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Marwa I AEH, El-Malt RMS, Khater SI, Abdelwarith AA, Khamis T, Abd El-Wahab RA, Younis EM, Davies SJ, Mohamed DI, Mohamed RI, Zayed S, Abdelrahman MA, Ibrahim D. Impact of Liposomal Hesperetin in Broilers: Prospects for Improving Performance, Antioxidant Potential, Immunity, and Resistance against Listeria monocytogenes. Avian Pathol 2024:1-57. [PMID: 39169883 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2024.2395357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Liposomal encapsulated phytogenics, such as liposomal hesperetin, are considered novel substitutes for antibiotics in the broilers industry owing to their improved nutritional and therapeutic properties. Therefore, our key goal was to investigate liposomal hesperetin impact on broilers' growth performance, health, antioxidant status, tight junction proteins (TJP), and resistance against Listeria monocytogenes. Four broilers' groups were fed 0, 150, 250, and 400 mg/kg of liposomal hesperetin-supplemented diets and experimentally infected with L. monocytogenes strain. Herein, liposomal hesperetin, especially at higher concentrations, augmented broilers FCR with upregulation of genes encoding TJP (occludin, JAM-2, MUC-2), and antioxidant attributes (GPX-1, SOD-1, CAT, HO-1, NQO1, COX2), which reflect enhancing health and welfare of broilers. Muscle antioxidant biomarkers were enhanced; meanwhile, muscle MDA, ROS, and H2O2 levels were reduced in response to 400 mg/kg of liposomal hesperetin. Liposomal hesperetin fortification reduced L. monocytogenes loads and its virulence-related genes expression levels (flaA, hlyA, and ami). Remarkably, histopathological alterations in intestinal and brain tissues of L. monocytogenes infected broilers were restored post-inclusion at higher levels liposomal hesperetin, which reflects increasing the bird's resistance to L. monocytogenes infection. Transcription levels of genes encoding cytokines/chemokines (MyD88, AVBD6, CCL20, IL-1β, IL-18), and autophagy (Bcl-2, LC3, AMPK, AKT, CHOP, Bip, p62, XBP1) were ameliorated following dietary liposomal hesperetin fortification, which suggests enhancing the birds' immunity and health. Collectively, our research recommends liposomal hesperetin application in broilers` diets owing to its promoting impact on growth performance, antioxidant status, immunity, health, and welfare besides its antibacterial, and antivirulence characteristics to fight against L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abd El-Hamid Marwa I
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Rania M S El-Malt
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Zagazig Branch, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Zagazig 44516, Egypt;
| | - Safaa I Khater
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519 Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Tarek Khamis
- Department of Pharmacology and Laboratory of Biotechnology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Reham A Abd El-Wahab
- Biochemistry Department, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Mansoura Branch, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), 246 Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt ;
| | - Elsayed M Younis
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saudi University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia ;
| | - Simon J Davies
- Aquaculture Nutrition Research Unit (ANRU), Carna Research Station, College of Science and Engineering, Ryan Institute, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Dalia Ibrahim Mohamed
- Department of Biochemistry, Animal Health Research Institute, Zagazig Branch, Agriculture Research Center, Egypt,
| | - Rania I Mohamed
- Department of Pathology, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Animal Health Research Institute, Mansoura Provincial Laboratory (AHRI-Mansoura), P.O. Box 264-Giza, Cairo 12618, Egypt,
| | - Shimaa Zayed
- Biochemistry Department, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Mansoura Branch, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), 246 Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt ;
| | - Mahmoud A Abdelrahman
- Bacteriology Department, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Mansoura Branch, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Egypt
| | - Doaa Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Egypt
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Ram Das A, Pillai N, Nanduri B, Rothrock MJ, Ramkumar M. Exploring Pathogen Presence Prediction in Pastured Poultry Farms through Transformer-Based Models and Attention Mechanism Explainability. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1274. [PMID: 39065042 PMCID: PMC11278766 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, we explore how transformer models, which are known for their attention mechanisms, can improve pathogen prediction in pastured poultry farming. By combining farm management practices with microbiome data, our model outperforms traditional prediction methods in terms of the F1 score-an evaluation metric for model performance-thus fulfilling an essential need in predictive microbiology. Additionally, the emphasis is on making our model's predictions explainable. We introduce a novel approach for identifying feature importance using the model's attention matrix and the PageRank algorithm, offering insights that enhance our comprehension of established techniques such as DeepLIFT. Our results showcase the efficacy of transformer models in pathogen prediction for food safety and mark a noteworthy contribution to the progress of explainable AI within the biomedical sciences. This study sheds light on the impact of effective farm management practices and highlights the importance of technological advancements in ensuring food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athish Ram Das
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (A.R.D.); (B.N.)
| | - Nisha Pillai
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA;
| | - Bindu Nanduri
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (A.R.D.); (B.N.)
| | - Michael J. Rothrock
- Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, USDA-ARS U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605, USA;
| | - Mahalingam Ramkumar
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA;
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3
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Chen P, Cheng F, Huang Q, Dong Y, Sun P, Peng Q. Distribution and Antimicrobial Resistance Characterization of Listeria monocytogenes in Poultry Meat in Jiading District, Shanghai. J Food Prot 2024; 87:100234. [PMID: 38295987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2024.100234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the distribution, contamination status, and antibiotic resistance of Listeria monocytogenes in four types of retail poultry meat, including chicken, duck, goose, and pigeon, sold in Jiading District, Shanghai, a total of 236 retail poultry meat samples were collected, and L. monocytogenes isolates were obtained for identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing against 14 common antibiotics. Forty-one L. monocytogenes isolates were detected from the 236 retail poultry meat samples, with detection rates of 24.47%, 19.44%, 14.75%, and 4.44% in chicken, goose, duck, and pigeon meat, respectively. Among refrigerated, frozen, and room temperature samples, refrigerated poultry had the highest detection rate at 25.40%, while frozen poultry had the lowest at 13.33%. The detection rate of L. monocytogenes in chicken meat differed significantly between the storage temperatures, while no significant differences were found for other poultry types. No significant differences in detection rates were observed between different retail locations or packaging methods. Isolates exhibited complete resistance to cefoxitin (FOX) and increasing resistance over time to tetracycline (TET) and clindamycin (CLI), while low levels of resistance were found for penicillin (PEN), oxacillin (OXA), and erythromycin (ERY). Resistance to ERY and TET suggests the potential for multidrug resistance. Significant differences in antibiotic resistance profiles were observed among L. monocytogenes from the various poultry types. In summary, contamination status and antibiotic resistance profiles differed among retail chicken, duck, goose, and pigeon meat sold and the resistance rate of strains continues to increase in Jiading District, Shanghai. Targeted control measures should be implemented to reduce the emergence of resistant strains, as retail conditions had minimal impact on L. monocytogenes prevalence in poultry meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peichao Chen
- Shanghai Jiading District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 201800, China.
| | - Fangzhou Cheng
- Shanghai Jiading District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 201800, China.
| | - Qiang Huang
- Shanghai Jiading District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 201800, China.
| | - Yuting Dong
- Shanghai Jiading District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 201800, China.
| | - Pan Sun
- Shanghai Jiading District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 201800, China.
| | - Qian Peng
- Shanghai Jiading District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 201800, China.
