1
|
Liu YR, Wang JQ, Fang L, Xia Q. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Roles of Extracellular Vesicles and Their Enwrapped ncRNAs in Rheumatoid Arthritis. J Inflamm Res 2024; 17:5475-5494. [PMID: 39165320 PMCID: PMC11334919 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s469032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory disease whose precise pathogenesis remains mysterious. The involvement of epigenetic regulation in the pathogenesis of RA is one of the most anticipated findings, among which non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) hold great application promise as diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers for RA. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of nano-sized, membrane-enclosed vesicles that mediate intercellular communication and substance exchange, especially the transfer of ncRNAs from donor cells, thereby regulating the functional activities and biological processes of recipient cells. In light of the significant correlation between EVs, ncRNAs, and RA, we first documented expression levels of EVs and their-encapsulated ncRNAs in RA individuals, and methodically discussed their-implicated signaling pathways and phenotypic changes. The last but not least, we paied special attention to the therapeutic benefits of gene therapy reagents specifically imitating or silencing candidate ncRNAs with exosomes as carriers on RA animal models, and briefly highlighted their clinical application advantage and foreground. In conclusion, the present review may be conducive to a deeper comprehension of the diagnostic and therapeutic roles of EVs-enwrapped ncRNAs in RA, with special emphasis on exosomal ncRNAs, which may offer hints for the monitoring and treatment of RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-ru Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People’s Republic of China
- The Grade 3 Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie-Quan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230000, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Fourth People’s Hospital, Hefei, 230000, People’s Republic of China
- Psychopharmacology Research Laboratory, Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, 230000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Fang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People’s Republic of China
- The Grade 3 Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Quan Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, People’s Republic of China
- The Grade 3 Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230022, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sadeghi M, Mohammadi M, Tavakol Afshari J, Iranparast S, Ansari B, Dehnavi S. Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes for allergic airway inflammation. Cell Immunol 2024; 397-398:104813. [PMID: 38364454 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2024.104813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Due to their immunomodulatory capacities, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been extensively used as therapeutic approaches in cell-based therapy for various inflammatory diseases. Several lines of studies have shown that the most beneficial effects of MSCs are associated with MSC-derived exosomes. Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles that contain important biomolecules such as RNA, microRNAs (miRNAs), DNA, growth factors, enzymes, chemokines, and cytokines that regulate immune cell functions and parenchymal cell survival. Recently, exosomes, especially MSC-derived exosomes, have been shown to have protective effects in allergic airway inflammation. This review focused on the immune-regulatory potential of MSC-derived exosomes as nanoscale delivery systems in the treatment of allergic airway inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahvash Sadeghi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran; Student Research Committee, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mojgan Mohammadi
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Jalil Tavakol Afshari
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sara Iranparast
- Immunology Research Center, Institute of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahareh Ansari
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sajad Dehnavi
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Miron RJ, Zhang Y. Understanding exosomes: Part 1-Characterization, quantification and isolation techniques. Periodontol 2000 2024; 94:231-256. [PMID: 37740431 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are the smallest subset of extracellular signaling vesicles secreted by most cells with a diameter in the range of 30-150 nm. Their use has gained great momentum recently due to their ability to be utilized as diagnostic tools with a vast array of therapeutic applications. Over 5000 publications are currently being published yearly on this topic, and this number is only expected to dramatically increase as novel therapeutic strategies continue to be investigated. This review article first focuses on understanding exosomes, including their cellular origin, biogenesis, function, and characterization. Thereafter, overviews of the quantification methods and isolation techniques are given with discussion over their potential use as novel therapeutics in regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Miron
- Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Department of Oral Implantology, University of Wuhan, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Margiana R. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in preeclampsia: A next-generation therapeutic tool. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e3908. [PMID: 38269498 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE) is a major gestational disorder that causes both long- and short-term damage to both the mother and the fetus. Endometrium decidualization and the formation of the placenta are orchestrated by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MSCs obtained from patients with PE exhibit an elevated rate of aging and apoptosis, which impairs the interplay between MSCs and endothelium, trophoblast, and immune cells in the placenta, accelerating the onset of PE. Preclinical and clinical evidence imply that the MSC-based therapy approach for PE is prospective. Importantly, as a novel cell-free approach, MSC-derived exosomes can improve symptoms and maternal-fetal survival in PE models by raising cell metabolism, encouraging angiogenesis balance, and regulating immune responses. Even following allogeneic administration, the likelihood of immune rejection is very limited as a result of the small quantity of exosome membrane-bound proteins. Furthermore, because exosomes do not expand, developing tumors is not probable. As a result, MSC-derived exosomes show superiority over MSCs in terms of safety. For the first time, we outline the properties of MSC-exosomes and highlight their functions and potential as a new paradigm for PE therapy in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ria Margiana
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Master's Programme Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Andrology Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
- Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang H, Huang J, Alahdal M. Exosomes loaded with chondrogenic stimuli agents combined with 3D bioprinting hydrogel in the treatment of osteoarthritis and cartilage degeneration. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 168:115715. [PMID: 37857246 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a challenging joint inflammatory disease that often leads to disability. Immunoregulatory Exosomes (Exos) have shown promise in OA and cartilage degeneration treatment. Engineering Exos to deliver therapeutic agents like Kartogenin (KGN) has displayed potential for restoring cartilage regeneration. However, challenges include the uneven distribution of Exos at the injury site and the release of Exos cargo out of chondrocytes. Hydrogel-loaded uMSC-Exo has demonstrated significant therapeutic effects in wound healing and tissue regeneration. Recently, a new version of three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting of hydrogel significantly restored cartilage regeneration in OA joints. Combining immune regulatory Exos with 3D bioprinting hydrogel (3D-BPH-Exos) holds the potential for immunomodulating cartilage tissue and treatment of OA. It can reduce intracellular inflammasome formation and the release of inflammatory agents like IL-1β, TNF-α, and INF-γ, while also preventing chondrocyte apoptosis by restoring mitochondrial functions and enhancing chondrogenesis in synovial MSCs, osteoprogenitor cells, and osteoclasts. Loading Exos with chondrogenic stimuli agents in the 3D-BPH-Exos approach may offer a faster and safer strategy for cartilage repair while better inhibiting joint inflammation than high doses of anti-inflammatory drugs and cell-based therapies. This review provides a comprehensive overview of hydrogel bioprinting and exosome-based therapy in OA. It emphasizes the potential of 3D-BPH-Exos loaded with chondrogenic stimuli agents for OA treatment, serving as a basis for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Laboratory of Digital Orthopedic Engineering, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University, Health Science Center), Shenzhen 518035, China; Department of Orthopedics, Shangrao People's Hospital, Shangrao, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jianghong Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Laboratory of Digital Orthopedic Engineering, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University, Health Science Center), Shenzhen 518035, China.
| | - Murad Alahdal
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering, Shenzhen Laboratory of Digital Orthopedic Engineering, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital (The First Hospital Affiliated to Shenzhen University, Health Science Center), Shenzhen 518035, China; Johns Hopkins All Children's Hospital, 600 5th St. South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang H, Zang C, Zhao W, Zhang L, Liu R, Feng Z, Wu J, Cui R. Exosome Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells Alleviates Hypertrophic Scar by Inhibiting the Fibroblasts via TNFSF-13/HSPG2 Signaling Pathway. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:7047-7063. [PMID: 38046235 PMCID: PMC10693282 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s433510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-exo) have been shown to have significant potential in wound healing and scar relief processes. According to reports, TNFSF13 and HSPG2 are associated with various fibrotic diseases. The aim of this study is to investigate how TNFSF13 and HSPG2 affect the formation of hypertrophic scar (HS) and the mechanism by which exosomes regulate HS. Methods Immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR, Western blot, and immunofluorescence were performed to measure TNFSF13 expression in HS skin tissues and hypertrophic scar fibroblast (HSF). HSF were treated with recombinant TNFSF13 protein and TNFSF13 siRNAs to probe the effect of TNFSF13 on the activity of HSF. The CCK-8, EdU, Transwell, and Western blot were used to investigate the role of TNFSF13 in viability, proliferation and inflammation. The influence of MSC-exo on the proliferation and function of HSF was determined by scratch and Western blot. Results TNFSF13 was dramatically up-regulated in HS skin tissues and HSF. Recombinant TNFSF13 protein increased cell viability, proliferation, migration, fibrosis, inflammation, and the binding between TNFSF13 and HSPG2 of HSF. The opposite results were obtained in TNFSF13 siRNAs transferred HSF. Furthermore, TNFSF13 activated the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Silencing of HSPG2 and inhibition of NF-κB remarkably eliminated the promoting effects of TNFSF13 on cell viability, proliferation, migration, fibrosis and inflammation of HSF. MSC-exo reduced α-SMA and COL1A1 inhibited the proliferation and migration of HSF by inhibiting TNFSF13 and HSPG2. Conclusion TNFSF13 activates NF-κB signaling pathway by interacting with HSPG2, which regulates the proliferation, migration, fibrosis and inflammatory response of HSF. Through the above mechanisms, knocking out TNFSF13 can inhibit the proliferation, migration, fibrosis and inflammatory response of HSF, whereas MSC-exo could reverse this process. These results suggest that MSC-exo alleviates HS by inhibiting the fibroblasts via TNFSF-13/HSPG2 signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengyu Zang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Zhao
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linfeng Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhang Feng
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rongtao Cui
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
- Medical Science and Technology Innovation Center, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yuan YG, Wang JL, Zhang YX, Li L, Reza AMMT, Gurunathan S. Biogenesis, Composition and Potential Therapeutic Applications of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived Exosomes in Various Diseases. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:3177-3210. [PMID: 37337578 PMCID: PMC10276992 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s407029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles with a wide range of chemical compositions used in many different applications. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSCs-EXOs) are spherical vesicles that have been shown to mediate tissue regeneration in a variety of diseases, including neurological, autoimmune and inflammatory, cancer, ischemic heart disease, lung injury, and liver fibrosis. They can modulate the immune response by interacting with immune effector cells due to the presence of anti-inflammatory compounds and are involved in intercellular communication through various types of cargo. MSCs-EXOs exhibit cytokine storm-mitigating properties in response to COVID-19. This review discussed the potential function of MSCs-EXOs in a variety of diseases including neurological, notably epileptic encephalopathy and Parkinson's disease, cancer, angiogenesis, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. We provided an overview of exosome biogenesis and factors that regulate exosome biogenesis. Additionally, we highlight the functions and potential use of MSCs-EXOs in the treatment of the inflammatory disease COVID-19. Finally, we covered a strategies and challenges of MSCs-EXOs. Finally, we discuss conclusion and future perspectives of MSCs-EXOs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Guo Yuan
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Lin Wang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya-Xin Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Abu Musa Md Talimur Reza
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, Türkiye
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Exploring the role of exosomes in rheumatoid arthritis. Inflammopharmacology 2023; 31:119-128. [PMID: 36414831 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01100-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In prosperous countries, autoimmune illnesses affect minimum 7% of the community. Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) as an autoimmune illness is thought to be induced through a variety of genomic, physiological, and biological factors. Many experts in the field of nanomedicine have looked to stem cells as a viable strategy to repair human tissue; however, exosomes have demonstrated greater potential in recent years. Exosomes, produced from stem cells in particular, have exhibited a high propensity to give therapeutic effects. To resist local cellular stress, they are secreted in a paracrine manner from cells. As a result, exosomes produced from stem cells can provide enormous health uses. If treatment is not given, autoantibodies produce synovial inflammation and arthritis, which can lead to chronic inflammation, and impairment. Exosomes could be administered for the treatment of RA, by acting as therapeutic vectors. Exosomes are murine extracellular vesicles that influence biological mechanisms and signal transduction by transporting genetic and protein components. Diseases like RA and bone fractures could be treated using cell-free therapeutic strategies if exosomes could be isolated from stem cells efficiently and packaged with specific restorative substances. To get to this position, many breakthroughs must be achieved, and the following review summarises the most recent developments in stem cell-derived exosomes, with a focus on the important literature on exosome dynamics in RA.
