1
|
Masebo NT, Marliani G, Shannon Del Re F, Abram L, Cavallini D, Di Pietro M, Beltrame A, Schiavon E, Bolcato M, Hernandez Bermudez J, Gentile A, Jacinto JGP. Evaluation of antimicrobial and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory treatments for BRD on health and welfare in fattening bulls: a cross-sectional study. Vet Q 2024; 44:1-11. [PMID: 38711265 PMCID: PMC11078067 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2024.2347928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Our study aimed to evaluate the effect of different treatments for BRD on health and welfare in fattening bulls. A total of 264 bulls were enrolled. Welfare was assessed on day 2 (T0) and day 15 (T1) after arrival. A decrease in the welfare level was observed from T0 to T1. All bulls were inspected clinically at T0 and T1 revealing an increase of skin lesions and lameness in T1. In both periods, a high incidence of respiratory disease was observed. A prevalence of 79.55% and 95.45% of Mycoplasma bovis using RT-PCR and culture at T0 and T1 respectively was observed. Blood samples were collected for haematology at T0 and T1. At T0, 36 animals were individually treated for BRD with an antimicrobial (IT), 54 received a metaphylactic treatment with tulathromycin (M), 150 received a metaphylactic treatment with tulathromycin plus a second antimicrobial (M + IT) whereas 24 were considered healthy and therefore not treated (NT). Additionally, 128 were treated with a non-steroid anti-inflammatory (NSAID). Neutrophils of M + IT were significantly higher than groups NT and M and the lymphocytes of M + IT were significantly lower than that of IT. White blood cells, neutrophils and N/L ratio of animals treated with an NSAID was significantly higher than that not treated. Lung inspection of 172 bulls at the abattoir indicated that 92.43% presented at least one lung lesion. A statistically significant effect of the NSAID treatment on the lung lesions was observed. Our findings indicate that BRD was a major welfare and health concern and evidence the difficulties of antimicrobial treatment of M. bovis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naod Thomas Masebo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Soddo University, Wolaita Soddo, Ethiopia
| | - Giovanna Marliani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Flavia Shannon Del Re
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Abram
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Damiano Cavallini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | - Eliana Schiavon
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro, PD Legnaro, Italy
| | - Marilena Bolcato
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Joaquin Hernandez Bermudez
- Departamento de Patologia Animal, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Campus Universitario, Lugo, Spain
| | - Arcangelo Gentile
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Joana G. P. Jacinto
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sarubbi J, Martínez-Burnes J, Ghezzi MD, Olmos-Hernandez A, Lendez PA, Ceriani MC, Hernández-Avalos I. Hypothalamic Neuromodulation and Control of the Dermal Surface Temperature of Livestock during Hyperthermia. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1745. [PMID: 38929364 PMCID: PMC11200636 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperthermia elicits several physiological and behavioral responses in livestock to restore thermal neutrality. Among these responses, vasodilation and sweating help to reduce core body temperature by increasing heat dissipation by radiation and evaporation. Thermoregulatory behaviors such as increasing standing time, reducing feed intake, shade-seeking, and limiting locomotor activity also increase heat loss. These mechanisms are elicited by the connection between peripheral thermoreceptors and cerebral centers, such as the preoptic area of the hypothalamus. Considering the importance of this thermoregulatory pathway, this review aims to discuss the hypothalamic control of hyperthermia in livestock, including the main physiological and behavioral changes that animals adopt to maintain their thermal stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Sarubbi
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Independência, Palmeira das Missões 3751, RS, Brazil
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Victoria City 87000, Mexico
| | - Marcelo Daniel Ghezzi
- Animal Welfare Area, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), University Campus, Tandil 7000, Argentina;
| | - Adriana Olmos-Hernandez
- Division of Biotechnology—Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Pamela Anahí Lendez
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, CIVETAN, UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET (UNCPBA), University Campus, Tandil 7000, Argentina
| | - María Carolina Ceriani
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences (FCV), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, CIVETAN, UNCPBA-CICPBA-CONICET (UNCPBA), University Campus, Tandil 7000, Argentina
| | - Ismael Hernández-Avalos
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán (FESC), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM), Cuautitlán 54714, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Horyanto D, Bajagai YS, Kayal A, von Hellens J, Chen X, Van TTH, Radovanović A, Stanley D. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Probiotics Mix Supplementation in a Broiler Leaky Gut Model. Microorganisms 2024; 12:419. [PMID: 38399823 PMCID: PMC10892336 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The supplementation of antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) has been banned in many countries because of the emergence of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in poultry products and the environment. Probiotics have been broadly studied and demonstrated as a promising AGP substitute. Our study is centred on the effects of a multi-strain Bacillus-based probiotic product on broiler production performance and gut microbial profile in a dexamethasone-induced leaky gut challenge. Two hundred and fifty-six broiler chicks were hatched and randomly assigned into four groups (wheat-soybean meal basal diet (BD) = non-supplemented control (C), BD supplemented with dexamethasone in week 4 (CD), BD containing a probiotic from day one (P), and BD containing a probiotic from day one and supplemented with dexamethasone during challenge week 4 (PD)). The production performance and caecal, gizzard, jejunal lumen and jejunal mucosa swab microbiota were studied by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The Bacillus probiotic product significantly improved production performance and altered caecal gut microbiota (p ≤ 0.05), but no significant impact on microbiota was observed in other gut sections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darwin Horyanto
- Institute for Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia (A.K.)