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Liu T, Zhai Y, Jeong KC. Advancing understanding of microbial biofilms through machine learning-powered studies. Food Sci Biotechnol 2023; 32:1653-1664. [PMID: 37780593 PMCID: PMC10533454 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01415-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial biofilms are prevalent in various environments and pose significant challenges to food safety and public health. The biofilms formed by pathogens can cause food spoilage, foodborne illness, and infectious diseases, which are difficult to treat due to their enhanced antimicrobial resistance. While the composition and development of biofilms have been widely studied, their profound impact on food, the food industry, and public health has not been sufficiently recapitulated. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of microbial biofilms in the food industry and their implication on public health. It highlights the existence of biofilms along the food-producing chains and the underlying mechanisms of biofilm-associated diseases. Furthermore, this review thoroughly summarizes the enhanced understanding of microbial biofilms achieved through machine learning approaches in biofilm research. By consolidating existing knowledge, this review intends to facilitate developing effective strategies to combat biofilm-associated infections in both the food industry and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, 2250 Shealy Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA
| | - Yuting Zhai
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, 2250 Shealy Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA
| | - Kwangcheol Casey Jeong
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, 2055 Mowry Rd, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, 2250 Shealy Dr, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA
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5
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Monteith W, Pascoe B, Mourkas E, Clark J, Hakim M, Hitchings MD, McCarthy N, Yahara K, Asakura H, Sheppard SK. Contrasting genes conferring short- and long-term biofilm adaptation in Listeria. Microb Genom 2023; 9:001114. [PMID: 37850975 PMCID: PMC10634452 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is an opportunistic food-borne bacterium that is capable of infecting humans with high rates of hospitalization and mortality. Natural populations are genotypically and phenotypically variable, with some lineages being responsible for most human infections. The success of L. monocytogenes is linked to its capacity to persist on food and in the environment. Biofilms are an important feature that allow these bacteria to persist and infect humans, so understanding the genetic basis of biofilm formation is key to understanding transmission. We sought to investigate the biofilm-forming ability of L. monocytogenes by identifying genetic variation that underlies biofilm formation in natural populations using genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Changes in gene expression of specific strains during biofilm formation were then investigated using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). Genetic variation associated with enhanced biofilm formation was identified in 273 genes by GWAS and differential expression in 220 genes by RNA-seq. Statistical analyses show that the number of overlapping genes flagged by either type of experiment is less than expected by random sampling. This novel finding is consistent with an evolutionary scenario where rapid adaptation is driven by variation in gene expression of pioneer genes, and this is followed by slower adaptation driven by nucleotide changes within the core genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Monteith
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Biology, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, UK
| | - Ben Pascoe
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Jack Clark
- Department of Genetics, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, UK
| | - Maliha Hakim
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - Matthew D. Hitchings
- Swasnsea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Campus, Swansea, UK
| | - Noel McCarthy
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Koji Yahara
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Asakura
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tonomachi 3-25-26, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-9501, Japan
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6
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Ricke SC, O’Bryan CA, Rothrock MJ. Listeria Occurrence in Conventional and Alternative Egg Production Systems. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2164. [PMID: 37764008 PMCID: PMC10535144 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Listeria continues to be a persistent foodborne pathogen that is responsible for human cases of listeriosis when contaminated food products are consumed. Human subjects considered to be most susceptible include the elderly, immunocompromised, and pregnant women. Listeria is characterized as a saprophytic organism with the capability of responding and adapting to constantly changing environments because it possesses multiple stress response mechanisms to overcome varying temperatures, salt concentrations, and pH, among others. Primary foods and food products associated with listeriosis include dairy products and ready-to-eat meats such as turkey products. Historically, chicken eggs have not been identified as a primary source of Listeria, but the potential for contamination during egg production and processing does exist. Listeria species have been isolated from egg-processing plant equipment and are presumed to occur in egg-processing plant environments. Whether Listeria is consistently disseminated onto eggs beyond the egg-processing plant is a risk factor that remains to be determined. However, research has been conducted over the years to develop egg wash solutions that generate combinations of pH and other properties that would be considered inhibitory to Listeria. Even less is known regarding the association of Listeria with alternative egg production systems, but Listeria has been isolated from pasture flock broilers, so it is conceivable, given the nature of the outdoor environments, that layer birds under these conditions would also be exposed to Listeria and their eggs become contaminated. This review focuses on the possibility of Listeria occurring in conventional and alternative egg-laying production and processing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C. Ricke
- Meat Science and Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Corliss A. O’Bryan
- Food Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704, USA;
| | - Michael J. Rothrock
- U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Egg Safety & Quality Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA 30606, USA;
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7
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Blomvall L, Kaukonen E, Kurittu P, Heikinheimo A, Fredriksson-Ahomaa M. Food chain information and post-mortem findings in fattening Turkey flocks. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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8
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Zhang L, Parreira VR, Rahman A, Smith BA, Munther DS, Farber JM. Survival and predictive modeling of Listeria monocytogenes under simulated human gastric conditions in the presence of bovine milk products. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 396:110201. [PMID: 37116301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen which has been implicated in many outbreaks of foodborne diseases. This study evaluated the effects of gastric acidity and gastric digestion time of adults, L. monocytogenes strain and food type on the survival of L. monocytogenes under simulated stomach conditions of adults in in vitro gastric models with dynamic pH changes occurring throughout the exposure. Individual strains as well as a cocktail of L. monocytogenes, inoculated at 8 log CFU/mL in filtered bovine milk products, 0 % milk, 2 % milk, 2 % chocolate milk and 3.25 % milk, were introduced to the gastric models for 2 h. The survival of L. monocytogenes depended on a combination of factors, including gastric acidity and gastric digestion time of adults, L. monocytogenes strain, food type and recovery method (P < 0.05). The survival rates of L. monocytogenes inoculated in 2 % milk after a 2-h exposure to simulated gastric fluids with pH values of 1.5, 2.0 and 3.0 were 0.003 to 0.040 %, 22.7 to 43.4 % and 16.6 to 27.2 %, respectively. Fluid milk containing a higher milk fat content (3.25 % vs 0 % milk) protected L. monocytogenes from being inactivated when they were exposed to the human stomach model with a gastric acidity of pH 2.0. Compared to 0 % and 3.25 % milk, L. monocytogenes survived the best in 2 % chocolate milk, which appears to be due to the presence of milk fat (2 %) and the additional nutrients that are present in chocolate milk. A predictive mathematical model was developed that captured the population of the strains of L. monocytogenes under the in vitro conditions. This study advances our understanding of the behaviour of L. monocytogenes under various human gastric conditions and provides key parameters that can affect the survival of L. monocytogenes in the stomachs of adults. The mathematical models developed in this study can be used as a supplementary tool to help predict the survival of L. monocytogenes under similar scenarios and for relevant risk-assessment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linkang Zhang
- Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Valeria R Parreira
- Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Ashrafur Rahman
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Ben A Smith
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON N1H 7M7, Canada
| | - Daniel S Munther
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Farber
- Canadian Research Institute for Food Safety, Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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9
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Biofilm Formation and Control of Foodborne Pathogenic Bacteria. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062432. [PMID: 36985403 PMCID: PMC10058477 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are microbial aggregation membranes that are formed when microorganisms attach to the surfaces of living or nonliving things. Importantly, biofilm properties provide microorganisms with protection against environmental pressures and enhance their resistance to antimicrobial agents, contributing to microbial persistence and toxicity. Thus, bacterial biofilm formation is part of the bacterial survival mechanism. However, if foodborne pathogens form biofilms, the risk of foodborne disease infections can be greatly exacerbated, which can cause major public health risks and lead to adverse economic consequences. Therefore, research on biofilms and their removal strategies are very important in the food industry. Food waste due to spoilage within the food industry remains a global challenge to environmental sustainability and the security of food supplies. This review describes bacterial biofilm formation, elaborates on the problem associated with biofilms in the food industry, enumerates several kinds of common foodborne pathogens in biofilms, summarizes the current strategies used to eliminate or control harmful bacterial biofilm formation, introduces the current and emerging control strategies, and emphasizes future development prospects with respect to bacterial biofilms.
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10
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Christmann J, Cao P, Becker J, Desiderato CK, Goldbeck O, Riedel CU, Kohlstedt M, Wittmann C. High-efficiency production of the antimicrobial peptide pediocin PA-1 in metabolically engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum using a microaerobic process at acidic pH and elevated levels of bivalent calcium ions. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:41. [PMID: 36849884 PMCID: PMC9969654 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02044-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediocin PA-1 is a bacteriocin of recognized value with applications in food bio-preservation and the medical sector for the prevention of infection. To date, industrial manufacturing of pediocin PA-1 is limited by high cost and low-performance. The recent establishment of the biotechnological workhorse Corynebacterium glutamicum as recombinant host for pediocin PA-1 synthesis displays a promising starting point towards more efficient production. RESULTS Here, we optimized the fermentative production process. Following successful simplification of the production medium, we carefully investigated the impact of dissolved oxygen, pH value, and the presence of bivalent calcium ions on pediocin production. It turned out that the formation of the peptide was strongly supported by an acidic pH of 5.7 and microaerobic conditions at a dissolved oxygen level of 2.5%. Furthermore, elevated levels of CaCl2 boosted production. The IPTG-inducible producer C. glutamicum CR099 pXMJ19 Ptac pedACDCg provided 66 mg L-1 of pediocin PA-1 in a two-phase batch process using the optimized set-up. In addition, the novel constitutive strain Ptuf pedACDCg allowed successful production without the need for IPTG. CONCLUSIONS The achieved pediocin titer surpasses previous efforts in various microbes up to almost seven-fold, providing a valuable step to further explore and develop this important bacteriocin. In addition to its high biosynthetic performance C. glutamicum proved to be highly robust under the demanding producing conditions, suggesting its further use as host for bacteriocin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Christmann
- grid.11749.3a0000 0001 2167 7588Institute for Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Peng Cao
- grid.11749.3a0000 0001 2167 7588Institute for Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Judith Becker
- grid.11749.3a0000 0001 2167 7588Institute for Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christian K. Desiderato
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Oliver Goldbeck
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christian U. Riedel
- grid.6582.90000 0004 1936 9748Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Kohlstedt
- grid.11749.3a0000 0001 2167 7588Institute for Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christoph Wittmann
- Institute for Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany.