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu WS, Liu Y, Gao J, Zheng H, Lu ZM, Li M. Biomembrane-Based Nanostructure- and Microstructure-Loaded Hydrogels for Promoting Chronic Wound Healing. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:385-411. [PMID: 36703725 PMCID: PMC9871051 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s387382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex and dynamic process, and metabolic disturbances in the microenvironment of chronic wounds and the severe symptoms they cause remain major challenges to be addressed. The inherent properties of hydrogels make them promising wound dressings. In addition, biomembrane-based nanostructures and microstructures (such as liposomes, exosomes, membrane-coated nanostructures, bacteria and algae) have significant advantages in the promotion of wound healing, including special biological activities, flexible drug loading and targeting. Therefore, biomembrane-based nanostructure- and microstructure-loaded hydrogels can compensate for their respective disadvantages and combine the advantages of both to significantly promote chronic wound healing. In this review, we outline the loading strategies, mechanisms of action and applications of different types of biomembrane-based nanostructure- and microstructure-loaded hydrogels in chronic wound healing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Shang Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Gao
- Changhai Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Mao Lu
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,Zheng-Mao Lu, Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China, Tel +086-13651688596, Fax +086-021-31161589, Email
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Meng Li, Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China, Tel +086-15000879978, Fax +086-021-23271699, Email
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu F, Sun T, An Y, Ming L, Li Y, Zhou Z, Shang F. The potential therapeutic role of extracellular vesicles in critical-size bone defects: Spring of cell-free regenerative medicine is coming. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1050916. [PMID: 36733961 PMCID: PMC9887316 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1050916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the incidence of critical-size bone defects has significantly increased. Critical-size bone defects seriously affect patients' motor functions and quality of life and increase the need for additional clinical treatments. Bone tissue engineering (BTE) has made great progress in repairing critical-size bone defects. As one of the main components of bone tissue engineering, stem cell-based therapy is considered a potential effective strategy to regenerate bone tissues. However, there are some disadvantages including phenotypic changes, immune rejection, potential tumorigenicity, low homing efficiency and cell survival rate that restrict its wider clinical applications. Evidence has shown that the positive biological effects of stem cells on tissue repair are largely mediated through paracrine action by nanostructured extracellular vesicles (EVs), which may overcome the limitations of traditional stem cell-based treatments. In addition to stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles, the potential therapeutic roles of nonstem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in critical-size bone defect repair have also attracted attention from scholars in recent years. Currently, the development of extracellular vesicles-mediated cell-free regenerative medicine is still in the preliminary stage, and the specific mechanisms remain elusive. Herein, the authors first review the research progress and possible mechanisms of extracellular vesicles combined with bone tissue engineering scaffolds to promote bone regeneration via bioactive molecules. Engineering modified extracellular vesicles is an emerging component of bone tissue engineering and its main progression and clinical applications will be discussed. Finally, future perspectives and challenges of developing extracellular vesicle-based regenerative medicine will be given. This review may provide a theoretical basis for the future development of extracellular vesicle-based biomedicine and provide clinical references for promoting the repair of critical-size bone defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fen Liu
- Department of Periodontology, Shenzhen Stomatological Hospital (Pingshan), Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Tianyu Sun
- Department of Periodontology, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying An
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture and Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Leiguo Ming
- Department of Research and Development, Shaanxi Zhonghong Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yinghui Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zhifei Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Tibetan Military Command, Lhasa, Tibet, China,*Correspondence: Fengqing Shang, ; Zhifei Zhou,
| | - Fengqing Shang
- Department of Stomatology, Air Force Medical Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Fengqing Shang, ; Zhifei Zhou,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Alcaraz MJ, Guillén MI. Cellular and Molecular Targets of Extracellular Vesicles from Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Stem Cells Transl Med 2022; 11:1177-1185. [PMID: 36318277 PMCID: PMC9801303 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szac075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease that causes progressive joint destruction. Despite the advances in the treatment of this condition there remains a clinical need for safe therapies leading to clinical remission. Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) play immunomodulatory and regenerative roles which can be partly mediated by their secretome. In recent years, the important contribution of extracellular vesicles (EVs) to MSC actions has received an increasing interest as a new therapeutic approach. We provide an extensive overview of the immunomodulatory properties of MSC EVs and their effects on articular cells such as fibroblast-like synoviocytes that play a central role in joint destruction. This review discusses the anti-arthritic effects of MSC EVs in vitro and in animal models of RA as well as their potential mechanisms. Recent preclinical data suggest that transfer of non-coding RNAs by MSC EVs regulates key signaling pathways involved in the pathogenesis of RA. We also examine a number of EV modifications for improving their anti-arthritic efficacy and carrier ability for drug delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María José Alcaraz
- Corresponding author: María José Alcaraz, PhD, Interuniversity Research Institute for Molecular Recognition and Technological Development (IDM), University of Valencia, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain. E-mail:
| | - María Isabel Guillén
- Interuniversity Research Institute for Molecular Recognition and Technological Development (IDM), University of Valencia, Polytechnic University of Valencia, Av. Vicent A. Estellés s/n, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, Alfara del Patriarca, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
MSC-EV therapy for bone/cartilage diseases. Bone Rep 2022; 17:101636. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2022.101636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
13
|
Calderazzo S, Covert M, Alba DD, Bowley BE, Pessina MA, Rosene DL, Buller B, Medalla M, Moore TL. Neural recovery after cortical injury: Effects of MSC derived extracellular vesicles on motor circuit remodeling in rhesus monkeys. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2022; 13:243-254. [PMID: 36590089 PMCID: PMC9795302 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Reorganization of motor circuits in the cortex and corticospinal tract are thought to underlie functional recovery after cortical injury, but the mechanisms of neural plasticity that could be therapeutic targets remain unclear. Recent work from our group have shown that systemic treatment with mesenchymal stem cell derived (MSCd) extracellular vesicles (EVs) administered after cortical damage to the primary motor cortex (M1) of rhesus monkeys resulted in a robust recovery of fine motor function and reduced chronic inflammation. Here, we used immunohistochemistry for cfos, an activity-dependent intermediate early gene, to label task-related neurons in the surviving primary motor and premotor cortices, and markers of axonal and synaptic plasticity in the spinal cord. Compared to vehicle, EV treatment was associated with a greater density of cfos+ pyramidal neurons in the deep layers of M1, greater density of cfos+ inhibitory interneurons in premotor areas, and lower density of synapses on MAP2+ lower motor neurons in the cervical spinal cord. These data suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of EVs may reduce injury-related upper motor neuron damage and hyperexcitability, as well as aberrant compensatory re-organization in the cervical spinal cord to improve motor function.
