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Rabies Elimination: Is It Feasible without Considering Wildlife? J Trop Med 2022; 2022:5942693. [PMID: 36211623 PMCID: PMC9537038 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5942693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a vaccine-preventable fatal viral disease that is zoonotic in nature. In this article, we provide a justification why the agreement of the World Health Organization (WHO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), and Global Alliance for Rabies Control (GARC) on The Global Strategic Plan to End Human Deaths from Dog-mediated Rabies by 2030 should also include a more holistic approach and ecologic views.
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Gabriele-Rivet V, Brookes VJ, Stephens D, Arsenault J, Ward MP. Hybridisation between dingoes and domestic dogs in proximity to Indigenous communities in northern Australia. Aust Vet J 2021; 99:388-391. [PMID: 34109613 DOI: 10.1111/avj.13095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In northern Australia, wild dog populations potentially interact with domestic dogs from remote communities, which would create opportunities for disease transmission at the wild-domestic interface. An example is rabies, in the event of an incursion into northern Australia. However, the likelihood of such wild-domestic interactions is ambiguous. Hybridisation analyses based on 23 microsatellite DNA markers were performed on canine-origin scats collected in bushland areas around remote Indigenous communities in the Northern Peninsula Area, Queensland. Sufficient DNA was extracted from 6 of 41 scats to assess the percentage of dingo purity. These scats most likely originated from two 'pure' domestic dogs (0% dingo purity), one hybrid (20% dingo purity) and three 'pure' dingoes (92%-98% dingo purity). The two domestic dog samples were collected in the vicinity of communities. The location of two of the dingo-origin samples provides genetic evidence that dingoes are present in areas close to the communities. The availability of anthropogenic food resources likely creates opportunities for interactions with domestic dogs in the region. The hybrid sample demonstrates the occurrence of antecedent contacts between both populations by means of mating and supports the likelihood of a spatio-temporal overlap at the wild-domestic interface. This represents the first genetic survey involving a wild dog population of equatorial northern Queensland, with evidence of dingo purity. Our results have implications for potential disease transmission within a priority area for biosecurity in northern Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Gabriele-Rivet
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales, 2570, Australia
| | - V J Brookes
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales, 2570, Australia.,School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, 2678, Australia.,Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Pugsley Place, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, 2650, Australia
| | - D Stephens
- Zoological Genetics, Blackhill Rd, Inglewood, South Australia, 5133, Australia
| | - J Arsenault
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Université de Montréal, rue Sicotte, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 2M2, Canada
| | - M P Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Werombi Road, Camden, New South Wales, 2570, Australia
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Representations of Free-Living and Unrestrained Dogs as an Emerging Public Health Issue in Australian Newspapers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18115807. [PMID: 34071420 PMCID: PMC8198982 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18115807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
That dogs can live and breed as free-living animals contributes to public health risks including zoonotic transmission, dog bites, and compromising people’s sense of safety in public spaces. In Australia, free-living dog populations are comprised of domestic dogs, dingoes, and dog–dingo hybrids, and are described using various terms (for example, stray or community), depending on social or geographic context. Urban expansion and regional migration mean that risks associated with contact between humans and free-living dogs are increasing. Public health authorities, local governments, and community organisations have called for transdisciplinary partnerships to address dog-related health risks with a sustainable long-term approach. Values pluralism and a lack of sustained community engagement in affected areas have meant that the outcome of such efforts to date has been mixed. To identify ideas in public circulation about the impact of unrestrained and free-living dogs on human health and well-being, and understand the framework through which these animals are problematised and solutions are proposed in public discourse, we systematically examined coverage of these issues in print media. Our analyses indicate that reporting in Australian newspapers tends to frame the public health impacts of free-living dogs as problems of public order requiring direct government action to re-establish control. The public health impacts of free-living dog populations in Australia have complex causes that intersect at the nexus between human and canine behaviour, agricultural and land management practices, local bylaws, and efforts to conserve ecological systems. Placing responsibility on governments limits opportunities for greater community involvement in developing integrated One Health approaches. Better-quality evidence of the impacts of dog populations on community health and well-being, and broad community support are needed to reshape public debates on animal control, which, ultimately, will promote more effective approaches to mitigate dog-related public health risks at the human–animal–environment interface.