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Sioutas G, Petridou E, Minoudi S, Papageorgiou KV, Symeonidou I, Giantsis IA, Triantafyllidis A, Papadopoulos E. Isolation of Listeria monocytogenes from poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) infesting a backyard chicken farm in Greece. Sci Rep 2023; 13:685. [PMID: 36639408 PMCID: PMC9839678 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27862-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The poultry red mite (PRM), Dermanyssus gallinae, is arguably the most harmful, ubiquitous haematophagous ectoparasite infesting egg-laying hens. PRM is a vector of various microorganisms, with some being important for food microbiology and public health. The present study aimed to investigate the presence of specific pathogens, including Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Listeria spp., carried by PRM infesting a chicken farm in Greece. Mites were caught using cardboard traps (Avivet), and 100 unwashed PRM were homogenized and used for microbiological cultures. Microbiological cultures were carried out on general and selective substrates to detect the above-mentioned bacteria. Specifically for Listeria spp., DNA was extracted from bacteria grown in Tryptone Soya Yeast Extract Agar using a commercial kit. The hly gene encoding the Listeriolysin O protein was amplified by PCR. Mites were identified as D. gallinae using morphological keys as well as by COI DNA barcoding. Microbiological cultures and PCR assays were positive for Listeria monocytogenes. No other bacteria were detected. The current study constitutes the first molecular isolation of L. monocytogenes from D. gallinae, confirming that PRM can carry this food-borne pathogen. PRM control measures and hygiene practices should be applied to minimize any possible contamination risk of poultry products with L. monocytogenes and safeguard public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Sioutas
- grid.4793.90000000109457005Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evanthia Petridou
- grid.4793.90000000109457005Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Styliani Minoudi
- grid.4793.90000000109457005Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos V. Papageorgiou
- grid.4793.90000000109457005Laboratory of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Isaia Symeonidou
- grid.4793.90000000109457005Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis A. Giantsis
- grid.184212.c0000 0000 9364 8877Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Western Macedonia, 53100 Florina, Greece
| | - Alexandros Triantafyllidis
- grid.4793.90000000109457005Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Elias Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Campus, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece.
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12
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Al-Garadi MA, Qaid MM, Alqhtani AH, Alhajj MS, Al-abdullatif AA, Al-Mufarrej SI. In Vitro Antimicrobial Efficacy Assessment of Ethanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum Verum) Bark against Selected Microbes. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2022-1682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - MM Qaid
- King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
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Environmental sampling methods' influence on detection of pathogens in cage-free aviary housing. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102381. [PMID: 36565638 PMCID: PMC9801193 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The environmental sampling of layer housing systems is essential to identifying potential pathogens that are of concern to human health. To identify the natural occurrence of pathogens (Listeria, Campylobacter, and Salmonella) at various locations in a cage-free aviary housing system, swabs were collected when hens were 22 to 39 wks of age. Duplicate environmental swabs were taken and inoculated with a low dose (101 cfu) Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) and examined for the recovery of SE from environmental samples. Detection of Listeria (P < 0.0001) and Campylobacter (P < 0.0001) varied between the environmental sample types taken: concrete dust, drag swabs, egg belt dust, manure belt scraper swabs, and wall dust. Detection of Listeria (P < 0.0001) was the highest (70.0%) at the beginning of the study (22 wk) and decreased over time. Detection of Campylobacter (P < 0.001) was also the highest at 22 wk, however the decrease over time was more gradual. Interestingly, detection of Campylobacter (P < 0.0001) was the greatest in concrete dust samples (96.25%), which can be attributed to the presence of rodent excreta in the samples. Drag swabs and manure belt scraper swabs were the best sampling types for high detection of Listeria and Campylobacter. It should be noted that Listeria recovered was not of human health concern. No naturally occurring Salmonella was identified in this study. The recovery of the SE inoculum increased over time, reaching the greatest recovery in drag (81.25%; P < 0.0001), egg belt dust (100.00%; P < 0.0001) and wall dust swabs (100.00%; P < 0.0001) by 39 wk. This high rate of SE recovery occurred just before US mandatory SE environmental monitoring at 40 to 45 wks of age. Based on this study, the use of drag and manure belt scraper swabs are effective in detecting Listeria and Campylobacter in cage-free aviary housing. Along with good pest management, the occurrence of pathogens could be monitored and reduced in laying hen flocks.
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14
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Al-Garadi MA, Qaid MM, Alqhtani AH, Pokoo-Aikins A, Al-Mufarrej SI. In vitro phytochemical analysis and antibacterial and antifungal efficacy assessment of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Rumex nervosus leaves against selected bacteria and fungi. Vet World 2022; 15:2725-2737. [PMID: 36590121 PMCID: PMC9798057 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2725-2737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Scientists are interested in identifying natural antibiotic substitutes that are effective against drug-resistant pathogenic microbes and spoilage fungi to counter pathogens and reduce the major public health problem of antibiotic residues in animal products. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Rumex nervosus leaves (RNLs) as a medicinal herb against four bacterial and two fungal strains using absolute ethanol, 50% ethanol, and aqueous extracts. Materials and Methods The antimicrobial activities of various RNL extracts against selected microbes were evaluated using the disk diffusion antibiotic susceptibility test, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs), minimum fungicidal concentrations, and the poisoned food technique. Results The absolute ethanol RNL extract showed the best bacteriostatic/bactericidal activity against Salmonella Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus (MIC/MBC: 0.20/0.40, 0.20/0.40, and 0.32/0.65 mg/mL, respectively). The diameter of the zone of inhibition was larger (p < 0.05) for the 100% ethanol RNL extract (8.17 mm) against Salmonella Typhimurium, the 50% ethanol-RNL extract (11.5 mm) against E. coli, and the aqueous RNL extract (14.0 mm) against S. aureus than for any other bacterial isolate. The aqueous RNL extract strongly (p < 0.0001) inhibited the mycelial growth of Aspergillus fumigatus (100%) and Aspergillus niger (81.4%) compared with the control. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that RNL is a promising new natural antimicrobial agent for food preservation. To date, most research on the antimicrobial properties of natural herbs has been conducted in vitro, with few exceptions in vivo and intervention-based research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged A. Al-Garadi
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M. Qaid
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia,Corresponding author: Mohammed M. Qaid, e-mail: Co-authors: MAA: , AHA: , AP: , SIA:
| | - Abdulmohsen H. Alqhtani
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anthony Pokoo-Aikins
- US National Poultry Research Center, Toxicology and Mycotoxin Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Athens, Georgia 30605, USA
| | - Saud I. Al-Mufarrej
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Vidovic S, Paturi G, Gupta S, Fletcher GC. Lifestyle of Listeria monocytogenes and food safety: Emerging listericidal technologies in the food industry. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:1817-1835. [PMID: 36062812 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2119205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes, a causative agent of listeriosis, is a major foodborne pathogen. Among pathogens, L. monocytogenes stands out for its unique ecological and physiological characteristics. This distinct lifestyle of L. monocytogenes has a significant impact on food safety and public health, mainly through the ability of this pathogen to multiply at refrigeration temperature and to persist in the food processing environment. Due to a combination of these characteristics and emerging trends in consumer preference for ready-to-eat and minimally processed food, there is a need to develop effective and sustainable approaches to control contamination of food products with L. monocytogenes. Implementation of an efficient and reliable control strategy for L. monocytogenes must first address the problem of cross-contamination. Besides the preventive control strategies, cross-contamination may be addressed with the introduction of emerging post packaging non-thermal or thermal hurdles that can ensure delivery of a listericidal step in a packed product without interfering with the organoleptic characteristics of a food product. This review aims to present the most relevant findings underlying the distinct lifestyle of L. monocytogenes and its impact on food safety. We also discuss emerging food decontamination technologies that can be used to better control L. monocytogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinisa Vidovic
- Food Safety Preservation Team, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gunaranjan Paturi
- Food Safety Preservation Team, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sravani Gupta
- Food Safety Preservation Team, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Graham C Fletcher
- Food Safety Preservation Team, The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
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16
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Brugaletta G, De Cesare A, Laghi L, Manfreda G, Zampiga M, Oliveri C, Pérez-Calvo E, Litta G, Lolli S, Sirri F. A multi-omics approach to elucidate the mechanisms of action of a dietary muramidase administered to broiler chickens. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5559. [PMID: 35365750 PMCID: PMC8976025 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09546-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel dietary muramidase has been shown to have positive effects on broiler chickens. However, very little is known about its mechanisms of action. The present multi-omics investigation sought to address this knowledge gap. A total of 2,340 day-old male broilers were assigned to 3 groups (12 replicates each) fed, from 0 to 42 d, a basal diet (control group—CON) or the basal diet supplemented with muramidase at 25,000 (low-dose group—MUL) or 45,000 LSU(F)/kg feed (high-dose group—MUH). MUH significantly outperformed CON in terms of cumulative feed intake (4,798 vs 4,705 g), body weight (2,906 vs 2,775 g), and feed conversion ratio (1.686 vs 1.729), while MUL exhibited intermediate performance. At caecal level, MUH showed the lowest alpha diversity, a significantly different beta diversity, a reduction in Firmicutes, and a rise in Bacteroidetes, especially compared with MUL. MUH also exhibited a considerable decrease in Clostridiaceae and an overrepresentation of Bacteroidaceae and Lactobacillaceae. At blood level, MUH had lower hypoxanthine—probably due to its drop at caecal level—histidine, and uracil, while greater pyruvate, 2-oxoglutarate, and glucose. This study sheds light on the mode of action of this muramidase and lays the groundwork for future investigations on its effects on the intestinal ecosystem and systemic metabolism of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Brugaletta
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, 40064, Italy
| | - Alessandra De Cesare
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, 40064, Italy.
