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Miller K, Morley C, Fraser BJ, Gall SL, Cleland V. Types of leisure-time physical activity participation in childhood and adolescence, and physical activity behaviours and health outcomes in adulthood: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1789. [PMID: 38965532 PMCID: PMC11225122 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-19050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Youth leisure-time physical activity participation benefits physical activity habits and health outcomes later in life. However, it is unknown if certain types of leisure-time physical activity contribute to these benefits in different ways; this knowledge could enhance public health efforts. This systematic review aimed to synthesise evidence of the longitudinal associations between childhood and adolescent leisure-time physical activity on adulthood physical activity behaviours and health outcomes. METHODS A systematic search of the literature was conducted across five databases from inception to July 2022. English, peer-reviewed observational studies with a minimum of two timepoints of data collection were eligible for inclusion. We included studies that investigated the association between participation in leisure-time physical activity types in children and adolescents (i.e., 5-18 years), and physical activity, mental health, or cardiovascular outcomes in adulthood (i.e., ≥ 18 years). RESULTS Fourteen studies were included in the review, totalling 34,388 observations across five countries. Running in adolescence was associated with increased adulthood physical activity in both sexes, while sports involvement was associated with an increase in physical activity in males only. Adolescent team sports participation was associated with reduced odds of early adulthood depression, with varying findings for anxiety disorders. There was preliminary evidence of minimum threshold requirements for participation in certain activities before associations with future physical activity or health outcome benefits were observed. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary findings suggest that the lifelong behavioural and health benefits of adolescent participation in leisure-time physical activity appear to be related to the type of activity undertaken, with potential differences between sexes. With the rarity of longitudinal studies spanning from childhood into adulthood, these findings provide important insights for public health strategies to optimise lifelong health and physical activity participation. PROSPERO REGISTRATION CRD42022347792.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelcie Miller
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool St, Hobart, 7000, Australia
| | - Claire Morley
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool St, Hobart, 7000, Australia
| | - Brooklyn J Fraser
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool St, Hobart, 7000, Australia
| | - Seana L Gall
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool St, Hobart, 7000, Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Verity Cleland
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, 17 Liverpool St, Hobart, 7000, Australia.
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
- , Private Bag 23, Hobart, 7001, Australia.
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Gompels BD, Davis H, Mainwaring E, Tooth G, McDonnell S. A Pilot Survey Study of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Female University Athletes. Cureus 2024; 16:e62236. [PMID: 39006568 PMCID: PMC11242743 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.62236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Female sports players are at increased risk of soft tissue knee injuries (STKIs) compared to their male counterparts. Injury prevention programs effectively reduce the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) knee injuries. This pilot study, therefore, aimed to examine the prevalence, type, and management of STKIs within a population of female university sports players at the University of Cambridge. Additionally, this study aimed to examine the perceived risk of ACL injuries and knowledge of long-term complications, alongside participation and attitudes towards injury prevention programs. Methodology A survey was distributed to women's university sports teams at the University of Cambridge. Information was gathered on participant demographics and sporting history. Relevant medical history, including joint laxity, connective tissue disorders, and previous knee injuries, was also collected. Participant involvement in and attitudes towards injury prevention programs were evaluated. Results Data from eighty-five participants (n = 85) were collected, all of whom were female. Forty-two percent of participants had sustained a previous knee injury, of which the majority (44%) were ACL injuries. In the ACL-injured group, 38% (n=6) had undergone ACL reconstructive surgery, 44% (n=7) had received only physiotherapy, and 19% (n=3) had received no form of treatment. Only 44% of these participants sustaining an ACL injury reported a return to the same level of post-injury sport. Seventy-two percent of respondents felt they were at increased risk of ACL injury compared to males. Most participants (87%) did not follow an injury prevention program, but 95% expressed a willingness to enroll in one. Conclusions This pilot study indicates that most knee injuries in female university athletes in this cohort at Cambridge University are ACL injuries, with a considerable number being managed conservatively. The low rate of return to pre-injury sporting levels highlights the significant impact of ACL injuries on athletic careers. This study demonstrates results similar to previous studies on the broader population. However, due to the pilot nature of the research and limited statistical power, the results should be interpreted with caution before transposing to the wider population. Further investigation is required into why many of these ACL-injured female athletes were managed conservatively and whether this finding is mirrored in their male counterparts. Despite recognizing their higher risk than males, participants displayed low engagement in injury prevention programs, indicating a gap between awareness and action. The willingness to participate in prevention programs suggests the potential for improved engagement through targeted interventions. Future research should focus on identifying and addressing specific barriers to participation in injury prevention programs and exploring the reasons behind the preference for conservative management of ACL injuries. Additionally, expanding the sample size and including a more diverse athletic population would enhance the generalizability of the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin D Gompels
