and neuropsychiatric symptoms are commonly reported by patients of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a respiratory infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Evidence from recent research suggests linkages between altered or loss of smell and neuropsychiatric symptoms after infection with the coronavirus. Systemic inflammation and ischemic injury are believed to be the major cause of COVID-19-related CNS manifestation. Yet, some evidence suggest a neurotropic property of SARS-CoV-2. This mini-review article summarizes the neural correlates of olfaction and discusses the potential of trans-neuronal transmission of SARS-CoV-2 or its particles within the olfactory connections in the brain. The impact of the dysfunction in the olfactory network on the neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with COVID-19 will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Pui-Lun Tai
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Integrated Centre for Wellbeing, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Bioanalytical Laboratory for Educational Sciences, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mei-Kei Leung
- Department of Counselling and Psychology, Hong Kong Shue Yan University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Benson Wui-Man Lau
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shirley Pui-Ching Ngai
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Way Kwok-Wai Lau
- Department of Special Education and Counselling, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Integrated Centre for Wellbeing, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Bioanalytical Laboratory for Educational Sciences, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Way Kwok-Wai Lau,
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Jaime-Lara RB, Brooks BE, Vizioli C, Chiles M, Nawal N, Ortiz-Figueroa RSE, Livinski AA, Agarwal K, Colina-Prisco C, Iannarino N, Hilmi A, Tejeda HA, Joseph PV. A systematic review of the biological mediators of fat taste and smell. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:855-918. [PMID: 36409650 PMCID: PMC9678415 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00061.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste and smell play a key role in our ability to perceive foods. Overconsumption of highly palatable energy-dense foods can lead to increased caloric intake and obesity. Thus there is growing interest in the study of the biological mediators of fat taste and associated olfaction as potential targets for pharmacologic and nutritional interventions in the context of obesity and health. The number of studies examining mechanisms underlying fat taste and smell has grown rapidly in the last 5 years. Therefore, the purpose of this systematic review is to summarize emerging evidence examining the biological mechanisms of fat taste and smell. A literature search was conducted of studies published in English between 2014 and 2021 in adult humans and animal models. Database searches were conducted using PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science for key terms including fat/lipid, taste, and olfaction. Initially, 4,062 articles were identified through database searches, and a total of 84 relevant articles met inclusion and exclusion criteria and are included in this review. Existing literature suggests that there are several proteins integral to fat chemosensation, including cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) and G protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120). This systematic review will discuss these proteins and the signal transduction pathways involved in fat detection. We also review neural circuits, key brain regions, ingestive cues, postingestive signals, and genetic polymorphism that play a role in fat perception and consumption. Finally, we discuss the role of fat taste and smell in the context of eating behavior and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario B. Jaime-Lara
- 1Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Brianna E. Brooks
- 1Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Carlotta Vizioli
- 1Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mari Chiles
- 1Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland,4Section of Neuromodulation and Synaptic Integration, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nafisa Nawal
- 1Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rodrigo S. E. Ortiz-Figueroa
- 1Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Alicia A. Livinski
- 3NIH Library, Office of Research Services, Office of the Director, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Khushbu Agarwal
- 1Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Claudia Colina-Prisco
- 1Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Natalia Iannarino
- 1Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Aliya Hilmi
- 1Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hugo A. Tejeda
- 1Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paule V. Joseph
- 1Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism Unit, Division of Intramural Research, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland,2Section of Sensory Science and Metabolism, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Nursing Research, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland
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12
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Olfactory Dysfunction in COVID-19: Pathology and Long-Term Implications for Brain Health. Trends Mol Med 2022; 28:781-794. [PMID: 35810128 PMCID: PMC9212891 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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SARS-CoV-2 entry sites are present in all structural elements of the human glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves: Clinical implications. EBioMedicine 2022; 78:103981. [PMID: 35390636 PMCID: PMC8978584 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.103981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections result in the temporary loss of smell and taste in about one third of confirmed cases. Methods We used immunohistochemistry to confirm the presence of ACE2, NRP1 and TMPRSS2 in two cranial nerves (IX and X) that mediate taste where they leave/join the medulla. Samples from three (two paraffin embedded and one frozen) postmortem samples were studied (facial (VII) nerve was not available). We also performed immunohistochemistry using the same antibodies in two human cell lines (oligodendrocytes and fibroblasts), and we isolated RNA from one nerve and performed PCR to confirm the presence of the mRNAs that encode the proteins visualized. Findings All three of the proteins (ACE-2, NRP1 and TMPRSS2) required for SARS-CoV-2 infections appear to be present in all cellular components (Schwann cells, axons, vascular endothelium, and connective tissue) of the human IXth and Xth nerves near the medulla. We also found their mRNAs in the nerve and in human oligodendrocytes and fibroblasts which were stained by antibodies directed at the three proteins examined. Interpretation Infection of the IXth and Xth nerves by the SARS-CoV-2 virus is likely to cause the loss of taste experienced by many Covid patients. Migration of the virus from the oral cavity through these nerves to brainstem respiratory centers might contribute to the problems that patients experience. Funding This study was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), NIH (intramural project no. ZDE000755-01), and the Human Brain Tissue Bank, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary from the Hungarian Brain Research Program (2017-1.2.1-NKP-2017-00002).
