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Oh SI, Sheet S, Bui VN, Dao DT, Bui NA, Kim TH, Cha J, Park MR, Hur TY, Jung YH, Kim B, Lee HS, Cho A, Lim D. Transcriptome profiles of organ tissues from pigs experimentally infected with African swine fever virus in early phase of infection. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2366406. [PMID: 38847223 PMCID: PMC11210422 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2366406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever, caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), is a highly contagious and fatal disease that poses a significant threat to the global pig industry. The limited information on ASFV pathogenesis and ASFV-host interactions has recently prompted numerous transcriptomic studies. However, most of these studies have focused on elucidating the transcriptome profiles of ASFV-infected porcine alveolar macrophages in vitro. Here, we analyzed dynamic transcriptional patterns in vivo in nine organ tissues (spleen, submandibular lymph node, mesenteric lymph node, inguinal lymph node, tonsils, lungs, liver, kidneys, and heart) obtained from pigs in the early stages of ASFV infection (1 and 3 d after viremia). We observed rapid spread of ASFV to the spleen after viremia, followed by broad transmission to the liver and lungs and subsequently, the submandibular and inguinal lymph nodes. Profound variations in gene expression patterns were observed across all organs and at all time-points, providing an understanding of the distinct defence strategies employed by each organ against ASFV infection. All ASFV-infected organs exhibited a collaborative response, activating immune-associated genes such as S100A8, thereby triggering a pro-inflammatory cytokine storm and interferon activation. Functional analysis suggested that ASFV exploits the PI3K-Akt signalling pathway to evade the host immune system. Overall, our findings provide leads into the mechanisms underlying pathogenesis and host immune responses in different organs during the early stages of infection, which can guide further explorations, aid the development of efficacious antiviral strategies against ASFV, and identify valuable candidate gene targets for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ik Oh
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunirmal Sheet
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Vuong Nghia Bui
- Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Duy Tung Dao
- Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ngoc Anh Bui
- Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tae-Hun Kim
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
- TNT Research. Co., Ltd., R&D center, Sejong-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Cha
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Rim Park
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai-Young Hur
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hun Jung
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology and Biosafety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hu Suk Lee
- International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejoen, Republic of Korea
| | - Ara Cho
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dajeong Lim
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Animal Resources Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejoen, Republic of Korea
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Jiménez-Cabello L, Utrilla-Trigo S, Benavides-Silván J, Anguita J, Calvo-Pinilla E, Ortego J. IFNAR(-/-) Mice Constitute a Suitable Animal Model for Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus Study and Vaccine Evaluation. Int J Biol Sci 2024; 20:3076-3093. [PMID: 38904031 PMCID: PMC11186350 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.95275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Epizootic hemorrhagic disease (EHD), caused by Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), is an emerging and severe livestock disease. Recent incursion and distribution of EHDV in Europe have outlined the emerging character of EHD. Despite its worldwide impact, numerous knowledge gaps exist. A range of inconveniences restricts utilization of natural hosts of EHDV. Here, we show that adult mice deficient in type I IFN receptor (IFNAR(-/-)) are highly susceptible to EHDV-6 and EHDV-8 infection when the virus is administered subcutaneously. Disease was characterized by ruffled hair, reluctance to move, dehydration and conjunctivitis, with viraemia detected from day 5 post-infection. A deeper characterization of EHDV-8 infection showed viral replication in the lung, liver, spleen, kidney, testis and ovaries. Importantly, increased expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and CXCL2 were observed in spleen after EHDV-8 infection. Furthermore, IFNAR(-/-) adult mice immunized with a EHDV-8 inactivated vaccine elicited neutralizing antibodies specific of EHDV-8 and full protection against challenge with a lethal dose of this virus. This study also explores the possibilities of this animal model for study of BTV and EHDV coinfection. In summary, the IFNAR(-/-) mouse model faithfully recapitulates EHD and can be applied for vaccine testing, which can facilitate progress in addressing the animal health challenge posed by this virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Jiménez-Cabello
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Utrilla-Trigo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Benavides-Silván
- Instituto de Ganadería de Montaña (CSIC-Universidad de León), 24346 Grulleros, León, Spain
| | - Juan Anguita
- Centro de Investigación Cooperativa en Biociencias (CIC bioGUNE), 48160 Derio, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48012 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Eva Calvo-Pinilla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Ortego
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
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3
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Marín-Moraleda D, Muñoz-Basagoiti J, Tort-Miró A, Navas MJ, Muñoz M, Vidal E, Cobos À, Martín-Mur B, Meas S, Motuzova V, Chang CY, Gut M, Accensi F, Pina-Pedrero S, Núñez JI, Esteve-Codina A, Gavrilov B, Rodriguez F, Liu L, Argilaguet J. Elucidating the Onset of Cross-Protective Immunity after Intranasal Vaccination with the Attenuated African Swine Fever Vaccine Candidate BA71ΔCD2. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:517. [PMID: 38793768 PMCID: PMC11125603 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a deadly disease of swine currently causing a worldwide pandemic, leading to severe economic consequences for the porcine industry. The control of disease spread is hampered by the limitation of available effective vaccines. Live attenuated vaccines (LAVs) are currently the most advanced vaccine prototypes, providing strong protection against ASF. However, the significant advances achieved using LAVs must be complemented with further studies to analyze vaccine-induced immunity. Here, we characterized the onset of cross-protective immunity triggered by the LAV candidate BA71ΔCD2. Intranasally vaccinated pigs were challenged with the virulent Georgia 2007/1 strain at days 3, 7 and 12 postvaccination. Only the animals vaccinated 12 days before the challenge had effectively controlled infection progression, showing low virus loads, minor clinical signs and a lack of the unbalanced inflammatory response characteristic of severe disease. Contrarily, the animals vaccinated 3 or 7 days before the challenge just showed a minor delay in disease progression. An analysis of the humoral response and whole blood transcriptome signatures demonstrated that the control of infection was associated with the presence of virus-specific IgG and a cytotoxic response before the challenge. These results contribute to our understanding of protective immunity induced by LAV-based vaccines, encouraging their use in emergency responses in ASF-affected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Marín-Moraleda
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.M.-M.); (J.M.-B.); (J.I.N.)
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Jordana Muñoz-Basagoiti
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.M.-M.); (J.M.-B.); (J.I.N.)
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Aida Tort-Miró
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.M.-M.); (J.M.-B.); (J.I.N.)
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - María Jesús Navas
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.M.-M.); (J.M.-B.); (J.I.N.)
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marta Muñoz
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.M.-M.); (J.M.-B.); (J.I.N.)
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Enric Vidal
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.M.-M.); (J.M.-B.); (J.I.N.)
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Àlex Cobos
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.M.-M.); (J.M.-B.); (J.I.N.)
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Beatriz Martín-Mur
- Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG), Baldiri Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sochanwattey Meas
- School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Veronika Motuzova
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.M.-M.); (J.M.-B.); (J.I.N.)
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Chia-Yu Chang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Marta Gut
- Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG), Baldiri Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Accensi
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.M.-M.); (J.M.-B.); (J.I.N.)
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sonia Pina-Pedrero
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.M.-M.); (J.M.-B.); (J.I.N.)
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - José Ignacio Núñez
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.M.-M.); (J.M.-B.); (J.I.N.)
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anna Esteve-Codina
- Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG), Baldiri Reixac 4, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Boris Gavrilov
- Biologics Development, Huvepharma, 3A Nikolay Haytov Street, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Fernando Rodriguez
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.M.-M.); (J.M.-B.); (J.I.N.)
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lihong Liu
- Swedish Veterinary Agency (SVA), 751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jordi Argilaguet
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (D.M.-M.); (J.M.-B.); (J.I.N.)
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries (IRTA), Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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Zhu R, Wang Y, Zhang H, Yang J, Fan J, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Li Q, Zhou X, Yue H, Qi Y, Wang S, Chen T, Zhang S, Hu R. Deletion of the B125R gene in the African swine fever virus SY18 strain leads to an A104R frameshift mutation slightly attenuating virulence in domestic pigs. Virus Res 2024; 343:199343. [PMID: 38423214 PMCID: PMC10982076 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2024.199343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF), caused by the ASF virus (ASFV), is a hemorrhagic and fatal viral disease that affects Eurasian wild boars and domestic pigs, posing a substantial threat to the global pig breeding industry. ASFV, a double-stranded DNA virus, possesses a large genome containing up to 160 open reading frames, most of which exhibit unknown functions. The B125R gene of ASFV, located at the 105595-105972 bp site in the ASFV-SY18 genome, remains unexplored. In this study, we discovered that B125R deletion did not affect recombinant virus rescue, nor did it hinder viral replication during the intermediate growth phase. Although the virulence of the recombinant strain harboring this deletion was attenuated, intramuscular inoculation of the recombinant virus in pigs at doses of 102 or 104 TCID50 resulted in mortality. Moreover, sequencing analysis of six recombinant strains obtained from three independent experiments consistently revealed an adenine insertion at the 47367-47375 bp site in the A104R gene due to the B125R deletion, leading to premature termination of this gene. Intriguingly, this insertion did not influence the transcription of the A104R gene between the recombinant and parental strains. Consequently, we postulate that the deletion of the B125R gene in ASFV-SY18 or other genotype II strains may marginally attenuate virulence in domestic pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Jinjin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Jiaqi Fan
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Qixuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Xintao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Huixian Yue
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Yu Qi
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Shuchao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Teng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Shoufeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Rongliang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
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5
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Jackman JA, Hakobyan A, Grigoryan R, Izmailyan R, Elrod CC, Zakaryan H. Antiviral screening of natural, anti-inflammatory compound library against African swine fever virus. Virol J 2024; 21:95. [PMID: 38664855 PMCID: PMC11046949 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02374-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a major threat to pig production and the lack of effective vaccines underscores the need to develop robust antiviral countermeasures. Pathologically, a significant elevation in pro-inflammatory cytokine production is associated with ASFV infection in pigs and there is high interest in identifying dual-acting natural compounds that exhibit antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities. METHODS Using the laboratory-adapted ASFV BA71V strain, we screened a library of 297 natural, anti-inflammatory compounds to identify promising candidates that protected Vero cells against virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE). Virus yield reduction, virucidal, and cell cytotoxicity experiments were performed on positive hits and two lead compounds were further characterized in dose-dependent assays along with time-of-addition, time-of-removal, virus entry, and viral protein synthesis assays. The antiviral effects of the two lead compounds on mitigating virulent ASFV infection in porcine macrophages (PAMs) were also tested using similar methods, and the ability to inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine production during virulent ASFV infection was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS The screen identified five compounds that inhibited ASFV-induced CPE by greater than 50% and virus yield reduction experiments showed that two of these compounds, tetrandrine and berbamine, exhibited particularly high levels of anti-ASFV activity. Mechanistic analysis confirmed that both compounds potently inhibited early stages of ASFV infection and that the compounds also inhibited infection of PAMs by the virulent ASFV Arm/07 isolate. Importantly, during ASFV infection in PAM cells, both compounds markedly reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in disease pathogenesis while tetrandrine had a greater and more sustained anti-inflammatory effect than berbamine. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings support that dual-acting natural compounds with antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties hold promise as preventative and therapeutic agents to combat ASFV infection by simultaneously inhibiting viral replication and reducing virus-induced cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Jackman
- School of Chemical Engineering and Translational Nanobioscience Research Center, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
| | - Astghik Hakobyan
- Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Discovery, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Rafayela Grigoryan
- Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Discovery, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Roza Izmailyan
- Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Discovery, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Charles C Elrod
- Natural Biologics Inc, Newfield, NY, 14867, USA.
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Hovakim Zakaryan
- Laboratory of Antiviral Drug Discovery, Institute of Molecular Biology of NAS, Yerevan, Armenia.