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Ward MP, Brookes VJ. Rabies in Our Neighbourhood: Preparedness for an Emerging Infectious Disease. Pathogens 2021; 10:375. [PMID: 33804778 PMCID: PMC8003993 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging infectious disease (EID) events have the potential to cause devastating impacts on human, animal and environmental health. A range of tools exist which can be applied to address EID event detection, preparedness and response. Here we use a case study of rabies in Southeast Asia and Oceania to illustrate, via nearly a decade of research activities, how such tools can be systematically integrated into a framework for EID preparedness. During the past three decades, canine rabies has spread to previously free areas of Southeast Asia, threatening the rabies-free status of countries such as Timor Leste, Papua New Guinea and Australia. The program of research to address rabies preparedness in the Oceanic region has included scanning and surveillance to define the emerging nature of canine rabies within the Southeast Asia region; field studies to collect information on potential reservoir species, their distribution and behaviour; participatory and sociological studies to identify priorities for disease response; and targeted risk assessment and disease modelling studies. Lessons learnt include the need to develop methods to collect data in remote regions, and the need to continuously evaluate and update requirements for preparedness in response to evolving drivers of emerging infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Victoria J. Brookes
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia;
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
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Gabriele-Rivet V, Ward MP, Arsenault J, London D, Brookes VJ. Could a rabies incursion spread in the northern Australian dingo population? Development of a spatial stochastic simulation model. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009124. [PMID: 33577573 PMCID: PMC7906478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Australia, home to the iconic dingo, is currently free from canine rabies. However northern Australia, including Indigenous communities with large free-roaming domestic dog populations, is at increased risk of rabies incursion from nearby Indonesia. We developed a novel agent-based stochastic spatial rabies spread model to evaluate the potential spread of rabies within the dingo population of the Northern Peninsula Area (NPA) region of northern Australia. The model incorporated spatio-temporal features specific to this host-environment system, including landscape heterogeneity, demographic fluctuations, dispersal movements and dingo ecological parameters—such as home range size and density—derived from NPA field studies. Rabies spread between dingo packs in nearly 60% of simulations. In such situations rabies would affect a median of 22 dingoes (approximately 14% of the population; 2.5–97.5 percentiles: 2–101 dingoes) within the study area which covered 1,131 km2, and spread 0.52 km/week for 191 days. Larger outbreaks occurred in scenarios in which an incursion was introduced during the dry season (vs. wet season), and close to communities (vs. areas with high risk of interaction between dingoes and hunting community dogs). Sensitivity analyses revealed that home range size and duration of infectious clinical period contributed most to the variance of outputs. Although conditions in the NPA would most likely not support a sustained propagation of the disease in the dingo population, due to the predicted number of infected dingoes following a rabies incursion and the proximity of Indigenous communities to dingo habitat, we conclude that the risk for human transmission could be substantial. Although Australia is free from canine rabies, an incursion from nearby rabies-infected Indonesian islands is a realistic threat. The ubiquitous presence of dingoes in the wild, in association with large populations of free-roaming domestic dogs from northern Australian Indigenous communities, increases the risk of a rabies outbreak. Using a newly developed simulation model, we investigated the potential spread of rabies in a northern Australian dingo population. Nearly 60% of model simulations resulted in more than one pack infected. When spread did occur, outbreaks affected a median of 22 dingoes (an estimated 14% of the population in this area). The duration of infection, proportion of the population infected and spatial spread of the outbreak was greatest when rabies was introduced during the dry season and close to communities. Our results demonstrate that an incursion of rabies into the northern Australian dingo population would likely lead to a rabies outbreak, which would in turn pose a substantial threat to Indigenous communities in northern Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Gabriele-Rivet
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Julie Arsenault
- Département de pathologie et microbiologie, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - David London
- Physique des Particules, Faculté des arts et des sciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Victoria J. Brookes
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Science, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales, Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation (NSW Department of Primary Industries and Charles Sturt University), Wagga Wagga, NSW, Australia