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, GBR
| | - Holly Davis
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, GBR
| | - Elizabeth Mainwaring
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, GBR
| | - Georgia Tooth
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, GBR
| | - Stephen McDonnell
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedics, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, GBR
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Pfledderer CD, Brown DMY, Ranjit N, Springer AE, Malkani RI, Salvo D, Hoelscher DM. Examining associations between physical activity context and children meeting daily physical activity guidelines: the role of outdoor play, sports, and other organized activities. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1352644. [PMID: 38832232 PMCID: PMC11144898 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1352644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Less than one-quarter of US children meet physical activity (PA) guidelines. Understanding the context in which PA occurs and how these contexts may play a role in meeting PA guidelines is an essential step toward developing effective behavioral interventions. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between PA context (sports participation, participation in other organized physical activities, active travel to school, and outdoor play) and the number of days children met PA guidelines in a representative sample of children living in Texas. Methods We analyzed cross-sectional data from a statewide sample of fourth-grade children in Texas who completed the 2019-2020 Texas School Physical Activity and Nutrition (Texas SPAN) survey. The Texas SPAN survey was designed to monitor the statewide prevalence of overweight/obesity among school children and assess habitual self-reported obesity-related behaviors, including diet and PA. Weighted Poisson regression models were employed to examine the associations between PA contexts (sports participation, participation in other organized physical activities, active travel to school, and outdoor play) and the number of days children met PA guidelines, adjusting for sex, race/ethnicity, overweight/obesity, urban-rural status, and economic disadvantage. Results A total of 16.7% of fourth-grade children met physical activity guidelines every day during the week (mean age = 9.4 ± 0.6 years; female = 48.7, 51.8% Hispanic, mean days meeting PA guideline = 3.6 ± 2.3 days). One in ten (11.2%) children did not meet daily PA guidelines on any day of the week, and 72.1% met them between 1 and 6 days. Participating in sports (b = 0.22, 95%CI:0.14, 0.30), any other organized physical activities (b=0.13, 95%CI:0.017, 0.19), and playing outdoors 1-3 days (b = 0.25, 95%CI:0.04, 0.46) and 4-7 days in the past week (b = 0.77, 95%CI:0.57, 0.97) was significantly and positively associated with the number of days children met PA guidelines. Conclusion Participating in sports, participating in other organized physical activities, and playing outdoors may beneficially influence the number of days children meet PA guidelines. PA programs should consider these contextual factors and investigate how to promote organized activities and outdoor play effectively and appropriately among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D. Pfledderer
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, Michael & Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston (UTHealth Houston) School of Public Health in Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Denver M. Y. Brown
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Nalini Ranjit
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, Michael & Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston (UTHealth Houston) School of Public Health in Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Andrew E. Springer
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, Michael & Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston (UTHealth Houston) School of Public Health in Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Raja I. Malkani
- Michael & Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston School of Public Health in Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Deborah Salvo
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, College of Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Deanna M. Hoelscher
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, Michael & Susan Dell Center for Healthy Living, University of Texas Health Science Center Houston (UTHealth Houston) School of Public Health in Austin, Austin, TX, United States
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Ding D, Owen K, Bauman AE, Mielke GI, Gebel K. The "Matildas Effect": Will the FIFA Women's World Cup Generate a Legacy in Australia? J Phys Act Health 2024; 21:9-10. [PMID: 38056439 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2023-0670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ding Ding
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Center, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katherine Owen
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Center, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Adrian E Bauman
- Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Charles Perkins Center, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Gregore I Mielke
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Klaus Gebel
- School of Public Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
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Eather N, Wade L, Pankowiak A, Eime R. The impact of sports participation on mental health and social outcomes in adults: a systematic review and the 'Mental Health through Sport' conceptual model. Syst Rev 2023; 12:102. [PMID: 37344901 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-023-02264-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sport is a subset of physical activity that can be particularly beneficial for short-and-long-term physical and mental health, and social outcomes in adults. This study presents the results of an updated systematic review of the mental health and social outcomes of community and elite-level sport participation for adults. The findings have informed the development of the 'Mental Health through Sport' conceptual model for adults. METHODS Nine electronic databases were searched, with studies published between 2012 and March 2020 screened for inclusion. Eligible qualitative and quantitative studies reported on the relationship between sport participation and mental health and/or social outcomes in adult populations. Risk of bias (ROB) was determined using the Quality