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14
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Inflawell ® improves neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and shortens hospitalization in patients with moderate COVID-19, in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:465-475. [PMID: 35201518 PMCID: PMC8867130 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-00928-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aims COVID-19 is a significant global threat to public health. Despite the availability of vaccines and anti-viral drugs, there is an urgent need for alternative treatments to help prevent and/or manage COVID-19 symptoms and the underlying dysregulated immune response. We hypothesized that administration of Inflawell® syrup, a Boswellia extract formulation enriched for boswellic acids (BAs), can reduce the excessive or persistent inflammation and thereby prevent disease progression. BAs are medicinally activated triterpenoids found in the resins of Boswellia spp., and possess an immense therapeutic potential due to their anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory activities. We investigated the effect of Inflawell® syrup, on moderate COVID-19 patients along with the current standard of care treatment. Methods A randomized placebo-controlled double-blind clinical trial was conducted, following definitive confirmation of COVID-19. Forty-seven hospitalized patients with moderate COVID-19 were enrolled and received either the Inflawell® syrup or placebo. Clinical symptoms and markers of inflammation were evaluated at baseline and completion of the trial. Results Our clinical trial revealed an increase in the percentage of oxygen saturation level in patients that received the BAs compared to placebo (P < 0.0001). In addition, the average duration of hospitalization was significantly shorter in the BAs group compared with the placebo group (P < 0.04). Concomitantly, some improvement in the clinical symptoms including cough, dyspnea, myalgia, headache, and olfactory and gustatory dysfunction were detected in the BAs group. Hematologic findings showed a significant decrease in the percentage of neutrophils (P < 0.006) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) levels (P < 0.003), associated with a significant increase in the percentage of lymphocytes in the BAs group compared with the placebo (P < 0.002). Additionally, a significant decrease in CRP, LDH, IL − 6 and TNF − α levels was detected in the BAs group. Following the intervention, fewer patients in the BAs group were PCR-positive for COVID-19 compared to placebo, though not statistically significant. Conclusion Overall, the treatment with Inflawell® resulted in shorter hospital stay, alleviation of COVID-19 clinical symptoms and decline in the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Trial registration The trial has been registered in https://www.irct.ir with unique identifier: IRCT20170315033086N10 (https://en.irct.ir/trial/51631). IRCT is a primary registry in the WHO registry network (https://www.who.int/clinical-trials-registry-platform/network/primary-registries).