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Pedrera M, Soler A, Simón A, Casado N, Pérez C, García-Casado MA, Fernández-Pacheco P, Sánchez-Cordón PJ, Arias M, Gallardo C. Characterization of the Protective Cellular Immune Response in Pigs Immunized Intradermally with the Live Attenuated African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) Lv17/WB/Rie1. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:443. [PMID: 38675825 PMCID: PMC11054368 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Candidate vaccines against African swine fever virus (ASFV) based on naturally attenuated or genetically modified viruses have the potential to generate protective immune responses, although there is no consensus on what defines a protective immune response against ASFV. Studies, especially in sensitive host species and focused on unravelling protective mechanisms, will contribute to the development of safer and more effective vaccines. The present study provides a detailed analysis of phenotypic and functional data on cellular responses induced by intradermal immunization and subsequent boosting of domestic pigs with the naturally attenuated field strain Lv17/WB/Rie1, as well as the mechanisms underlying protection against intramuscular challenge with the virulent genotype II Armenia/07 strain. The transient increase in IL-8 and IL-10 in serum observed after immunization might be correlated with survival. Protection was also associated with a robust ASFV-specific polyfunctional memory T-cell response, where CD4CD8 and CD8 T cells were identified as the main cellular sources of virus-specific IFNγ and TNFα. In parallel with the cytokine response, these T-cell subsets also showed specific cytotoxic activity as evidenced by the increased expression of the CD107a degranulation marker. Along with virus-specific multifunctional CD4CD8 and CD8 T-cell responses, the increased levels of antigen experienced in cytotoxic CD4 T cells observed after the challenge in immunized pigs might also contribute to controlling virulent infection by killing mechanisms targeting infected antigen-presenting cells. Future studies should elucidate whether the memory T-cell responses evidenced in the present study persist and provide long-term protection against further ASFV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Pedrera
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Soler
- European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Simón
- European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadia Casado
- European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Covadonga Pérez
- European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - María A. García-Casado
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Fernández-Pacheco
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro J. Sánchez-Cordón
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marisa Arias
- European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmina Gallardo
- European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
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Zuo X, Peng G, Zhao J, Zhao Q, Zhu Y, Xu Y, Xu L, Li F, Xia Y, Liu Y, Wang C, Wang Z, Wang H, Zou X. Infection of domestic pigs with a genotype II potent strain of ASFV causes cytokine storm and lymphocyte mass reduction. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1361531. [PMID: 38698849 PMCID: PMC11064794 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1361531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The whole-genome sequence of an African swine fever virus (ASFV) strain (HuB/HH/2019) isolated from Hubei, China, was highly similar to that of the Georgia 2007/1 strain ASFV. After infection with strong strains, domestic pigs show typical symptoms of infection, including fever, depression, reddening of the skin, hemorrhagic swelling of various tissues, and dysfunction. The earliest detoxification occurred in pharyngeal swabs at 4 days post-infection. The viral load in the blood was extremely high, and ASFV was detected in multiple tissues, with the highest viral loads in the spleen and lungs. An imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory factors in the serum leads to an excessive inflammatory response in the body. Immune factor expression is suppressed without effectively eliciting an immune defense. Antibodies against p30 were not detected in acutely dead domestic pigs. Sequencing of the peripheral blood mononuclear cell transcriptome revealed elevated transcription of genes associated with immunity, defense, and stress. The massive reduction in lymphocyte counts in the blood collapses the body's immune system. An excessive inflammatory response with a massive reduction in the lymphocyte count may be an important cause of mortality in domestic pigs. These two reasons have inspired researchers to reduce excessive inflammatory responses and stimulate effective immune responses for future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhi Zuo
- China/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China
| | - Guorui Peng
- China/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Zhao
- China/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Qizu Zhao
- China/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhu
- China/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Xu
- China/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Xu
- China/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Fangtao Li
- China/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yingju Xia
- China/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yebing Liu
- China/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- China/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- China/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Haidong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, Shanxi, China
| | - Xingqi Zou
- China/WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, China Institute of Veterinary Drug Control, Beijing, China
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8
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Ambagala A, Goonewardene K, Kanoa IE, Than TT, Nguyen VT, Lai TNH, Nguyen TL, Erdelyan CNG, Robert E, Tailor N, Onyilagha C, Lamboo L, Handel K, Nebroski M, Vernygora O, Lung O, Le VP. Characterization of an African Swine Fever Virus Field Isolate from Vietnam with Deletions in the Left Variable Multigene Family Region. Viruses 2024; 16:571. [PMID: 38675912 PMCID: PMC11054794 DOI: 10.3390/v16040571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we report the characterization of a genetically modified live-attenuated African swine fever virus (ASFV) field strain isolated from Vietnam. The isolate, ASFV-GUS-Vietnam, belongs to p72 genotype II, has six multi-gene family (MGF) genes deleted, and an Escherichia coli GusA gene (GUS) inserted. When six 6-8-week-old pigs were inoculated with ASFV-GUS-Vietnam oro-nasally (2 × 105 TCID50/pig), they developed viremia, mild fever, lethargy, and inappetence, and shed the virus in their oral and nasal secretions and feces. One of the pigs developed severe clinical signs and was euthanized 12 days post-infection, while the remaining five pigs recovered. When ASFV-GUS-Vietnam was inoculated intramuscularly (2 × 103 TCID50/pig) into four 6-8 weeks old pigs, they also developed viremia, mild fever, lethargy, inappetence, and shed the virus in their oral and nasal secretions and feces. Two contact pigs housed together with the four intramuscularly inoculated pigs, started to develop fever, viremia, loss of appetite, and lethargy 12 days post-contact, confirming horizontal transmission of ASFV-GUS-Vietnam. One of the contact pigs died of ASF on day 23 post-contact, while the other one recovered. The pigs that survived the exposure to ASFV-GUS-Vietnam via the mucosal or parenteral route were fully protected against the highly virulent ASFV Georgia 2007/1 challenge. This study showed that ASFV-GUS-Vietnam field isolate is able to induce complete protection in the majority of the pigs against highly virulent homologous ASFV challenge, but has the potential for horizontal transmission, and can be fatal in some animals. This study highlights the need for proper monitoring and surveillance when ASFV live-attenuated virus-based vaccines are used in the field for ASF control in endemic countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Ambagala
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (K.G.); (I.E.K.); (C.N.G.E.); (E.R.); (N.T.); (C.O.); (L.L.); (K.H.); (M.N.); (O.V.); (O.L.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Kalhari Goonewardene
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (K.G.); (I.E.K.); (C.N.G.E.); (E.R.); (N.T.); (C.O.); (L.L.); (K.H.); (M.N.); (O.V.); (O.L.)
| | - Ian El Kanoa
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (K.G.); (I.E.K.); (C.N.G.E.); (E.R.); (N.T.); (C.O.); (L.L.); (K.H.); (M.N.); (O.V.); (O.L.)
| | - Thi Tam Than
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (T.T.T.); (T.N.H.L.); (T.L.N.)
| | - Van Tam Nguyen
- Institute of Veterinary Science and Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam;
| | - Thi Ngoc Ha Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (T.T.T.); (T.N.H.L.); (T.L.N.)
| | - Thi Lan Nguyen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (T.T.T.); (T.N.H.L.); (T.L.N.)
| | - Cassidy N. G. Erdelyan
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (K.G.); (I.E.K.); (C.N.G.E.); (E.R.); (N.T.); (C.O.); (L.L.); (K.H.); (M.N.); (O.V.); (O.L.)
| | - Erin Robert
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (K.G.); (I.E.K.); (C.N.G.E.); (E.R.); (N.T.); (C.O.); (L.L.); (K.H.); (M.N.); (O.V.); (O.L.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Nikesh Tailor
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (K.G.); (I.E.K.); (C.N.G.E.); (E.R.); (N.T.); (C.O.); (L.L.); (K.H.); (M.N.); (O.V.); (O.L.)
| | - Chukwunonso Onyilagha
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (K.G.); (I.E.K.); (C.N.G.E.); (E.R.); (N.T.); (C.O.); (L.L.); (K.H.); (M.N.); (O.V.); (O.L.)
| | - Lindsey Lamboo
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (K.G.); (I.E.K.); (C.N.G.E.); (E.R.); (N.T.); (C.O.); (L.L.); (K.H.); (M.N.); (O.V.); (O.L.)
| | - Katherine Handel
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (K.G.); (I.E.K.); (C.N.G.E.); (E.R.); (N.T.); (C.O.); (L.L.); (K.H.); (M.N.); (O.V.); (O.L.)
| | - Michelle Nebroski
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (K.G.); (I.E.K.); (C.N.G.E.); (E.R.); (N.T.); (C.O.); (L.L.); (K.H.); (M.N.); (O.V.); (O.L.)
| | - Oksana Vernygora
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (K.G.); (I.E.K.); (C.N.G.E.); (E.R.); (N.T.); (C.O.); (L.L.); (K.H.); (M.N.); (O.V.); (O.L.)
| | - Oliver Lung
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3M4, Canada; (K.G.); (I.E.K.); (C.N.G.E.); (E.R.); (N.T.); (C.O.); (L.L.); (K.H.); (M.N.); (O.V.); (O.L.)
| | - Van Phan Le
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (T.T.T.); (T.N.H.L.); (T.L.N.)
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9
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Wen Y, Duan X, Ren J, Zhang J, Guan G, Ru Y, Li D, Zheng H. African Swine Fever Virus I267L Is a Hemorrhage-Related Gene Based on Transcriptome Analysis. Microorganisms 2024; 12:400. [PMID: 38399804 PMCID: PMC10892147 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute and severe disease transmitted among domestic pigs and wild boars. This disease is notorious for its high mortality rate and has caused great losses to the world's pig industry in the past few years. After infection, pigs can develop symptoms such as high fever, inflammation, and acute hemorrhage, finally leading to death. African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the causal agent of ASF; it is a large DNA virus with 150-200 genes. Elucidating the functions of each gene could provide insightful information for developing prevention and control methods. Herein, to investigate the function of I267L, porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) infected with an I267L-deleted ASFV strain (named ∆I267L) and wild-type ASFV for 18 h and 36 h were taken for transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq). The most distinct different gene that appeared at both 18 hpi (hours post-infection) and 36 hpi was F3; it is the key link between inflammation and coagulation cascades. KEGG analysis (Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes analysis) revealed the complement and coagulation cascades were also significantly affected at 18 hpi. Genes associated with the immune response were also highly enriched with the deletion of I267L. RNA-seq results were validated through RT-qPCR. Further experiments confirmed that ASFV infection could suppress the induction of F3 through TNF-α, while I267L deletion partially impaired this suppression. These results suggest that I267L is a pathogenicity-associated gene that modulates the hemorrhages of ASF by suppressing F3 expression. This study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of ASFV pathogenicity and potential targets for ASFV prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wen
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.W.); (X.D.); (J.R.); (J.Z.); (G.G.); (Y.R.)
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xianghan Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.W.); (X.D.); (J.R.); (J.Z.); (G.G.); (Y.R.)
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jingjing Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.W.); (X.D.); (J.R.); (J.Z.); (G.G.); (Y.R.)
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.W.); (X.D.); (J.R.); (J.Z.); (G.G.); (Y.R.)
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Guiquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.W.); (X.D.); (J.R.); (J.Z.); (G.G.); (Y.R.)
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yi Ru
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.W.); (X.D.); (J.R.); (J.Z.); (G.G.); (Y.R.)
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Dan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.W.); (X.D.); (J.R.); (J.Z.); (G.G.); (Y.R.)
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; (Y.W.); (X.D.); (J.R.); (J.Z.); (G.G.); (Y.R.)