Assessment Tool (quantitative studies) or Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (qualitative studies). RESULTS The search strategy located 8528 articles, of which, 29 involving adults 18-84 years were included for analysis. Data was extracted for demographics, methodology, and study outcomes, and results presented according to study design. The evidence indicates that participation in sport (community and elite) is related to better mental health, including improved psychological well-being (for example, higher self-esteem and life satisfaction) and lower psychological ill-being (for example, reduced levels of depression, anxiety, and stress), and improved social outcomes (for example, improved self-control, pro-social behavior, interpersonal communication, and fostering a sense of belonging). Overall, adults participating in team sport had more favorable health outcomes than those participating in individual sport, and those participating in sports more often generally report the greatest benefits; however, some evidence suggests that adults in elite sport may experience higher levels of psychological distress. Low ROB was observed for qualitative studies, but quantitative studies demonstrated inconsistencies in methodological quality. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this review confirm that participation in sport of any form (team or individual) is beneficial for improving mental health and social outcomes amongst adults. Team sports, however, may provide more potent and additional benefits for mental and social outcomes across adulthood. This review also provides preliminary evidence for the Mental Health through Sport model, though further experimental and longitudinal evidence is needed to establish the mechanisms responsible for sports effect on mental health and moderators of intervention effects. Additional qualitative work is also required to gain a better understanding of the relationship between specific elements of the sporting environment and mental health and social outcomes in adult participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narelle Eather
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
- College of Human and Social Futures, School of Education, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia.
| | - Levi Wade
- Centre for Active Living and Learning, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
- College of Health, Medicine, and Wellbeing, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Aurélie Pankowiak
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Ballarat Road, Footscray, VIC, 3011, Australia
| | - Rochelle Eime
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Ballarat Road, Footscray, VIC, 3011, Australia
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University Australia, University Drive, Mount Helen, VIC, 3350, Australia
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Eime R, Westerbeek H, Pill S, Reece L. Sport4Me: A people focused approach to engaging Australians in sport. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 4:1087182. [PMID: 36685060 PMCID: PMC9852985 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.1087182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The traditional model of community club-based sport is fine for those, particularly children and youth, who enjoy the competitive focus and have the skills and commitment to play. But societal preferences during leisure time have changed dramatically over recent decades. However, sport organisations have made limited progress in response to these changes in providing ways in which children and youth can participate outside the traditional competitive structures and environments. In this paper the context of community club-based structures is reviewed leading into an assessment of the associated impact of these structures on sport participation. Children and youth's current motivations to play sport including what makes sport fun to play, are considered. It is then demonstrated that the associations between motivations to play sport and the factors that contribute to fun and enjoyment, are often misaligned for many individuals, with a primary focus on competition-based structures to deliver community club sport. In the final part of the paper a model for community sport organisations where people are put first is proposed - Sport4Me. Sport4Me is about flexible, inclusive, equitable sporting opportunities that focus on friends, fun, physical literacy and play. The model would complement the traditional competitive club-based model and afford participants more choice whilst fostering an environment that promotes lifelong involvement in sport. This model will require structural and cultural changes to the sporting environment and include coaching practices. Sport4Me is an evidence-based model, but it is not radical in its conceptualisation but rather, builds on previously proposed approaches, considers the needs and wants of potential sport participants and widens the scope of sport delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle Eime
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Victoria, VIC, Australia,PhysicalActivity and Sport Insights, Research and Innovation, Federation University, Victoria, VIC, Australia,Correspondence: Rochelle Eime
| | - Hans Westerbeek
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Victoria, VIC, Australia
| | - Shane Pill
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lindsey Reece
- SPRINTER, Prevention Research Collaboration, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Modena R, Bisagno E, Schena F, Carazzato S, Vitali F. How Do Elite Female Athletes Cope with Symptoms of Their Premenstrual Period? A Study on Rugby Union and Football Players' Perceived Physical Ability and Well-Being. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11168. [PMID: 36141440 PMCID: PMC9517454 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191811168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Women's participation in sports has recently grown worldwide, including in sports typically associated with men (e.g., rugby and football). Similarly, literature on female athletes has increased, but how they cope with premenstrual (PM) physical and affective symptoms remains a poorly studied topic. Our study aimed to explain which coping strategies elite female rugby and football players use during their PM period to maintain perceived physical ability (PPA) and well-being. A mediation model analysis considering coping strategies (i.e., avoiding harm, awareness and acceptance, adjusting energy, self-care, and communicating) as independent variables, PPA and well-being as dependent variables, and PM physical and affective symptoms and PM cognitive resources as mediators was run on the data collected via an anonymous online survey. A dysfunctional impact of avoiding harm (indirect) and adjusting energy (both direct and indirect) and a functional indirect influence of awareness and acceptance, self-care, and communicating as coping strategies were found on PPA and well-being during the PM period. As predicted, PM physical and affective symptoms as mediators reduced PPA and well-being, while PM cognitive resources enhanced them. These results may inform practitioners on how to support elite female athletes' PPA and well-being by knowing and reinforcing the most functional PM coping strategies for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Modena