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Gaire TN, Scott HM, Sellers L, Nagaraja TG, Volkova VV. Age Dependence of Antimicrobial Resistance Among Fecal Bacteria in Animals: A Scoping Review. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:622495. [PMID: 33575279 PMCID: PMC7870994 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.622495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: A phenomenon of decreasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among fecal bacteria as food animals age has been noted in multiple field studies. We conducted a scoping review to summarize the extent, range, and nature of research activity and the data for the following question: "does AMR among enteric/fecal bacteria predictably shift as animals get older?". Methods: This review followed a scoping review methodology framework. Pertinent literature published up until November 2018 for all animals (except humans) was retrieved using keyword searches in two online databases, namely, PubMed® and the Web of Science™ Core Collection, without filtering publication date, geographic location, or language. Data were extracted from the included studies, summarized, and plotted. Study quality was also assessed using the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) guidelines for all included papers. Results: The publications with detailed relevant data (n = 62) in food animals, poultry, and dogs were identified. These included longitudinal studies (n = 32), cross-sectional studies of different age groups within one food animal production system or small-animal catchment area (n = 16), and experimental or diet trials (n = 14). A decline in host-level prevalence and/or within-host abundance of AMR among fecal bacteria in production beef, dairy cattle, and swine was reported in nearly two-thirds (65%) of the identified studies in different geographic locations from the 1970's to 2018. Mixed results, with AMR abundance among fecal bacteria either increasing or decreasing with age, have been reported in poultry (broiler chicken, layer, and grow-out turkey) and dogs. Conclusions: Quantitative synthesis of the data suggests that the age-dependent AMR phenomenon in cattle and swine is observed irrespective of geographic location and specific production practices. It is unclear whether the phenomenon predates or is related to antimicrobial drug use. However, almost 50% of the identified studies predate recent changes in antimicrobial drug use policy and regulations in food animals in the United States and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara N Gaire
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Harvey Morgan Scott
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Laura Sellers
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - T G Nagaraja
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Victoriya V Volkova
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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Kelman M, Harriott L, Carrai M, Kwan E, Ward MP, Barrs VR. Phylogenetic and Geospatial Evidence of Canine Parvovirus Transmission between Wild Dogs and Domestic Dogs at the Urban Fringe in Australia. Viruses 2020; 12:E663. [PMID: 32575609 PMCID: PMC7354627 DOI: 10.3390/v12060663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is an important cause of disease in domestic dogs. Sporadic cases and outbreaks occur across Australia and worldwide and are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Whether transmission of CPV occurs between owned dogs and populations of wild dogs, including Canis familiaris, Canis lupus dingo and hybrids, is not known. To investigate the role of wild dogs in CPV epidemiology in Australia, PCR was used to detect CPV DNA in tissue from wild dogs culled in the peri-urban regions of two Australian states, between August 2012 and May 2015. CPV DNA was detected in 4.7% (8/170). There was a strong geospatial association between wild-dog CPV infections and domestic-dog CPV cases reported to a national disease surveillance system between 2009 and 2015. Postcodes in which wild dogs tested positive for CPV were 8.63 times more likely to also have domestic-dog cases reported than postcodes in which wild dogs tested negative (p = 0.0332). Phylogenetic analysis of CPV VP2 sequences from wild dogs showed they were all CPV-2a variants characterized by a novel amino acid mutation (21-Ala) recently identified in CPV isolates from owned dogs in Australia with parvoviral enteritis. Wild-dog CPV VP2 sequences were compared to those from owned domestic dogs in Australia. For one domestic-dog case located approximately 10 km from a wild-dog capture location, and reported 3.5 years after the nearest wild dog was sampled, the virus was demonstrated to have a closely related common ancestor. This study provides phylogenetic and geospatial evidence of CPV transmission between wild and domestic dogs in Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Kelman
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (M.C.); (E.K.); (M.P.W.); (V.R.B.)
| | - Lana Harriott
- Pest Animal Research Centre, Biosecurity Queensland, Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia;
| | - Maura Carrai
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (M.C.); (E.K.); (M.P.W.); (V.R.B.)
