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Mohamed H, Marusich E, Divashuk M, Leonov S. A unique combination of natural fatty acids from Hermetia illucens fly larvae fat effectively combats virulence factors and biofilms of MDR hypervirulent mucoviscus Klebsiella pneumoniae strains by increasing Lewis acid-base/van der Waals interactions in bacterial wall membranes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1408179. [PMID: 39119288 PMCID: PMC11306206 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1408179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hypervirulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKp) and carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CR-Kp) are rapidly emerging as opportunistic pathogens that have a global impact leading to a significant increase in mortality rates among clinical patients. Anti-virulence strategies that target bacterial behavior, such as adhesion and biofilm formation, have been proposed as alternatives to biocidal antibiotic treatments to reduce the rapid emergence of bacterial resistance. The main objective of this study was to examine the efficacy of fatty acid-enriched extract (AWME3) derived from the fat of Black Soldier Fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) in fighting against biofilms of multi-drug resistant (MDR) and highly virulent Klebsiella pneumoniae (hvKp) pathogens. Additionally, the study also aimed to investigate the potential mechanisms underlying this effect. Methods Crystal violet (CV) and ethidium bromide (EtBr) assays show how AWME3 affects the formation of mixed and mature biofilms by the KP ATCC BAA-2473, KPi1627, and KPM9 strains. AWME3 has shown exceptional efficacy in combating the hypermucoviscosity (HMV) virulent factors of KPi1627 and KPM9 strains when tested using the string assay. The rudimentary motility of MDR KPM9 and KP ATCC BAA-2473 strains was detected through swimming, swarming, and twitching assays. The cell wall membrane disturbances induced by AWME3 were detected by light and scanning electron microscopy and further validated by an increase in the bacterial cell wall permeability and Lewis acid-base/van der Waals characteristics of K. pneumoniae strains tested by MATS (microbial adhesion to solvents) method. Results After being exposed to 0.5 MIC (0.125 mg/ml) of AWME3, a significant reduction in the rudimentary motility of MDR KPM9 and KP ATCC BAA-2473 strains, whereas the treated bacterial strains exhibited motility between 4.23 ± 0.25 and 4.47 ± 0.25 mm, while the non-treated control groups showed significantly higher motility ranging from 8.5 ± 0.5 to 10.5 ± 0.5 mm. Conclusion In conclusion, this study demonstrates the exceptional capability of the natural AWME3 extract enriched with a unique combination of fatty acids to effectively eliminate the biofilms formed by the highly drug-resistant and highly virulent K. pneumoniae (hvKp) pathogens. Our results highlight the opportunity to control and minimize the rapid emergence of bacterial resistance through the treatment using AWME3 of biofilm-associated infections caused by hvKp and CRKp pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heakal Mohamed
- Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI), Giza, Egypt
- The Laboratory of Personalized Chemoradiotherapy, Institute of Future Biophysics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Marusich
- The Laboratory of Personalized Chemoradiotherapy, Institute of Future Biophysics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail Divashuk
- All-Russia Research Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology Kurchatov Genomic Center - VNIISB, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Leonov
- The Laboratory of Personalized Chemoradiotherapy, Institute of Future Biophysics, Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Han L, Tang C, Ma Y, Liu X, Jiang Y, Jiang H, Min D. Revealing the synergistic effect of hydration and pulsed ultrasound on the emulsifying properties of silkworm pupa protein and its stabilized emulsion. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:5407-5418. [PMID: 38345737 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silkworm (Bombyx moil L.) Pupa protein (SPP) is a high-quality insect protein and is considered a sustainable alternative source for traditional animal food protein. However, the utilization of SPP is limited because of its low solubility and emulsifying ability. In the present study, the synergistic effect of hydration and pulsed ultrasound on the physicochemical properties of SPP and SPP-stabilized Pickering emulsions was evaluated. RESULTS Pulsed ultrasound changed the particle size of SPP and its conformation. As the pulsed ultrasound increased from 0 s to 5 s, the α-helix and SS contents of SPP decreased, whereas the β-sheet and SH contents increased, which in turn improved its solubility and amphiphilicity. As a result, the SPP treated by a combination of 12 h of hydration and 3 s of ultrasound exhibited a contact angle of 74.95°, hydrophobicity of 904.83, EAI of 6.66 m2 g-1 and ESI of 190.69 min. Compared with the combination of 1 h of hydration and 5 s of ultrasound, the combination of 12 h of hydration and 3 s of ultrasound exerted more soluble and hydrophobic SPP, whereas the EAI and ESI of the samples were higher. Notably, the ultrasound-treated SPP can form a stable gel-like emulsion (oil fraction ranging from 70% to 80%). CONCLUSION The combination of hydration and ultrasound can effectively improve the physicochemical characteristics of SPP as well as its emulsion stability. Sufficient hydration is a cost-effective method for facilitating the modification of proteins by ultrasound treatment. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishu Han
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Deep Processing and Safety Control for Specialty Agricultural Products in Guangxi Universities, Education Department of Guangxi, Nanning, China
| | - Chengjiang Tang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Deep Processing and Safety Control for Specialty Agricultural Products in Guangxi Universities, Education Department of Guangxi, Nanning, China
| | - Yue Ma
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Deep Processing and Safety Control for Specialty Agricultural Products in Guangxi Universities, Education Department of Guangxi, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaoling Liu
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Deep Processing and Safety Control for Specialty Agricultural Products in Guangxi Universities, Education Department of Guangxi, Nanning, China
| | - Yi Jiang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Deep Processing and Safety Control for Specialty Agricultural Products in Guangxi Universities, Education Department of Guangxi, Nanning, China
| | - Hongrui Jiang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Deep Processing and Safety Control for Specialty Agricultural Products in Guangxi Universities, Education Department of Guangxi, Nanning, China
| | - Douyong Min
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