| | - Luca Laghi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, 40064, Italy
| | - Gerardo Manfreda
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, 40064, Italy
| | - Marco Zampiga
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, 40064, Italy
| | - Chiara Oliveri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, 40064, Italy
| | - Estefanía Pérez-Calvo
- Research Center for Animal Nutrition and Health, DSM Nutritional Products, Village-Neuf, Saint Louis, 68305, France
| | - Gilberto Litta
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health, Segrate, Milano, 20054, Italy
| | - Susanna Lolli
- DSM Nutritional Products, Animal Nutrition and Health, Segrate, Milano, 20054, Italy
| | - Federico Sirri
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Ozzano dell'Emilia, Bologna, 40064, Italy
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17
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Lencova S, Stiborova H, Munzarova M, Demnerova K, Zdenkova K. Potential of Polyamide Nanofibers With Natamycin, Rosemary Extract, and Green Tea Extract in Active Food Packaging Development: Interactions With Food Pathogens and Assessment of Microbial Risks Elimination. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:857423. [PMID: 35369475 PMCID: PMC8965076 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.857423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing microbial safety and prolonging the shelf life of products is one of the major challenges in the food industry. Active food packaging made from nanofibrous materials enhanced with antimicrobial substances is considered a promising way. In this study, electrospun polyamide (PA) nanofibrous materials functionalized with 2.0 wt% natamycin (NAT), rosemary extract (RE), and green tea extract (GTE), respectively, were prepared as active packaging and tested for the food pathogens Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, and Staphylococcus aureus. The PAs exhibited: (i) complete retention of bacterial cells reaching 6.0-6.4 log10removal, (ii) antimicrobial activity with 1.6-3.0 log10suppression, and (iii) antibiofilm activity with 1.7-3.0 log10suppression. The PAs prolonged the shelf life of chicken breast; up to 1.9 log10(CFU/g) suppression of total viable colonies and 2.1 log10(CFU/g) suppression of L. monocytogenes were observed after 7 days of storage at 7°C. A beneficial effect on pH and sensory quality was verified. The results confirm microbiological safety and benefits of PA/NAT, PA/RE, and PA/GTE and their potential in developing functional and ecological packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Lencova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Hana Stiborova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
| | | | - Katerina Demnerova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kamila Zdenkova
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Czechia
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18
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Gontar Ł, Sitarek-Andrzejczyk M, Kochański M, Buła M, Drutowska A, Zych D, Markiewicz J. Dynamics and Diversity of Microbial Contamination in Poultry Bedding Materials Containing Parts of Medicinal Plants. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15041290. [PMID: 35207831 PMCID: PMC8877630 DOI: 10.3390/ma15041290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms thriving in poultry bedding materials during their exploitation are involved in the development of several diseases and disfunctions of animals. They can also contaminate food products and pose risks to the environment and human health. This study provides an analysis of dynamics and diversity in microbiological contamination observed during the exploitation of poultry bedding materials containing parts of medicinal plants: Satureja hortensis, Origanum vulgare, Melissa officinalis, Salvia officinalis, and Thymus vulgaris, compared with standard types of beddings: straw chaff and straw pellets. The research was carried out in two 42-day experimental cycles involving in total 2400 broiler chickens. Each week, the total count of mesophilic bacteria, fungi and yeasts, the presumptive presence and count of Staphylococcus sp., Escherichia sp., Listeria sp., Salmonella sp., and Candida sp. were determined by culturing on selective media, along with pH and moisture measurements. After 35 days of the experiment, a reduction of the total count of mesophilic bacteria above 1 log compared to the control (11.86 vs. 13.02 log CFU/g) was observed. As the count of yeasts decreased after 21 days, an increase in the total count of bacteria was reported, which indicates a strong competition between microorganisms. The results improve our understanding of the temporal effects of using materials containing parts of medicinal plants on the microbial contamination in poultry litter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Gontar
- Correspondence: (Ł.G.); (M.S.-A.); Tel.: +48-42-636-12-59 (Ł.G.); +48-42-636-12-26 (M.S.-A.)
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19
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Abstract
Alternative poultry production systems continue to expand as markets for organic and naturally produced poultry meat and egg products increase. However, these production systems represent challenges associated with variable environmental conditions and exposure to foodborne pathogens. Consequently, there is a need to introduce feed additives that can support bird health and performance. There are several candidate feed additives with potential applications in alternative poultry production systems. Prebiotic compounds selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial gastrointestinal microorganisms leading to improved health of the host and limiting the establishment of foodborne pathogens. The shift in the gastrointestinal microbiota and modulation of fermentation can inhibit the establishment of foodborne pathogens such as Campylobacter and Salmonella. Both current and potential applications of prebiotics in alternative poultry production systems will be discussed in this review. Different sources and types of prebiotics that could be developed for alternative poultry production will also be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Ricke
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.