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15
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Leenaerts N, Ceccarini J, Sunaert S, Vrieze E. The impact of COVID-19-related smell and taste disorders on a patient with bulimia nervosa: a case report. Neurocase 2022; 28:72-76. [PMID: 35068357 DOI: 10.1080/13554794.2021.2024859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A large number of patients with COVID-19 will suffer from long-term smell and taste disorders (STD). These STD symptoms could have a significant impact on patients with an eating disorder (ED). To highlight this issue, a case is presented of a patient with bulimia nervosa who experienced COVID-19-relate STD symptoms. Clinicians should reassess patients with an ED who suffer from COVID-19 with STD symptomatology and potentially redirect treatment. More research is needed on STD symptoms in patients with an ED to improve our knowledge on the role of smell and taste in disordered eating behaviors and improve treatment guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Leenaerts
- Mind- Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - J Ceccarini
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - S Sunaert
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven & Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - E Vrieze
- Mind- Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Belgium
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16
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Fortunato F, Martinelli D, Iannelli G, Milazzo M, Farina U, Di Matteo G, De Nittis R, Ascatigno L, Cassano M, Lopalco PL, Prato R. Self-reported olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions in COVID-19 patients: a 1-year follow-up study in Foggia district, Italy. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:77. [PMID: 35065619 PMCID: PMC8783175 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07052-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND From the initial stages of the pandemic in early 2020, COVID-19-related olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions have been widely reported and are emerging as one of the most frequent long-term sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, data regarding the long-term recovery of the sense of smell and taste are lacking. This study aimed to characterize the evolution up to one year after the diagnosis of self-reported olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions in COVID-19 cases. METHODS Based on the data of the active surveillance platform of the Apulia region, Italy, we selected the residents of Foggia district who were confirmed positive for SARS-CoV-2 from March 1st to June 16th, 2020, and home-quarantined with paucisymptomatic-to-mild clinical presentation. Self-reported olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions were recorded at baseline through a survey of dichotomous questions. The evolution of these symptoms at approximately one year was prospectively assessed via telephone by the validated sino-nasal outcome test 22 (SNOT-22, Italian version). RESULTS Among the 1,175 COVID-19 cases notified in the Foggia district during the first epidemic wave, 488 had paucisymptomatic-to-mild clinical presentation. Of these, 41.2% (n = 201, 95% confidence interval [CI] 36.8-45.7%) reported at least one sensory dysfunction. A total of 178 to 201 (88.5%) patients agreed to participate in the follow-up survey. According to the SNOT-22 results, the persistence of a sensory dysfunction was observed in the 29.8% (n = 53, 95% CI 23.2-37.1%) of them. Particularly, loss of smell persisted in 25.8% (n = 46, 95% CI 19.6-32.9%), loss of taste in 21.3% (n = 38, 95% CI 15.6-28.1%), loss of both in 17.4% (n = 31, 95% CI 12.2-23.8%) of participants in the follow-up. The rates of full recovery increased over time: from 59% at 30 days to 71.9% at 90 days for the sense of smell; from 61.3% at 30 days to 74.7% at 90 days for the sense of taste. CONCLUSIONS The persistence of COVID-19-related olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions up to 12 months after the disease onset in a noteworthy proportion (approximately 3 out of 10) of patients with paucisymptomatic-to-mild clinical presentation deserves further investigations due to its possible pathophysiological implications and impact on the quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fortunato
- Hygiene Unit, Policlinico Riuniti Foggia Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo, Viale degli Aviatori 2, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Domenico Martinelli
- Hygiene Unit, Policlinico Riuniti Foggia Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo, Viale degli Aviatori 2, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Iannelli
- Hygiene Unit, Policlinico Riuniti Foggia Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo, Viale degli Aviatori 2, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Marica Milazzo
- Hygiene Unit, Policlinico Riuniti Foggia Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo, Viale degli Aviatori 2, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Umberto Farina
- Hygiene Unit, Policlinico Riuniti Foggia Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo, Viale degli Aviatori 2, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Gabriella Di Matteo
- Hygiene Unit, Policlinico Riuniti Foggia Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo, Viale degli Aviatori 2, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Rosella De Nittis
- Microbiology and Virology Section, Policlinico Riuniti Foggia Hospital, Foggia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Ascatigno
- Hygiene Unit, Policlinico Riuniti Foggia Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo, Viale degli Aviatori 2, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Michele Cassano
- Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery Unit, Policlinico Riuniti Foggia Hospital, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Lopalco
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technology, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Rosa Prato
- Hygiene Unit, Policlinico Riuniti Foggia Hospital, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Ospedale Colonnello D'Avanzo, Viale degli Aviatori 2, 71122, Foggia, Italy.