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Ferronato N, Paoli R, Romagnoli F, Tettamanti G, Bruno D, Torretta V. Environmental impact scenarios of organic fraction municipal solid waste treatment with Black Soldier Fly larvae based on a life cycle assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:17651-17669. [PMID: 37129817 PMCID: PMC10923962 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Biowaste treatment with Black Soldier Fly (BSF) larvae is an alternative option for organic waste valorization. Its environmental impacts should be assessed and compared with conventional treatment options. The research aims to evaluate the treatment of organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) with BSF larvae through a life cycle assessment (LCA). This study employed data inventories from literature and aimed to provide a wide range of production parameter values to identify the potentialities of BSF treatment in the best-case and worst-case scenarios. The SimaPro9, the database Ecoinvent3.5, and the impact assessment method IMPACT 2002+ have been employed for the analysis. A sensitivity analysis of relevant parameters was conducted, considering the avoided impacts that can be obtained thanks to the exploitation of larvae proteins for bioplastics or fishmeal production. Research findings highlight six main environmental impact indicators: respiratory inorganics (kg PM2.5-eq), ozone layer depletion (kg CFC-11-eq), terrestrial ecotoxicity (kg TEG soil), land occupation (m2 organic arable), global warming (kg CO2-eq), and non-renewable energy (MJ primary). The most relevant process generating impacts is BSF breeding, followed by boiling, storage, and OFMSW treatment. The environmental performance is better when the conventional fishmeal substituted, thanks to BSF larvae production, is made from areas 10,000 km far, implementing a 100% renewable energy scenario, reducing the energy consumption by 50%, increasing the lifespan of the equipment to 15 years, and products are employed locally. The current study represents the first attempt to evaluate the global higher or lower environmental impact scenario related to OFMSW treatment through BSF larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navarro Ferronato
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via G.B. Vico 46, 21100, Varese, Italy.
| | - Riccardo Paoli
- Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University, Āzenes iela 12/1, Riga, LV-1048, Latvia
| | - Francesco Romagnoli
- Institute of Energy Systems and Environment, Riga Technical University, Āzenes iela 12/1, Riga, LV-1048, Latvia
| | - Gianluca Tettamanti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
- Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology (BAT Center), University of Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055, Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Daniele Bruno
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Via J.H. Dunant 3, 21100, Varese, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Torretta
- Department of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Via G.B. Vico 46, 21100, Varese, Italy
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Achuoth MP, Mudalungu CM, Ochieng BO, Mokaya HO, Kibet S, Maharaj VJ, Subramanian S, Kelemu S, Tanga CM. Unlocking the Potential of Substrate Quality for the Enhanced Antibacterial Activity of Black Soldier Fly against Pathogens. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:8478-8489. [PMID: 38405442 PMCID: PMC10882654 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Globally, antibiotics are facing fierce resistance from multidrug-resistant bacterial strains. There is an urgent need for eco-friendly alternatives. Though insects are important targets for antimicrobial peptides, it has received limited research attention. This study investigated the impact of waste substrates on the production of antibacterial agents in black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L.) larvae (HIL) and their implications in the suppression of pathogens [Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6051), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922)]. The 20% acetic acid (AcOH) extract from market waste had the highest antibacterial activity with an inhibition zone of 17.00 mm, followed by potato waste (15.02 mm) against S. aureus. Hexane extract from HIL raised on market waste also showed a significant inhibitory zone (13.06 mm) against B. subtilis. .Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values recorded were 25 mg/mL against all test pathogens. The fastest time-kill of 20% AcOH extract was 4 h againstB. subtilis, E. coli, ,andP. aeruginosa. Lauric acid was also identified as the dominant component of the various hexane extracts with concentrations of 602.76 and 318.17 μg/g in HIL reared on potato and market waste, respectively. Energy from the market waste substrate correlated significantly (r = 0.97) with antibacterial activities. This study highlights the key role of substrate quality and extraction methods for enhancing the production of antibacterial agents in HIL, thus providing new insights into the development of potential drugs to overcome the alarming concerns of antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mach P. Achuoth
- International
Centre of Insects Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
- Biodiscovery
Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural
Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science and Technology, Dr John Garang Memorial University of Science and Technology-Bor, P.O. Box 436 Juba, South Sudan
| | - Cynthia M. Mudalungu
- International
Centre of Insects Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
- School
of Chemistry and Material Science, The Technical
University of Kenya (TUK), P.O. Box 52428-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Brian O. Ochieng
- International
Centre of Insects Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Hosea O. Mokaya
- International
Centre of Insects Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Shadrack Kibet
- International
Centre of Insects Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Vinesh J. Maharaj
- Biodiscovery
Center, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural
Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- International
Centre of Insects Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Segenet Kelemu
- International
Centre of Insects Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Chrysantus M. Tanga
- International
Centre of Insects Physiology and Ecology, P.O. Box 30772-00100 Nairobi, Kenya
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Franco A, Scieuzo C, Salvia R, Pucciarelli V, Borrelli L, Addeo NF, Bovera F, Laginestra A, Schmitt E, Falabella P. Antimicrobial activity of lipids extracted from Hermetia illucens reared on different substrates. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:167. [PMID: 38261012 PMCID: PMC10806025 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