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Emily Kwan
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (M.C.); (E.K.); (M.P.W.); (V.R.B.)
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (M.C.); (E.K.); (M.P.W.); (V.R.B.)
| | - Vanessa R. Barrs
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (M.C.); (E.K.); (M.P.W.); (V.R.B.)
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
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Dingo Density Estimates and Movements in Equatorial Australia: Spatially Explicit Mark-Resight Models. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10050865. [PMID: 32429520 PMCID: PMC7278439 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Australia is currently free of canine rabies. Spatio-ecological knowledge about dingoes in northern Australia is currently a gap that impedes the application of disease spread models and our understanding of the potential transmission of rabies, in the event of an incursion. We therefore conducted a one-year camera trap survey to monitor a dingo population in equatorial northern Australia. The population is contiguous with remote Indigenous communities containing free-roaming dogs, which potentially interact with dingoes. Based on the camera trap data, we derived dingo density and home range size estimates using maximum-likelihood, spatially explicit, mark-resight models, described dingo movements and evaluated spatial correlation and temporal overlap in activities between dingoes and community dogs. Dingo density estimates varied from 0.135 animals/km2 (95% CI = 0.127-0.144) during the dry season to 0.147 animals/km2 (95% CI = 0.135-0.159) during the wet season. The 95% bivariate Normal home range sizes were highly variable throughout the year (7.95-29.40 km2). Spatial use and daily activity patterns of dingoes and free-roaming community dogs, grouped over ~3 month periods, showed substantial temporal activity overlap and spatial correlation, highlighting the potential risk of disease transmission at the wild-domestic interface in an area of biosecurity risk in equatorial northern Australia. Our results have utility for improving preparedness against a potential rabies incursion.
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Van Arkel A, Kelman M, West P, Ward MP. The relationship between reported domestic canine parvovirus cases and wild canid distribution. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02511. [PMID: 31687600 PMCID: PMC6819786 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine parvovirus (CPV) is an important and often fatal pathogen of domestic dogs. It is resistant in the environment and cross-species transmission has been indicated in some canid populations, but never in Australia. The aim of this study was to determine if an association exists between 1. reported CPV cases in domestic dogs, and 2. the wild canid distribution in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Reported CPV cases, and reports of the presence of wild dogs and the red fox (Vulpes vulpes), were extracted from a voluntary surveillance database and a voluntary pest reporting system, respectively. A total of 1,984 CPV cases in domestic dogs, and 3,593 fox and 3,075 wild dog sightings were reported between 2011 and 2016. Postcodes in which CPV cases were reported were significantly (P = 0.0002) more likely to report wild dogs (odds ratio 2.07, 95% CI 1.41-3.03). Overall, CPV cases were significantly (P < 0.05) correlated with both fox reports (rSP 0.225) and wild dog reports (rSP 0.247). The strength of association varied by geographical region and year; the strongest correlations were found in the mid-North Coast region (rSP 0.607 for wild dogs) and in 2016 (rSP 0.481 for foxes). Further serological and virological testing is required to confirm the apparent and plausible association between domestic CPV cases and wild canid distribution found in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Van Arkel
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Mark Kelman
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Peter West
- New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Orange NSW 2800, Australia
- Centre for Invasive Species Solutions, Canberra ACT 2617, Australia
| | - Michael P. Ward
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden NSW 2570, Australia
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