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17
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Palmer RK. Why Taste Is Pharmacology. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2022; 275:1-31. [PMID: 35461405 DOI: 10.1007/164_2022_589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The chapter presents an argument supporting the view that taste, defined as the receptor-mediated signaling of taste cells and consequent sensory events, is proper subject matter for the field of pharmacology. The argument develops through a consideration of how the field of pharmacology itself is to be defined. Though its application toward the discovery and development of therapeutics is of obvious value, pharmacology nevertheless is a basic science committed to examining biological phenomena controlled by the selective interactions between chemicals - regardless of their sources or uses - and receptors. The basic science of pharmacology is founded on the theory of receptor occupancy, detailed here in the context of taste. The discussion then will turn to consideration of the measurement of human taste and how well the results agree with the predictions of receptor theory.
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18
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Zhukova NG, Kicherov NA, Semykin ME. [Gustatory disorders in COVID-19]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2022; 122:23-31. [PMID: 36537627 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202212212123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Taste disturbances are present in 20.3-88.0% of COVID-19 cases and are the first signs of infection in 11.0-18.1% of cases. They often manifested 3-7 days after the onset of general respiratory symptoms and last 2 to 16 days, followed by recovery. There are also prolonged disturbances of taste sensation (up to 61-76 days or more), which is associated with damage to various types of receptor cells of the mucous membrane of the tongue. More severe taste disturbances are recorded in the elderly. In women, changes in taste sensation are noted more often than in men, and with a longer recovery period. Severe and critical forms of taste disorders predominate in COVID-19; dysgeusia, as a rule, prevails over hypogeusia and ageusia. Taste disturbance is a common clinical symptom in COVID-19, which can and should be considered as a marker of early manifestation of coronavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Zhukova
- Siberian State Medical University» Ministry of Health of Russia, Tomsk, Russia
| | - N A Kicherov
- Siberian State Medical University» Ministry of Health of Russia, Tomsk, Russia
| | - M E Semykin
- Siberian State Medical University» Ministry of Health of Russia, Tomsk, Russia
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19
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Carascal MB, Capistrano PE, Figueras MD, Cataylo OLAC, Zuñiga SMS, Reyes MES, Medriano KKS, Gamo AT, Mendoza PD, Macalipay SLB. Experiences of COVID-19-Recovered Healthcare Workers in a Tertiary Hospital in the Philippines: A Mixed-Method Inquiry. INQUIRY: THE JOURNAL OF HEALTH CARE ORGANIZATION, PROVISION, AND FINANCING 2022; 59:469580221107051. [PMID: 35775124 PMCID: PMC9251963 DOI: 10.1177/00469580221107051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 pandemic affected the mental health of the global population. Among the
most vulnerable are the healthcare workers (HCWs) who got infected but returned
to the frontline after recovery. Currently, there is a dearth of information and
understanding on the psychological status and actual lived experience of the
recovered HCWs in the Philippines. The present study investigated the
psychological status and experiences of 93 COVID-19-recovered HCWs from a
tertiary hospital in the Philippines using a mixed-method approach, particularly
the explanatory-sequential design. Participants completed the Impact of Event
Scale-Revised, and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 in the
quantitative phase. Selected participants took part in focus group discussions
in the qualitative phase. Integrated results showed that our participants
experienced significant COVID-19-related distress (mean IES-R score = 25.5;
partial impact), anxiety (mean subscale score = 7.4; mild), and depression (mean
subscale score = 8.1; mild). Certain sociodemographic and professional
characteristics and the length of quarantine days appear to affect the
psychometric scores. The quantitative results are supported by the participant’s
description of recovery experiences as living in uncertainty, distress, fatigue,
dissociation, and valuation of life. In summary, adequate psychological support
and intervention program should be prioritized and provided by hospital
management for recovered HCWs to prevent the development of more serious mental
health concerns that may significantly affect their tasks in caring for patients
and in-hospital management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark B. Carascal
- Clinical and Translational Research Institute, The Medical City, Pasig City, Philippines
- Institute of Biology, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Philippines
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anthony T. Gamo
- Human Capital Management Group, The Medical City, Pasig City, Philippines
| | - Paz D. Mendoza
- Human Capital Management Group, The Medical City, Pasig City, Philippines
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