As the problem of antimicrobial resistance is constantly increasing, there is a renewed interest in antimicrobial products derived from natural sources, particularly obtained from innovative and eco-friendly materials. Insect lipids, due to their fatty acid composition, can be classified as natural antimicrobial compounds. In order to assess the antibacterial efficacy of Hermetia illucens lipids, we extracted this component from the larval stage, fed on different substrates and we characterized it. Moreover, we analyzed the fatty acid composition of the feeding substrate, to determine if and how it could affect the antimicrobial activity of the lipid component. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against Gram-positive Micrococcus flavus and Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli. Analyzing the fatty acid profiles of larval lipids that showed activity against the two bacterial strains, we detected significant differences for C4:0, C10:0, C16:1, C18:3 n3 (ALA), and C20:1. The strongest antimicrobial activity was verified against Micrococcus flavus by lipids extracted from larvae reared on strawberry, tangerine, and fresh manure substrates, with growth inhibition zones ranged from 1.38 to 1.51 mm, while only the rearing on manure showed the effect against Escherichia coli. Notably, the fatty acid profile of H. illucens seems to not be really influenced by the substrate fatty acid profile, except for C18:0 and C18:2 CIS n6 (LA). This implies that other factors, such as the rearing conditions, larval development stages, and other nutrients such as carbohydrates, affect the amount of fatty acids in insects. KEY POINTS: • Feeding substrates influence larval lipids and fatty acids (FA) • Generally, there is no direct correlation between substrate FAs and the same larvae FAs • Specific FAs influence more the antimicrobial effect of BSF lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Franco
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies S.R.L, University of Basilicata, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Carmen Scieuzo
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
- Spinoff XFlies S.R.L, University of Basilicata, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy.
- Spinoff XFlies S.R.L, University of Basilicata, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy.
| | - Valentina Pucciarelli
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Luca Borrelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Francesco Addeo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Fulvia Bovera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Naples Federico II, Via F. Delpino 1, 80137, Naples, Italy
| | - Ambrogio Laginestra
- Department of Relations With the Territory, TotalEnergies EP Italia S.P.A, Via Della Tecnica, 4, 85100, Potenza, Italy
| | - Eric Schmitt
- Protix B.V., Industriestaat 3, NC, 5107, Dongen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrizia Falabella
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy.
- Spinoff XFlies S.R.L, University of Basilicata, Via Dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100, Potenza, Italy.
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Dalmoro YK, Franceschi CH, Stefanello C. A Systematic Review and Metanalysis on the Use of Hermetia illucens and Tenebrio molitor in Diets for Poultry. Vet Sci 2023; 10:702. [PMID: 38133252 PMCID: PMC10747995 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10120702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect meal as a protein source has been considered a sustainable way to feed animals. H. illucens and T. molitor larvae meal are considered high-protein sources for poultry, also presenting considerable amounts of fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. However, other potential components in insect meal and insect oil have been more extensively studied in recent years. Chitin, lauric acid, and antimicrobial peptides can present antimicrobial and prebiotic functions, indicating that low levels of their inclusion in insect meal can beneficially affect broilers' health and immune responses. This systematic review was developed to study the impact of insect products on the health parameters of broilers, and a metanalysis was conducted to evaluate the effects on performance. A database was obtained based on a selection of manuscripts from January 2016 to January 2023, following the mentioned parameters. Both H. illucens and T. molitor meal or oil products had positive effects on poultry health status, especially on the ileal and cecal microbiota population, immune responses, and antimicrobial properties. The average daily gain was greater in broilers fed T. molitor meal compared to H. illucens meal (p = 0.002). The results suggest that low levels of insect meal are suitable for broilers, without resulting in negative effects on body weight gain and the feed conversion ratio, while the insect oil can totally replace soybean oil without negative impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Katagiri Dalmoro
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil;
| | - Carolina H. Franceschi
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil;
| | - Catarina Stefanello
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil;
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Hăbeanu M, Gheorghe A, Mihalcea T. Nutritional Value of Silkworm Pupae ( Bombyx mori) with Emphases on Fatty Acids Profile and Their Potential Applications for Humans and Animals. INSECTS 2023; 14:insects14030254. [PMID: 36975939 PMCID: PMC10051144 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Bombyx mori is an ideal lepidopteran species representative of many scientific studies, a model of studies for medicine and a significant insect from an ecological standpoint. This review was performed to summarize the fatty acids (FA) composition of silkworm pupae (SP) that are associated with other important compounds that could add value to SP, diversifying the ways of valorization. The proposal to complete plant-based feeds with insect-based feeds represents a viable option to beneficially impact human and animal health and the environment. The quality and quantity of fats consumed significantly impact the aetiology of certain diseases. The key compounds of fat named essential FA (EFA) substantially influence the prevention and treatment of several diseases through their nutraceutical functions. Due to its excellent profile in nutrients such as protein and fat, amino acids and fatty acids composition, SP has become an important alternative feed ingredient and source of EFA. SP is a by-product that was discarded in large quantities. Following the need to act to improve human health and reduce climate change impact, many researchers focused on studying SP applications in the medical and agricultural industries. Several authors noticed an improvement in the health markers by using SP. The feed cost for the animal was reduced with economic implications. Minimization of environmental impact was recorded. Few precautions were recommended regarding SP use, although they should not be ignored. The composition of SP and its potential for use in various industries provides us with persuasive arguments for continuing to develop the sericulture industry.