- Bioproton Pty Ltd., Acacia Ridge, QLD 4110, Australia (X.C.)
| | - Yadav S. Bajagai
- Institute for Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia (A.K.)
| | - Advait Kayal
- Institute for Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia (A.K.)
| | | | - Xiaojing Chen
- Bioproton Pty Ltd., Acacia Ridge, QLD 4110, Australia (X.C.)
| | - Thi Thu Hao Van
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Anita Radovanović
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Dragana Stanley
- Institute for Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, QLD 4702, Australia (A.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fuchs P, Stachowicz J, Schneider MK, Probo M, Bruckmaier RM, Umstätter C. Stress indicators in dairy cows adapting to virtual fencing. J Anim Sci 2024; 102:skae024. [PMID: 38271563 PMCID: PMC10889741 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skae024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Virtual fencing (VF) enables livestock grazing without physical fences by conditioning animals to a virtual boundary delimited with an audio tone (AT) and an electric pulse (EP). The present study followed the adaptation process of lactating dairy cows to a VF system with changing virtual boundaries and investigated its impact on animal welfare. Twenty cows were divided into stratified groups (2× VF; 2× electric fencing, EF) of five individuals. Each group grazed half-days in a separate EF paddock of comparable size during 3 d of acclimation (P0), followed by 21, 14, 14, and 7 d of experimental treatment (P1 to P4). At the start of the trial, all cows were equipped with an IceQube pedometer (Peacock Technology Ltd, Stirling, UK) and a VF collar (Nofence AS, Batnfjordsøra, Norway). During P0, cows were accustomed to their first paddock with a deactivated virtual boundary and wearing the sensors. In P1 to P4, an active virtual boundary for the VF groups, and a second EF for the EF groups was set up parallel to an outer EF within their paddock. Throughout the trial, the sensors continuously tracked cow positions and activity behavior at 15-min intervals. From P1 onwards, the VF collars additionally recorded each AT and EP per cow with a georeferenced time stamp. During P0 to P4, daily feed intake, body weight, and milk yield were recorded in the barn. A total of 26 milk samples were collected per cow to determine milk cortisol levels. Behavioral observations were conducted for 2 h on day 23 to record agonistic behaviors, vocalizations, and excretions. The total number of stimuli per cow ranged from 37 to 225 ATs (mean ± SD: 1.9 ± 3.3 per day) and 3 to 11 EPs (mean ± SD: 0.1 ± 0.7 per day) throughout the trial. The maximum number of EPs per day was 8 for an individual cow and occurred once on D1. Mean EP/AT decreased by 55% during the first three half-days of grazing and with each paddock change from 0.2 EP/AT in week 1 to 0.03, 0.02, and 0 EP/AT in weeks 4, 6, and 8, respectively. Linear and generalized mixed effects models revealed that milk yield and cortisol, feed intake, body weight, and activity and lying behavior did not significantly differ between VF and EF groups. A higher number of agonistic behaviors were observed in the VF groups when the VF system was activated. However, due to the short observation periods only few contacts were observed in total. Overall, all cows adapted to the VF system without evidence of lasting adverse effects on animal welfare.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Fuchs
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Agroscope, Research Division Animal Production Systems and Animal Health, Grazing Systems, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland
| | - Joanna Stachowicz
- Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institute, Institute of Agricultural Technology, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Manuel K Schneider
- Agroscope, Research Division Animal Production Systems and Animal Health, Forage Production and Grassland Systems, 8046 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Massimiliano Probo
- Agroscope, Research Division Animal Production Systems and Animal Health, Grazing Systems, 1725 Posieux, Switzerland
| | - Rupert M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Department of Clinical Research and Public Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christina Umstätter
- Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institute, Institute of Agricultural Technology, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zheng X, Ma W, Wang Y, Wu C, Wang J, Ma Z, Wei Y, Cui C, Zhang S, Guan W, Chen F. Heat Stress-Induced Fetal Intrauterine Growth Restriction Is Associated with Elevated LPS Levels Along the Maternal Intestine-Placenta-Fetus Axis in Pregnant Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:19592-19609. [PMID: 38018895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c07058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The exacerbation of the greenhouse effect has made heat stress (HS) an important risk factor for the occurrence of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). The experiment aims to uncover the effects of maternal HS on IUGR and its mechanisms. The results showed that HS leads to decreased maternal