- CeRiSM Research Center Sport Mountain and Health, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Social Care, Molde University College, 6410 Molde, Norway
| | - Elisa Bisagno
- Department of Law, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 42121 Modena, Italy
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37131 Verona, Italy
| | - Simone Carazzato
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37131 Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Vitali
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Movement Sciences, University of Verona, 37131 Verona, Italy
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Gallant F, Murray RM, Sabiston CM, Bélanger M. Description of sport participation profiles and transitions across profiles during adolescence. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:1824-1836. [PMID: 36049044 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2115223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Few studies describe sport participation profiles in the general population using multiple characteristics. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify sport participation profiles during adolescence and to describe transitions across profiles from grades 5 to 12 (age 10 to 18 years). We used data from 916 participants (55% girls; age 10-12 years at inception) of the Monitoring Activities of Teenagers to Comprehend their Habits (MATCH) study. Participants self-reported involvement in 36 organized and unorganized physical activities three times/year from grades 5 to 12 (24 data collection cycles; 2011-2018). At each school grade, we derived four categorical variables of sport involvement: number of organized sports, number of unorganized activities, weekly sessions, and number of year-round activities. To identify sport participation profiles, we used latent class analysis at each grade. To characterize transitions between sport participation profiles across grades, we used latent transition analysis. Five distinct sport participation profiles emerged: "non-participants", "unorganized activities only", "single-sport low frequency", "single sport high frequency", and "multi-sport". Only "multi-sport" participants were unlikely to be classified as "non-participants" over time. Encouraging multi-sport participation might help protect against later non-participation. This study helps identify important times to intervene for improving physical activity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Gallant
- Départment de médecine de famille et médecine d'urgence, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Centre de formation medicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, Moncton, NB, Canada
| | - Ross M Murray
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Catherine M Sabiston
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mathieu Bélanger
- Départment de médecine de famille et médecine d'urgence, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.,Centre de formation medicale du Nouveau-Brunswick, Moncton, NB, Canada.,Vitalité Health Network, Moncton, NB, Canada
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Eime R, Harvey J, Charity M, Elliott S, Drummond M, Pankowiak A, Westerbeek H. The impact of COVID-19 restrictions on perceived health and wellbeing of adult Australian sport and physical activity participants. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:848. [PMID: 35484616 PMCID: PMC9046706 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13195-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals’ access to sport and physical activity has been hampered due to COVID-19 lockdown restrictions. In Australia participation in community sport was cancelled during lockdowns. There is limited research on the impact of sport participation restrictions on the health and wellbeing of adults. Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the perceived health and wellbeing of a sample of predominantly active Australian adults, both during COVID-19 and in comparison with one year earlier (pre COVID-19). Methods A survey was conducted during the first COVID-19 restrictions and lockdowns in Australia in May–June 2020. It was distributed by national and state sporting organisations and through researchers’ social media accounts. This particular paper focuses on adults aged 18–59 years. The survey collected information on participant demographics, the sport and physical activity patterns pre- COVID-19, and health and wellbeing outcomes during COVID-19 lockdown and compared to one year earlier. The health measures were cross-tabulated against the demographic and sport and physical activity variables, and group profiles compared with chi-square tests. Scales were derived from three wellbeing questions, and group differences were analysed by t-tests and F-tests. Results The survey sample included 1279 men and 868 women aged 18–59 years. Most (67%) resided in metropolitan cities. The great majority (83%) were sport participants. During COVID-19 lockdown men were significantly more likely than women to report worse or much worse general (p = 0.014), physical (p = 0.015) and mental health (p = 0.038) and lower life satisfaction (p = 0.016). The inactive adults were significantly more likely to report poorer general health (p = 0.001) and physical health (p = 0.001) compared to active adults. The younger age cohort (18–29 years) were significantly more likely to report poorer general wellbeing (p < 0.001), and lower life satisfaction (p < 0.001) compared to the older age groups. Conclusion It seems that the absence of playing competitive sport and training with friends, teams and within clubs has severely impacted males and younger adults in particular. Sports clubs provide an important setting for individuals’ health and wellbeing which is why clubs require the capacity to deliver sport and individuals may need to regain the motivation to return.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Eime
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University, Ballarat, Australia. .,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Australia.