- Gansu Province Research Center for Basic Disciplines of Pathogen Biology, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Tian Y, Wang D, He S, Cao Z, Li W, Jiang F, Shi Y, Hao Y, Wei X, Wang Q, Qie S, Wang J, Li T, Hao X, Zhu J, Wu J, Shang S, Zhai X. Immune cell early activation, apoptotic kinetic, and T-cell functional impairment in domestic pigs after ASFV CADC_HN09 strain infection. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1328177. [PMID: 38419627 PMCID: PMC10899498 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1328177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a fatal and highly contagious disease of domestic pigs characterized by rapid disease progression and death within 2 weeks. How the immune cells respond to acute ASFV infection and contribute to the immunopathogenesis of ASFV has not been completely understood. In this study, we examined the activation, apoptosis, and functional changes of distinct immune cells in domestic pigs following acute infection with the ASFV CADC_HN09 strain using multicolor flow cytometry. We found that ASFV infection induced broad apoptosis of DCs, monocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of pigs over time. The expression of MHC class II molecule (SLA-DR/DQ) on monocytes and conventional DCs as well as CD21 expression on B cells were downregulated after ASFV infection, implying a potential impairment of antigen presentation and humoral response. Further examination of CD69 and ex vivo expression of IFN-γ on immune cells showed that T cells were transiently activated and expressed IFN-γ as early as 5 days post-infection. However, the capability of T cells to produce cytokines was significantly impaired in the infected pigs when stimulated with mitogen. These results suggest that the adaptive cellular immunity to ASFV might be initiated but later overridden by ASFV-induced immunosuppression. Our study clarified the cell types that were affected by ASFV infection and contributed to lymphopenia, improving our understanding of the immunopathogenesis of ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Dongyue Wang
- The Biosafety High-Level Laboratory Management Office, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shicheng He
- Animal Disease Control Center of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Zhen Cao
- The Biosafety High-Level Laboratory Management Office, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wencai Li
- The Biosafety High-Level Laboratory Management Office, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Jiang
- The Biosafety High-Level Laboratory Management Office, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Shi
- The Biosafety High-Level Laboratory Management Office, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Hao
- The Biosafety High-Level Laboratory Management Office, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xinhao Wei
- The Biosafety High-Level Laboratory Management Office, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- The Biosafety High-Level Laboratory Management Office, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Qie
- The Biosafety High-Level Laboratory Management Office, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangtao Wang
- The Biosafety High-Level Laboratory Management Office, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Li
- The Biosafety High-Level Laboratory Management Office, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiajun Wu
- The Biosafety High-Level Laboratory Management Office, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
| | - Shaobin Shang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinyan Zhai
- The Biosafety High-Level Laboratory Management Office, China Animal Disease Control Center, Beijing, China
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11
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Yang M, Ge X, Zhou L, Guo X, Han J, Zhang Y, Yang H. Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against porcine gasdermin D protein. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:173. [PMID: 38267794 PMCID: PMC10808365 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12938-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Pyroptosis is a newly discovered type of pro-inflammatory programmed cell death that plays a vital role in various processes such as inflammations, immune responses, and pathogen infections. As one of the main executioners of pyroptosis, gasdermin D (GSDMD) is a membrane pore-forming protein that typically exists in a self-inhibitory state. Once activated, GSDMD will be cleaved into an N-terminal fragment with pore-forming activity, becoming the key indicator of pyroptosis activation, and a C-terminal fragment. Although commercial antibodies against human and murine GSDMD proteins are currently available, their reactivity with porcine GSDMD (pGSDMD) is poor, which limits research on the biological functions of pGSDMD and pyroptosis in pigs in vivo and in vitro. Here, five monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were prepared by immunizing BALB/c mice with procaryotically expressed full-length pGSDMD, all of which did not cross react with human and murine GSDMD proteins. Epitope mapping demonstrated that 15H6 recognizes amino acids (aa) at positions 28-34 of pGSDMD (LQTSDRF), 19H3 recognizes 257-260aa (PPQF), 23H10 and 27A10 recognize 78-82aa (GPFYF), and 25E2 recognizes 429-435aa (PPTLLGS). The affinity constant and isotype of 15H6, 19H3, 23H10, 27A10, and 25E2 mAbs were determined to be 1.32 × 10-9, 3.66 × 10-9, 9.04 × 10-9, 1.83 × 10-9, and 8.00 × 10-8 mol/L and IgG1/κ, IgG2a/κ, IgG2a/κ, IgG1/κ, and IgG1/κ, respectively. Heavy- and light-chain variable regions sequencing showed that the heavy-chain complementarity-determining region (CDR) sequences of all five mAbs are completely different, while the light-chain CDR sequences of the four mAbs that recognize the N-terminus of pGSDMD are identical. Our prepared mAbs provide valuable materials for studying pGSDMD function and pyroptosis. KEY POINTS: • A total of five mouse anti-pGSDMD mAbs were prepared, of which four recognize the N-terminus of pGSDMD and one recognize its C-terminus. • The main performance parameters of the five mAbs, including epitope, antibody titer, affinity constant, isotype, and heavy- and light-chain CDR, were characterized. • All five mAbs specifically recognize pGSDMD protein and do not cross react with human and murine GSDMD proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhui Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinna Ge
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Han
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongning Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hanchun Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
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12
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Walczak M, Szymankiewicz K, Rodriguez F, Argilaguet J, Gavrilov B, Żmudzki J, Kochanowski M, Juszkiewicz M, Szczotka-Bochniarz A. Molecular contamination of an animal facility during and after African swine fever virus infection. J Vet Res 2023; 67:503-508. [PMID: 38130453 PMCID: PMC10730545 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2023-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The molecular contamination of an animal facility was investigated during and after an infection with highly pathogenic African swine fever virus (ASFV) among domestic pigs. The investigation evaluated the risk of indirect transmission of the disease and indicated points that may facilitate cleaning and disinfection processes. Material and Methods Six domestic pigs were infected oronasally with the highly pathogenic Georgia 2007 strain. Environmental samples from the floors, walls, rubber floor mats, feeders, drinkers, high-efficiency particulate-absorbing filter covers and doors were collected 7 days post infection (dpi), 7 days later and 24 h after disinfection of the facility. The samples were investigated by real-time PCR and in vitro assays to find genetic traces of ASFV and infectious virus. Results Typical clinical outcomes for ASF (i.e. fever, apathy, recumbency and bloody diarrhoea) were observed, and all animals died or required euthanasia before or at 9 dpi. No infectious virus was found in environmental samples at the sampling time points. Genetic traces of ASFV were found in all locations except the doors. The initial virus load was calculated using real-time PCR threshold cycle values and was the highest at the drain. A statistically significant decrease of virus load over time was found on non-porous surfaces mechanically cleaned by water (the floor and drain). Conclusion The gathered data confirmed different routes of virus excretion (oral and nasal, faeces and urine, and aerosol) and showed virus locations and different initial concentrations in the animal facility. Maintaining the facility with mechanical cleaning and using personal protection (gloves) and hand disinfection may efficiently minimise the risk of further virus spread. Together with the results of previously published studies, the present investigations' failure to isolate infectious virus may suggest that if stable environmental conditions are assured, the time needed before the introduction of new herds into previously ASF-affected farm facilities could be shortened and in this way the economic losses caused by the disease outbreak mitigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Walczak
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | | | - Fernando Rodriguez
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for Emerging and Re-emerging Pig Diseases in Europe, IRTA-CReSA, 08193Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Argilaguet
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for Emerging and Re-emerging Pig Diseases in Europe, IRTA-CReSA, 08193Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jacek Żmudzki
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Maciej Kochanowski
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Juszkiewicz
- Department of Swine Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100Puławy, Poland
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13
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Xu L, Hao F, Jeong DG, Chen R, Gan Y, Zhang L, Yeom M, Lim JW, Yu Y, Bai Y, Zeng Z, Liu Y, Xiong Q, Shao G, Wu Y, Feng Z, Song D, Xie X. Mucosal and cellular immune responses elicited by nasal and intramuscular inoculation with ASFV candidate immunogens. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1200297. [PMID: 37720232 PMCID: PMC10502713 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1200297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an infectious disease caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV) that is highly contagious and has an extremely high mortality rate (infected by virulent strains) among domestic and wild pigs, causing huge economic losses to the pig industry globally. In this study, SDS-PAGE gel bands hybridized with ASFV whole virus protein combined with ASFV-convalescent and ASFV-positive pig serum were identified by mass spectrometry. Six antigens were detected by positive serum reaction bands, and eight antigens were detected in ASFV-convalescent serum. In combination with previous literature reports and proteins corresponding to MHC-II presenting peptides screened from ASFV-positive pig urine conducted in our lab, seven candidate antigens, including KP177R (p22), K78R (p10), CP204L (p30), E183L (p54), B602L (B602L), EP402R-N (CD2V-N) and F317L (F317L), were selected. Subunit-Group 1 was prepared by mixing above-mentioned seven ASFV recombinant proteins with MONTANIDETM1313 VG N mucosal adjuvant and immunizing pigs intranasally and intramuscularly. Subunit-Group 2 was prepared by mixing four ASFV recombinant proteins (p22, p54, CD2V-N1, B602L) with Montanide ISA 51 VG adjuvant and immunizing pigs by intramuscular injection. Anticoagulated whole blood, serum, and oral fluid were collected during immunization for flow cytometry, serum IgG as well as secretory sIgA antibody secretion, and cytokine expression testing to conduct a comprehensive immunogenicity assessment. Both immunogen groups can effectively stimulate the host to produce ideal humoral, mucosal, and cellular immune responses, providing a theoretical basis for subsequent functional studies, such as immunogens challenge protection and elucidation of the pathogenic mechanism of ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Xu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Fei Hao
- Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Dae Gwin Jeong
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Yuan Gan
- Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Minjoo Yeom
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Woo Lim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yanfei Yu
- Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Yun Bai
- Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Zeng
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yongjie Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiyan Xiong
- Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Guoqing Shao
- Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Yuzi Wu
- Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
| | - Zhixin Feng
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Daesub Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Xing Xie
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory for Veterinary Bio-Product Engineering, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- GuoTai (Taizhou) Center of Technology Innovation for Veterinary Biologicals, Taizhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
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14
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Franzoni G, Petrini S, Mészáros I, Dei Giudici S, Righi C, Olasz F, Zinellu S, Tamás V, Pela M, Gallardo C, Zádori Z, Oggiano A, Feliziani F. Evaluation of Haematological and Immunological Parameters of the ASFV Lv17/WB/Rie1 Strain and Its Derived Mutant Lv17/WB/Rie1/d110-11L against ASFV Challenge Infection in Domestic Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1277. [PMID: 37515092 PMCID: PMC10383595 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is the etiological agent of a haemorrhagic disease that threatens the global pig industry. There is an urgency to develop a safe and efficient vaccine, but the knowledge of the immune-pathogenetic mechanisms behind ASFV infection is still very limited. In this paper, we evaluated the haematological and immunological parameters of domestic pigs vaccinated with the ASFV Lv17/WB/Rie1 strain or its derived mutant Lv17/WB/Rie1/d110-11L and then challenged with virulent Armenia/07 ASFV. Circulating levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), 13 key cytokines and 11 haematological parameters were evaluated throughout the study. Lv17/WB/Rie1 triggered an inflammatory response, with increased levels of CRP and pro-inflammatory cytokines, and induced lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia and a decline in red blood cell (RBC) parameters, although this was transitory. Lv17/WB/Rie1/d110-11L triggered only transitory thrombocytopenia and a mild inflammatory reaction, with no increase in serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, but it raised IL-1Ra levels. Both strains counteracted several adverse reactions elicited by virulent challenge, like thrombocytopenia, a decline in RBC parameters, and inflammation. Within this paper, we provided a deep portrayal of the impact of diverse ASFV strains on the domestic pig's immune system. A better understanding of these immune-pathological mechanisms would help to design suitable vaccines against this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Franzoni
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Stefano Petrini
- National Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - István Mészáros
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Silvia Dei Giudici
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Cecilia Righi
- National Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ferenc Olasz
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Susanna Zinellu
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Vivien Tamás
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Michela Pela
- National Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Carmina Gallardo
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, CISA, INIA-CSIC, European Union Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever (EURL), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Zoltán Zádori
- Institute for Veterinary Medical Research, Hungária krt. 21, 1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Annalisa Oggiano
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesco Feliziani
- National Reference Laboratory for African Swine Fever, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria-Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 Perugia, Italy
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15
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Luo Y, Yang Y, Wang W, Gao Q, Gong T, Feng Y, Wu D, Zheng X, Zhang G, Wang H. Aloe-emodin inhibits African swine fever virus replication by promoting apoptosis via regulating NF-κB signaling pathway. Virol J 2023; 20:158. [PMID: 37468960 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute infectious haemorrhagic fever of pigs caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). Aloe-emodin (Ae) is an active ingredient of Chinese herbs with antiviral, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects. We investigated the antiviral activity and mechanism of action of Ae against ASFV using Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), western blotting, and indirect immunofluorescence assays. Ae significantly inhibited ASFV replication. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis revealed that ASFV infection activated the NF-κB signaling pathway in the early stage and the apoptosis pathway in the late stage. Ae significantly downregulated the expression levels of MyD88, phosphor-NF-κB p65, and pIκB proteins as well as the mRNA levels of IL-1β and IL-8 in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) infected with ASFV, thereby inhibiting the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway induced by ASFV. Flow cytometry and western blot analysis revealed that Ae significantly increased the percentage of ASFV-induced apoptotic cells. Additionally, Ae promoted apoptosis by upregulating the expression levels of cleaved-caspase3 and Bax proteins and downregulating the expression levels of Bcl-2 proteins. This suggests that Ae promotes apoptosis by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway, resulting in inhibition of ASFV replication. These findings have further improved therapeutic reserves for the prevention and treatment of ASF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhuo Luo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Yunlong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wenru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China
| | - Qi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, 525000, China
| | - Ting Gong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yongzhi Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, 525000, China
| | - Dongdong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, 525000, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, PR China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, 525000, China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510462, China.