and fetal birth weights, accompanied by increased serum oxidative stress and cortisol levels. Moreover, HS inflicted significant damage to both the intestinal and placental barriers, altering maternal gut microbiota and increasing intestinal LPS levels. As a result, LPS levels increased in maternal serum, placenta, and fetus. Furthermore, HS damaged the intestinal structure, intensifying inflammation and disrupting the redox balance. The placenta exposed to HS exhibited changes in the placental structure along with disrupted angiogenesis and decreased levels of nutritional transporters. Additionally, the leakage of LPS triggered placental JNK and ERK phosphorylation, ultimately inducing severe placental inflammation and oxidative stress. This study suggests that LPS translocation from the maternal intestine to the fetus, due to a disrupted gut microbiota balance and compromised intestinal and placental barrier integrity, may be the primary cause of HS-induced IUGR. Furthermore, increased LPS leakage leads to placental inflammation, redox imbalance, and impaired nutrient transport, further restricting fetal growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zheng
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wen Ma
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yibo Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Caichi Wu
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ziwei Ma
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yulong Wei
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chang Cui
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shihai Zhang
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Pig Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture in Lingnan, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, China
| | - Wutai Guan
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Pig Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture in Lingnan, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, China
| | - Fang Chen
- College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Pig Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory of Modern Agriculture in Lingnan, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Triwutanon S, Rukkwamsuk T. Factors affecting first ovulation in postpartum dairy cows under tropical conditions: A review. Open Vet J 2023; 13:1536-1542. [PMID: 38292713 PMCID: PMC10824079 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2023.v13.i12.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
It is documented that the reproductive performance of postpartum dairy cows is influenced by both internal and external factors. One of the most important reproductive performance indices is the first ovulation postpartum. This review aimed to describe factors affecting first ovulation postpartum in dairy cows, particularly those raised under tropical climates. Negative energy balance and its consequences; metabolic disorders; uterine pathology; udder health; lameness; and heat stress are discussed for their potential effects on the first ovulation postpartum. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of those affecting factors would assist in justifying the treatment and prevention plans in order to optimize the reproductive performance of postpartum dairy cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Supawit Triwutanon
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Theera Rukkwamsuk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Manteuffel C, Spitschak M, Ludwig C, Wirthgen E. New Perspectives In The Objective Evaluation Of Animal Welfare, With Focus On The Domestic Pig. J APPL ANIM WELF SCI 2023; 26:518-529. [PMID: 34727795 DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2021.1998774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Animal welfare can be viewed as the result of integrating repeated affective evaluations of success in coping with environmental challenges, i.e., subjective challenge adequacy. The present work summarizes why established physiological and behavioral welfare parameters are inadequate to assess challenge adequacy. Behavioral tests based on the mood-congruent judgment effect and physiologic parameters based on components of the somatotropic axis are proposed as an alternative. Here, the judgment bias measures an animal's subjective confidence to cope successfully with a challenge, which is in turn modulated by the animal's previous experience. The somatotropic axis incorporates the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and its binding proteins (IGFBP), which are involved in the regulation of metabolism and growth. First results indicate that in particular IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 react with higher latency and higher inertness to short-term stressful events than established physiological stress parameters. Before these indicators can be utilized for overall welfare assessment, further validation studies are necessary that provide more insights into how repeatable the measurements are under different conditions and which other factors may confound the measures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Manteuffel
- Leibniz Institute of Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Behavioural Physiology, Ethology Unit, Dummerstorf, Germany