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Mohan K, Sathishkumar P, Rajan DK, Rajarajeswaran J, Ganesan AR. Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae as potential feedstock for the biodiesel production: Recent advances and challenges. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160235. [PMID: 36402342 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) Hermetia illucens is fastest growing and most promising insect species especially recommended to bring high-fat content as 5th generation bioenergy. The fat content can be fully optimized during the life-cycle of the BSFL through various organic dietary supplements and environmental conditions. Enriched fat can be obtained during the larval stages of the BSF. The presence of high saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in their body helps to produce 70 % of extractable oil which can be converted into biodiesel through transesterification. The first-generation biodiesel process mainly depends on catalytic transesterification, however, BSFL had 94 % of biodiesel production through non-catalytic transesterification. This increases the sustainability of producing biodiesel with less energy input in the process line. Other carbon emitting factors involved in the rearing of BSFL are less than the other biodiesel feedstocks including microalgae, cooking oil, and non-edible oil. Therefore, this review is focused on evaluating the optimum dietary source to produce fatty acid rich larvae and larval growth to accumulate C16-18 fatty acids in larger amounts from agro food waste. The process of optimization and biorefining of lipids using novel techniques have been discussed herein. The sustainability impact was evaluated from the cultivation to biodiesel conversion with greenhouse gas emissions scores in the entire life-cycle of process flow. The state-of-the-art in connecting circular bioeconomy loop in the search for bioenergy was meticulously covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kannan Mohan
- PG and Research Department of Zoology, Sri Vasavi College, Erode, Tamil Nadu 638 316, India
| | - Palanivel Sathishkumar
- Green Lab, Department of Prosthodontics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai 600 077, India.
| | - Durairaj Karthick Rajan
- Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai, Tamil Nadu 608 502, India
| | - Jayakumar Rajarajeswaran
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai 602 105, India
| | - Abirami Ramu Ganesan
- Division of Food Production and Society, Biomarine Resource Valorisation, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Kudalsveien 6, NO-8027 Bodø, Norway.
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Mahanta DK, Komal J, Samal I, Bhoi TK, Dubey VK, Pradhan K, Nekkanti A, Gouda MNR, Saini V, Negi N, Bhateja S, Jat HK, Jeengar D. Nutritional aspects and dietary benefits of "Silkworms": Current scenario and future outlook. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1121508. [PMID: 36742434 PMCID: PMC9892554 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1121508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current scenario, it is estimated that by 2050, there will be an additional 2.5 billion people and a 70% increase in food demand. Crop yields are not increasing fast enough to support global needs, and world agriculture is facing several serious challenges. Therefore, insects can be a nutritious alternative to meet the ever-increasing food demand in the present and future. The majority of insect consumption occurs in developing countries, with approximately 1,900 insect species consumed worldwide. Food and feed derived from them are of high quality, have a high feed conversion ratio and emit a low level of greenhouse gases. Among insects silkworms are beneficial to humans, not only because of their high nutritional value, but also because of their several pharmacological properties. Silkworm eggs, larvae, and pupae contains high amount of proteins, oils, minerals, vitamins, and several other beneficial components which are nutritious as well as have positive effect on human health. Studies have shown that silkworm pupae protect the liver, enhance immunity, inhibit apoptosis, inhibit cancer, inhibit tumor growth, inhibit microbial growth, regulate blood glucose and blood lipids, and lower blood pressure. This review paper summerized the nutritional value of different life stages of silkworm, nutritional comparison of silkworm with the major human foods, and the effects of silkworm consumption on human health, thus ittargets to generate interest toward in sericulture and improve human health by using silkworm as a nutritious food and attain sustainability in food and nutritional security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar Mahanta
- Department of Entomology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Samastipur, Bihar, India
| | - J. Komal
- Department of Entomology, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India
| | - Ipsita Samal
- Department of Entomology, Sri Sri University, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Tanmaya Kumar Bhoi
- Forest Protection Division, ICFRE – Arid Forest Research Institute (AFRI), Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Dubey
- Department of Entomology, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Samastipur, Bihar, India
| | - Kiranamaya Pradhan
- Department of Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, India
| | - Aarthi Nekkanti
- Department of Entomology, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, India
| | - M. N. Rudra Gouda
- Division of Entomology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Varun Saini
- Department of Seed Science and Technology, Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Nikita Negi
- Department of Entomology, Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, India
| | - Sheenam Bhateja
- Department of Entomology, Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Hansa Kumari Jat
- Department of Entomology, Rajasthan Agricultural Research Institute, Durgapur, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Deepika Jeengar
- Department of Entomology, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
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A Mixture of Full-Fat and Defatted Hermetia illucens Larvae and Poultry By-Products as Sustainable Protein Sources Improved Fillet Quality Traits in Farmed Barramundi, Lates calcarifer. Foods 2023; 12:foods12020362. [PMID: 36673454 PMCID: PMC9858547 DOI: 10.3390/foods12020362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The physicochemical quality and shelf-life of fillets from barramundi, which were fed for 56 days on a mixture of poultry by-product meal (PBM), full-fat Hermetia illucens (FHI), and defatted HI (DHI), were investigated and compared to a fishmeal (FM) control diet. The proximate and total amino acids compositions of the fillets were unaffected by the test diets, while the mixture of PBM and HI larvae improved the sensory quality. An eight-day shelf-life study showed that PBM-HI-based diets improved the texture profile based upon the chewiness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and hardness, regardless of the storage time. The improved texture was aligned with comparatively less degradation of the microstructure of the muscle tissue in the same diets. An improvement in the quality index (QI) value, an increase in pH, and a decrease in lipid oxidation were also found in the fillets of barramundi fed test diets compared with the control diet during the storage time. The test diets positively influenced flesh lightness and redness, while the color profiles were negatively influenced by the storage time. Overall, the maintenance of compositional attributes; the enhancement of fillet sensory attributes, texture, and brightness; and the improved raw fillet shelf-life support the inclusion of PBM-HI-based diets in aquafeed.