Collapse
Key Words
- CB, Calbindin
- CR, Calretinin
- CSC, Cervical Spinal Cord
- Circuit Remodeling
- Cortical Injury
- DH, Dorsal Horn
- EVs, Extracellular Vesicles
- Extracellular Vesicles
- Ischemia
- LCST, Lateral Corticospinal Tract
- M1, Primary Motor Cortex
- MAP2, Microtubule Associated Protein 2
- MSCd, Mesenchymal Stem Cell derived
- Motor Cortex
- NHP, Non-Human Primate
- PV, Parvalbumin
- Plasticity
- ROS, Reactive Oxygen Species
- SYN, Synaptophysin
- Stem Cell-Based Treatments
- VH, Ventral Horn
- dPMC, dorsal Premotor Cortex
- miRNA, Micro RNA
- periM1, Perilesional Primary Motor Cortex
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Douglas L. Rosene
- Anatomy and Neurobiology Dept, BUSM, USA,Center for Systems Neuroscience, BU, USA
| | | | - Maria Medalla
- Anatomy and Neurobiology Dept, BUSM, USA,Center for Systems Neuroscience, BU, USA
| | - Tara L. Moore
- Anatomy and Neurobiology Dept, BUSM, USA,Center for Systems Neuroscience, BU, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yu H, Huang Y, Yang L. Research progress in the use of mesenchymal stem cells and their derived exosomes in the treatment of osteoarthritis. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 80:101684. [PMID: 35809775 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), as a common orthopedic disease with cartilage injury as its main pathological feature, has a complex pathogenesis and existing medical technology remains unable to reverse the progress of cartilage degeneration caused thereby. In recent years, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their secreted exosomes have become a focus of research into cartilage regeneration. MSCs have the potential to differentiate into a variety of cells. Under specific conditions, they can be promoted to differentiate into chondrocytes and maintain the function and stability of chondrocytes. Exosomes secreted by MSCs, as an intercellular messenger, can treat OA in a variety of ways through bioactive factors carried therewith, such as protein, lipid, mRNA, and miRNA. This study reviewed the application of MSCs and their exosomes from different sources in the prevention of OA, which provides a new idea for the treatment of OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Yu
- Departments of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Yuling Huang
- Departments of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| | - Lina Yang
- Departments of Geriatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Vafaei S, Mansoori M, hashemi F, Basiri M. Exosome Odyssey to Original Line in Dental Regeneration. J Oral Biosci 2022; 64:271-278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
16
|
Safari B, Aghazadeh M, Davaran S, Roshangar L. Exosome-loaded hydrogels: a new cell-free therapeutic approach for skin regeneration. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 171:50-59. [PMID: 34793943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of unhealable and chronic cutaneous wounds is a significant challenge for the healthcare system. Hence, there has been heightened interest in the development of innovative therapeutic approaches for the acceleration of wound healing. Regenerative medicine based on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has shown appropriate potential in skin repair. The regenerative properties of stem cells are mainly attributed to paracrine effects of secreted products, including exosomes. There are advantages to using exosomes as a cell-free approach instead of direct application of stem cells. Exosomes have nanoscale dimension and are immune-tolerant, Exosomes have the nanoscale dimension and are immune-tolerant. They can easily endocytose, and transfer the cargo content to recipient cells. They contribute to the regulation of the wound healing process by activating specific signaling pathways. To preserve exosome bioactivity and controlled release of effective concentration during prolonged wound care, the design of an optimized delivery system is necessary. Accordingly, hydrogels with their unique properties are promising candidates as exosome delivery and wound management products. This article investigates the characteristics of exosomes, their molecular mechanism in wound healing, and the advantages of the hydrogel delivery system. Also, published reports on the potential of exosome-loaded hydrogels in skin regeneration have been reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Banafsheh Safari
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Aghazadeh
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Soodabeh Davaran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Leila Roshangar
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Shen Z, Huang W, Liu J, Tian J, Wang S, Rui K. Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes on Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:749192. [PMID: 34646275 PMCID: PMC8503317 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.749192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent years, the immunosuppressive properties of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been demonstrated in preclinical studies and trials of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Emerging evidence indicates that the immunomodulatory effect of MSCs is primarily attributed to the paracrine pathway. As one of the key paracrine effectors, mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-EXOs) are small vesicles 30-200 nm in diameter that play an important role in cell-to-cell communication by carrying bioactive substances from parental cells. Recent studies support the finding that MSC-EXOs have an obvious inhibitory effect toward different effector cells involved in the innate and adaptive immune response. Moreover, substantial progress has been made in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), type-1 diabetes (T1DM), uveitis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). MSC-EXOs are capable of reproducing MSC function and overcoming the limitations of traditional cell therapy. Therefore, using MSC-EXOs instead of MSCs to treat autoimmune diseases appears to be a promising cell-free treatment strategy. In this review, we review the current understanding of MSC-EXOs and discuss the regulatory role of MSC-EXOs on immune cells and its potential application in autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shengjun Wang
- Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ke Rui
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Department of Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Jiang P, Mao L, Qiao L, Lei X, Zheng Q, Li D. Efficacy and safety of mesenchymal stem cell injections for patients with osteoarthritis: a meta-analysis and review of RCTs. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2021; 141:1241-1251. [PMID: 33507375 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-020-03703-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteoarthritis (OA), which has a high incidence in the elderly, brings a huge economic burden to society. MSCs (Mesenchymal Stem Cells) have shown great multidirectional differentiation potential which are expected to treat OA, and numerous clinical trials have been conducted. However, the efficacy and safety of the MSCs still need to be further integrated and analyzed. MATERIALS AND METHODS We searched several databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Ovid, and ScienceDirect) for assessing eligible trials that randomized controlled trials, hyaluronic acid as control, and MSCs injection to treat OA. Vitro studies and animal studies were excluded. Search terms were: "cartilage," "clinical trial," "mesenchymal," "stromal" and "stem cell", "osteoarthritis". The preliminary guidelines and study protocol were published online at PROSPERO. RESULTS Many assessment scales could not be improved significantly after 6 months. However, most of the scales were significantly improved after 12 months, indicating that compared with hyaluronic acid, stem cells could relieve OA symptoms significantly. No serious adverse effect was found. CONCLUSION There are significant therapeutic effects on joint function, symptoms, and no permanent adverse effect has been found after stem cell treatment. It is promising to apply intro-articular injection of stem cells for OA to clinical application. More researches are needed to supplement present deficiencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Jiang
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, No.438, Jiefang road, Zhenjiang, 212000, China
| | - Lianghao Mao
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, No.438, Jiefang road, Zhenjiang, 212000, China
| | - Longwei Qiao
- The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuan Lei
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, No.438, Jiefang road, Zhenjiang, 212000, China
| | - Qiping Zheng
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Dapeng Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, No.438, Jiefang road, Zhenjiang, 212000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Janockova J, Slovinska L, Harvanova D, Spakova T, Rosocha J. New therapeutic approaches of mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes. J Biomed Sci 2021; 28:39. [PMID: 34030679 PMCID: PMC8143902 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-021-00736-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been demonstrated to have a great potential in the treatment of several diseases due to their differentiation and immunomodulatory capabilities and their ability to be easily cultured and manipulated. Recent investigations revealed that their therapeutic effect is largely mediated by the secretion of paracrine factors including exosomes. Exosomes reflect biophysical features of MSCs and are considered more effective than MSCs themselves. Alternative approaches based on MSC-derived exosomes can offer appreciable promise in overcoming the limitations and practical challenges observed in cell-based therapy. Furthermore, MSC-derived exosomes may provide a potent therapeutic strategy for various diseases and are promising candidates for cell-based and cell-free regenerative medicine. This review briefly summarizes the development of MSCs as a treatment for human diseases as well as describes our current knowledge about exosomes: their biogenesis and molecular composition, and how they exert their effects on target cells. Particularly, the therapeutic potential of MSC-derived exosomes in experimental models and recent clinical trials to evaluate their safety and efficacy are summarized in this study. Overall, this paper provides a current overview of exosomes as a new cell-free therapeutic agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Janockova
- Associated Tissue Bank, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Tr. SNP 1, 04011, Kosice, Slovakia.