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20
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Lin CH, Adams PJ, Huang JF, Sun YF, Lin JH, Robertson ID. Contamination of chicken carcasses and the abattoir environment with Listeria monocytogenes in Taiwan. Br Poult Sci 2021; 62:701-709. [PMID: 33970711 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2021.1927984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
1. The following study provides the first data on the detection and types of Listeria monocytogenes isolated from broiler chickens during processing and from six Taiwanese abattoir environments.2. Listeria monocytogenes was not detected in any cloacal (n = 120) or environmental (n = 256) samples collected before and during processing, indicating that faecal material and the environment of abattoirs were not important sources of L. monocytogenes for poultry carcases. However, 28 of 246 (11.4%; 95% CI: 7.7-16.0) rinse samples collected from carcases post-evisceration from three abattoirs were positive for L. monocytogenes.3. The only serotypes detected were 1/2a (82.1%; 95% CI: 63.1-93.9) and 1/2b (14.3%; 95% CI: 4.0-32.7), with 3.6% (95% CI: 0.1-18.3) non-typable isolates.4. Characterisation by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE) identified five PFGE types, confirming cross-contamination with L. monocytogenes during evisceration, chilling and post-chilling.5. These findings highlight the potential for cross-contamination to occur through direct contact between carcases, especially whilst in chilling tanks.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-H Lin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia.,Bureau of Animal and Plant Health Inspection and Quarantine, Council of Agriculture, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - P J Adams
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia.,Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, South Perth, Australia
| | - J-F Huang
- Animal Technology Research Centre, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Y-F Sun
- Animal Technology Research Centre, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - J-H Lin
- Animal Technology Research Centre, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - I D Robertson
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Australia
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21
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Lianou A, Raftopoulou O, Spyrelli E, Nychas GJE. Growth of Listeria monocytogenes in Partially Cooked Battered Chicken Nuggets as a Function of Storage Temperature. Foods 2021; 10:foods10030533. [PMID: 33806490 PMCID: PMC8001785 DOI: 10.3390/foods10030533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Battered poultry products may be wrongly regarded and treated by consumers as ready-to-eat and, as such, be implicated in foodborne disease outbreaks. This study aimed at the quantitative description of the growth behavior of Listeria monocytogenes in fresh, partially cooked (non-ready-to-eat) battered chicken nuggets as function of temperature. Commercially prepared chicken breast nuggets were inoculated with L. monocytogenes and stored at different isothermal conditions (4, 8, 12, and 16 °C). The pathogen’s growth behavior was characterized via a two-step predictive modelling approach: estimation of growth kinetic parameters using a primary model, and description of the effect of temperature on the estimated maximum specific growth rate (μmax) using a secondary model. Model evaluation was undertaken using independent growth data under both constant and dynamic temperature conditions. According to the findings of this study, L. monocytogenes may proliferate in battered chicken nuggets in the course of their shelf life to levels potentially hazardous for susceptible population groups, even under well-controlled refrigerated storage conditions. Model evaluation demonstrated a satisfactory performance, where the estimated bias factor (Bf) was 0.92 and 1.08 under constant and dynamic temperature conditions, respectively, while the accuracy factor (Af) value was 1.08, in both cases. The collected data should be useful in model development and quantitative microbiological risk assessment in battered poultry products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Lianou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece; (O.R.); (E.S.)
- Division of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (G.-J.E.N.)
| | - Ourania Raftopoulou
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece; (O.R.); (E.S.)
- Department of Food, Bioprocessing and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7624, USA
| | - Evgenia Spyrelli
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece; (O.R.); (E.S.)
| | - George-John E. Nychas
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Biotechnology of Foods, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece; (O.R.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.L.); (G.-J.E.N.)
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22
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Carrascosa C, Raheem D, Ramos F, Saraiva A, Raposo A. Microbial Biofilms in the Food Industry-A Comprehensive Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18042014. [PMID: 33669645 PMCID: PMC7922197 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18042014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms, present as microorganisms and surviving on surfaces, can increase food cross-contamination, leading to changes in the food industry’s cleaning and disinfection dynamics. Biofilm is an association of microorganisms that is irreversibly linked with a surface, contained in an extracellular polymeric substance matrix, which poses a formidable challenge for food industries. To avoid biofilms from forming, and to eliminate them from reversible attachment and irreversible stages, where attached microorganisms improve surface adhesion, a strong disinfectant is required to eliminate bacterial attachments. This review paper tackles biofilm problems from all perspectives, including biofilm-forming pathogens in the food industry, disinfectant resistance of biofilm, and identification methods. As biofilms are largely responsible for food spoilage and outbreaks, they are also considered responsible for damage to food processing equipment. Hence the need to gain good knowledge about all of the factors favouring their development or growth, such as the attachment surface, food matrix components, environmental conditions, the bacterial cells involved, and electrostatic charging of surfaces. Overall, this review study shows the real threat of biofilms in the food industry due to the resistance of disinfectants and the mechanisms developed for their survival, including the intercellular signalling system, the cyclic nucleotide second messenger, and biofilm-associated proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrado Carrascosa
- Department of Animal Pathology and Production, Bromatology and Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35413 Arucas, Spain;
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (A.R.)
| | - Dele Raheem
- Northern Institute for Environmental and Minority Law (NIEM), Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, 96101 Rovaniemi, Finland;
| | - Fernando Ramos
- Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, R. D. Manuel II, 55142 Apartado, Portugal
| | - Ariana Saraiva
- Department of Animal Pathology and Production, Bromatology and Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35413 Arucas, Spain;
| | - António Raposo
- CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (C.C.); (A.R.)
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23
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Rodriguez C, Taminiau B, García-Fuentes E, Daube G, Korsak N. Listeria monocytogenes dissemination in farming and primary production: Sources, shedding and control measures. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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24
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Gu G, Strawn LK, Ottesen AR, Ramachandran P, Reed EA, Zheng J, Boyer RR, Rideout SL. Correlation of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes in Irrigation Water to Environmental Factors, Fecal Indicators, and Bacterial Communities. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:557289. [PMID: 33488530 PMCID: PMC7820387 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.557289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of foodborne illnesses linked to fresh fruits and vegetables have been key drivers behind a wide breadth of research aiming to fill data gaps in our understanding of the total ecology of agricultural water sources such as ponds and wells and the relationship of this ecology to foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes. Both S. enterica and L. monocytogenes can persist in irrigation water and have been linked to produce contamination events. Data describing the abundance of these organisms in specific agricultural water sources are valuable to guide water treatment measures. Here, we profiled the culture independent water microbiota of four farm ponds and wells correlated with microbiological recovery of S. enterica (prevalence: pond, 19.4%; well, 3.3%), L. monocytogenes (pond, 27.1%; well, 4.2%) and fecal indicator testing. Correlation between abiotic factors, including water parameters (temperature, pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen percentage, oxidation reduction potential, and turbidity) and weather (temperature and rainfall), and foodborne pathogens were also evaluated. Although abiotic factors did not correlate with recovery of S. enterica or L. monocytogenes (p > 0.05), fecal indicators were positively correlated with incidence of S. enterica in well water. Bacterial taxa such as Sphingomonadaceae and Hymenobacter were positively correlated with the prevalence and population of S. enterica, and recovery of L. monocytogenes was positively correlated with the abundance of Rhizobacter and Comamonadaceae (p < 0.03). These data will support evolving mitigation strategies to reduce the risk of produce contamination by foodborne pathogens through irrigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganyu Gu
- Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Painter, VA, United States
| | - Laura K Strawn
- Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Painter, VA, United States
| | - Andrea R Ottesen
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, US Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States.,Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, US Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Padmini Ramachandran
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, US Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Reed
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, US Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Jie Zheng
- Center for Veterinary Medicine, US Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, MD, United States
| | - Renee R Boyer
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Steven L Rideout
- Eastern Shore Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech, Painter, VA, United States
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25
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Factors contributing to Listeria monocytogenes transmission and impact on food safety. Curr Opin Food Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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26
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Abstract
Food safety remains a significant public health issue for the poultry industry. Foodborne pathogens can be in contact at all phases of poultry production, from initial hatch to processing and ultimately to retail and meal preparation. Salmonella and Campylobacter have been considered the primary foodborne pathogens associated with poultry. Both organisms are major causative agents of human foodborne illness. Limiting these pathogens in poultry production requires identifying their sources and routes of transmission. This involves the ability to isolate and precisely identify them using methodologies capable of discernment at the genome level. Interventions to reduce their occurrence in poultry production employ two basic strategies: prevention of establishment and elimination of already-established pathogens. This review provides an overview of current findings and prospects for further research on poultry food safety issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Ricke
- Meat Science & Animal Biologics Discovery Program, Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA;