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11
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Studies on Meat Alternatives with a Focus on Structuring Technologies. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-022-02992-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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12
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Ferdousi L, Begum M, Yeasmin MS, Uddin J, Miah MAA, Rana GM, Chowdhury TA, Boby F, Maitra B, Khan R, Emran TB, Siddique MAB. Facile acid fermentation extraction of silkworm pupae oil and evaluation of its physical and chemical properties for utilization as edible oil. Heliyon 2023; 9:e12815. [PMID: 36647348 PMCID: PMC9840356 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e12815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering the increasing demand for edible oil in recent times, their price in the world market is becoming skyrocketing. In this research, we produced cost-effective edible oil from desilked silkworm pupae (Bombyx mori) applying a facile acid fermentation process, for the first time. The extraction was performed using two different types of organic acids, 3% of each acetic and citric acid. The yield of the extracted oil was 3.52 ± 0.23% from fresh silkworm pupae. The produced oil was then characterized physically and chemically to know its suitability to be used as edible oil. The oil was found with a low peroxide and acid value of 4.82 meq/kg and 1.35 mg KOH/g oil, respectively, and comprised of different fatty acids, in which palmitic acid (32.04%) and oleic acid (34.62%) were in large portions among the total fatty acids. Additionally, the extracted oil included linoleic, α-linolenic, and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid which have health benefits. The oil was rich with minerals such as Iron, Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Zinc, and Phosphorus with a negligible concentration of toxic elements such as Manganese, Cobalt, Nickel, Copper, Lead, Cadmium, Chromium, Arsenic, and Silver, indicating a good nutritive value of the extracted oil. Overall, the outcomes of all the characterizations showed that the extracted oil could be used as good edible oil and the corresponding acid fermentation extraction process has the potential to be used as an effective oil extraction method for silkworm pupae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lailatul Ferdousi
- BCSIR Laboratories Rajshahi, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Rajshahi, 6206, Bangladesh
| | - Mohajira Begum
- BCSIR Laboratories Rajshahi, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Rajshahi, 6206, Bangladesh
| | - Mst. Sarmina Yeasmin
- BCSIR Laboratories Rajshahi, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Rajshahi, 6206, Bangladesh
| | - Jasim Uddin
- BCSIR Laboratories Rajshahi, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Rajshahi, 6206, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Al-Amin Miah
- BCSIR Laboratories Rajshahi, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Rajshahi, 6206, Bangladesh
| | - G.M. Masud Rana
- BCSIR Laboratories Rajshahi, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Rajshahi, 6206, Bangladesh
| | - Tahmina Akter Chowdhury
- BCSIR Laboratories Rajshahi, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Rajshahi, 6206, Bangladesh
| | - Farhana Boby
- BCSIR Laboratories Rajshahi, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Rajshahi, 6206, Bangladesh
| | - Bijoy Maitra
- BCSIR Laboratories Rajshahi, Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Rajshahi, 6206, Bangladesh
| | - Rahat Khan
- Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Savar, Dhaka, 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong, 4381, Bangladesh,Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, 1207, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Abu Bakar Siddique
- Institute of National Analytical Research and Service (INARS), Bangladesh Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (BCSIR), Dhanmondi, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh,Corresponding author.