| | - Lucia Slovinska
- Associated Tissue Bank, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Tr. SNP 1, 04011, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Denisa Harvanova
- Associated Tissue Bank, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Tr. SNP 1, 04011, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Timea Spakova
- Associated Tissue Bank, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Tr. SNP 1, 04011, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Jan Rosocha
- Associated Tissue Bank, Faculty of Medicine, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Tr. SNP 1, 04011, Kosice, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Afrisham R, Sadegh-Nejadi S, Meshkani R, Emamgholipour S, Bagherieh M, Paknejad M. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Plasma Circulating Exosomes Obtained from Normal-Weight and Obese Subjects on Hepatocytes. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2021; 21:478-484. [PMID: 32368986 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200505121426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Obesity is a disorder with low-grade chronic inflammation that plays a key role in hepatic inflammation and steatosis. Moreover, there are studies to support the role of exosomes in cellular communications, the regulation of metabolic homeostasis and immunomodulatory activity. Accordingly, we aimed to evaluate the influence of plasma circulating exosomes derived from females with normal-weight and obesity on the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in human liver cells. METHODS Plasma circulating exosomes were isolated from four normal (N-Exo) and four obese (OExo) women. The exosomes were characterized and approved for CD63 expression (common exosomal protein marker) and morphology/size using the western blot and TEM methods, respectively. The exosomes were used for the stimulation of HepG2 cells in vitro. After 24 h of incubation, the protein levels of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β were measured in the culture supernatant of HepG2 cells using the ELISA kit. RESULTS The protein levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in the cells treated with O-Exo and N-Exo reduced significantly in comparison with the control group (P=0.039 and P<0.001 respectively), while significant differences were not found between normal and obese groups (P=0.808, and P=0.978 respectively). However, no significant differences were found among the three groups in terms of IL-1β levels (P=0.069). Based on the correlation analysis, the protein levels of IL-6 were positively correlated with TNF-α (r 0.978, P<0.001). CONCLUSION These findings suggest that plasma circulating exosomes have probably antiinflammatory properties independent of body mass index and may decrease the secretion of inflammatory cytokines in the liver. However, further in vitro and in vivo investigations are needed to address the anti-inflammatory function of N-Exo and O-Exo in human liver cells and/or other cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Afrisham
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Sadegh-Nejadi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Meshkani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Solaleh Emamgholipour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Molood Bagherieh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maliheh Paknejad
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Raghav A, Khan ZA, Upadhayay VK, Tripathi P, Gautam KA, Mishra BK, Ahmad J, Jeong GB. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Exhibit Promising Potential for Treating SARS-CoV-2-Infected Patients. Cells 2021; 10:587. [PMID: 33799966 PMCID: PMC8001291 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for COVID-19 infection. The COVID-19 pandemic represents one of the worst global threats in the 21st century since World War II. This pandemic has led to a worldwide economic recession and crisis due to lockdown. Biomedical researchers, pharmaceutical companies, and premier institutes throughout the world are claiming that new clinical trials are in progress. During the severe phase of this disease, mechanical ventilators are used to assist in the management of outcomes; however, their use can lead to the development of pneumonia. In this context, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes can serve as an immunomodulation treatment for COVID-19 patients. Exosomes possess anti-inflammatory, pro-angiogenic, and immunomodulatory properties that can be explored in an effort to improve the outcomes of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. Currently, only one ongoing clinical trial (NCT04276987) is specifically exploring the use of MSC-derived exosomes as a therapy to treat SARS-CoV-2-associated pneumonia. The purpose of this review is to provide insights of using exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells in management of the co-morbidities associated with SARS-CoV-2-infected persons in direction of improving their health outcome. There is limited knowledge of using exosomes in SARS-CoV-2; the clinicians and researchers should exploit exosomes as therapeutic regime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alok Raghav
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur 208002, Uttar Pradesh, India; (A.R.); (P.T.); (K.A.G.)
| | - Zeeshan Ahmad Khan
- Department of Bioengineering, Korea University of Technology and Education, Cheonan-si 31253, Korea;
| | | | - Prashant Tripathi
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur 208002, Uttar Pradesh, India; (A.R.); (P.T.); (K.A.G.)
| | - Kirti Amresh Gautam
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur 208002, Uttar Pradesh, India; (A.R.); (P.T.); (K.A.G.)
| | - Brijesh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Endocrinology, UCMS, GTB Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi 110095, India;
| | - Jamal Ahmad
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, J.N Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Goo-Bo Jeong
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, 155 Getbeol-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
El-Jawhari JJ, El-Sherbiny Y, McGonagle D, Jones E. Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus; From a Leading Role in Pathogenesis to Potential Therapeutic Saviors? Front Immunol 2021; 12:643170. [PMID: 33732263 PMCID: PMC7959804 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.643170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of the autoimmune rheumatological diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is complex with the involvement of several immune cell populations spanning both innate and adaptive immunity including different T-lymphocyte subsets and monocyte/macrophage lineage cells. Despite therapeutic advances in RA and SLE, some patients have persistent and stubbornly refractory disease. Herein, we discuss stromal cells' dual role, including multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) also used to be known as mesenchymal stem cells as potential protagonists in RA and SLE pathology and as potential therapeutic vehicles. Joint MSCs from different niches may exhibit prominent pro-inflammatory effects in experimental RA models directly contributing to cartilage damage. These stromal cells may also be key regulators of the immune system in SLE. Despite these pro-inflammatory roles, MSCs may be immunomodulatory and have potential therapeutic value to modulate immune responses favorably in these autoimmune conditions. In this review, the complex role and interactions between MSCs and the haematopoietically derived immune cells in RA and SLE are discussed. The harnessing of MSC immunomodulatory effects by contact-dependent and independent mechanisms, including MSC secretome and extracellular vesicles, is discussed in relation to RA and SLE considering the stromal immune microenvironment in the diseased joints. Data from translational studies employing MSC infusion therapy against inflammation in other settings are contextualized relative to the rheumatological setting. Although safety and proof of concept studies exist in RA and SLE supporting experimental and laboratory data, robust phase 3 clinical trial data in therapy-resistant RA and SLE is still lacking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jehan J El-Jawhari
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Yasser El-Sherbiny
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom.,Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Dennis McGonagle
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,The National Institute for Health Research Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Jones
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,The National Institute for Health Research Leeds Biomedical Research Centre, Chapel Allerton Hospital, Leeds, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kahmini FR, Shahgaldi S. Therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles as novel cell-free therapy for treatment of autoimmune disorders. Exp Mol Pathol 2021; 118:104566. [PMID: 33160961 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2020.104566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, new light has been shed on the efficiency of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. The therapeutic functions of MSCs partly stem from their well-recognized ability to efficiently modulate immune responses and it is well substantiated that MSC secretory components, in particular extracellular vesicles (EVs), play a critical role in this immunomodulation. In fact, almost any cell type can generate and release EVs under both pathological and physiological conditions and these nano-sized particles are believed to greatly contribute to homeostasis and cell-cell communication through transportation of a wide variety of biomolecules including nucleic acid, signaling lipids, regulatory proteins, transcription factors, cytokines, and growth factors. Lamentably, despite exhibiting promising results in both animal experiments and clinical trials, MSC therapy is still largely restricted to the experimental stage due to its critical pitfalls and drawbacks such as safety issues, poor cell survival, immune rejection and high cost. On the other hand, MSC-derived EVs, which ideally reflect the exact biophysical features of MSCs, are considered to be much safer and more effective than MSCs themselves. Therefore, introducing alternative approaches based on MSC-derived EVs can offer appreciable promise in overcoming the limitations and practical challenges observed in cell-based therapy and thus the extracellular vesicles of MSCs may also provide a far more potent therapeutic strategy for immune-related disorders. In this review, we first focus on the properties of MSC-derived EVs and then we shall provide valuable insight regarding their beneficial therapeutic opportunities to further compare this alternative approach with conventional MSC therapy. Finally, we will attempt to summarize the current findings on the influences of MSC-derived EVs on autoimmune disorders, offering a potential alternative avenue towards treatment of autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rezaei Kahmini
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Shahab Shahgaldi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Herrmann M, Diederichs S, Melnik S, Riegger J, Trivanović D, Li S, Jenei-Lanzl Z, Brenner RE, Huber-Lang M, Zaucke F, Schildberg FA, Grässel S. Extracellular Vesicles in Musculoskeletal Pathologies and Regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:624096. [PMID: 33553127 PMCID: PMC7855463 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.624096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of musculoskeletal diseases is steadily increasing with aging of the population. In the past years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have gained attention in musculoskeletal research. EVs have been associated with various musculoskeletal pathologies as well as suggested as treatment option. EVs play a pivotal role in communication between cells and their environment. Thereby, the EV cargo is highly dependent on their cellular origin. In this review, we summarize putative mechanisms by which EVs can contribute to musculoskeletal tissue homeostasis, regeneration and disease, in particular matrix remodeling and mineralization, pro-angiogenic effects and immunomodulatory activities. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) present the most frequently used cell source for EV generation for musculoskeletal applications, and herein we discuss how the MSC phenotype can influence the cargo and thus the regenerative potential of EVs. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells (iMPs) may overcome current limitations of MSCs, and iMP-derived EVs are discussed as an alternative strategy. In the last part of the article, we focus on therapeutic applications of EVs and discuss both practical considerations for EV production and the current state of EV-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marietta Herrmann
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Group Tissue Regeneration in Musculoskeletal Diseases, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Bernhard-Heine-Centrum for Locomotion Research, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Solvig Diederichs
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Centre for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Paraplegiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Svitlana Melnik
- Research Centre for Experimental Orthopaedics, Centre for Orthopaedics, Trauma Surgery and Paraplegiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Riegger
- Division for Biochemistry of Joint and Connective Tissue Diseases, Department of Orthopedics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Drenka Trivanović
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) Group Tissue Regeneration in Musculoskeletal Diseases, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
- Bernhard-Heine-Centrum for Locomotion Research, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Shushan Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Experimental Orthopedics, Centre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Zsuzsa Jenei-Lanzl
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Orthopedic University Hospital Friedrichsheim, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rolf E. Brenner
- Division for Biochemistry of Joint and Connective Tissue Diseases, Department of Orthopedics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, University Hospital of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Zaucke
- Dr. Rolf M. Schwiete Research Unit for Osteoarthritis, Orthopedic University Hospital Friedrichsheim, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Frank A. Schildberg
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Susanne Grässel
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Experimental Orthopedics, Centre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Qian X, An N, Ren Y, Yang C, Zhang X, Li L. Immunosuppressive Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cells-derived Exosomes. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 17:411-427. [PMID: 32935222 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10040-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have become important seed cells in therapy because of their immunosuppressive function and anti-inflammatory effects. MSCs exert immunosuppressive effects through direct contact or paracrine action. The paracrine functions of MSCs are at least partially mediated by exosomes, which are membrane vesicles, carrying abundant proteins, nucleic acids and other active molecules. MSC-exos have heterogeneity. The exosomes from different donors, tissues generations of MSCs carry different bioactive molecules. These cargos are transferred to recipient cells by endocytosis or binding to proteins on the receptor surface to mediate intercellular communication between different cell types and affect the functions of the recipient cells. Exosomes play an important role in the regulation of the immune system. Exosomes derived from MSCs (MSC-exos) carry immunomodulatory effectors or transmit active signal molecules to regulate the biological activities of immune cells and thus mediating immune suppression, especially on macrophages and T cells. Mitochondria and autophagy-related pathways are also associated with MSC-exos immunosuppressive effects. Graphical Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Qian
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Nan An
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yifan Ren
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chenxin Yang
- College of Clinical Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
- National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China.