- Department of Mucosal Immunity, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Marion Spitschak
- Leibniz Institute of Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Genome Biology, Signal Transduction Unit, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Carolin Ludwig
- Leibniz Institute of Farm Animal Biology,Institute of Reproductive Biology, Reproductive Biochemistry Unit, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Elisa Wirthgen
- Leibniz Institute of Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Genome Biology, Signal Transduction Unit, Dummerstorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Krump L, Sayers RG, Sugrue K, Kennedy E, O'Mahony J, Sayers GP. The effect of slow-release milk replacer feeding on health and behaviour parameters in dairy breed calves. J DAIRY RES 2023; 90:227-233. [PMID: 37721033 DOI: 10.1017/s0022029923000560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this research paper was to evaluate the effect of a slow-release milk replacer on health and behaviour of neonatal dairy calves. This was done with the potential benefits to welfare during transport in mind. A total of 15 calves were randomly divided into three groups of 5, namely, a control group fed twice in 24 h with 3 l of a conventional milk replacer, a slow-release group fed once in 24 h with 2 l of conventional milk replacer and 1 litre of a specialised micro-encapsulated feed and an enriched-replacer group fed once in 24 h with 3 l of milk replacer enriched with micellar casein. Blood samples were taken before feeding and 6, 12, 18 and 24 h after and analysed for acid-base parameters, electrolytes, glucose, haemoglobin, cortisol, insulin, cholecystokinin and adiponectin. Calf behaviour was recorded between 6 and 14 h after feeding. There was a significant increase in blood pH 6 h after feeding in all groups, but the glucose, HCO3 - and base excess increased significantly in the slow-release group only, whereas sodium increased significantly in the enriched group only. Glucose levels remained significantly higher in the slow-release group, relative to the control, at 6, 12, and 18 h after feeding. Insulin levels changed significantly over time in the enriched and control group but remained constant in the slow-release group. Insulin levels were significantly higher in the control group when compared to the slow-release group after feeding. Adiponectin changed significantly over time after feeding in the control group only, but no significant changes were observed between the feeding groups. Behavioural patterns were similar in control and slow release groups but less favourable (less lying time, more vocalisations) in the enriched group. In conclusion, once-daily feeding of slow-release milk replacer demonstrated favourable patterns of blood variables related to satiety and hunger as well as behavioural patterns that did not differ from conventional twice-daily feeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lea Krump
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Munster Technological University, Tralee, Ireland
| | - Ríona G Sayers
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Katie Sugrue
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Emer Kennedy
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Jim O'Mahony
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gearóid P Sayers
- Department of Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Munster Technological University, Tralee, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Masebo NT, Marliani G, Cavallini D, Accorsi PA, Di Pietro M, Beltrame A, Gentile A, Jacinto JGP. Health and welfare assessment of beef cattle during the adaptation period in a specialized commercial fattening unit. Res Vet Sci 2023; 158:50-55. [PMID: 36924635 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Beef cattle welfare and health status are influenced by housing and management systems. The present study aimed to assess the welfare and health status in the first 15 days after arrival of Limousine bulls imported from France and fattened in a commercial fattening unit in Italy. A total of 264 bulls were included in the study. Welfare, biosecurity, and major hazard and warning system were assessed on days 2 (T1) and 15 (T2) after arrival to the unit. At T1 and T2 an inspective clinical examination was performed on all bulls. At T1 and T2 blood samples were collected from 88 bulls for haematological analysis. Both at T1 and T2, the welfare, biosecurity, and major hazards and warning systems were classified with a general score of medium but with a decrease on animal-based measurements in T2. At T1 and T2 the clinical examination revealed a significant increase (p-value≤0.05) of skin lesions and lameness in T2. A high incidence of respiratory disease was noticed in both assessed times. Leucocytes and all differentials count, and platelets were significantly increased (p-value≤0.05) at T2, while the fibrinogen was significantly decreased. The haematological changes suggest that the bulls were under higher stress in T2 when compared with T1 linked with a difficult adaptation response to the fattening unit. A multi-factorial approach that integrates the indicators of the checklist and the clinical and haematological findings of animals can be a useful method to deepen the assessment of welfare in beef cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N T Masebo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - G Marliani