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13
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Choi JI, Kweon HY, Lee YL, Lee JH, Lee SY. Efficacy of Silkworm Pupae Extract on Muscle Strength and Mass in Middle-Aged and Older Individuals: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. J Nutr Health Aging 2023; 27:578-585. [PMID: 37498105 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-023-1942-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the efficacy and safety of silkworm pupae extract (SWP) consumption for 12 weeks on muscle mass and strength in middle-aged and older individuals with relatively low skeletal muscle mass who do regular low-intensity exercise. DESIGN A randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial. PARTICIPANTS The study was conducted with 54 participants with relatively low skeletal muscle mass (SMM) (64.4 ± 6.1 years; body mass index, 23.8 ± 2.4 kg/m2). INTERVENTION AND MEASUREMENTS Participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups: 1000 mg of SWP/day plus regular exercise (SWP group, n=27) or placebo plus regular exercise (placebo group, n=27). All participants were required to engage in 30-60 minutes/day of walking for ≥3 days/week for 12 weeks. The primary outcome was knee extension/flexion strength (Nm), measured at the velocity of 60°/s. Secondary outcomes included body composition, biomarkers (creatine kinase and creatinine), handgrip strength, and quality of life questionnaire. RESULTS Both the intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol (PP) analyses revealed no significant impact of SWP on knee strength compared to the placebo group over 12 weeks. On the other hand, the SWP group had significantly greater increases in right-handgrip strength by 1.94 kg (95% CI: 0.08-3.79; p = 0.041) and left-handgrip strength by 1.83 kg (0.25-3.41; p = 0.024) compared to the placebo group in the ITT population, after 12 weeks. Moreover, in the PP population, the SWP group revealed an even greater increase in right-handgrip strength by 2.07 kg (0.15-3. 98; p = 0.035) and left-handgrip strength by 2.21 kg (0.60-3.83; p = 0.008) for the 12-week period. However, this study resulted in a failure to detect significant differences in the body composition, biomarkers, quality of life questionnaire, physical activity, and caloric intake between the groups. None of the participants in the SWP group experienced any significant adverse events. In the placebo group, two participants experienced urticaria and allergic side effects, leading to their withdrawal from the study and two exhibited elevated levels of liver enzyme and increased diastolic blood pressure, respectively at 12 weeks. CONCLUSION SWP, in addition to low-intensity exercise, may enhance handgrip strengths in middle-aged and older adults with relatively lower SMM. Future studies need to use a large sample size over longer periods to validate our findings. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04994054.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Choi
- Sang Yeoup Lee, Family Medicine Clinic, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Yangsan 50612, Republic of Korea, Telephone: +82-55-390-1442, E-mail: , Fax: +82-51-510-8125
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14
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Kaczor M, Bulak P, Proc-Pietrycha K, Kirichenko-Babko M, Bieganowski A. The Variety of Applications of Hermetia illucens in Industrial and Agricultural Areas-Review. BIOLOGY 2022; 12:25. [PMID: 36671718 PMCID: PMC9855018 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae, Linnaeus, 1978), commonly known as the black soldier fly (BSF), is a saprophytic insect, which in recent years has attracted significant attention from both the scientific community and industry. The unrestrained appetite of the larvae, the ability to forage on various organic waste, and the rapid growth and low environmental impact of its breeding has made it one of the insect species bred on an industrial scale, in the hope of producing fodder or other ingredients for various animals. The variety of research related to this insect has shown that feed production is not the only benefit of its use. H. illucens has many features and properties that could be of interest from the point of view of many other industries. Biomass utilization, chitin and chitosan source, biogas, and biodiesel production, entomoremediation, the antimicrobial properties of its peptides, and the fertilizer potential of its wastes, are just some of its potential uses. This review brings together the work of four years of study into H. illucens. It summarizes the current state of knowledge and introduces the characteristics of this insect that may be helpful in managing its breeding, as well as its use in agro-industrial fields. Knowledge gaps and under-studied areas were also highlighted, which could help identify future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kaczor
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Bulak
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Kinga Proc-Pietrycha
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Marina Kirichenko-Babko
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
- Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, B. Khmelnitsky 15, 01030 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Andrzej Bieganowski
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
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15
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Insight into the silkworm pupae: Modification technologies and functionality of the protein and lipids. Trends Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2022.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Nekrasov RV, Ivanov GA, Chabaev MG, Zelenchenkova AA, Bogolyubova NV, Nikanova DA, Sermyagin AA, Bibikov SO, Shapovalov SO. Effect of Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens L.) Fat on Health and Productivity Performance of Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162118. [PMID: 36009708 PMCID: PMC9405003 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the intensive development of technologies for obtaining protein, energy feed and biologically active supplements from insects, the feasibility and effectiveness of introducing these products into the rations of farm animals require further study. This research aims to study the possibility and effects of feeding dairy cows fat from the larvae of the black soldier fly (BSFLF). The composition and properties of the BSFLF have been studied. The research of the fatty acid composition of BSFLF showed a high content of saturated fatty acids, including 58.9% lauric acid. The experiment was performed on black-and-white cows at the beginning of lactation (control, D0 (n = 12) vs. experimental D10 (n = 12) and D100 (n = 12) groups, 10 and 100 g/head/day BSFLF, respectively. There was no negative effect of BSFLF feeding on the process of feed digestion. The pH of the rumen content decreased (6.80 ± 0.07 & 6.85 ± 0.09 vs. 7.16 ± 0.06, p < 0.05), with an increase in the number of infusoria (0.27 ± 0.03&0.37 ± 0.09 vs. 0.18 ± 0.03 g/100 mL, p = 0.16); there was an increase in the concentration of VFA in the rumen content of animals of the experimental groups by 2.1 (p < 0.05) and 3.81 (p < 0.01) (8.66 ± 0.46 & 10.37 ± 0.42 vs. 6.56 ± 0.29) mmol/100 mL. The average daily milk yield of Group D10 cows over the experimental period (d17−d177) was slightly higher than the control (by 4.9%, p = 0.24 vs. Group D0). At the same time, Group D100 cows showed a significant increase in natural-fat milk compared to controls (by 8.0%, p < 0.05 vs. Group D0) over the same experiment period. Analysis of the fatty acid composition of the milk of the experimental animals showed some changes in the fatty acid composition of milk under the influence of BSFLF feeding; these changes were especially noticeable in Group D10. Thus, it was found that feeding dairy cows BSFLF at different dosages leads to better indicators of pre-gastric digestion and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman V. Nekrasov