| | - Lisha Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
The Efficacy of Stem Cells Secretome Application in Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review of In Vivo Studies. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2020; 16:1222-1241. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-09980-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
27
|
Varderidou-Minasian S, Lorenowicz MJ. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in tissue repair: challenges and opportunities. Theranostics 2020; 10:5979-5997. [PMID: 32483432 PMCID: PMC7254996 DOI: 10.7150/thno.40122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are important players in tissue homeostasis and regeneration owing to their immunomodulatory potential and release of trophic factors that promote healing. They have been increasingly used in clinical trials to treat multiple conditions associated with inflammation and tissue damage such as graft versus host disease, orthopedic injuries and cardiac and liver diseases. Recent evidence demonstrates that their beneficial effects are derived, at least in part, from their secretome. In particular, data from animal models and first-in-man studies indicate that MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) can exert similar therapeutic potential as their cells of origin. MSC-EVs are membranous structures loaded with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids, which play an important role in cell-cell communication and may represent an attractive alternative for cell-based therapy. In this article we summarize recent advances in the use of MSC-EVs for tissue repair. We highlight several isolation and characterization approaches used to enrich MSC-derived EVs. We discuss our current understanding of the relative contribution of the MSC-EVs to the immunomodulatory and regenerative effects mediated by MSCs and MSC secretome. Finally we highlight the challenges and opportunities, which come with the potential use of MSC-EVs as cell free therapy for conditions that require tissue repair.
Collapse
|
28
|
Ragni E, Perucca Orfei C, De Luca P, Mondadori C, Viganò M, Colombini A, de Girolamo L. Inflammatory priming enhances mesenchymal stromal cell secretome potential as a clinical product for regenerative medicine approaches through secreted factors and EV-miRNAs: the example of joint disease. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:165. [PMID: 32345351 PMCID: PMC7189600 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01677-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-enriched products showed positive clinical outcomes in regenerative medicine, where tissue restoration and inflammation control are needed. GMP-expanded MSCs displayed an even higher potential due to exclusive secretion of therapeutic factors, both free and conveyed within extracellular vesicles (EVs), collectively termed secretome. Moreover, priming with biochemical cues may influence the portfolio and biological activities of MSC-derived factors. For these reasons, the use of naive or primed secretome gained attention as a cell-free therapeutic option. Albeit, at present, a homogenous and comprehensive secretome fingerprint is still missing. Therefore, the aim of this work was to deeply characterize adipose-derived MSC (ASC)-secreted factors and EV-miRNAs, and their modulation after IFNγ preconditioning. The crucial influence of the target pathology or cell type was also scored in osteoarthritis to evaluate disease-driven potency. METHODS ASCs were isolated from four donors and cultured with and without IFNγ. Two-hundred secreted factors were assayed by ELISA. ASC-EVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation and validated by flow cytometry, transmission electron microscopy, and nanoparticle tracking analysis. miRNome was deciphered by high-throughput screening. Bioinformatics was used to predict the modulatory effect of secreted molecules on pathologic cartilage and synovial macrophages based on public datasets. Models of inflammation for both macrophages and chondrocytes were used to test by flow cytometry the secretome anti-inflammatory potency. RESULTS Data showed that more than 60 cytokines/chemokines could be identified at varying levels of intensity in all samples. The vast majority of factors are involved in extracellular matrix remodeling, and chemotaxis or motility of inflammatory cells. IFNγ is able to further increase the capacity of the secretome to stimulate cell migration signals. Moreover, more than 240 miRNAs were found in ASC-EVs. Sixty miRNAs accounted for > 95% of the genetic message that resulted to be chondro-protective and M2 macrophage polarizing. Inflammation tipped the balance towards a more pronounced tissue regenerative and anti-inflammatory phenotype. In silico data were confirmed on inflamed macrophages and chondrocytes, with secretome being able to increase M2 phenotype marker CD163 and reduce the chondrocyte inflammation marker VCAM1, respectively. IFNγ priming further enhanced secretome anti-inflammatory potency. CONCLUSIONS Given the portfolio of soluble factors and EV-miRNAs, ASC secretome showed a marked capacity to stimulate cell motility and modulate inflammatory and degenerative processes. Preconditioning is able to increase this ability, suggesting inflammatory priming as an effective strategy to obtain a more potent clinical product which use should always be driven by the molecular mark of the target pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Ragni
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all’Ortopedia, Via R. Galeazzi 4, Milan, 20161 Italy
| | - Carlotta Perucca Orfei
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all’Ortopedia, Via R. Galeazzi 4, Milan, 20161 Italy
| | - Paola De Luca
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all’Ortopedia, Via R. Galeazzi 4, Milan, 20161 Italy
| | - Carlotta Mondadori
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Via R. Galeazzi 4, Milan, 20161 Italy
| | - Marco Viganò
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all’Ortopedia, Via R. Galeazzi 4, Milan, 20161 Italy
| | - Alessandra Colombini
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all’Ortopedia, Via R. Galeazzi 4, Milan, 20161 Italy
| | - Laura de Girolamo
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all’Ortopedia, Via R. Galeazzi 4, Milan, 20161 Italy
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Go V, Bowley BGE, Pessina MA, Zhang ZG, Chopp M, Finklestein SP, Rosene DL, Medalla M, Buller B, Moore TL. Extracellular vesicles from mesenchymal stem cells reduce microglial-mediated neuroinflammation after cortical injury in aged Rhesus monkeys. GeroScience 2020; 42:1-17. [PMID: 31691891 PMCID: PMC7031476 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-019-00115-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical injury, such as injuries after stroke or age-related ischemic events, triggers a cascade of degeneration accompanied by inflammatory responses that mediate neurological deficits. Therapeutics that modulate such neuroinflammatory responses in the aging brain have the potential to reduce neurological dysfunction and promote recovery. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are lipid-bound, nanoscale vesicles that can modulate inflammation and enhance recovery in rodent stroke models. We recently assessed the efficacy of intravenous infusions of MSC-EVs (24-h and 14-days post-injury) as a treatment in aged rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) with cortical injury that induced impairment of fine motor function of the hand. Aged monkeys treated with EVs after injury recovered motor function more rapidly and more fully than aged monkeys given a vehicle control. Here, we describe EV-mediated inflammatory changes using histological assays to quantify differences in markers of neuroinflammation in brain tissue between EV and vehicle-treated aged monkeys. The activation status of microglia, the innate macrophages of the brain, is critical to cell fate after injury. Our findings demonstrate that EV treatment after injury is associated with greater densities of ramified, homeostatic microglia, along with reduced pro-inflammatory microglial markers. These findings are consistent with a phenotypic switch of inflammatory hypertrophic microglia towards anti-inflammatory, homeostatic functions, which was correlated with enhanced functional recovery. Overall, our data suggest that EVs reduce neuroinflammation and shift microglia towards restorative functions. These findings demonstrate the therapeutic potential of MSC-derived EVs for reducing neuroinflammation after cortical injury in the aged brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Go
- Deparment of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, W701, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
| | - Bethany G E Bowley
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, 02118, USA
| | - Monica A Pessina
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, 02118, USA
| | - Zheng Gang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, 48202, USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, 48202, USA
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, 48309, USA
| | - Seth P Finklestein
- Stemetix, Inc., Needham, 02492, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, 02114, USA
| | - Douglas L Rosene
- Deparment of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University School of Medicine, 700 Albany Street, W701, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Yerkes Primate Center, Emory University, Atlanta, 30322, USA
| | - Maria Medalla
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, 02118, USA
| | - Benjamin Buller
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, 48202, USA
| | - Tara L Moore
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, 02118, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Tian J, Casella G, Zhang Y, Rostami A, Li X. Potential roles of extracellular vesicles in the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of autoimmune diseases. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:620-632. [PMID: 32025210 PMCID: PMC6990925 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.39629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since extracellular vesicles (EVs) were discovered in 1983 in sheep reticulocytes samples, they have gradually attracted scientific attention and become a topic of great interest in the life sciences field. EVs are small membrane particles, released by virtually every cell that carries a variety of functional molecules. Their main function is to deliver messages to the surrounding area in both physiological and pathological conditions. Initially, they were thought to be either cell debris, signs of cell death, or unspecific structures. However, accumulating evidence support a theory that EVs are a universal mechanism of communication. Thanks to their biological characteristics and functions, EVs are likely to represent a promising strategy for obtaining pathogen information, identifying therapeutic targets and selecting specific biomarkers for a variety of diseases, such as autoimmune diseases. In this review, we provide a brief overview of recent progress in the study of the biology and functions of EVs. We also discuss their roles in diagnosis and therapy, with particular emphasis on autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Tian
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Giacomo Casella
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Yuan Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Abdolmohamad Rostami