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Osaili TM, Hasan F, Dhanasekaran DK, Obaid RS, Al-Nabulsi AA, Ayyash M, Karam L, Savvaidis IN, Holley R. Effect of active essential oils added to chicken tawook on the behaviour of Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp. and Escherichia coli O157:H7 during storage. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 337:108947. [PMID: 33181419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to assess the antimicrobial effect of active essential oil components (EOs) namely (carvacrol (CA), cinnamaldehyde (CI) and thymol (TH)) on Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in chicken tawook during storage at 4 and 10 °C. A marinade consisting of ingredients commonly used in the chicken tawook recipe was prepared and mixed with 1% and 2% v/v CA, CI or TH. The marinade with or without EOs was added to fresh chicken breast cubes inoculated with the foodborne pathogens. Afterward, marinated chicken "tawook" was stored at 4 and 10 °C covered with cling wrap to mimic chill and mild abuse storage conditions for up to 7 days. At 10 °C, the marinade decreased L. monocytogenes numbers on day 4 and 7 by about 2.4 log10 CFU/g as compared to unmarinated samples. Adding EOs to chicken tawook did not change L. monocytogenes numbers during storage at 4 and 10 °C. For Salmonella spp., the marinade decreased the numbers during 10 °C storage on day 4 and 7 by about 4.9 log10 CFU/g as compared to unmarinated samples. At 4 °C, EOs at 2% decreased Salmonella spp. on day 7 by 0.5 log10 CFU/g. One percent CI significantly decreased Salmonella by 1.5 log10 CFU/g, at day 4 of storage. At 10 °C, 1% CA, 2% CI, 1% and 2% TH decreased Salmonella spp. in the samples by 0.5 log10 CFU/g on day 7. The marinade decreased E. coli O157:H7 numbers on the chicken samples during 10 °C storage on day 4 and 7 by about 3.3 log10 CFU/g as compared to unmarinated samples. Regardless of storage day at 4 °C, EOs decreased E. coli O157:H7 populations in chicken tawook by ≤2.4 log10 CFU/g compared to samples without EOs, where the decrease was ≤1.4 log10 CFU/g. Moreover, no significant decrease in E. coli O157:H7 populations could be attributed to the addition of EOs in samples which were stored at 10 °C. Increasing the concentration of EOs from 1 to 2% seemed to have no significant effect in reducing the tested foodborne pathogen populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tareq M Osaili
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P. O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, P. O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - Fayeza Hasan
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, P. O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Dinesh Kumar Dhanasekaran
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, P. O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Reyad S Obaid
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P. O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, P. O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anas A Al-Nabulsi
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Mutamed Ayyash
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University (UAEU), Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Layal Karam
- Department of Nursing & Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing & Health Sciences, Notre Dame University-Louaize, P.O. Box: 72, Zouk Mikael, Lebanon
| | - Ioannis N Savvaidis
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P. O. Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, 20 Greece
| | - Richard Holley
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
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In-Depth Longitudinal Study of Listeria monocytogenes ST9 Isolates from the Meat Processing Industry: Resolving Diversity and Transmission Patterns Using Whole-Genome Sequencing. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.00579-20. [PMID: 32414794 PMCID: PMC7357480 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00579-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a deadly foodborne pathogen that is widespread in the environment, and certain types can be established in food factories. The sequence type ST9 dominates in meat processing environments, and this work was undertaken to obtain data needed for the tracking of this subtype. By using whole-genome sequencing (WGS), we revealed the presence of cross-contamination routes between meat factories as well as within a single factory, including the spread from different reservoirs within the same room. It was also possible to estimate the time frame of persistence in the factory, as well as when and how new clones had entered. The present work contributes valuable information about the diversity of ST9 and exemplifies the potential power of WGS in food safety management, allowing the determination of relationships between strains both in an international context and locally between and within factories. Listeria monocytogenes is a pathogen mostly associated with the consumption of ready-to-eat foods and can cause severe disease and death. It can be introduced into food chains from raw materials, but often the contamination source is the food production environment, where certain clones can persist for years. In the meat chain, ST9 is one of the most commonly encountered L. monocytogenes sequence types, and for effective source tracking, the divergence and spread of ST9 must be understood. In this study, whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was used to characterize and track 252 L. monocytogenes ST9 isolates collected from four Norwegian meat processing plants between 2009 and 2017. The isolates formed distinct clusters relative to genomes found in public databases, and all but three isolates clustered into two major clonal populations. Different contamination patterns were revealed, e.g., evidence of contamination of two factories with a clone that diverged from its ancestor in the late 1990s through a common source of raw materials; breach of hygienic barriers within a factory, leading to repeated detection of two clones in the high-risk zone during a 4- to 6-year period; entry through the purchase and installation of second-hand equipment harboring a previously established clonal population; and spreading and diversification of two clones from two reservoirs within the same production room over a 9-year period. The present work provides data on the diversity of ST9, which is crucial for epidemiological investigations and highlights how WGS can be used for source tracking within food processing factories. IMPORTANCEListeria monocytogenes is a deadly foodborne pathogen that is widespread in the environment, and certain types can be established in food factories. The sequence type ST9 dominates in meat processing environments, and this work was undertaken to obtain data needed for the tracking of this subtype. By using whole-genome sequencing (WGS), we revealed the presence of cross-contamination routes between meat factories as well as within a single factory, including the spread from different reservoirs within the same room. It was also possible to estimate the time frame of persistence in the factory, as well as when and how new clones had entered. The present work contributes valuable information about the diversity of ST9 and exemplifies the potential power of WGS in food safety management, allowing the determination of relationships between strains both in an international context and locally between and within factories.
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Golden CE, Mishra A. Prevalence of Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. in Alternative and Conventionally Produced Chicken in the United States: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Food Prot 2020; 83:1181-1197. [PMID: 32294168 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-19-538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The burden of foodborne illness linked to the consumption of contaminated broiler meat is high in the United States. With the increase in popularity of alternative poultry rearing and production systems, it is important to identify the differences in food safety risks presented by alternative systems compared with conventional methods. Although many studies have been conducted that surveyed foodborne pathogen prevalence along the broiler supply chain, a systematic overview of all of the results is lacking. In the current study, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to quantify the differences in prevalence of Salmonella and Campylobacter spp. in farm environment, rehang, prechill, postchill, and retail samples between conventional and alternative production systems. A systematic search of Web of Science and PubMed databases was conducted to identify eligible studies. Studies were then evaluated by inclusion criteria, and the included studies were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. In total, 137 trials from 72 studies were used in the final meta-analysis. Meta-analysis models were individually constructed for subgroups that were determined by sample type, pathogen, and production type. All subgroups possessed high amounts of heterogeneity (I2 > 75%). For environmental sample subgroups, Campylobacter prevalence was estimated to be 15.8 and 52.8% for conventional and alternative samples, respectively. Similar prevalence estimates for both production types were observed for Salmonella environmental samples and all retail samples. For conventional samples, Campylobacter and Salmonella prevalence was highest in prechill samples followed by rehang and postchill samples, respectively. The results herein will be useful in future quantitative microbial risk assessments for characterizing the differences in foodborne illness risks presented by different broiler production systems. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Chase E Golden
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 100 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9214-0745 [A.M.])
| | - Abhinav Mishra
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, 100 Cedar Street, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9214-0745 [A.M.])
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López-Alonso V, Ortiz S, Corujo A, Martínez-Suárez JV. Analysis of Benzalkonium Chloride Resistance and Potential Virulence of Listeria monocytogenes Isolates Obtained from Different Stages of a Poultry Production Chain in Spain. J Food Prot 2020; 83:443-451. [PMID: 32053831 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Listeria monocytogenes can survive in food production facilities and can be transmitted via contamination of food during the various stages of food production. This study was conducted to compile the results of three independent previous studies on the genetic diversity of L. monocytogenes in a poultry production company in Spain and to determine the potential virulence and sanitizer resistance of the strains by using both genotype and phenotype analyses. L. monocytogenes was detected at three production stages: a broiler abattoir, a processing plant, and retail stores marketing fresh poultry products from the same company. These three stages spanned three locations in three provinces of Spain. A set of 347 L. monocytogenes isolates representing 39 subtypes was obtained using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). A total of 28 subtypes (68%) had a full-length internalin A gene, and two subtypes had a phenotype with low potential for virulence because of a mutation in the prfA gene. A total of 32 subtypes (82%) were classified as benzalkonium chloride resistant (BAC-R) and contained the resistance determinant bcrABC (21 subtypes, 54%) or the resistance gene qacH (11 subtypes, 28%). A total of 13 persistent BAC-R subtypes (minimum of 3 months between the first and last sample from with the isolate was recovered) were identified at the abattoir and processing plant. The three production stages shared a unique subtype (PFGE type 1), which had the mutation in the prfA gene and the bcrABC resistance determinant. Whole genome sequencing revealed this subtype to be sequence type 31. Limited genetic diversity was noted in the isolates studied, including some subtypes that were persistent in the environment of the investigated facilities. Given the high prevalence of BAC-R subtypes, these results support the association between resistance to biocides and persistence of L. monocytogenes. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria López-Alonso
- Unidad de Biología Computacional, UFIEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera de Majadahonda a Pozuelo km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sagrario Ortiz
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Autovía A-6 km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo Corujo
- Nutreco Food Research Center, Ctra. CM 4004 km 10.5, 45950 Casarrubios del Monte, Toledo, Spain
| | - Joaquín V Martínez-Suárez
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Autovía A-6 km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.,(ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4306-3223 [J.V.M.-S.])