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - D Cavallini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - P A Accorsi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - M Di Pietro
- Virbac, Via Ettore Bugatti, 15, 20142 Milano, Italy
| | | | - A Gentile
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy
| | - J G P Jacinto
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sopra 50, 40064 Ozzano Emilia, BO, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Karaer MC, Čebulj-Kadunc N, Snoj T. Stress in wildlife: comparison of the stress response among domestic, captive, and free-ranging animals. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1167016. [PMID: 37138925 PMCID: PMC10150102 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1167016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The stress response, which involves joint activity of the nervous and endocrine systems, is one of the basic adaptive mechanisms that ensures the survival of the individual. The activation of the sympathetic nervous system, the sympathetic-adrenal-medullary axis, and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis enables organisms to respond to endogenous and exogenous challenges. Repeated short-term stress leads to long-term stress, which disrupts physiological homeostasis. Unlike domestic animals, wild animals are not protected from environmental and weather influences or treated for diseases. In addition, climate change, habitat fragmentation and loss, and urban stressors (such as light, noise and chemical pollution; xenobiotics; traffic; and buildings) affect individual wildlife and populations. In this review, we have attempted to depict the magnitude of the stress response in wildlife and related domestic animals as well as in captive and free-ranging animals. The intensity of the stress response can be estimated by determining the concentration of glucocorticoids in body fluids, tissues, and excreta. A comparison of results from different studies suggests that domestic animals have lower fecal and hair glucocorticoid concentrations than related wild animals. Additionally, fecal and hair glucocorticoid concentrations in captive animals are higher than in free-ranging animals of the same species. As there are limited data on this topic, we cannot draw definitive conclusions about glucocorticoid concentration and stress response. Further studies are needed to clarify these issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mina Cansu Karaer
- Food and Agriculture Vocational School, Çankiri Karatekin University, Çankiri, Türkiye
| | - Nina Čebulj-Kadunc
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Preclinical Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Snoj
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Preclinical Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Tomaž Snoj
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Erasmus LM, van Marle-Köster E, Masenge A, Ganswindt A. Exploring the effect of auditory stimuli on activity levels, milk yield and faecal glucocorticoid metabolite concentrations in Holstein cows. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2023; 82:106767. [PMID: 36244193 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2022.106767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Health and welfare are inextricably linked within efficient and sustainable dairy production, and several potential risk factors may affect the well-being of dairy cows, including chronic stress. Although auditory stimuli could be used as a tool to decrease the potential stress that cows might experience, it is seldom applied to livestock production systems due to the perception that enrichment is an unnecessary expense. This study aimed to explore the effect of auditory stimuli as a form of enrichment in a Holstein herd by monitoring fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) concentrations (a non-invasive, stress-associated biomarker). Cow activity level and milk yield were also measured. Nine cows in their second and third lactation were divided into 3 groups, using a Latin Square experimental design, exposing each cow group to each of the 3 treatments, namely constant exposure (CE), limited exposure (LE), and no exposure (NE) to classical music. FGCMs were quantified using a group-specific enzyme immunoassay detecting 11,17-dioxoandrostanes. Compared to LE and NE animals, cows exposed to constant music had significantly lower fGCM concentrations (P = 0.012), as well as higher milk yields (P < 0.0001) and lowered activity levels during the morning (P = 0.005) and the evening activity period (P = 0.048). These findings indicate that auditory stimuli in the form of classical music may have a positive effect on the welfare of cows as well as milk yield, which hold economic benefits for the producer and potentially reduces the number of cows needed for profitable production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L-M Erasmus
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa.