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Xing Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Alcaraz MJ, Compañ A, Guillén MI. Extracellular Vesicles from Mesenchymal Stem Cells as Novel Treatments for Musculoskeletal Diseases. Cells 2019; 9:cells9010098. [PMID: 31906087 PMCID: PMC7017209 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) represent a promising therapy for musculoskeletal diseases. There is compelling evidence indicating that MSC effects are mainly mediated by paracrine mechanisms and in particular by the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Many studies have thus suggested that EVs may be an alternative to cell therapy with MSCs in tissue repair. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of MSC EVs actions in preclinical studies of (1) immune regulation and rheumatoid arthritis, (2) bone repair and bone diseases, (3) cartilage repair and osteoarthritis, (4) intervertebral disk degeneration and (5) skeletal muscle and tendon repair. We also discuss the mechanisms underlying these actions and the perspectives of MSC EVs-based strategies for future treatments of musculoskeletal disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María José Alcaraz
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent A. Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Alvaro Compañ
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent A. Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Isabel Guillén
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat de València, Av. Vicent A. Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Pharmacy, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, Ed. Ciencias de la Salud, 46115 Alfara, Valencia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ma ZJ, Wang YH, Li ZG, Wang Y, Li BY, Kang HY, Wu XY. Immunosuppressive Effect of Exosomes from Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Defined Medium on Experimental Colitis. Int J Stem Cells 2019; 12:440-448. [PMID: 31242720 PMCID: PMC6881044 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc18139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives The exosomes released by mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) in classical FBS-containing media have been demonstrated as an alternative, cell-free therapy in various diseases including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). It has been found that the function of exosomes is affected by culture condition. We previously developed a serum-free, xeno-free and chemically defined medium, and umbilical cord-derived MSCs in this medium retained the immunosuppressive capability. Methods In this study, we evaluated the immunosuppressive function of exosomes from MSCs (MSC-Exo) in defined medium and their therapeutic effect on treating colitis. Results and Conclusions In vitro studies indicated that MSC-Exo reduced the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-1β, and increased the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-β1 and IL-10, but no significant change of inhibitory effect on peripheral blood mononuclear cells proliferation was shown. In vivo experimental colitis showed that administration of MSC-Exo was able to significantly ameliorate the disease activity index score, weight loss, colon shortening, and the histological colitis score through up-regulation anti-inflammatory responses and down-regulation of inflammatory responses. Moreover, the use of MSC-Exo (200 μg) led to an improved therapeutic efficacy when compared with MSCs at a dose of 1×106 cells. Our findings indicate that the exosomes from MSCs in defined medium possess a certain degree of immunosuppressive effect in vitro and exhibit a therapeutic capability in a mouse model of DSS-induced colitis through suppressing inflammation mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Jie Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Hong Wang
- Department of Technology, Stem Cell Medicine Engineering & Technology Research Center of Inner Mongolia, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Zhi Gang Li
- Department of Research and Development, Beijing Jingmeng Stem Cell Technology CO., LTD, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Health Examination Center, Tongliao City Hospital, Tongliao, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Bing Yao Li
- Department of Medicine, Chifeng Cancer Hospital, Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Hui Yan Kang
- Department of Technology, Stem Cell Medicine Engineering & Technology Research Center of Inner Mongolia, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia, China.,Department of Research and Development, Beijing Jingmeng Stem Cell Technology CO., LTD, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Yun Wu
- Department of Technology, Stem Cell Medicine Engineering & Technology Research Center of Inner Mongolia, Huhhot, Inner Mongolia, China.,Department of Research and Development, Beijing Jingmeng Stem Cell Technology CO., LTD, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Mianehsaz E, Mirzaei HR, Mahjoubin-Tehran M, Rezaee A, Sahebnasagh R, Pourhanifeh MH, Mirzaei H, Hamblin MR. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes: a new therapeutic approach to osteoarthritis? Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:340. [PMID: 31753036 PMCID: PMC6873475 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Degenerative disorders of joints, especially osteoarthritis (OA), result in persistent pain and disability and high costs to society. Nevertheless, the molecular mechanisms of OA have not yet been fully explained. OA is characterized by destruction of cartilage and loss of extracellular matrix (ECM). It is generally agreed that there is an association between pro-inflammatory cytokines and the development of OA. There is increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and “a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs” (ADAMTS). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been explored as a new treatment for OA during the last decade. It has been suggested that paracrine secretion of trophic factors, in which exosomes have a crucial role, contributes to the mechanism of MSC-based treatment of OA. The paracrine secretion of exosomes may play a role in the repair of joint tissue as well as MSC-based treatments for other disorders. Exosomes isolated from various stem cells may contribute to tissue regeneration in the heart, limbs, skin, and other tissues. Recent studies have indicated that exosomes (or similar particles) derived from MSCs may suppress OA development. Herein, for first time, we summarize the recent findings of studies on various exosomes derived from MSCs and their effectiveness in the treatment of OA. Moreover, we highlight the likely mechanisms of actions of exosomes in OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaheh Mianehsaz
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.,Trauma Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Mahjoubin-Tehran
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Rezaee
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Roxana Sahebnasagh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I.R, Iran.
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 40 Blossom Street, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Gomzikova MO, James V, Rizvanov AA. Therapeutic Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Immunomodulation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2663. [PMID: 31849929 PMCID: PMC6889906 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunosuppressive potential of mesenchymal stem cells has been extensively investigated in many studies in vivo and in vitro. In recent years, a variety preclinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate immune-mediated disorders, including autoimmune diseases. However, to date mesenchymal stem cells have not become a widely used therapeutic agent due to safety challenges, high cost and difficulties in providing long term production. A key mechanism underpinning the immunomodulatory effect of MSCs is the production of paracrine factors including growth factors, cytokines, chemokines, and extracellular vesicles (EVs). MSCs derived EVs have become an attractive therapeutic agent for immunomodulation and treatment of immune-mediated disorders. In addition to many preclinical studies of MSCs derived EVs, their beneficial effects have been observed in patients with both acute graft-vs.-host disease and chronic kidney disease. In this review, we discuss the current findings in the field of MSCs derived EVs-based therapies in immune-mediated disorders and approaches to scale EV production for clinical use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina O Gomzikova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,M.M. Shemyakin-Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Victoria James
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Albert A Rizvanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia.,M.M. Shemyakin-Yu.A. Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.,School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chung IM, Rajakumar G, Venkidasamy B, Subramanian U, Thiruvengadam M. Exosomes: Current use and future applications. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 500:226-232. [PMID: 31678573 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are endosomal-derived vesicles that play a critical role in cell-to-cell communication and are secreted in several biological fluids including serum, saliva, urine, ascites, and cerebro-spinal fluid amongst others. Exosomes are small (30-150 nm diameter) with a distinctive bilipid protein structure. They can carry and exchange various cargos between cells and are used as a non-invasive biomarker for several diseases. Exosomes are considered the best biomarkers for cancer diagnosis, owing to their unique characteristics. Here, we provide a review of the up-to-date applications of exosomes, derived from various sources, in the prognosis and diagnosis of several diseases including cancer, cardiovascular and regenerative diseases as well as, arthritis, neurological diseases, and diabetes mellitus. The role of exosomes and their applications in biomedical research and preclinical trials have also been briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ill-Min Chung
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Govindasamy Rajakumar
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Baskar Venkidasamy
- Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Umadevi Subramanian
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Central University Laboratory Building, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS), Madhavaram Milk Colony, Chennai 600051, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muthu Thiruvengadam
- Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghuh Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Xu H, Jia S, Xu H. Potential therapeutic applications of exosomes in different autoimmune diseases. Clin Immunol 2019; 205:116-124. [PMID: 31228581 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are caused by self-immune responses to autoantigens, which damage body tissues and severely affect the patient's quality of life. Therapeutic drugs are associated with adverse side effects and their beneficial effects are limited to specific populations. Evidence indicates that exosomes which are small vesicles secreted by most cell types and body fluids, and may play roles in both immune stimulation and tolerance since they are involved in many processes such as immune signaling, inflammation and angiogenesis. Exosomes have also emerged as promising tools for therapeutic delivery, given their intrinsic features such as stability, biocompatibility and a capacity for stealth. In this review, we summarize existing literature regarding the production, efficacy, action mechanism, and potential therapeutic uses of exosomes in the contexts of autoimmune diseases such as type 1 diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and Sjogren's syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- The Engineering Research Center of polypeptide Drug Discovery and Evaluation of Jiangsu Province, College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shaochang Jia
- Department of Bio-Treatment, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, PR China.