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 510642, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, PR China.
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, 525000, China.
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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16
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Chen Y, Song Z, Chang H, Guo Y, Wei Z, Sun Y, Gong L, Zheng Z, Zhang G. Dihydromyricetin inhibits African swine fever virus replication by downregulating toll-like receptor 4-dependent pyroptosis in vitro. Vet Res 2023; 54:58. [PMID: 37438783 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF), caused by ASF virus (ASFV) infection, poses a huge threat to the pork industry owing to ineffective preventive and control measures. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop strategies, including antiviral drugs targeting ASFV, for preventing ASFV spread. This study aimed to identify novel compounds with anti-ASFV activity. To this end, we screened a small chemical library of 102 compounds, among which the natural flavonoid dihydromyricetin (DHM) exhibited the most potent anti-ASFV activity. DHM treatment inhibited ASFV replication in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, it inhibited porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and swine influenza virus replication, which suggested that DHM exerts broad-spectrum antiviral effects. Mechanistically, DHM treatment inhibited ASFV replication in various ways in the time-to-addition assay, including pre-, co-, and post-treatment. Moreover, DHM treatment reduced the levels of ASFV-induced inflammatory mediators by regulating the TLR4/MyD88/MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. Meanwhile, DHM treatment reduced the ASFV-induced accumulation of reactive oxygen species, further minimizing pyroptosis by inhibiting the ASFV-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Interestingly, the effects of DHM on ASFV were partly reversed by treatment with polyphyllin VI (a pyroptosis agonist) and RS 09 TFA (a TLR4 agonist), suggesting that DHM inhibits pyroptosis by regulating TLR4 signaling. Furthermore, targeting TLR4 with resatorvid (a specific inhibitor of TLR4) and small interfering RNA against TLR4 impaired ASFV replication. Taken together, these results reveal the anti-ASFV activity of DHM and the underlying mechanism of action, providing a potential compound for developing antiviral drugs targeting ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zebu Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Chang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanchen Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yankuo Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lang Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, Guangdong, China
| | - Zezhong Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, Guangdong, China.
| | - Guihong Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
- African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.
- Research Center for African Swine Fever Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
- Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Maoming, Guangdong, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangzhou, China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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17
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Afe AE, Shen ZJ, Guo X, Zhou R, Li K. African Swine Fever Virus Interaction with Host Innate Immune Factors. Viruses 2023; 15:1220. [PMID: 37376520 DOI: 10.3390/v15061220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) adversely affects pig farming owing to its 100% mortality rate. The condition is marked by elevated body temperature, bleeding, and ataxia in domestic pigs, whereas warthogs and ticks remain asymptomatic despite being natural reservoirs for the virus. Breeding ASFV-resistant pigs is a promising solution for eradicating this disease. ASFV employs several mechanisms to deplete the host antiviral response. This review explores the interaction of ASFV proteins with innate host immunity and the various types of machinery encompassed by viral proteins that inhibit and induce different signaling pathways, such as cGAS-STING, NF-κB, Tumor growth factor-beta (TGF-β), ubiquitination, viral inhibition of apoptosis, and resistance to ASFV infection. Prospects for developing a domestic pig that is resistant to ASFV are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayoola Ebenezer Afe
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhao-Ji Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaorong Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Molecular Design and Precise Breeding, Foshan University, Foshan 528231, China
| | - Rong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kui Li
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics of MARA, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518000, China
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Ko YS, Tark D, Moon SH, Kim DM, Lee TG, Bae DY, Sunwoo SY, Oh Y, Cho HS. Alteration of the Gut Microbiota in Pigs Infected with African Swine Fever Virus. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050360. [PMID: 37235443 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The factors that influence the pathogenicity of African swine fever (ASF) are still poorly understood, and the host's immune response has been indicated as crucial. Although an increasing number of studies have shown that gut microbiota can control the progression of diseases caused by viral infections, it has not been characterized how the ASF virus (ASFV) changes a pig's gut microbiome. This study analyzed the dynamic changes in the intestinal microbiome of pigs experimentally infected with the high-virulence ASFV genotype II strain (N = 4) or mock strain (N = 3). Daily fecal samples were collected from the pigs and distributed into the four phases (before infection, primary phase, clinical phase, and terminal phase) of ASF based on the individual clinical features of the pigs. The total DNA was extracted and the V4 region of the 16 s rRNA gene was amplified and sequenced on the Illumina platform. Richness indices (ACE and Chao1) were significantly decreased in the terminal phase of ASF infection. The relative abundances of short-chain-fatty-acids-producing bacteria, such as Ruminococcaceae, Roseburia, and Blautia, were decreased during ASFV infection. On the other hand, the abundance of Proteobacteria and Spirochaetes increased. Furthermore, predicted functional analysis using PICRUSt resulted in a significantly reduced abundance of 15 immune-related pathways in the ASFV-infected pigs. This study provides evidence for further understanding the ASFV-pig interaction and suggests that changes in gut microbiome composition during ASFV infection may be associated with the status of immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Seung Ko
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongseob Tark
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54531, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyun Moon
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Min Kim
- Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54531, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek Geun Lee
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Yun Bae
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Yeonsu Oh
- Institute of Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Seong Cho
- Bio-Safety Research Institute, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
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Zhou X, Fan J, Zhang Y, Yang J, Zhu R, Yue H, Qi Y, Li Q, Wang Y, Chen T, Zhang S, Hu R. Evaluation of African Swine Fever Virus E111R Gene on Viral Replication and Porcine Virulence. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040890. [PMID: 37112870 PMCID: PMC10143872 DOI: 10.3390/v15040890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute infectious disease of domestic pigs and wild boars caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), with up to a 100% case fatality rate. The development of a vaccine for ASFV is hampered by the fact that the function of many genes in the ASFV genome still needs to be discovered. In this study, the previously unreported E111R gene was analyzed and identified as an early-expressed gene that is highly conserved across the different genotypes of ASFV. To further explore the function of the E111R gene, a recombinant strain, SY18ΔE111R, was constructed by deleting the E111R gene of the lethal ASFV SY18 strain. In vitro, the replication kinetics of SY18ΔE111R with deletion of the E111R gene were consistent with those of the parental strain. In vivo, high-dose SY18ΔE111R (105.0 TCID50), administered intramuscularly to pigs, caused the same clinical signs and viremia as the parental strain (102.0 TCID50), with all pigs dying on days 8–11. After being infected with a low dose of SY18ΔE111R (102.0 TCID50) intramuscularly, pigs showed a later onset of disease and 60% mortality, changing from acute to subacute infection. In summary, deletion of the E111R gene has a negligible effect on the lethality of ASFV and does not affect the viruses’ ability to replicate, suggesting that E111R could not be the priority target of ASFV live-attenuated vaccine candidates.
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Zhou X, Fan J, Guo X, Chen T, Yang J, Zhang Y, Mi L, Zhang F, Miao F, Li M, Hu R. Comparison of Genotype II African Swine Fever Virus Strain SY18 Challenge Models. Viruses 2023; 15:v15040858. [PMID: 37112838 PMCID: PMC10142125 DOI: 10.3390/v15040858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a viral haemorrhagic disease found in domestic and wild boars caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV). A highly virulent strain was used to evaluate the efficacy of newly developed vaccine candidates. The ASFV strain SY18 was isolated from the first ASF case in China and is virulent in pigs of all ages. To evaluate the pathogenesis of ASFV SY18 following intraoral (IO) and intranasal (IN) infections, a challenge trial was conducted in landrace pigs, with intramuscular (IM) injection as a control. The results showed that the incubation period of IN administration with 40–1000 50 % tissue culture infective dose (TCID50) was 5–8 days, which was not significantly different from that of IM inoculation with 200 TCID50. A significantly longer incubation period, 11–15 days, was observed in IO administration with 40–5000 TCID50. Clinical features were similar among all infected animals. Symptoms, including high fever (≥40.5 °C), anorexia, depression, and recumbency, were observed. No significant differences were detected in the duration of viral shedding during fever. There was no significant difference in disease outcome, and all animals succumbed to death. This trial showed that IN and IO infections could be used for the efficacy evaluation of an ASF vaccine. The IO infection model, similar to that of natural infection, is highly recommended, especially for the primary screening of candidate vaccine strains or vaccines with relatively weak immune efficacy, such as live vector vaccines and subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xintao Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Jiaqi Fan
- College of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Xiaopan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Teng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Jinjin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Lijuan Mi
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Faming Miao
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
| | - Min Li
- College of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (R.H.)
| | - Rongliang Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention & Control for African Swine Fever and Other Major Pig Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Changchun 130122, China
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun 130122, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (R.H.)
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Deletion of African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) H240R Gene Attenuates the Virulence of ASFV by Enhancing NLRP3-Mediated Inflammatory Responses. J Virol 2023; 97:e0122722. [PMID: 36656014 PMCID: PMC9972963 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01227-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious infectious disease of domestic pigs and wild boars caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), with a mortality rate of up to 100%. In order to replicate efficiently in macrophages and monocytes, ASFV has evolved multiple strategies to evade host antiviral responses. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms by which ASFV-encoded proteins execute immune evasion are not fully understood. In this study, we found that ASFV pH240R strongly inhibits transcription, maturation, and secretion of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Importantly, pH240R not only targeted NF-κB signaling but also impaired NLRP3 inflammasome activation. In this mechanism, pH240R interacted with NF-kappa-B essential modulator (NEMO), a component of inhibitor of kappa B kinase (IKK) complex and subsequently reduced phosphorylation of IκBα and p65. In addition, pH240R bonded to NLRP3 to inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activation, resulting in reduced IL-1β production. As expected, infection with H240R-deficient ASFV (ASFV-ΔH240R) induced more inflammatory cytokine expression both in vitro and in vivo than its parental ASFV HLJ/18 strain. Consistently, H240R deficiency reduced the viral pathogenicity in pigs compared with its parental strain. These findings reveal that the H240R gene is an essential virulence factor, and deletion of the H240R gene affects the pathogenicity of ASFV HLJ/18 by enhancing antiviral inflammatory responses, which provides insights for ASFV immune evasion mechanisms and development of attenuated live vaccines and drugs for prevention and control of ASF. IMPORTANCE African swine fever (ASF), caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV), is a highly contagious and acute hemorrhagic viral disease of domestic pigs, with a high mortality approaching 100%. ASFV has spread rapidly worldwide and caused huge economic losses and ecological consequences. However, the pathogenesis and immune evasion mechanisms of ASFV are not fully understood, which limits the development of safe and effective ASF attenuated live vaccines. Therefore, investigations are urgently needed to identify virulence factors that are responsible for escaping the host antiviral innate immune responses and provide a new target for development of ASFV live-attenuated vaccine. In this study, we determined that the H240R gene is an essential virulence factor, and its depletion affects the pathogenicity of ASFV by enhancing NLRP3-mediated inflammatory responses, which provides theoretical support for the development of an ASFV attenuated live vaccine.