| | - J Harvey
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University, Ballarat, Australia.,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Australia
| | - M Charity
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University, Ballarat, Australia
| | - S Elliott
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - M Drummond
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - A Pankowiak
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Australia
| | - H Westerbeek
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Footscray, Australia
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10
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Eime R, Harvey J, Charity M, Pankowiak A, Westerbeek H. The impact of COVID-19 restrictions on Australians' frequency and duration of participation in different types of sport and physical activity. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:42. [PMID: 35313960 PMCID: PMC8935269 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00435-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sports management and public health physical activity stakeholders need to understand changing patterns of participation to inform the development of sport and physical activity opportunities and strategies. This study investigated changes in the frequency and duration of participation in sport and physical activity in Australia from pre-COVID-19 to during-COVID-19, broken down by the specific type of activity and by gender, age and region. METHODS During the first pandemic restrictions and lockdowns in Australia in May-June 2020, 6140 survey respondents provided information about the types, frequency and duration of the sport and physical activity they participated in prior to and during COVID-19 restrictions. Differences between mean values were analyzed. RESULTS The greatest decline in participation during COVID-19 was in team sports, and the decline was greater for men than for women. CONCLUSION How will sport respond to getting these men back in the game, and women back from home-based yoga and Pilates?
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle Eime
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University, Ballarat, Australia.
| | - Jack Harvey
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University, Ballarat, Australia
| | - Melanie Charity
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University, Ballarat, Australia
| | - Aurelie Pankowiak
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hans Westerbeek
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
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Drummond M, Drummond C, Elliott S, Prichard I, Pennesi JL, Lewis LK, Bailey C, Bevan N. Girls and Young Women in Community Sport: A South Australian Perspective. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 3:803487. [PMID: 35098122 PMCID: PMC8795084 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.803487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Girls' and young women's engagement and disengagement in physical activity has been well documented in Western culture. Sport plays a pivotal role in the development of behaviours that promote physical activity, particularly through commitment to team and individual goal attainment, socialisation, and feelings of belonging and self-identity. Community sport in Australia is the dominant pathway into state, national, and elite international competition. The importance of community sport in the lives of girls and young women cannot be overstated, irrespective of individual long-term sporting goals. Indeed, the dropout rate of girls in sports, like many other western cultures is significant and is certainly disproportionate to the numbers of boys who drop out. The present study aims to examine the intrapersonal, interpersonal, and environmental influences on community sporting pathways for girls and young women. Using a mixed-methods design, we include survey data from 2,189 high-school students (aged 12–18 years) and focus group and individual interview data from a subset of 37 high-school students, parents, and teachers, across metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia. The study included an examination of sporting practises and insights of male sport participants from the same age groups to juxtapose the findings and provide a more comprehensive understanding of girls' and young women's community sporting involvement. Parents and teachers were also included within the participant cohort to provide a comprehensive perspective. The results highlight the challenges that girls face with respect to engagement and disengagement in sport and particular points throughout their adolescent years. Recommendations are provided to help mitigate potential attrition of girls in sport in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray Drummond
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Murray Drummond
| | - Claire Drummond
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sam Elliott
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ivanka Prichard
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jamie-Lee Pennesi
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States
| | - Lucy K. Lewis
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Christopher Bailey
- College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, SHAPE Research Centre, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Nadia Bevan
- Faculty of Arts, School of Social Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VI, Australia