| | - Hanmei Xu
- The Engineering Research Center of polypeptide Drug Discovery and Evaluation of Jiangsu Province, College of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bruno S, Chiabotto G, Favaro E, Deregibus MC, Camussi G. Role of extracellular vesicles in stem cell biology. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C303-C313. [PMID: 31091143 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00129.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane vesicles carrying proteins, nucleic acids, and bioactive lipids of the cell of origin. These vesicles released within the extracellular space and entering into the circulation may transfer their cargo to neighboring or distant cells and induce phenotypical and functional changes that may be relevant in several physiopathological conditions. In an attempt to define the biological properties of EVs, several investigations have focused on their cargo and on the effects elicited in recipient cells. EVs have been involved in modulation of tumor microenvironment and behavior, as well as in the immune and inflammatory response. In the present review, we address the paracrine action of EVs released by stem cells and their potential involvement in the activation of regenerative programs in injured cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Bruno
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Giulia Chiabotto
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Enrica Favaro
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ragni E, Perucca Orfei C, De Luca P, Lugano G, Viganò M, Colombini A, Valli F, Zacchetti D, Bollati V, de Girolamo L. Interaction with hyaluronan matrix and miRNA cargo as contributors for in vitro potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in a model of human osteoarthritic synoviocytes. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:109. [PMID: 30922413 PMCID: PMC6440078 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1215-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent joint disease, and to date, no options for effective tissue repair and restoration are available. With the aim of developing new therapies, the impact of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been explored, and the efficacy of MSCs started to be deciphered. A strong paracrine capacity relying on both secreted and vesicle-embedded (EVs) protein or nucleic acid-based factors has been proposed as the principal mechanism that contributes to tissue repair. This work investigated the mechanism of internalization of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by adipose-derived MSCs (ASCs) and the role of shuttled miRNAs in the restoration of homeostasis in an in vitro model of human fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs) from OA patients. METHODS ASC-EVs were isolated by differential centrifugation and validated by flow cytometry and nanoparticle tracking analysis. ASC-EVs with increased hyaluronan (HA) receptor CD44 levels were obtained culturing ASCs on HA-coated plastic surfaces. OA FLSs with intact or digested HA matrix were co-cultured with fluorescent ASC-EVs, and incorporation scored by flow cytometry and ELISA. ASC-EV complete miRNome was deciphered by high-throughput screening. In inflamed OA FLSs, genes and pathways potentially regulated by ASC-EV miRNA were predicted by bioinformatics. OA FLSs stimulated with IL-1β at physiological levels (25 pg/mL) were treated with ASC-EVs, and expression of inflammation and OA-related genes was measured by qRT-PCR over a 10-day time frame with modulated candidates verified by ELISA. RESULTS The data showed that HA is involved in ASC-EV internalization in FLSs. Indeed, both removal of HA matrix presence on FLSs and modulation of CD44 levels on EVs affected their recruitment. Bioinformatics analysis of EV-embedded miRNAs showed their ability to potentially regulate the main pathways strictly associated with synovial inflammation in OA. In this frame, ASC-EVs reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in a chronic model of FLS inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Given their ability to affect FLS behavior in a model of chronic inflammation through direct interaction with HA matrix and miRNA release, ASC-EVs confirm their role as a novel therapeutic option for osteoarthritic joints.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Ragni
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all’Ortopedia, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlotta Perucca Orfei
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all’Ortopedia, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola De Luca
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all’Ortopedia, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaia Lugano
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all’Ortopedia, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Viganò
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all’Ortopedia, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Colombini
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all’Ortopedia, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Valli
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Chirurgia Articolare Sostitutiva e Chirurgia Ortopedica (CASCO), Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Zacchetti
- Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Bollati
- EPIGET - Epidemiology, Epigenetics and Toxicology Lab, Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Laura de Girolamo
- IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Laboratorio di Biotecnologie Applicate all’Ortopedia, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lai P, Weng J, Guo L, Chen X, Du X. Novel insights into MSC-EVs therapy for immune diseases. Biomark Res 2019; 7:6. [PMID: 30923617 PMCID: PMC6423844 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-019-0156-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) are a heterogeneous cell population with self-renewal and the ability to differentiate into different lineages. The novel regulatory role of MSC in both adaptive and innate immune responses got extensive investigation and MSC have been widely used in clinical trials as immunosuppressive agents for autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, including graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), chronic kidney disease, etc. Recent studies have found that MSC exerted their immunomodulation function through secreting extracellular vesicles (EVs), which delivered parent cell cargo to recipient cells without oncogenicity or variability. Since MSC-EVs exhibit most of the properties of MSC and take advantage of their cellular immunomodulatory fuction, MSC-EVs appear to a promising none-cell therapy in various human diseases. In this review, we summarize the pivotal roles of MSC-EVs as agents for immunotherapy in diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peilong Lai
- 1Department of Hematology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 People's Republic of China.,2Guangdong Geriatrics Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyu Weng
- 1Department of Hematology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 People's Republic of China.,2Guangdong Geriatrics Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 People's Republic of China
| | - Liyan Guo
- 1Department of Hematology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 People's Republic of China.,2Guangdong Geriatrics Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Chen
- 1Department of Hematology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 People's Republic of China.,2Guangdong Geriatrics Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Du
- 1Department of Hematology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 People's Republic of China.,2Guangdong Geriatrics Institute, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Identification of miRNA Reference Genes in Extracellular Vesicles from Adipose Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Studying Osteoarthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051108. [PMID: 30841483 PMCID: PMC6429322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) leads to chronic pain and disability, and traditional conservative treatments are not effective in the long term. The intra-articular injection of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is considered a novel therapy for OA whose efficacy mainly relies on the adaptive release of paracrine molecules which are either soluble or extracellular vesicles (EVs) embedded. The correct quantification of EV-miRNAs using reliable reference genes (RGs) is a crucial step in optimizing this future therapeutic cell-free approach. The purpose of this study is to rate the stabilities of literature-selected proposed RGs for EV-miRNAs in adipose derived-MSCs (ASCs). EVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation from ASCs cultured with or without inflammatory priming mimicking OA synovial fluid condition. Expression of putative RGs (let-7a-5p, miR-16-5p, miR-23a-3p, miR-26a-5p, miR-101-3p, miR-103a-3p, miR-221-3p, miR-423-5p, miR-425-5p, U6 snRNA) was scored by using the algorithms geNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper and ΔCt method. miR-16a-5p/miR-23a-3p yielded the most stable RGs, whereas let-7a-5p/miR-425-5p performed poorly. Outcomes were validated by qRT-PCR on miR-146a-5p, reported to be ASC-EVs enriched and involved in OA. Incorrect RG selection affected the evaluation of miR-146a-5p abundance and modulation by inflammation, with both values resulting strongly donor-dependent. Our findings demonstrated that an integrated approach of multiple algorithms is necessary to identify reliable, stable RGs for ASC-EVs miRNAs evaluation. A correct approach would increase the accuracy of embedded molecule assessments aimed to develop therapeutic strategies for the treatment of OA based on EVs.
Collapse
|
41
|
Liao W, Du Y, Zhang C, Pan F, Yao Y, Zhang T, Peng Q. Exosomes: The next generation of endogenous nanomaterials for advanced drug delivery and therapy. Acta Biomater 2019; 86:1-14. [PMID: 30597259 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Development of functional nanomaterials is of great importance and significance for advanced drug delivery and therapy. Nevertheless, exogenous nanomaterials have a great ability to induce undesired immune responses and nano-protein interactions, which may result in toxicity and failure of therapy. Exosomes, a kind of endogenous extracellular vesicle (40-100 nm in diameter), are considered as a new generation of a natural nanoscale delivery system. Exosomes secreted by different types of cells carry different signal molecules (such as RNAs and proteins) and thus have a great potential for targeted drug delivery and therapy. Herein, we provide comprehensive understanding of the properties and applications of exosomes, including their biogenesis, biofunctions, isolation, purification, and drug loading, and typical examples in drug delivery and therapy. Furthermore, their advantages compared to other nanoparticles and potential in tumor immunotherapy are also discussed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Exosomes, a kind of endogenous extracellular vesicle, have emerged as a novel and attractive endogenous nanomaterial for advanced drug delivery and targeted therapy. Exosomes are secreted by many types of cells and carry some unique signals obtained from their parental cells. Furthermore, the liposome-like structure allows exosomes to load various drugs. Hence, the potential of exosomes in drug delivery, tumor targeted therapy, and immunotherapy has been investigated in recent years. On the basis of their endogenous features and multifunctional properties, exosomes are of great significance and interest for the development of future medicine and pharmaceuticals.
Collapse
|
42
|
Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as Immunomodulatory Therapeutics. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:5126156. [PMID: 30936922 PMCID: PMC6413386 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5126156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been reported to possess regulatory functions on immune cells which make them alternative therapeutics for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The interaction between MSCs and immune cells through paracrine factors might be crucial for these immunomodulatory effects of MSCs. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are defined as bilayer membrane structures including exosomes and microvesicles which contain bioactive paracrine molecules affecting the characteristics of target cells. Recently, several studies have revealed that EVs derived from MSCs (MSC-EVs) can reproduce similar therapeutic impacts of parent MSCs; MSC-EVs could regulate proliferation, maturation, polarization, and migration of various immune effector cells and modulate the immune microenvironment depending on the context by delivering inflammatory cytokines, transcription factors, and microRNAs. Therefore, MSC-EVs can be applied as novel and promising tools for the treatment of immune-related disorders to overcome the limitations of conventional cell therapy regarding efficacy and toxicity issues. In this review, we will discuss current insights regarding the major outcomes in the evaluation of MSC-EV function against inflammatory disease models, as well as immune cells.