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Yu L, Zhu Z, Deng J, Tian K, Li X. Antagonisms of ASFV towards Host Defense Mechanisms: Knowledge Gaps in Viral Immune Evasion and Pathogenesis. Viruses 2023; 15:574. [PMID: 36851786 PMCID: PMC9963191 DOI: 10.3390/v15020574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) causes high morbidity and mortality of both domestic pigs and wild boars and severely impacts the swine industry worldwide. ASF virus (ASFV), the etiologic agent of ASF epidemics, mainly infects myeloid cells in swine mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS), including blood-circulating monocytes, tissue-resident macrophages, and dendritic cells (DCs). Since their significant roles in bridging host innate and adaptive immunity, these cells provide ASFV with favorable targets to manipulate and block their antiviral activities, leading to immune escape and immunosuppression. To date, vaccines are still being regarded as the most promising measure to prevent and control ASF outbreaks. However, ASF vaccine development is delayed and limited by existing knowledge gaps in viral immune evasion, pathogenesis, etc. Recent studies have revealed that ASFV can employ diverse strategies to interrupt the host defense mechanisms via abundant self-encoded proteins. Thus, this review mainly focuses on the antagonisms of ASFV-encoded proteins towards IFN-I production, IFN-induced antiviral response, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis. Additionally, we also make a brief discussion concerning the potential challenges in future development of ASF vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangzheng Yu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Zhenbang Zhu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Junhua Deng
- Luoyang Putai Biotech Co., Ltd., Luoyang 471003, China
| | - Kegong Tian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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23
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Franzoni G, Pedrera M, Sánchez-Cordón PJ. African Swine Fever Virus Infection and Cytokine Response In Vivo: An Update. Viruses 2023; 15:233. [PMID: 36680273 PMCID: PMC9864779 DOI: 10.3390/v15010233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a hemorrhagic viral disease of domestic pigs and wild suids (all Sus scrofa) caused by the ASF virus (ASFV). The disease is spreading worldwide without control, threatening pig production due to the absence of licensed vaccine or commercially available treatments. A thorough understanding of the immunopathogenic mechanisms behind ASFV infection is required to better fight the disease. Cytokines are small, non-structural proteins, which play a crucial role in many aspects of the immune responses to viruses, including ASFV. Infection with virulent ASFV isolates often results in exacerbated immune responses, with increased levels of serum pro-inflammatory interleukins (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6), TNF and chemokines (CCL2, CCL5, CXCL10). Increased levels of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF are often detected in several tissues during acute ASFV infections and associated with lymphoid depletion, hemorrhages and oedemas. IL-1Ra is frequently released during ASFV infection to block further IL-1 activity, with its implication in ASFV immunopathology having been suggested. Increased levels of IFN-α and of the anti-inflammatory IL-10 seem to be negatively correlated with animal survival, whereas some correlation between virus-specific IFN-γ-producing cells and protection has been suggested in different studies where different vaccine candidates were tested, although future works should elucidate whether IFN-γ release by specific cell types is related to protection or disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Franzoni
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Miriam Pedrera
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro J. Sánchez-Cordón
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA), Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Valdeolmos, 28130 Madrid, Spain
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Zymosan Particle-Induced Hemodynamic, Cytokine and Blood Cell Changes in Pigs: An Innate Immune Stimulation Model with Relevance to Cytokine Storm Syndrome and Severe COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021138. [PMID: 36674654 PMCID: PMC9863690 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemodynamic disturbance, a rise in neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and release of inflammatory cytokines into blood, is a bad prognostic indicator in severe COVID-19 and other diseases involving cytokine storm syndrome (CSS). The purpose of this study was to explore if zymosan, a known stimulator of the innate immune system, could reproduce these changes in pigs. Pigs were instrumented for hemodynamic analysis and, after i.v. administration of zymosan, serial blood samples were taken to measure blood cell changes, cytokine gene transcription in PBMC and blood levels of inflammatory cytokines, using qPCR and ELISA. Zymosan bolus (0.1 mg/kg) elicited transient hemodynamic disturbance within minutes without detectable cytokine or blood cell changes. In contrast, infusion of 1 mg/kg zymosan triggered maximal pulmonary hypertension with tachycardia, lasting for 30 min. This was followed by a transient granulopenia and then, up to 6 h, major granulocytosis, resulting in a 3-4-fold increase in NLR. These changes were paralleled by massive transcription and/or rise in IL-6, TNF-alpha, CCL-2, CXCL-10, and IL-1RA in blood. There was significant correlation between lymphopenia and IL-6 gene expression. We conclude that the presented model may enable mechanistic studies on late-stage COVID-19 and CSS, as well as streamlined drug testing against these conditions.
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Lv C, Yang J, Zhao L, Wu C, Kang C, Zhang Q, Sun X, Chen X, Zou Z, Jin M. Infection Characteristics and Transcriptomics of African Swine Fever Virus in Bama Minipigs. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0383422. [PMID: 36445132 PMCID: PMC9769931 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03834-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal experiments on African swine fever virus (ASFV) are vital to the study of ASFV; however, ASFV can only infect pigs, and animal experiments need to be performed in animal biosafety level 3 (ABSL-3) laboratories, meaning that many small ABSL-3 laboratories are unable to carry out in vivo ASFV experiments. Therefore, miniaturized experimental animals for ASFV infection are urgently needed. Here, we successfully isolated genotype II of ASFV SY-1 from wild boars and evaluated ASFV-infected Bama minipigs in a negative-pressure isolator of a small ABSL-3 laboratory. The pathological changes of ASFV-infected Bama minipigs were consistent with characteristic lesions of ASFV-infected domestic pigs and wild boars. All pigs died 5 to 14 days postinfection (dpi) through intramuscular injection. Viral genomic DNA from nasal, oral, and rectal swab samples was first detectable at 2 to 4 dpi. The common differentially expressed genes were clustered in the immune-related, metabolic, and inflammatory response pathways from the spleen and inguinal lymph node samples comparing infected to mock. In summary, these results demonstrated that the Bama minipig was an appropriate model for ASFV infection in small ABSL-3 laboratories that can accelerate the research of vaccines and antiviral drugs and uncover pathogenic mechanisms of ASFV infection. IMPORTANCE African swine fever virus (ASFV) can only infect pigs rather than other animals. However, the domestic pigs cannot be kept in small ABSL-3 laboratories for a long time due to the characteristics of rapid growth and large size, which hinder ASFV research, including research of vaccines, antiviral drugs, and mechanisms. In contrast, Bama minipigs have unique advantages consisting of low growth and small size. In the research, Bama minipigs were used to evaluate the characteristics of ASFV infection in small ABSL-3 laboratories. The pathological changes, viral shedding, and gene regulation were consistent with those of domestic pigs infected with ASFV. Therefore, Bama minipigs can be a suitable model for ASFV infection in small ABSL-3 laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjie Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Wu
- Research Institute of Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
| | - Chao Kang
- Research Institute of Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhong Zou
- Research Institute of Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China
| | - Meilin Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
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Lv L, Zhang T, Jia H, Zhang Y, Ahsan A, Zhao X, Chen T, Shen Z, Shen N. Temporally integrated transcriptome analysis reveals ASFV pathology and host response dynamics. Front Immunol 2022; 13:995998. [PMID: 36544767 PMCID: PMC9761332 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.995998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes a lethal swine hemorrhagic disease and is currently responsible for widespread damage to the pig industry. The pathogenesis of ASFV infection and its interaction with host responses remain poorly understood. In this study, we profiled the temporal viral and host transcriptomes in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) with virulent and attenuated ASFV strains. We identified profound differences in the virus expression programs between SY18 and HuB20, which shed light on the pathogenic functions of several ASFV genes. Through integrated computational analysis and experimental validation, we demonstrated that compared to the virulent SY18 strain, the attenuated HuB20 quickly activates expression of receptors, sensors, regulators, as well as downstream effectors, including cGAS, STAT1/2, IRF9, MX1/2, suggesting rapid induction of a strong antiviral immune response in HuB20. Surprisingly, in addition to the pivotal DNA sensing mechanism mediated by cGAS-STING pathway, infection of the DNA virus ASFV activates genes associated with RNA virus response, with stronger induction by HuB20 infection. Taken together, this study reveals novel insights into the host-virus interaction dynamics, and provides reference for future mechanistic studies of ASFV pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lv
- Department of Infectious Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tianyun Zhang
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hanying Jia
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Asif Ahsan
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyang Zhao
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Teng Chen
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, China,*Correspondence: Teng Chen, ; Zhiqiang Shen, ; Ning Shen,
| | - Zhiqiang Shen
- Shandong Binzhou Academy of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Binzhou, Shandong, China,Shandong Lvdu Bio-Sciences and Technology Co., Ltd., Binzhou, Shandong, China,*Correspondence: Teng Chen, ; Zhiqiang Shen, ; Ning Shen,
| | - Ning Shen
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China,*Correspondence: Teng Chen, ; Zhiqiang Shen, ; Ning Shen,
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27
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O'Toole AD, Mohamed FM, Zhang J, Brown CC. Early pathogenesis in rabbit hemorrhagic disease virus 2. Microb Pathog 2022; 173:105814. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Attreed SE, Silva C, Abbott S, Ramirez-Medina E, Espinoza N, Borca MV, Gladue DP, Diaz-San Segundo F. A Highly Effective African Swine Fever Virus Vaccine Elicits a Memory T Cell Response in Vaccinated Swine. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11121438. [PMID: 36558773 PMCID: PMC9783822 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11121438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) is the causative agent of a highly contagious and lethal vector-borne disease in suids. Recently, a live attenuated virus strain, developed using the currently circulating, virulent Georgia strain (ASFV-G) with a single gene deletion (ASFV-G-ΔI177L), resulted in an effective vaccine. Nevertheless, protective immune response mechanisms induced by this candidate are poorly understood. In this study, Yorkshire crossbred swine intramuscularly vaccinated with 106 50% hemadsorption dose (HAD50) of ASFV-G-ΔI177L or a vehicle control were challenged at 28 days post-inoculation (dpi) with 102 HAD50 of ASFV-G. Analysis of purified peripheral blood mononuclear cells following inoculation and challenge revealed that CD4+, CD8+ and CD4+CD8+ central memory T cells (CD44+CD25-CD27-CD62L+CCR7+, Tcm) decreased significantly by 28 dpi in ASFV-G-ΔI177L-vaccinated swine compared to baseline and time-matched controls. Conversely, CD4+, CD8+ and CD4+CD8+ effector memory T cells (CD44+CD25-CD27-CD62-CCR7-, Tem) increased significantly among ASFV-G-ΔI177L-vaccined swine by 28 dpi compared to baseline and time-matched controls. Additionally, the percentage of natural killer (NK), CD4+ and CD4+CD8+ Tem and CD8+ Tcm and Tem positive for IFNγ increased significantly following inoculation, surpassing that of controls by 28 dpi or earlier. These results suggest that NK and memory T cells play a role in protective immunity and suggest that studying these cell populations may be a surrogate immunity marker in ASF vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Attreed
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, NY 11944, USA
- PIADC Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA
| | - Christina Silva
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, NY 11944, USA
| | - Sophia Abbott
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, NY 11944, USA
| | - Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, NY 11944, USA
| | - Nallely Espinoza
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, NY 11944, USA
| | - Manuel V. Borca
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, NY 11944, USA
- Correspondence: (M.V.B.); (D.P.G.); (F.D.-S.S.); Tel.: +1-(631)-323-3131 (M.V.B.); +1-(631)-323-3035 (D.P.G.); +1-(631)-323-3012 (F.D.-S.S.)
| | - Douglas P. Gladue
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, NY 11944, USA
- Correspondence: (M.V.B.); (D.P.G.); (F.D.-S.S.); Tel.: +1-(631)-323-3131 (M.V.B.); +1-(631)-323-3035 (D.P.G.); +1-(631)-323-3012 (F.D.-S.S.)
| | - Fayna Diaz-San Segundo
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Greenport, New York, NY 11944, USA
- Correspondence: (M.V.B.); (D.P.G.); (F.D.-S.S.); Tel.: +1-(631)-323-3131 (M.V.B.); +1-(631)-323-3035 (D.P.G.); +1-(631)-323-3012 (F.D.-S.S.)