- L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Dubrovitsy, 142132 Podolsk, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-4967651277
| | | | - Magomed G. Chabaev
- L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Dubrovitsy, 142132 Podolsk, Russia
| | | | | | - Daria A. Nikanova
- L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Dubrovitsy, 142132 Podolsk, Russia
| | - Alexander A. Sermyagin
- L.K. Ernst Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry, Dubrovitsy, 142132 Podolsk, Russia
| | - Semen O. Bibikov
- Cherkizovo Research and Testing Center LLC, 107143 Moscow, Russia
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17
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Tassoni L, Cappellozza S, Dalle Zotte A, Belluco S, Antonelli P, Marzoli F, Saviane A. Nutritional Composition of Bombyx mori Pupae: A Systematic Review. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13070644. [PMID: 35886820 PMCID: PMC9325104 DOI: 10.3390/insects13070644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori) is a domesticated insect traditionally reared to produce silk. Its pupae are historically eaten in Asian countries and are obtained as waste products from the silk reeling industry. Pupae are a promising novel food in Western countries as well as a source of proteins, lipids, and minerals. Several varied results are reported in the literature regarding the nutrient composition of silkworm pupa, and several factors must be considered when comparing the research. Some of the variables that could affect the pupal nutritional content include rearing techniques, diets, silkworm strains, killing, and drying techniques. This literature systematic review identifies the most important research areas and aids authorities and producers in the evaluation and development of silkworm pupae for novel uses. Abstract As insects have started to enter the eating habits of Western countries, an increasing amount of literature regarding the mulberry silkworm (Bombyx mori) prospective application as food has been published. Despite this growing interest, there is currently no systematic review of silkworm nutritional composition available. In this paper, we performed a systematic review of the recent available literature on the nutrient composition of mulberry silkworm pupae. After screening the titles and abstracts of 14,008 studies retrieved from three scientific databases, data about nutrients was extracted from 29 selected papers, together with their related variables. This systematic review provides an overview of the variety of data reported in the literature and highlights that many elements contribute to hindering a sound comparison of the different nutritional values reported for silkworm pupae. The observed variability of the composition data reported could be due to differences in diet, strains, pretreatments, and origin of the silkworm analyzed. However, all these variables were not always available and should be reported in future studies to simplify the data comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Tassoni
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente (CREA-AA), 35143 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (A.S.)
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Padova, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Silvia Cappellozza
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente (CREA-AA), 35143 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (A.S.)
| | - Antonella Dalle Zotte
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, Agripolis, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Padova, Italy;
| | - Simone Belluco
- IZSVe, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Padova, Italy; (S.B.); (P.A.); (F.M.)
| | - Pietro Antonelli
- IZSVe, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Padova, Italy; (S.B.); (P.A.); (F.M.)
| | - Filippo Marzoli
- IZSVe, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell’Università 10, 35020 Padova, Italy; (S.B.); (P.A.); (F.M.)
| | - Alessio Saviane
- Consiglio per la Ricerca in Agricoltura e l’Analisi dell’Economia Agraria, Centro di Ricerca Agricoltura e Ambiente (CREA-AA), 35143 Padova, Italy; (S.C.); (A.S.)
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18
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Enhancement of the Digestion of Virgin Silkworm Pupae Oil (Bombyx mori) by Forming a Two-Layer Emulsion Using Lecithin and Whey Protein Isolate. FOOD BIOPHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11483-022-09749-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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19
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Silkworm Pupae: A Functional Food with Health Benefits for Humans. Foods 2022; 11:foods11111594. [PMID: 35681343 PMCID: PMC9180533 DOI: 10.3390/foods11111594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Silkworm pupae are insects that are beneficial to human health, not only for their high nutritional value but, more importantly, for the variety of pharmacological functions they can perform when consumed. Currently, there is a lot of interest in the pharmaceutical applications of silkworm pupae. In recent years, the biological functions of domestic silkworm pupae have gradually been identified and confirmed, especially for their beneficial effects on human health. Studies have found that silkworm pupae have positive effects on liver protection, immune enhancement, antiapoptosis, antitumour, antibacterial, regulation of blood glucose and blood lipids, and lowering of blood pressure. However, the pharmacological mechanisms and systemic safety of silkworm pupae have not been systematically evaluated. In this paper, the nutritional composition of the pupae of the domestic silkworm is first summarised. The pharmacological functions of silkworm pupae and their components are then classified, and their mechanisms of occurrence are described. In addition, we provide a preliminary evaluation of the safety of silkworm pupae, analyse their application prospects, and suggest future directions for further pharmacological function studies. The aim is to generate interest in the promotion of human health through the use of silkworm pupae.