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31
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Ricke SC, Rothrock MJ. Gastrointestinal microbiomes of broilers and layer hens in alternative production systems. Poult Sci 2020; 99:660-669. [PMID: 32029152 PMCID: PMC7587794 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternative poultry production systems consisting of free-range or pasture flock raised poultry continues to increase in popularity. Based on the perceived benefits of poultry products generated from these alternative poultry production systems, they have commercial appeal to consumers. Several factors impact the health and well being of birds raised and maintained in these types of production systems. Exposure to foodborne pathogens and potential for colonization in the gastrointestinal tract has to be considered with these types of production systems. The gastrointestinal tract microbial composition and function of birds grown and maintained in alternative poultry operations may differ depending on diets, breed, and age of bird. Dietary variety and foraging behavior are potential influential factors on bird nutrition. The gastrointestinal tract microbiomes of birds raised under alternative poultry production systems are now being characterized with next-generation sequencing to identify individual microbial members and assess the impact of different factors on the diversity of microbial populations. In this review, the gastrointestinal tract microbiota contributions to free-range or pasture-raised broiler and egg layer production systems, subsequent applications, and potential future directions will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Ricke
- Center for Food Safety and Food Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72704.
| | - Michael J Rothrock
- Egg Safety & Quality Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens 30605, GA
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Translating 'big data': better understanding of host-pathogen interactions to control bacterial foodborne pathogens in poultry. Anim Health Res Rev 2020; 21:15-35. [PMID: 31907101 DOI: 10.1017/s1466252319000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent technological advances has led to the generation, storage, and sharing of colossal sets of information ('big data'), and the expansion of 'omics' in science. To date, genomics/metagenomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics are arguably the most ground breaking approaches in food and public safety. Here we review some of the recent studies of foodborne pathogens (Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., and Escherichia coli) in poultry using big data. Genomic/metagenomic approaches have reveal the importance of the gut microbiota in health and disease. They have also been used to identify, monitor, and understand the epidemiology of antibiotic-resistance mechanisms and provide concrete evidence about the role of poultry in human infections. Transcriptomics studies have increased our understanding of the pathophysiology and immunopathology of foodborne pathogens in poultry and have led to the identification of host-resistance mechanisms. Proteomic/metabolomic approaches have aided in identifying biomarkers and the rapid detection of low levels of foodborne pathogens. Overall, 'omics' approaches complement each other and may provide, at least in part, a solution to our current food-safety issues by facilitating the development of new rapid diagnostics, therapeutic drugs, and vaccines to control foodborne pathogens in poultry. However, at this time most 'omics' approaches still remain underutilized due to their high cost and the high level of technical skills required.
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Melero B, Manso B, Stessl B, Hernández M, Wagner M, Rovira J, Rodríguez-Lázaro D. Distribution and Persistence of Listeria monocytogenes in a Heavily Contaminated Poultry Processing Facility. J Food Prot 2019; 82:1524-1531. [PMID: 31414898 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-19-087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We studied the colonization and distribution of Listeria monocytogenes in a heavily contaminated poultry processing plant over a 1-year period. A total of 180 nonfood contact surfaces, 70 food contact surfaces, 29 personnel, and 40 food samples were analyzed. L. monocytogenes isolates were subtyped by PCR serotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and multilocus sequence typing. L. monocytogenes was detected in samples collected at every visit to the plant, and 43.8% (visit 4) to 65.6% (visit 7) of samples were positive, for an overall prevalence of 55.2%. The deboning area had the highest prevalence of positive samples (83.3%), and the processing area had the highest diversity of PFGE types. Ninety percent of the final products were positive for L. monocytogenes. Most of the isolates belonged to well-known persistent L. monocytogenes sequence types (ST9 and ST121). This study illustrates a well-established L. monocytogenes contamination problem in a poultry processing plant associated with a generalized failure of the food safety system as a whole. These findings reflect the potential for L. monocytogenes contamination when the food safety and quality management system is unsatisfactory, as described in the present study. It is essential to revise food safety and quality management systems to eliminate L. monocytogenes from food processing facilities, to control the entrance of sporadic sequence types, and to prevent L. monocytogenes spread within such facilities, especially in those premises with higher L. monocytogenes prevalence in the environment and final food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Melero
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8795-854X [D.R.-L.])
| | - Beatriz Manso
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8795-854X [D.R.-L.])
| | - Beatrix Stessl
- Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marta Hernández
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8795-854X [D.R.-L.]).,Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Martin Wagner
- Institute of Milk Hygiene, Milk Technology and Food Science, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Science, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jordi Rovira
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8795-854X [D.R.-L.])
| | - David Rodríguez-Lázaro
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, University of Burgos, Burgos, Spain (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8795-854X [D.R.-L.])
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Rothrock MJ, Locatelli A. Importance of Farm Environment to Shape Poultry-Related Microbiomes Throughout the Farm-to-Fork Continuum of Pasture-Raised Broiler Flocks. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2019.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Shi Z, Rothrock MJ, Ricke SC. Applications of Microbiome Analyses in Alternative Poultry Broiler Production Systems. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:157. [PMID: 31179291 PMCID: PMC6543280 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
While most of the focus on poultry microbiome research has been directed toward conventional poultry production, there is increasing interest in characterizing microbial populations originating from alternative or non-conventional poultry production. This is in part due to the growing general popularity in locally produced foods and more specifically the attractiveness of free-range or pasture raised poultry. Most of the focus of microbiome characterization in pasture flock birds has been on live bird production, primarily on the gastrointestinal tract. Interest in environmental impacts on production responses and management strategies have been key factors for comparative microbiome studies. This has important ramifications since these birds are not only raised under different conditions, but the grower cycle can be longer and in some cases slower growing breeds used. The impact of different feed additives is also of interest with some microbiome-based studies having examined the effect of feeding these additives to birds grown under pasture flock conditions. In the future, microbiome research approaches offer unique opportunities to develop better live bird management strategies and design optimal feed additive approaches for pasture flock poultry production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohao Shi
- Center for Food Safety, Food Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Michael J Rothrock
- Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Steven C Ricke
- Center for Food Safety, Food Science Department, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
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Rothrock MJ, Micciche AC, Bodie AR, Ricke SC. Listeria Occurrence and Potential Control Strategies in Alternative and Conventional Poultry Processing and Retail. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2019.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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37
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Comparison between random forest and gradient boosting machine methods for predicting Listeria spp. prevalence in the environment of pastured poultry farms. Food Res Int 2019; 122:47-55. [PMID: 31229101 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens such as Listeria spp. contain the ability to survive and multiply in poultry farming environments, which provides a route of contamination for poultry processing environments and final poultry products. An understanding of the effect of meteorological variables on the prevalence of Listeria spp. in the farming environment is lacking. Soil and feces samples were collected from 11 pastured poultry farms from 2014 to 2017. Random forest (RF) and gradient boosting machine (GBM) predictive models were generated to describe and predict Listeria spp. prevalence in feces and soil samples based on meteorological factors at the farming location. This study attempted to demonstrate the use of GBM models in a food safety context and compare their use to RF models. Both feces models performed very well, with area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.905 and 0.855 for the RF and GBM models, respectively. The soil GBM model outperformed the RF model with AUCs of 0.873 and 0.700, respectively. The developed models can be used to predict the prevalence of Listeria spp. in pastured poultry farm environments and should be of great use to poultry farmers, producers, and risk managers.