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Lv C, Zhang Q, Zhao L, Yang J, Zou Z, Zhao Y, Li C, Sun X, Lin X, Jin M. African swine fever virus infection activates inflammatory responses through downregulation of the anti-inflammatory molecule C1QTNF3. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1002616. [PMID: 36311798 PMCID: PMC9598424 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1002616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is the most dangerous pig disease, and causes enormous economic losses in the global pig industry. However, the mechanisms of ASF virus (ASFV) infection remains largely unclear. Hence, this study investigated the host response mechanisms to ASFV infection. We analyzed the differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between serum samples from ASFV-infected and uninfected pigs using quantitative proteomics. Setting the p-value < 0.05 and |log2 (fold change)| > 1.5, we identified 173 DEPs, comprising 57 upregulated and 116 downregulated proteins, which belonged to various biological processes and pathways based on the Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses. The enriched pathways include immune responses, metabolism, and inflammation signaling pathways. Western blot analysis validated the DEPs identified using quantitative proteomics. Furthermore, our proteomics data showed that C1QTNF3 regulated the inflammatory signaling pathway. C1QTNF3 knockdown led to the upregulation of pro-inflammatory factors IL-1β, IL-8, and IL-6, thus inhibiting ASFV replication. These results indicated that C1QTNF3 was critical for ASFV infection. In conclusion, this study revealed the molecular mechanisms underlying the host-ASFV interaction, which may contribute to the development of novel antiviral strategies against ASFV infection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjie Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- New-onset department, Research Institute of Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
- Department of pig disease prevention and control, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- College of Biomedicine and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhong Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- New-onset department, Research Institute of Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of pig disease prevention and control, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengfei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of pig disease prevention and control, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of pig disease prevention and control, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Xian Lin, ; Meilin Jin,
| | - Meilin Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- New-onset department, Research Institute of Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
- Department of pig disease prevention and control, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Xian Lin, ; Meilin Jin,
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Assessment of the Impact of a Toll-like Receptor 2 Agonist Synthetic Lipopeptide on Macrophage Susceptibility and Responses to African Swine Fever Virus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102212. [PMID: 36298767 PMCID: PMC9610641 DOI: 10.3390/v14102212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) ligands are attracting attention as prophylactic and immunopotentiator agents against pathogens, including viruses. We previously reported that a synthetic diacylated lipopeptide (Mag-Pam2Cys_P48) polarized porcine macrophages towards a proinflammatory antimicrobial phenotype. Here, we investigated its role in modulating monocyte-derived macrophage (moMΦ) responses against African swine fever virus (ASFV), the etiological agent of one of the greatest threats to the global pig industry. Two ASFV isolates were compared: the attenuated NH/P68 and the virulent 26544/OG10. No effect on virus infection nor the modulation of surface markers’ expression (MHC I, MHC II DR, CD14, CD16, and CD163) were observed when Mag-Pam2Cys_P48 treated moMΦ were infected using a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1. Mag-Pam2Cys_P48 treated moMΦ released higher levels of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1Ra, and IL-18 in response to infection with NH/P68 ASFV compared to 26544/OG10-infected and mock-infected controls. Surprisingly, when infected using a MOI of 0.01, the virulent ASFV 26544/OG10 isolate replicated even slightly more efficiently in Mag-Pam2Cys_P48 treated moMΦ. These effects also extended to the treatment of moMΦ with two other lipopeptides: Mag-Pam2Cys_P80 and Mag-Pam2Cys_Mag1000. Our data suggested limited applicability of TLR2 agonists as prophylactic or immunopotentiator agents against virulent ASFV but highlighted the ability of the virulent 26544/OG10 to impair macrophage defenses.
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Sequential Deletions of Interferon Inhibitors MGF110-9L and MGF505-7R Result in Sterile Immunity against the Eurasia Strain of Africa Swine Fever. J Virol 2022; 96:e0119222. [PMID: 36197109 PMCID: PMC9599437 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01192-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes significant morbidity and mortality in pigs worldwide. The lack of vaccines or therapeutic options warrants urgent further investigation. To this aim, we developed a rationally designed live attenuated ASFV-Δ110-9L/505-7R mutant based on the highly pathogenic Genotype II ASFV CN/GS/2018 backbone by deleting 2 well-characterized interferon inhibitors MGF110-9L and MGF505-7R. The mutant was slightly attenuated in vitro compared to parental ASFV but highly tolerant to genetic modifications even after 30 successive passages in vitro. Groups of 5 pigs were intramuscularly inoculated with increasing doses of the mutant, ranging from 103 to 106 hemadsorption units (HAD50). Thirty-five days later, all groups were challenged with 102 HAD50 of virulent parental ASFV. All the animals were clinically normal and devoid of clinical signs consistent with ASFV at the period of inoculation. In the virulent challenge, 2 animals from 103 HAD50-inoculated group and 1 animal from 104 HAD50-inoculated group were unprotected with severe postmortem and histological lesions. The rest of animals survived and manifested with relatively normal clinical appearance accompanied by tangible histological improvements in the extent of tissue damage. Meanwhile, antibody response, as represented by p30-specific antibody titers was positively correlated to protective efficacy, potentializing its usage as an indicator of protection. Moreover, compared to 1 dose, 2 doses provided additional protection, proving that 2 doses were better than 1 dose. The sufficiency in effectiveness supports the claim that our attenuated mutant may be a viable vaccine option with which to fight ASF. IMPORTANCE African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a causative agent of acute viral hemorrhagic disease of domestic swine which is associated with significant economic losses in the pig industry. The lack of vaccines or treatment options requires urgent further investigation. ASFV MGF110-9L and MGF505-7R, 2 well-characterized interferon inhibitors, were associated with viral virulence, host range, and immune modulation. In this study, a recombinant two-gene deletion ASFV mutant with deletion of MGF110-9L and MGF505-7R was constructed. The result showed that the mutant was safe, and also highly resistant to genetic modification even after 30 successive passages. High doses of our mutant (105 and 106 HAD50) provided sterile immunity and complete protection in a virulent challenge. Two doses were superior to 1 dose and provided additional protection. This study develops a new ASFV-specific live attenuated vaccine and may be a viable vaccine option against ASF.
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Wöhnke E, Cackett G, Werner F, Blome S, Mettenleiter TC, Karger A. Proteome Analysis of Swine Macrophages after Infection with Two Genotype II African Swine Fever Isolates of Different Pathogenicity. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102140. [PMID: 36298696 PMCID: PMC9607119 DOI: 10.3390/v14102140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the introduction of a highly pathogenic genotype II isolate of the African swine fever virus (ASFV) into Georgia in 2007, African swine fever (ASF) has gone panzootic. Outbreaks have been reported in Europe, Asia and, more recently, Latin America. Thus, ASFV has become a major threat to the pig industry worldwide, as broadly applicable vaccines are not available. While the majority of ASFV strains show high virulence in domestic pigs and wild boar, variations within the ASFV genome have resulted in the emergence of attenuated strains with low or moderate virulence. However, the molecular basis of the differences in virulence has not yet been discovered. To reveal virulence-associated protein expression patterns, we analysed the proteomes of the natural target cells of ASFV, primary porcine macrophages, after infection with two genotype II ASFV strains displaying high (Armenia 2008) and moderate (Estonia 2014) virulence using quantitative mass spectrometry. Very similar expression patterns were observed for the viral genes, and any differences were limited to the deletions within the Estonia 2014 genome. In addition to the canonical ASFV proteins, twelve novel protein products from recently described transcripts were confirmed in both isolates. Pathway analyses showed that both isolates evoked a similar host proteome response, despite their difference in virulence. However, subtle differences in the manipulation of the proteins involved in the proinflammatory response mediated by the MAPK14/p38 signalling cascade were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Wöhnke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Gwenny Cackett
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, Darwin Building, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Finn Werner
- Institute for Structural and Molecular Biology, Darwin Building, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sandra Blome
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38351-7-1247
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Fan Y, Chen W, Jiang C, Zhang X, Sun Y, Liu R, Wang J, Yang D, Zhao D, Bu Z, He X. Host Responses to Live-Attenuated ASFV (HLJ/18-7GD). Viruses 2022; 14:v14092003. [PMID: 36146810 PMCID: PMC9506386 DOI: 10.3390/v14092003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and fatal disease caused by the African swine fever virus. Recently, the multigene family and CD2v gene-deleted ASF vaccine candidate HLJ/18-7GD was found to be safe and effective in laboratory and clinical trials. However, the immune-protective mechanisms underlying the effects of HLJ/18-7GD remain unclear. We assessed samples from pigs immunized with a single dose of 106 TCID50 HLJ/18-7GD. We found that pigs immunized with HLJ/18-7GD showed high levels of specific antibodies. T lymphocyte subsets (helper T cells (Th); cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL); double-positive T cells (DP-T cells)) were temporarily increased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) after HLJ/18-7GD immunization. Once the HLJ/18-7GD-immunized pigs had been challenged with virulent HLJ/18, the percentage of Th, CTL, and DP-T cells increased significantly. PBMCs extracted from the pigs induced higher levels of CD8+ T cells after infection with the HLJ/18 strain in vitro. The levels of GM-CSF, IFN-γ, and TNF-α were upregulated at 7 days post-inoculation; this finding was contrary to the results obtained after HLJ/18 or HLJ/18ΔCD2v infection. The immune protection from HLJ/18-7GD resulted from many synergies, which could provide a theoretical basis for HLJ/18-7GD as a safe and effective ASF vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhigao Bu
- Correspondence: (D.Z.); (Z.B.); (X.H.)
| | - Xijun He
- Correspondence: (D.Z.); (Z.B.); (X.H.)
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Oh SI, Nguyen TTH, Yang MS, Nga BTT, Bui VN, Le VP, Yi SW, Kim E, Hur TY, Lee HS, Kim B. Blood parameters and pathological lesions in pigs experimentally infected with Vietnam's first isolated African swine fever virus. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:978398. [PMID: 36157181 PMCID: PMC9495444 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.978398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a notable virus and one of the most serious global threats to the pig industry. Improving awareness about host–virus interactions could facilitate the understanding of the disease pathogenesis. Therefore, we investigated changes in blood parameters, viral loads, and pathological changes in ASFV-inoculated pigs according to the time of death after the onset of viremia. For the analyses, the ASFV-infected pigs (n = 10) were divided into two groups (five pigs/group) according to their time of death after the onset of viremia. The blood cell count dynamics and serum biochemistry profiles were similar between the groups; however, viral load distribution was different. A comparison of the histopathological changes and immunohistochemistry results between the two groups indicated that the lymphoid system, particularly the spleen, was more damaged in the early stage of the disease than in the last stage. Additionally, the virus-induced lesions in other organs (liver and kidney) were more severe in the late stage than in the early stage. Our findings provide invaluable information on the characteristics of blood parameters and pathological lesions in pigs infected with the Asia-epidemic ASFV strain and the course of ASF, targeting internal organs in pigs. Overall, this study characterizes the host-pathogen interaction in ASFV infection, offering insight for the establishment of ASF control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ik Oh
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, South Korea
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
- Sang-Ik Oh
| | - Thi Thu Huyen Nguyen
- Bac Giang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hanoi, Vietnam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Myeon-Sik Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
| | - Bui Thi To Nga
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Vuong Nghia Bui
- Virology Department, National Institute of Veterinary Research, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Van Phan Le
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Seung-Won Yi
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, South Korea
| | - Eunju Kim
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, South Korea
| | - Tai-Young Hur
- National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, South Korea
| | - Hu Suk Lee
- International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi, Vietnam
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Hu Suk Lee
| | - Bumseok Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Bumseok Kim
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Kholod N, Koltsov A, Koltsova G. Analysis of gene expression in monocytes of immunized pigs after infection with homologous or heterologous African swine fever virus. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:936978. [PMID: 36032295 PMCID: PMC9411669 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.936978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever is a deadly disease of pigs caused by the large DNA virus (ASFV). Despite intensive research, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of ASFV pathogenesis. Transcriptome analysis of host and viral genes in infected macrophages revealed changes in expression of genes involved in various biological processes, including immune response, inflammatory response and apoptosis. To understand the mechanisms of virus pathogenesis, we used transcriptome analysis to identify the differences in gene expression between peripheral blood monocytes (PBMCs) isolated from pigs immunized with attenuated Congo ASFV strain (KK262), and then infected in vitro with virulent homologous Congo strain (K49) or heterologous Mozambique strain (M78). We found that overexpression of IFN-γ was detected only in cells infected with M78, although the expression of interferon-stimulated genes was increased in both types of cells. In addition, up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines was found in PBMCs infected with the heterologous strain M78, in contrast to the cells infected with K49. These data may indicate the beginning of an early immune response in cells infected with a heterologous, but not homologous strain. Transcriptome analysis revealed down-regulation of genes involved in endocytosis and phagocytosis in cells infected with the K49 strain, but not in PBMCs infected with M78. On the contrary, we detected activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress response genes in cells infected with a homologous strain, but not in cells infected with a heterologous strain. This study is the first attempt to determine the differences in the response to ASF infection between homologous and heterologous strains at the cellular level. Our results showed that not only genes of the immune response, but also genes involved in endocytosis and cellular stress response may be important for the formation of cross-protective immunity. This data may be useful for vaccine development or testing of candidate vaccines.