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Mohamed H, Marusich E, Afanasev Y, Leonov S. Bacterial Outer Membrane Permeability Increase Underlies the Bactericidal Effect of Fatty Acids From Hermetia illucens (Black Soldier Fly) Larvae Fat Against Hypermucoviscous Isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:844811. [PMID: 35602017 PMCID: PMC9121012 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.844811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Behind expensive treatments, Klebsiella pneumoniae infections account for extended hospitalization’s high mortality rates. This study aimed to evaluate the activity and mechanism of the antimicrobial action of a fatty acid-containing extract (AWME3) isolated from Hermetia illucens (HI) larvae fat against K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae standard NDM-1 carbapenemase-producing ATCC BAA-2473 strain, along with a wild-type hypermucoviscous clinical isolate, strain K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae KPi1627, and an environmental isolate, strain K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae KPM9. We classified these strains as extensive multidrug-resistant (XDR) or multiple antibiotic-resistant (MDR) demonstrated by a susceptibility assay against 14 antibiotics belonging to ten classes of antibiotics. Antibacterial properties of fatty acids extracted from the HI larvae fat were evaluated using disk diffusion method, microdilution, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), half of the inhibitory concentration (MIC50), and bactericidal assays. In addition, the cytotoxocity of AWME3 was tested on human HEK293 cells, and AWME3 lipid profile was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. For the first time, we demonstrated that the inhibition zone diameter (IZD) of fatty acid-containing extract (AWME3) of the HI larvae fat tested at 20 mg/ml was 16.52 ± 0.74 and 14.23 ± 0.35 mm against colistin-resistant KPi1627 and KPM9, respectively. It was 19.72 ± 0.51 mm against the colistin-susceptible K. pneumoniae ATCC BAA-2473 strain. The MIC and MBC were 250 μg/ml for all the tested bacteria strains, indicating the bactericidal effect of AWME3. The MIC50 values were 155.6 ± 0.009 and 160.1 ± 0.008 μg/ml against the KPi1627 and KPM9 isolates, respectively, and 149.5 ± 0.013 μg/ml against the ATCC BAA-2473 strain in the micro-dilution assay. For the first time, we demonstrated that AWME3 dose-dependently increased bacterial cell membrane permeability as determined by the relative electric conductivity (REC) of the K. pneumoniae ATCC BAA-2473 suspension, and that none of the strains did not build up resistance to extended AWME3 treatment using the antibiotic resistance assay. Cytotoxicity assay showed that AWME3 is safe for human HEK293 cells at IC50 266.1 μg/ml, while bactericidal for all the strains of bacteria at the same concentration. Free fatty acids (FFAs) and their derivatives were the significant substances among 33 compounds identified by the GC-MS analysis of AWME3. Cis-oleic and palmitoleic acids represent the most abundant unsaturated FAs (UFAs), while palmitic, lauric, stearic, and myristic acids were the most abundant saturated FAs (SFAs) of the AWME3 content. Bactericidal resistant-free AWM3 mechanism of action provides a rationale interpretations and the utility of HI larvae fat to develop natural biocidal resistance-free formulations that might be promising therapeutic against Gram-negative MDR bacteria causing nosocomial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heakal Mohamed
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Elena Marusich
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- *Correspondence: Elena Marusich,
| | - Yuriy Afanasev
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Sergey Leonov
- School of Biological and Medical Physics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Sergey Leonov,
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Sadat A, Biswas T, Cardoso MH, Mondal R, Ghosh A, Dam P, Nesa J, Chakraborty J, Bhattacharjya D, Franco OL, Gangopadhyay D, Mandal AK. Silkworm pupae as a future food with nutritional and medicinal benefits. Curr Opin Food Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2022.100818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Kierończyk B, Sypniewski J, Mikołajczak Z, Rawski M, Pruszyńska-Oszmałek E, Sassek M, Kołodziejski P, Józefiak D. Replacement of soybean oil with cold-extracted fat from Hermetia illucens in young turkey diets: Effects on performance, nutrient digestibility, selected organ measurements, meat and liver tissue traits, intestinal microbiota modulation, and physiological and immunological status. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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23
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Tangsanthatkun J, Peanparkdee M, Katekhong W, Harnsilawat T, Tan CP, Klinkesorn U. Application of Aqueous Saline Process to Extract Silkworm Pupae Oil ( Bombyx mori): Process Optimization and Composition Analysis. Foods 2022; 11:291. [PMID: 35159442 PMCID: PMC8834069 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Silkworm pupae, a waste product from the silk production industry, can be an alternative source of edible oil, thus reducing the industry's waste. In the present work, frozen silkworm pupae were used as raw material to extract oil via an aqueous saline process. The Box-Behnken design (BBD) and response surface methodology (RSM) were used to optimize the extraction process. The extraction conditions with the highest oil yield and a low peroxide value were obtained when using a saline solution concentration of 1.7% w/v, a ratio of aqueous liquid to silkworm pupae of 3.3 mL/g, and a 119 min stirring time at the stirring speed of 100 rpm. Under these conditions, silkworm oil with a yield of 3.32%, peroxide values of approximately 1.55 mM, and an acid value of 0.67 mg KOH/g oil was obtained. The extracted oil contained omega-3 acids (α-linolenic acid), which constituted around 25% of the total fatty acids, with approximate cholesterol levels of 109 mg/100 g oil. The amounts of β-carotene and α-tocopherol were approximately 785 and 9434 μg/100 g oil, respectively. Overall, the results demonstrated that oil extracted from silkworm pupae has good quality parameters and thus can be used as a new valuable source of edible lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janjira Tangsanthatkun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (J.T.); (M.P.); (W.K.)
- Research Unit on Innovative Technologies for Production and Delivery of Functional Biomolecules, Kasetsart University Research and Development Institute (KURDI), 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Methavee Peanparkdee
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (J.T.); (M.P.); (W.K.)
- Research Unit on Innovative Technologies for Production and Delivery of Functional Biomolecules, Kasetsart University Research and Development Institute (KURDI), 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Wattinee Katekhong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (J.T.); (M.P.); (W.K.)
- Research Unit on Innovative Technologies for Production and Delivery of Functional Biomolecules, Kasetsart University Research and Development Institute (KURDI), 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Thepkunya Harnsilawat
- Research Unit on Innovative Technologies for Production and Delivery of Functional Biomolecules, Kasetsart University Research and Development Institute (KURDI), 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
- Department of Product Development, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Chin Ping Tan
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Utai Klinkesorn
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University, 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand; (J.T.); (M.P.); (W.K.)
- Research Unit on Innovative Technologies for Production and Delivery of Functional Biomolecules, Kasetsart University Research and Development Institute (KURDI), 50 Ngam Wong Wan Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
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