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Eime R, Charity M, Harvey J, Westerbeek H. Five-Year Changes in Community-Level Sport Participation, and the Role of Gender Strategies. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:710666. [PMID: 34712951 PMCID: PMC8547161 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.710666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The rate of participation in community-based sport by boys and men has been double that of girls and women. Contributing to this is the fact that some sports have been traditionally male-only or at least very male-dominated. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate changes in participation in sport by sex and age across 10 major sports in Australia over a 5-year period. In conjunction with the analysis of participation trends, the gender strategies that were developed and implemented during this time are reviewed. Methods: This study encompassed all sport participants registered with one of 10 State Sporting Associations in Victoria, Australia in 2015 and in 2019. Participation rates by region, age and sex were calculated. State sport and health policies relating to female participation in sport were reviewed. Results: There were 749,037 registrations in 2015 and 868,266 in 2019. A comparison between 2015 and 2019 shows increases in participation for women and girls across all age groups (4–84 years), and highest increases for those aged 4 (6.6%) and 5–9 (4.7%). For boys there was a considerable decrease in participation for those aged 5–9 years (−3.8%). Discussion: This study provides evidence that whilst participation in sport is still dominated by males, the gap might be gradually closing and this is in line with recent strategies and investments into sport and wider cultural developments in society. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle Eime
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University, Ballarat, VIC, Australia.,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Melanie Charity
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University, Ballarat, VIC, Australia.,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jack Harvey
- School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University, Ballarat, VIC, Australia.,Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Hans Westerbeek
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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13
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Traditional Lègong Dance Training Is Superior to Moderate Aerobic Training on Physical Fitness Improvement Among Young Girls. J Phys Act Health 2021; 18:826-831. [PMID: 34039773 DOI: 10.1123/jpah.2020-0816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Légong dance is a famous Balinese dance with a dynamic movement. It potentially becomes an exercise of choice to improve young girls' physical fitness. This study aimed to evaluate légong dance training's effect on physical fitness compared with aerobic training. METHODS Forty young girls were randomly assigned to the aerobic training (AG) and lègong dance (DG) group and trained with jogging and lègong dancing at moderate-intensity aerobic training. Each was carried out for 30 minutes, 3 times a week, for 6 weeks. RESULT Aerobic capacity (estimated maximal oxygen consumption) improved significantly in AG and DG, with a mean difference and Cohen d effect size of 0.36 mL/kg/min and 0.68. The back- and leg-muscle strength increased significantly in DG and AG, with a mean difference of 5.55 kg and 6.67 kg, and an effect size of 0.69 and 0.77. Balance improved significantly in DG and AG, with a mean difference of 21.26 seconds and an effect size of 1.05. All significant values are reported at P < .05. There were no significant improvements in arm muscle strength, body fat percentage, and flexibility in either group (P > .05). CONCLUSION Lègong dance training results in significant physical fitness improvement and better results than aerobic training.
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14
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Westerbeek H, Eime R. The Physical Activity and Sport Participation Framework-A Policy Model Toward Being Physically Active Across the Lifespan. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:608593. [PMID: 34027402 PMCID: PMC8138121 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.608593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The changing social and policy context in which sport is produced, delivered, and consumed is considered as a foundation for proposing a new integrated framework that incorporates participation in sport with participation in leisure-time physical activity (PA) more broadly. In order to position sport in the broader context of leisure-time PA, the concept of physical literacy is reviewed and integrated into the theoretical foundations of a new lifespan framework. It is argued that historically, sport policy largely focused on competitive club-based sport and elite performance and that in line with this, talent development pathway models were developed and implemented. However, with increasing physical inactivity globally, these models do not apply to the general population. This is why we propose a population-based "whole of sport ecosystem" lifespan model-the Physical Activity and Sport Participation (PASP) framework. We conclude that this framework may serve as a holistic policy and implementation guide for all in the sport ecosystem. This includes governmental PA and sport policy makers, sport governing bodies and clubs, and the ever-increasing range of private PA and sport providers and also health agencies. In recognition of the changing patterns of participation in PA and sport across the lifespan, the PASP framework can contribute to coordinated and integrated PA and sport policy development, which, in turn, can lead to strategies that tackle the global physical inactivity crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Westerbeek
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Rochelle Eime
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University, Ballarat, VIC, Australia
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