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Walczak M, Szczotka-Bochniarz A, Żmudzki J, Juszkiewicz M, Szymankiewicz K, Niemczuk K, Pérez-Núñez D, Liu L, Revilla Y. Non-Invasive Sampling in the Aspect of African Swine Fever Detection—A Risk to Accurate Diagnosis. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081756. [PMID: 36016380 PMCID: PMC9416727 DOI: 10.3390/v14081756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever remains one of the most economically important and dangerous diseases of the Suidae family. Until now, neither a safe vaccine nor a treatment against ASF has been available, which is why prevention of the disease involves biosecurity measures and early recognition based on accurate diagnosis. Nowadays, different strategies for ASF detection are discussed to reduce both animal suffering and the costs of ASF surveillance. This article aims to indicate the risk, with regard to non-invasive sampling, for the detection of ASFV. In this study, we analyzed data from three independent animal trials, in the framework of the detection of positive samples in different matrices (blood, sera, oral and rectal swabs) collected from nineteen domestic pigs infected with similar doses but under different scenarios, including different ASFV strains or routes of infection. Genetic material of ASFV was found in all matrices, but detection occurred earlier in the blood samples than in the oral and the rectal swabs. Furthermore, analyses revealed that at relevant sampling timepoints, PCR-positive blood samples were detected more frequently and reached higher percentages (up to 100% during fever) than oral and rectal swabs. Moreover, mean Ct values in blood samples collected from animals infected with virulent strains were significantly lower than in oral and rectal swabs, ensuring a higher probability of ASFV detection. High Ct values and occasional shedding in all tested matrices, in the cases of animals infected by an attenuated ASFV-strain, showed that blood sampling may be necessary to confirm the presence of anti-ASFV antibodies in sera. This study showed that during veterinary surveillance, blood sampling (for both PCR and serological analyses) is essential for the accurate diagnosis of ASF and provides the highest probability of detection of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Walczak
- National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Jacek Żmudzki
- National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | | | | | - Krzysztof Niemczuk
- National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Daniel Pérez-Núñez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lihong Liu
- National Veterinary Institute, SE-756 51 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yolanda Revilla
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Microbes in Health and Welfare Department, c/Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Ayanwale A, Trapp S, Guabiraba R, Caballero I, Roesch F. New Insights in the Interplay Between African Swine Fever Virus and Innate Immunity and Its Impact on Viral Pathogenicity. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:958307. [PMID: 35875580 PMCID: PMC9298521 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.958307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous spread of African swine fever virus (ASFV) in Europe and Asia represents a major threat to livestock health, with billions of dollars of income losses and major perturbations of the global pig industry. One striking feature of African swine fever (ASF) is the existence of different forms of the disease, ranging from acute with mortality rates approaching 100% to chronic, with mild clinical manifestations. These differences in pathogenicity have been linked to genomic alterations present in attenuated ASFV strains (and absent in virulent ones) and differences in the immune response of infected animals. In this mini-review, we summarized current knowledge on the connection between ASFV pathogenicity and the innate immune response induced in infected hosts, with a particular focus on the pathways involved in ASFV detection. Indeed, recent studies have highlighted the key role of the DNA sensor cGAS in ASFV sensing. We discussed what other pathways may be involved in ASFV sensing and inflammasome activation and summarized recent findings on the viral ASFV genes involved in the modulation of the interferon (IFN) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sascha Trapp
- UMR 1282 ISP, INRAE Centre Val de Loire, Nouzilly, France
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38
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Machuka EM, Juma J, Muigai AWT, Amimo JO, Pelle R, Abworo EO. Transcriptome profile of spleen tissues from locally-adapted Kenyan pigs (Sus scrofa) experimentally infected with three varying doses of a highly virulent African swine fever virus genotype IX isolate: Ken12/busia.1 (ken-1033). BMC Genomics 2022; 23:522. [PMID: 35854219 PMCID: PMC9294756 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08754-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background African swine fever (ASF) is a lethal hemorrhagic disease affecting domestic pigs resulting in up to 100% mortality rates caused by the ASF virus (ASFV). The locally-adapted pigs in South-western Kenya have been reported to be resilient to disease and harsh climatic conditions and tolerate ASF; however, the mechanisms by which this tolerance is sustained remain largely unknown. We evaluated the gene expression patterns in spleen tissues of these locally-adapted pigs in response to varying infective doses of ASFV to elucidate the virus-host interaction dynamics. Methods Locally adapted pigs (n = 14) were experimentally infected with a high dose (1x106HAD50), medium dose (1x104HAD50), and low dose (1x102HAD50) of the highly virulent genotype IX ASFV Ken12/busia.1 (Ken-1033) isolate diluted in PBS and followed through the course of infection for 29 days. The in vivo pig host and ASFV pathogen gene expression in spleen tissues from 10 pigs (including three from each infective group and one uninfected control) were analyzed in a dual-RNASeq fashion. We compared gene expression between three varying doses in the host and pathogen by contrasting experiment groups against the naïve control. Results A total of 4954 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected after ASFV Ken12/1 infection, including 3055, 1771, and 128 DEGs in the high, medium, and low doses, respectively. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway analysis showed that the DEGs were enriched for genes involved in the innate immune response, inflammatory response, autophagy, and apoptosis in lethal dose groups. The surviving low dose group suppressed genes in pathways of physiopathological importance. We found a strong association between severe ASF pathogenesis in the high and medium dose groups with upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and immunomodulation of cytokine expression possibly induced by overproduction of prostaglandin E synthase (4-fold; p < 0.05) or through downregulation of expression of M1-activating receptors, signal transductors, and transcription factors. The host-pathogen interaction resulted in induction of expression of immune-suppressive cytokines (IL-27), inactivation of autophagy and apoptosis through up-regulation of NUPR1 [5.7-fold (high dose) and 5.1-fold (medium dose) [p < 0.05] and IL7R expression. We detected repression of genes involved in MHC class II antigen processing and presentation, such as cathepsins, SLA-DQB1, SLA-DOB, SLA-DMB, SLA-DRA, and SLA-DQA in the medium and high dose groups. Additionally, the host-pathogen interaction activated the CD8+ cytotoxicity and neutrophil machinery by increasing the expression of neutrophils/CD8+ T effector cell-recruiting chemokines (CCL2, CXCL2, CXCL10, CCL23, CCL4, CXCL8, and CXCL13) in the lethal high and medium dose groups. The recovered pigs infected with ASFV at a low dose significantly repressed the expression of CXCL10, averting induction of T lymphocyte apoptosis and FUNDC1 that suppressed neutrophilia. Conclusions We provide the first in vivo gene expression profile data from locally-adapted pigs from south-western Kenya following experimental infection with a highly virulent ASFV genotype IX isolate at varying doses that mimic acute and mild disease. Our study showed that the locally-adapted pigs induced the expression of genes associated with tolerance to infection and repression of genes involved in inflammation at varying levels depending upon the ASFV dose administered. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08754-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Magoma Machuka
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya. .,Pan African University Institute for Basic Sciences Technology and Innovation (PAUSTI), P.O Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - John Juma
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Joshua Oluoch Amimo
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Roger Pelle
- Biosciences eastern and central Africa, International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Edward Okoth Abworo
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
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Garcia-Erill G, Jørgensen CHF, Muwanika VB, Wang X, Rasmussen MS, de Jong YA, Gaubert P, Olayemi A, Salmona J, Butynski TM, Bertola LD, Siegismund HR, Albrechtsen A, Heller R. Warthog Genomes Resolve an Evolutionary Conundrum and Reveal Introgression of Disease Resistance Genes. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6627297. [PMID: 35779009 PMCID: PMC9250280 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
African wild pigs have a contentious evolutionary and biogeographic history. Until recently, desert warthog (Phacochoerus aethiopicus) and common warthog (P. africanus) were considered a single species. Molecular evidence surprisingly suggested they diverged at least 4.4 million years ago, and possibly outside of Africa. We sequenced the first whole-genomes of four desert warthogs and 35 common warthogs from throughout their range. We show that these two species diverged much later than previously estimated, 400,000–1,700,000 years ago depending on assumptions of gene flow. This brings it into agreement with the paleontological record. We found that the common warthog originated in western Africa and subsequently colonized eastern and southern Africa. During this range expansion, the common warthog interbred with the desert warthog, presumably in eastern Africa, underlining this region’s importance in African biogeography. We found that immune system–related genes may have adaptively introgressed into common warthogs, indicating that resistance to novel diseases was one of the most potent drivers of evolution as common warthogs expanded their range. Hence, we solve some of the key controversies surrounding warthog evolution and reveal a complex evolutionary history involving range expansion, introgression, and adaptation to new diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genís Garcia-Erill
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Christian H F Jørgensen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Vincent B Muwanika
- Department of Environmental Management, Makerere University, PO Box 7062, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Malthe S Rasmussen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Yvonne A de Jong
- Eastern Africa Primate Diversity and Conservation Program & Lolldaiga Hills Research Programme, PO Box 149, Nanyuki 10400, Kenya
| | - Philippe Gaubert
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Ayodeji Olayemi
- Natural History Museum, Obafemi Awolowo University, HO 220005 Ile Ife, Nigeria
| | - Jordi Salmona
- Laboratoire Évolution & Diversité Biologique, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas M Butynski
- Eastern Africa Primate Diversity and Conservation Program & Lolldaiga Hills Research Programme, PO Box 149, Nanyuki 10400, Kenya
| | - Laura D Bertola
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hans R Siegismund
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Anders Albrechtsen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Heller
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Ole Maaløes Vej 5, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Removal of the E rns RNase Activity and of the 3' Untranslated Region Polyuridine Insertion in a Low-Virulence Classical Swine Fever Virus Triggers a Cytokine Storm and Lethal Disease. J Virol 2022; 96:e0043822. [PMID: 35758667 PMCID: PMC9327722 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00438-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the potential synergistic effect of the Erns RNase activity and the poly-U insertion in the 3′ untranslated region (UTR) of the low-virulence classical swine fever virus (CSFV) isolate Pinar de Rio (PdR) in innate and adaptive immunity regulation and its relationship with classical swine fever (CSF) pathogenesis in pigs. We knocked out the Erns RNase activity of PdR and replaced the long polyuridine sequence of the 3′ UTR with 5 uridines found typically at this position, resulting in a double mutant, vPdR-H30K-5U. This mutant induced severe CSF in 5-day-old piglets and 3-week-old pigs, with higher lethality in the newborn (89.5%) than in the older (33.3%) pigs. However, the viremia and viral excretion were surprisingly low, while the virus load was high in the tonsils. Only alpha interferon (IFN-α) and interleukin 12 (IL-12) were highly and consistently elevated in the two groups. Additionally, high IL-8 levels were found in the newborn but not in the older pigs. This points toward a role of these cytokines in the CSF outcome, with age-related differences. The disproportional activation of innate immunity might limit systemic viral spread from the tonsils and increase virus clearance, inducing strong cytokine-mediated symptoms. Infection with vPdR-H30K-5U resulted in poor neutralizing antibody responses compared with results obtained previously with the parent and RNase knockout PdR. This study shows for the first time the synergistic effect of the 3′ UTR and the Erns RNase function in regulating innate immunity against CSFV, favoring virus replication in target tissue and thus contributing to disease severity. IMPORTANCE CSF is one of the most relevant viral epizootic diseases of swine, with high economic and sanitary impact. Systematic stamping out of infected herds with and without vaccination has permitted regional virus eradication. However, the causative agent, CSFV, persists in certain areas of the world, leading to disease reemergence. Nowadays, low- and moderate-virulence strains that could induce unapparent CSF forms are prevalent, posing a challenge for disease eradication. Here, we show for the first time the synergistic role of lacking the Erns RNase activity and the 3′ UTR polyuridine insertion from a low-virulence CSFV isolate in innate immunity disproportional activation. This might limit systemic viral spread to the tonsils and increase virus clearance, inducing strong cytokine-mediated symptoms, thus contributing to disease severity. These results highlight the role played by the Erns RNase activity and the 3′ UTR in CSFV pathogenesis, providing new perspectives for novel diagnostic tools and vaccine strategies.
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ASF -survivors’ sera do not inhibit African swine fever virus replication in vitro. J Vet Res 2022; 66:21-27. [PMID: 35582480 PMCID: PMC8959686 DOI: 10.2478/jvetres-2022-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes one of the most dangerous diseases of pigs and wild boar – African swine fever (ASF). Since its second introduction into Europe (in 2007), the disease has been spreading consistently, and now ASF-free European countries are at risk. Complex interactions between the host’s immune system and the virus have long prevented the development of a safe vaccine against ASF. This study analysed the possibility of neutralisation of the ASFV in vitro by sera collected from ASF-survivor animals. Material and Methods Two pig and three wild boar serum samples were collected from previously selected potential ASF survivors. All sera presented high antibody titres (>5 log10/mL). Primary alveolar macrophages were cultured in growth medium containing 10% and 20% concentrations of selected sera and infected with a haemadsorbing ASFV strain (Pol18_28298_O111, genotype II). The progress of infection was investigated under a light microscope by observing the cytopathic effect (CPE) and the haemadsorption phenomenon. Growth kinetics were investigated using a real-time PCR assay. Results Haemadsorption inhibition was detected in the presence of almost all selected sera; however, the inhibition of virus replication in vitro was excluded. In all samples, a CPE and decreasing quantification cycle values of the viral DNA were found. Conclusion Anti-ASFV antibodies alone are not able to inhibit virus replication. Interactions between the humoral and cellular immune response which effectively combat the disease are implicated in an ASF-survivor’s organism.