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Golden CE, Rothrock MJ, Mishra A. Using Farm Practice Variables as Predictors of Listeria spp. Prevalence in Pastured Poultry Farms. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2019.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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39
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Micciche AC, Rubinelli PM, Ricke SC. Source of Water and Potential Sanitizers and Biological Antimicrobials for Alternative Poultry Processing Food Safety Applications. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2018.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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40
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Jiang W, Etienne X, Li K, Shen C. Comparison of the Efficacy of Electrostatic versus Conventional Sprayer with Commercial Antimicrobials To Inactivate Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and Campylobacter jejuni for Eggs and Economic Feasibility Analysis. J Food Prot 2018; 81:1864-1870. [PMID: 30325221 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-18-249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of antimicrobials sprayed by electrostatic versus conventional sprayer for inactivation of Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, and Campylobacter jejuni on eggs and to determine the economic feasibility of these treatments. Eggs were dip inoculated with overnight cultures (18 h) of Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Tennessee, a two-strain mixture of L. monocytogenes, and a three-strain mixture of C. jejuni (microaerophilic condition). Inoculated eggs were then not sprayed or subjected to electrostatic and conventional spraying with peroxyacetic acid (PAA; 0.1%), lactic acid (5.0%), lactic and citric acid blend (2.5%), sodium hypochlorite (SH; 50 ppm), and SaniDate-5.0 (SD [a mixture of PAA and H2O2]; 0.25%) for 30 s (15 s each side). Surviving bacteria on eggshells were recovered on xylose lysine Tergitol 4 agar ( Salmonella), modified Oxford agar ( L. monocytogenes), or Brucella agar ( C. jejuni). Compared with conventional spraying, electrostatic spraying of PAA, SD, and SH achieved significant additional reductions ( P < 0.05) of Salmonella, L. monocytogenes, and C. jejuni of 0.96 to 3.18, 1.19 to 3.05, and 0.96 to 1.62 log CFU per egg, respectively. A simple cost comparison suggests that regardless of the antimicrobial agent used, the cost of using an electrostatic sprayer is 20 to 40% lower than that of a conventional sprayer for a small poultry farm that produces 1,500 eggs per day. Among the five antimicrobials, the total sanitizing cost was lowest for SH, followed by PAA and SD. The results indicated that electrostatic spraying of commercial antimicrobials can be considered an effective and economical approach to enhancing the microbial safety of eggs, especially for small poultry processors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Jiang
- 1 Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7741-7264 [C.S.])
| | - Xiaoli Etienne
- 2 Division of Resource Economics and Management, Davis College, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, USA
| | - Kawang Li
- 1 Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7741-7264 [C.S.])
| | - Cangliang Shen
- 1 Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7741-7264 [C.S.])
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Galié S, García-Gutiérrez C, Miguélez EM, Villar CJ, Lombó F. Biofilms in the Food Industry: Health Aspects and Control Methods. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:898. [PMID: 29867809 PMCID: PMC5949339 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse microorganisms are able to grow on food matrixes and along food industry infrastructures. This growth may give rise to biofilms. This review summarizes, on the one hand, the current knowledge regarding the main bacterial species responsible for initial colonization, maturation and dispersal of food industry biofilms, as well as their associated health issues in dairy products, ready-to-eat foods and other food matrixes. These human pathogens include Bacillus cereus (which secretes toxins that can cause diarrhea and vomiting symptoms), Escherichia coli (which may include enterotoxigenic and even enterohemorrhagic strains), Listeria monocytogenes (a ubiquitous species in soil and water that can lead to abortion in pregnant women and other serious complications in children and the elderly), Salmonella enterica (which, when contaminating a food pipeline biofilm, may induce massive outbreaks and even death in children and elderly), and Staphylococcus aureus (known for its numerous enteric toxins). On the other hand, this review describes the currently available biofilm prevention and disruption methods in food factories, including steel surface modifications (such as nanoparticles with different metal oxides, nanocomposites, antimicrobial polymers, hydrogels or liposomes), cell-signaling inhibition strategies (such as lactic and citric acids), chemical treatments (such as ozone, quaternary ammonium compounds, NaOCl and other sanitizers), enzymatic disruption strategies (such as cellulases, proteases, glycosidases and DNAses), non-thermal plasma treatments, the use of bacteriophages (such as P100), bacteriocins (such us nisin), biosurfactants (such as lichenysin or surfactin) and plant essential oils (such as citral- or carvacrol-containing oils).
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Galié
- Research Group BIONUC (Biotechnology of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds), Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Coral García-Gutiérrez
- Research Group BIONUC (Biotechnology of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds), Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Elisa M. Miguélez
- Research Group BIONUC (Biotechnology of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds), Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Claudio J. Villar
- Research Group BIONUC (Biotechnology of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds), Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Felipe Lombó
- Research Group BIONUC (Biotechnology of Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds), Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Oviedo, Spain
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Chlebicz A, Śliżewska K. Campylobacteriosis, Salmonellosis, Yersiniosis, and Listeriosis as Zoonotic Foodborne Diseases: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E863. [PMID: 29701663 PMCID: PMC5981902 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15050863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Zoonoses are diseases transmitted from animals to humans, posing a great threat to the health and life of people all over the world. According to WHO estimations, 600 million cases of diseases caused by contaminated food were noted in 2010, including almost 350 million caused by pathogenic bacteria. Campylobacter, Salmonella, as well as Yersinia enterocolitica and Listeria monocytogenes may dwell in livestock (poultry, cattle, and swine) but are also found in wild animals, pets, fish, and rodents. Animals, often being asymptomatic carriers of pathogens, excrete them with faeces, thus delivering them to the environment. Therefore, pathogens may invade new individuals, as well as reside on vegetables and fruits. Pathogenic bacteria also penetrate food production areas and may remain there in the form of a biofilm covering the surfaces of machines and equipment. A common occurrence of microbes in food products, as well as their improper or careless processing, leads to common poisonings. Symptoms of foodborne infections may be mild, sometimes flu-like, but they also may be accompanied by severe complications, some even fatal. The aim of the paper is to summarize and provide information on campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis, yersiniosis, and listeriosis and the aetiological factors of those diseases, along with the general characteristics of pathogens, virulence factors, and reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Chlebicz
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Łódź, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Śliżewska
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Department of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Lodz University of Technology, Wólczańska 171/173, 90-924 Łódź, Poland.
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Complete Genome Sequence of Listeria monocytogenes Strain MR310, Isolated from a Pastured-Flock Poultry Farm System. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2018. [PMID: 29519846 PMCID: PMC5843743 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00171-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of Listeria monocytogenes transmission from environmental sources associated with pasture-raised chickens to poultry products is needed to determine ways to prevent potential foodborne illness. Here, we report the complete genome sequence of Listeria monocytogenes MR310, one of the isolates from a pastured-flock poultry management system.
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Locatelli A, Lewis MA, Rothrock MJ. The Distribution of Listeria in Pasture-Raised Broiler Farm Soils Is Potentially Related to University of Vermont Medium Enrichment Bias toward Listeria innocua over Listeria monocytogenes. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:227. [PMID: 29312967 PMCID: PMC5742580 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes has been widely investigated in the poultry production chain from the processing plant to the final product. However, limited data are available on Listeria species, including Listeria monocytogenes, in the poultry farm environment. Therefore, fecal and soil samples from 37 pastured poultry flocks from 10 all-natural farms over 3 years were assessed to determine the prevalence and diversity of Listeria within these alternative poultry farm environments using standard cultural and molecular methods. Listeria species were isolated in 15% of poultry farm samples and included Listeria innocua (65.7%), L. monocytogenes (17.4%), and Listeria welshimeri (15.1%). Additional multiplex PCR serotyping showed group 1/2a-3a to be the most dominant L. monocytogenes serovar group. Based on these results, monoculture growth experiments were conducted on four Listeria soil isolates (three L. monocytogenes isolates representing the three recovered serovar groups and one L. innocua isolate) to determine if culture medium [tripticase soy broth (TSB) and University of Vermont modified Listeria enrichment broth (UVM)], inoculum concentration (102 or 105 CFU/ml), or incubation temperature (20, 30, and 42°C) differentially affected these Listeria species. Overall, very few significant growth differences were observed between the behavior of the three L. monocytogenes isolates (representing the three recovered serovar groups) under the growth conditions tested. Alternatively, at 30°C in UVM with the lower inoculum concentration, the L. innocua isolate had a significantly shorter lag phase than the L. monocytogenes isolates. In coculture growth studies under these same incubation conditions, the lag phase of L. innocua and L. monocytogenes was similar, but the final concentration of L. innocua was significantly higher than L. monocytogenes. However, cocultures in UVM for high inoculum concentration did not show preferential growth of L. innocua over L. monocytogenes. These results indicate that the use of UVM as an enrichment medium may preferentially allow L. innocua to outcompete L. monocytogenes at low concentrations, biasing the Listeria prevalence from these farm samples toward L. innocua and potentially underreporting the presence of L. monocytogenes in these environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Locatelli
- Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Micah A. Lewis
- Quality and Safety Assessment Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Michael J. Rothrock
- Egg Safety and Quality Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA, United States
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