Collapse
|
43
|
Anel A, Gallego-Lleyda A, de Miguel D, Naval J, Martínez-Lostao L. Role of Exosomes in the Regulation of T-cell Mediated Immune Responses and in Autoimmune Disease. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020154. [PMID: 30759880 PMCID: PMC6406439 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
: T-cell mediated immune responses should be regulated to avoid the development of autoimmune or chronic inflammatory diseases. Several mechanisms have been described to regulate this process, namely death of overactivated T cells by cytokine deprivation, suppression by T regulatory cells (Treg), induction of expression of immune checkpoint molecules such as CTLA-4 and PD-1, or activation-induced cell death (AICD). In addition, activated T cells release membrane microvesicles called exosomes during these regulatory processes. In this review, we revise the role of exosome secretion in the different pathways of immune regulation described to date and its importance in the prevention or development of autoimmune disease. The expression of membrane-bound death ligands on the surface of exosomes during AICD or the more recently described transfer of miRNA or even DNA inside T-cell exosomes is a molecular mechanism that will be analyzed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Anel
- Immunity, Cancer & Stem Cells Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Campus San Francisco Sq., University of Zaragoza and Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Ana Gallego-Lleyda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Campus San Francisco Sq., University of Zaragoza and Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Diego de Miguel
- Centre for Cell Death, Cancer and Inflammation (CCCI), UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, Gower St, Bloomsbury, WC1E 6BT London, UK.
| | - Javier Naval
- Immunity, Cancer & Stem Cells Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Campus San Francisco Sq., University of Zaragoza and Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Luis Martínez-Lostao
- Immunology Department, Lozano Blesa Clinical Hospital, and Aragón Health Research Institute (IIS Aragón), E-50009 Zaragoza, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
On the Choice of the Extracellular Vesicles for Therapeutic Purposes. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020236. [PMID: 30634425 PMCID: PMC6359369 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid membrane vesicles released by all human cells and are widely recognized to be involved in many cellular processes, both in physiological and pathological conditions. They are mediators of cell-cell communication, at both paracrine and systemic levels, and therefore they are active players in cell differentiation, tissue homeostasis, and organ remodeling. Due to their ability to serve as a cargo for proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, which often reflects the cellular source, they should be considered the future of the natural nanodelivery of bio-compounds. To date, natural nanovesicles, such as exosomes, have been shown to represent a source of disease biomarkers and have high potential benefits in regenerative medicine. Indeed, they deliver both chemical and bio-molecules in a way that within exosomes drugs are more effective that in their exosome-free form. Thus, to date, we know that exosomes are shuttle disease biomarkers and probably the most effective way to deliver therapeutic molecules within target cells. However, we do not know exactly which exosomes may be used in therapy in avoiding side effects as well. In regenerative medicine, it will be ideal to use autologous exosomes, but it seems not ideal to use plasma-derived exosomes, as they may contain potentially dangerous molecules. Here, we want to present and discuss a contradictory relatively unmet issue that is the lack of a general agreement on the choice for the source of extracellular vesicles for therapeutic use.
Collapse
|
45
|
Yousefi F, Lavi Arab F, Saeidi K, Amiri H, Mahmoudi M. Various strategies to improve efficacy of stem cell transplantation in multiple sclerosis: Focus on mesenchymal stem cells and neuroprotection. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 328:20-34. [PMID: 30557687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) which predominantly affect young adults and undergo heavy socioeconomic burdens. Conventional therapeutic modalities for MS mostly downregulate aggressive immune responses and are almost insufficient for management of progressive course of the disease. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), due to both immunomodulatory and neuroprotective properties have been known as practical cells for treatment of neurodegenerative diseases like MS. However, clinical translation of MSCs is associated with some limitations such as short-life engraftment duration, little in vivo trans-differentiation and restricted accessibility into damaged sites. Therefore, laboratory manipulation of MSCs can improve efficacy of MSCs transplantation in MS patients. In this review, we discuss several novel approaches, which can potentially enhance MSCs capabilities for treating MS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Forouzan Yousefi
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Lavi Arab
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kolsoum Saeidi
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Houshang Amiri
- Neurology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Ren K. Exosomes in perspective: a potential surrogate for stem cell therapy. Odontology 2018; 107:271-284. [PMID: 30324571 DOI: 10.1007/s10266-018-0395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes as a unique subtype of small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) have attracted increasing interest in recent years in the fields of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) research. Studies have confirmed that exosomes derived from MSCs preserve immunosuppressive phenotype and can mimic therapeutic benefits of their parent cells. This review briefly summarizes most recent findings on the potential of exosomes as an alternative of therapeutic MSCs, focusing on the role of MSCs and their secreted exosomes in regulation of immune cells, preclinical and clinical evidence of therapeutic outcomes of MSC exosomes, and the biodistribution and pharmacokinetic profile of systemically administered exosomes. It is appreciated that exosomes from MSCs of different sources have variable contents including inflammatory mediators, tropic factors, signaling molecules, and nucleic acids (DNA, mRNA, microRNA and long non-coding RNA). Diverse functions of exosomes derived from different sources are expected. More importantly, exosomes isolated in vitro may not mirror that from in vivo, where donor MSCs are exposed to specific disease or injury-related conditions. Simulating in vivo microenvironment by pretreatment of MSCs with relevant chemical mediators may lead to their secretion of therapeutically more efficient exosomes/sEVs. However, we know very little about the key molecules involved and the differences between exosomes released under different conditions. These issues would be of tremendous interest to preclinical research that pursues exosome biology-underlain therapeutic mechanisms of MSCs. Further studies are expected to demonstrate the superiority of MSC-derived exsomes/sEVs as a pharmaceutical entity with regard to efficacy, safety, and practicability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Ren
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry, & Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, 650 W. Baltimore St, Dental-8 South, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Álvarez V, Sánchez-Margallo FM, Macías-García B, Gómez-Serrano M, Jorge I, Vázquez J, Blázquez R, Casado JG. The immunomodulatory activity of extracellular vesicles derived from endometrial mesenchymal stem cells on CD4+ T cells is partially mediated by TGFbeta. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2018; 12:2088-2098. [PMID: 30058282 DOI: 10.1002/term.2743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial mesenchymal stem cells (endMSCs) reside in the basal and functional layer of human endometrium and participate in tissue remodelling, which is required for maintaining the regenerative capacity of the endometrium. The endMSCs are multipotent stem cells and exhibit immunomodulatory effects. This paper aimed to evaluate the regulatory effects of extracellular vesicles derived from endMSCs (EV-endMSCs) in the setting of T cell activation. In vitro stimulations of lymphocytes were performed in the presence of EV-endMSCs. These in vitro-stimulated lymphocytes were functionally and phenotypically characterized to distinguish CD4+ and CD8+ T cell differentiation subsets. Moreover, the inhibition of TGFβ was performed with neutralizing antibodies. The phenotype and nanoparticle tracking analysis of the EV-endMSCs demonstrated that they are similar in terms of size distribution to other mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes. The in vitro assays showed an immunomodulatory potential of these vesicles to counteract the differentiation of CD4+ T cells. The quantification of active TGFβ in EV-endMSCs was found to be very high when compared with extracellular vesicles-free concentrated supernatants. Finally, the neutralization of TGFβ significantly attenuated the immunomodulatory activity of EV-endMSCs. In summary, this is the first report demonstrating that EV-endMSCs exhibit a potent inhibitory effect against CD4+ T cell activation, which is partially mediated by TGFβ signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Álvarez
- Stem Cell Therapy Unit, Jesus Uson Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Francisco Miguel Sánchez-Margallo
- Stem Cell Therapy Unit, Jesus Uson Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Cáceres, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Macías-García
- Assisted Reproduction Unit, Jesus Uson Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Cáceres, Spain
| | - María Gómez-Serrano
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Jorge
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Vázquez
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain.,Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Blázquez
- Stem Cell Therapy Unit, Jesus Uson Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Cáceres, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier G Casado
- Stem Cell Therapy Unit, Jesus Uson Minimally Invasive Surgery Centre, Cáceres, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Fibrin glue mesh fixation combined with mesenchymal stem cells or exosomes modulates the inflammatory reaction in a murine model of incisional hernia. Acta Biomater 2018; 71:318-329. [PMID: 29462710 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Surgical meshes are effective and frequently used to reinforce soft tissues. Fibrin glue (FG) has been widely used for mesh fixation and is also considered an optimal vehicle for stem cell delivery. The aim of this preclinical study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of MSCs and their exosomes combined with FG for the treatment of incisional hernia. A murine incisional hernia model was used to implant surgical meshes and different treatments with FG, MSCs and exo-MSCs were applied. The implanted meshes were evaluated at day 7 by anatomopathology, cellular analysis of infiltrating leukocytes and gene expression analysis of TH1/TH2 cytokines, MMPs, TIMPs and collagens. Our results demonstrated a significant increase of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages and TH2 cytokines when MSCs or exo-MSCs were used. Moreover, the analysis of MMPs, TIMPs and collagen exerted significant differences in the extracellular matrix and in the remodeling process. Our in vivo study suggests that the fixation of surgical meshes with FG and MSCs or exo-MSCs will have a beneficial effect for the treatment of incisional hernia in terms of improved outcomes of damaged tissue, and especially, in the modulation of inflammatory responses towards a less aggressive and pro-regenerative profile. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The implantation of surgical meshes is the standard procedure to reinforce tissue defects such as hernias. However, an exacerbated and persistent inflammatory response secondary to this implantation is frequently observed, leading to a strong discomfort and chronic pain in the patients. In many cases, an additional surgical intervention is needed to remove the mesh. This study shows that mesenchymal stem cells and their exosomes, combined with a fibrin sealant, can be used for the successful fixation of these meshes. This new therapeutic approach, assayed in a murine model of incisional hernia, favors the modulation of the inflammatory response towards a less aggressive and pro-regenerative profile.
Collapse
|
49
|
Extracellular vesicles: A new therapeutic strategy for joint conditions. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 153:134-146. [PMID: 29427625 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are attracting increasing interest since they might represent a more convenient therapeutic tool with respect to their cells of origin. In the last years much time and effort have been expended to determine the biological properties of EVs from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and other sources. The immunoregulatory, anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties of MSC EVs have been demonstrated in in vitro studies and animal models of rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis. This cell-free approach has been proposed as a possible better alternative to MSC therapy in autoimmune conditions and tissue regeneration. In addition, EVs show great potential as biomarkers of disease or delivery systems for active molecules. The standardization of isolation and characterization methods is a key step for the development of EV research. A better understanding of EV mechanisms of action and efficacy is required to establish the potential therapeutic applications of this new approach in joint conditions.
Collapse
|
50
|
Goodarzi P, Larijani B, Alavi-Moghadam S, Tayanloo-Beik A, Mohamadi-Jahani F, Ranjbaran N, Payab M, Falahzadeh K, Mousavi M, Arjmand B. Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Exosomes for Wound Regeneration. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1119:119-131. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2018_251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|