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Schäfer A, Franzoni G, Netherton CL, Hartmann L, Blome S, Blohm U. Adaptive Cellular Immunity against African Swine Fever Virus Infections. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020274. [PMID: 35215216 PMCID: PMC8878497 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) remains a threat to global pig populations. Infections with ASFV lead to a hemorrhagic disease with up to 100% lethality in Eurasian domestic and wild pigs. Although myeloid cells are the main target cells for ASFV, T cell responses are impacted by the infection as well. The complex responses remain not well understood, and, consequently, there is no commercially available vaccine. Here, we review the current knowledge about the induction of antiviral T cell responses by cells of the myeloid lineage, as well as T cell responses in infected animals, recent efforts in vaccine research, and T cell epitopes present in ASFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schäfer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.S.); (L.H.); (S.B.)
| | - Giulia Franzoni
- Department of Animal Health, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | | | - Luise Hartmann
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.S.); (L.H.); (S.B.)
| | - Sandra Blome
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.S.); (L.H.); (S.B.)
| | - Ulrike Blohm
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany; (A.S.); (L.H.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38351-7-1543; +49-38351-7-1236
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Effects of the NF-κB Signaling Pathway Inhibitor BAY11-7082 in the Replication of ASFV. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020297. [PMID: 35215890 PMCID: PMC8877168 DOI: 10.3390/v14020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) mainly infects the monocyte/macrophage lineage of pigs and regulates the production of cytokines that influence host immune responses. Several studies have reported changes in cytokine production after infection with ASFV, but the regulatory mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the immune response mechanism of ASFV using transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. Through multi-omics joint analysis, it was found that ASFV infection regulates the expression of the host NF-B signal pathway and related cytokines. Additionally, changes in the NF-κB signaling pathway and IL-1β and IL-8 expression in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) infected with ASFV were examined. Results show that ASFV infection activates the NF-κB signaling pathway and up-regulates the expression of IL-1β and IL-8. The NF-κB inhibitor BAY11-7082 inhibited the expression profiles of phospho-NF-κB p65, p-IκB, and MyD88 proteins, and inhibited ASFV-induced NF-κB signaling pathway activation. Additionally, the results show that the NF-κB inhibitor BAY11-7082 can inhibit the replication of ASFV and can inhibit IL-1β and, IL-8 expression. Overall, the findings of this study indicate that ASFV infection activates the NF-κB signaling pathway and up-regulates the expression of IL-1β and IL-8, and inhibits the replication of ASFV by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway and interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-8 production. These findings not only provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of the association between the NF-κB signaling pathway and ASFV infection, but also indicate that the NF-κB signaling pathway is a potential immunomodulatory pathway that controls ASF.
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Analyses of the Impact of Immunosuppressive Cytokines on Porcine Macrophage Responses and Susceptibility to Infection to African Swine Fever Viruses. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020166. [PMID: 35215110 PMCID: PMC8876267 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever viruses (ASFV), currently a serious threat to the global pig industry, primarily target porcine macrophages. Macrophages are characterized by their remarkable plasticity, being able to modify their phenotype and functions in response to diverse stimuli. Since IL-10 and TGF-β polarize macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype, we analyzed their impact on porcine monocyte-derived macrophages’ (moMΦ) susceptibility to infection and their responses to two genotype I ASFV strains, virulent 26544/OG10 and attenuated NH/P68. At a low multiplicity of infection (MOI), NH/P68, but not 26544/OG10, presented a higher ability to infect moM(IL-10) compared to moMΦ and moM(TGF-β), but no differences were appreciated at a higher MOI. Both strains replicated efficiently in all moMΦ subsets, with no differences at later times post-infection. Both strains downregulated CD14 and CD16 expression on moMΦ, irrespective of the activation status. ASFV’s modulation of CD163 and MHC II DR expression and cytokine responses to NH/P68 or 26544/OG10 ASFV were not affected by either IL-10 or TGF-β pre-treatment. Our results revealed little impact of these anti-inflammatory cytokines on moMΦ interaction with ASFV, which likely reflects the ability of the virus to effectively modulate macrophage responses.
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Razzuoli E, Armando F, De Paolis L, Ciurkiewicz M, Amadori M. The Swine IFN System in Viral Infections: Major Advances and Translational Prospects. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020175. [PMID: 35215119 PMCID: PMC8875149 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons (IFNs) are a family of cytokines that play a pivotal role in orchestrating the innate immune response during viral infections, thus representing the first line of defense in the host. After binding to their respective receptors, they are able to elicit a plethora of biological activities, by initiating signaling cascades which lead to the transcription of genes involved in antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antitumoral effector mechanisms. In hindsight, it is not surprising that viruses have evolved multiple IFN escape strategies toward efficient replication in the host. Hence, in order to achieve insight into preventive and treatment strategies, it is essential to explore the mechanisms underlying the IFN response to viral infections and the constraints thereof. Accordingly, this review is focused on three RNA and three DNA viruses of major importance in the swine farming sector, aiming to provide essential data as to how the IFN system modulates the antiviral immune response, and is affected by diverse, virus-driven, immune escape mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Razzuoli
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Federico Armando
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (F.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Livia De Paolis
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle D’Aosta, Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Malgorzata Ciurkiewicz
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559 Hannover, Germany; (F.A.); (M.C.)
| | - Massimo Amadori
- National Network of Veterinary Immunology (RNIV), Via Istria 3, 25125 Brescia, Italy;
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Sun W, Zhang H, Fan W, He L, Chen T, Zhou X, Qi Y, Sun L, Hu R, Luo T, Liu W, Li J. Evaluation of Cellular Immunity with ASFV Infection by Swine Leukocyte Antigen (SLA)-Peptide Tetramers. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112264. [PMID: 34835070 PMCID: PMC8617699 DOI: 10.3390/v13112264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFV) causes acute hemorrhagic fever in domestic pigs and wild boars, resulting in incalculable economic losses to the pig industry. As the mechanism of viral infection is not clear, protective antigens have not been discovered or identified. In this study, we determined that the p30, pp62, p72, and CD2v proteins were all involved in the T cell immune response of live pigs infected with ASFV, among which p72 and pp62 proteins were the strongest. Panoramic scanning was performed on T cell epitopes of the p72 protein, and three high-frequency positive epitopes were selected to construct a swine leukocyte antigen (SLA)-tetramer, and ASFV-specific T cells were detected. Subsequently, the specific T cell and humoral immune responses of ASFV-infected pigs and surviving pigs were compared. The results demonstrate that the specific T cellular immunity responses gradually increased during the infection and were higher than that in the surviving pigs in the late stages of infection. The same trend was observed in specific humoral immune responses, which were highest in surviving pigs. In general, our study provides key information for the exploration of ASFV-specific immune responses and the development of an ASFV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources & Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (H.Z.); (W.F.); (L.H.); (L.S.)
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - He Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (H.Z.); (W.F.); (L.H.); (L.S.)
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Wenhui Fan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (H.Z.); (W.F.); (L.H.); (L.S.)
| | - Lihong He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (H.Z.); (W.F.); (L.H.); (L.S.)
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Teng Chen
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun 130122, China; (T.C.); (X.Z.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Xintao Zhou
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun 130122, China; (T.C.); (X.Z.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Yu Qi
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun 130122, China; (T.C.); (X.Z.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Lei Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (H.Z.); (W.F.); (L.H.); (L.S.)
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rongliang Hu
- Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Science, Changchun 130122, China; (T.C.); (X.Z.); (Y.Q.)
- Correspondence: (R.H.); (T.L.); (W.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Tingrong Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources & Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
- Correspondence: (R.H.); (T.L.); (W.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Wenjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources & Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases, College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (H.Z.); (W.F.); (L.H.); (L.S.)
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (R.H.); (T.L.); (W.L.); (J.L.)
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (H.Z.); (W.F.); (L.H.); (L.S.)
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (R.H.); (T.L.); (W.L.); (J.L.)
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Wu L, Yang B, Yuan X, Hong J, Peng M, Chen JL, Song Z. Regulation and Evasion of Host Immune Response by African Swine Fever Virus. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:698001. [PMID: 34566910 PMCID: PMC8457549 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.698001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute lethal hemorrhagic viral disease in domestic pigs and wild boars; is widely epidemic in Africa, Europe, Asia, and Latin America; and poses a huge threat to the pig industry worldwide. ASF is caused by the infection of the ASF virus (ASFV), a cytoplasmic double-stranded DNA virus belonging to the Asfarviridae family. Here, we review how the virus regulates the host immune response and its mechanisms at different levels, including interferon modulation, inflammation, apoptosis, antigen presentation, and cellular immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Bincai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xu Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jinxuan Hong
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Min Peng
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Ji-Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhongbao Song
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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Banana Lectin from Musa paradisiaca Is Mitogenic for Cow and Pig PBMC via IL-2 Pathway and ELF1. IMMUNO 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/immuno1030018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to gain deeper insights in the potential of polyclonal stimulation of PBMC with banana lectin (BanLec) from Musa paradisiaca. BanLec induced a marked proliferative response in cow and pig PBMC, but was strongest in pigs, where it induced an even higher proliferation rate than Concanavalin A. Molecular processes associated with respective responses in porcine PBMC were examined with differential proteome analyses. Discovery proteomic experiments was applied to BanLec stimulated PBMC and cellular and secretome responses were analyzed with label free LC-MS/MS. In PBMC, 3955 proteins were identified. After polyclonal stimulation with BanLec, 459 proteins showed significantly changed abundance in PBMC. In respective PBMC secretomes, 2867 proteins were identified with 231 differentially expressed candidates as reaction to BanLec stimulation. The transcription factor “E74 like ETS transcription factor 1 (ELF1)” was solely enriched in BanLec stimulated PBMC. BanLec induced secretion of several immune regulators, amongst them positive regulators of activated T cell proliferation and Jak-STAT signaling pathway. Top changed immune proteins were CD226, CD27, IFNG, IL18, IL2, CXCL10, LAT, ICOS, IL2RA, LAG3, and CD300C. BanLec stimulates PBMC of cows and pigs polyclonally and induces IL2 pathway and further proinflammatory cytokines. Proteomics data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD027505.
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Barroso-Arévalo S, Barasona JA, Cadenas-Fernández E, Sánchez-Vizcaíno JM. The Role of Interleukine-10 and Interferon-γ as Potential Markers of the Evolution of African Swine Fever Virus Infection in Wild Boar. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060757. [PMID: 34203976 PMCID: PMC8232672 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
African swine fever virus (ASFv) is one of the most challenging pathogens to affect both domestic and wild pigs. The disease has now spread to Europe and Asia, causing great damage to the pig industry. Although no commercial vaccine with which to control the disease is, as yet, available, some potential vaccine candidates have shown good results in terms of protection. However, little is known about the host immune mechanisms underlying that protection, especially in wild boar, which is the main reservoir of the disease in Europe. Here, we study the role played by two cytokines (IL-10 and IFN-γ) in wild boar orally inoculated with the attenuated vaccine candidate Lv17/WB/Rie1 and challenged with a virulent ASFv genotype II isolate. A group of naïve wild boar challenged with the latter isolate was also established as a control group. Our results showed that both cytokines play a key role in protecting the host against the challenge virus. While high levels of IL-10 in serum may trigger an immune system malfunctioning in challenged animals, the provision of stable levels of this cytokine over time may help to control the disease. This, together with high and timely induction of IFN-γ by the vaccine candidate, could help protect animals from fatal outcomes. Further studies should be conducted in order to support these preliminary results and confirm the role of these two cytokines as potential markers of the evolution of ASFV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Barroso-Arévalo
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.B.); (E.C.-F.); (J.M.S.-V.)
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Jose A. Barasona
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.B.); (E.C.-F.); (J.M.S.-V.)
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Estefanía Cadenas-Fernández
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.B.); (E.C.-F.); (J.M.S.-V.)
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose M. Sánchez-Vizcaíno
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.A.B.); (E.C.-F.); (J.M.S.-V.)
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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