| | - E van Marle-Köster
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - A Masenge
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - A Ganswindt
- Mammal Research Institute (MRI), Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Polli VA, Nuñez AJC, Mello RO, Carvalho S, Restle J, Costa PT, Barin JS, Nigeliskii AF, Pissinin D, Vaz RZ. Carcass traits and meat quality of lambs slaughtered during different seasonal conditions. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:353. [PMID: 36264392 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03352-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of slaughtering feedlot Texel lambs during different climatic conditions on carcass and meat quality traits. Twenty castrated male Texel lambs (21.8 ± 0.62 kg) were distributed to two treatments according to the climatic conditions during the finishing period and at pre-slaughter: warm season (WS; mean temperature of 23.4 °C and 77.5% relative humidity) and cool season (CS; mean temperature of 14.9 °C and 79.5% relative humidity). During the pre-slaughter, thermal comfort was evaluated through the variables: respiratory frequency, rectal temperature, temperature of the ocular region, and temperature-humidity index (THI). After the finishing period, lambs were slaughtered, and carcass and meat quality traits were assessed. The THI values indicate that animals harvested in the WS spent 13 h of the day under potential thermal discomfort conditions in the week before slaughter and in the pre-slaughter period, whereas lambs harvested in the CS did not experience any thermal discomfort. Slaughter weight, carcass weight, carcass dressing, and backfat thickness were greater (P ≤ 0.03), whereas cooling losses were lower (P < 0.01) for lambs slaughtered in the CS. Moreover, thawing losses were lower (P < 0.01), whereas cooking losses were greater (P < 0.01) for lambs harvested in the CS. Lambs slaughtered in the CS also showed greater meat redness, yellowness, and chroma values (P < 0.05). Although carcass traits were affected by the greater thermal discomfort exposure, meat quality of lambs was less impacted by the climatic conditions at slaughter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Renius Oliveira Mello
- Department of Technology and Food Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Carvalho
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - João Restle
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Pablo Tavares Costa
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Pelotas, Capão Do Leão, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliano Smanioto Barin
- Department of Technology and Food Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Dejanir Pissinin
- Polytechnic School, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Zambarda Vaz
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Pelotas, Capão Do Leão, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Baker EC, Earnhardt AL, Cilkiz KZ, Collins HC, Littlejohn BP, Cardoso RC, Ghaffari N, Long CR, Riggs PK, Randel RD, Welsh TH, Riley DG. DNA methylation patterns and gene expression from amygdala tissue of mature Brahman cows exposed to prenatal stress. Front Genet 2022; 13:949309. [PMID: 35991551 PMCID: PMC9389044 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.949309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Prenatal stress can alter postnatal performance and temperament of cattle. These phenotypic effects may result from changes in gene expression caused by stress-induced epigenetic alterations. Specifically, shifts in gene expression caused by DNA methylation within the brain’s amygdala can result in altered behavior because it regulates fear, stress response and aggression in mammals Thus, the objective of this experiment was to identify DNA methylation and gene expression differences in the amygdala tissue of 5-year-old prenatally stressed (PNS) Brahman cows compared to control cows. Pregnant Brahman cows (n = 48) were transported for 2-h periods at 60 ± 5, 80 ± 5, 100 ± 5, 120 ± 5, and 140 ± 5 days of gestation. A non-transported group (n = 48) were controls (Control). Amygdala tissue was harvested from 6 PNS and 8 Control cows at 5 years of age. Overall methylation of gene body regions, promoter regions, and cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) islands were compared between the two groups. In total, 202 genes, 134 promoter regions, and 133 CpG islands exhibited differential methylation (FDR ≤ 0.15). Following comparison of gene expression in the amygdala between the PNS and Control cows, 2 differentially expressed genes were identified (FDR ≤ 0.15). The minimal differences observed could be the result of natural changes of DNA methylation and gene expression as an animal ages, or because this degree of transportation stress was not severe enough to cause lasting effects on the offspring. A younger age may be a more appropriate time to assess methylation and gene expression differences produced by prenatal stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emilie C. Baker
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Audrey L. Earnhardt
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, United States
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Overton, TX, United States
| | - Kubra Z. Cilkiz
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Haley C. Collins
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Brittni P. Littlejohn
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Overton, TX, United States
| | - Rodolfo C. Cardoso
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Noushin Ghaffari
- Department of Computer Science, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, United States
| | - Charles R. Long
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Overton, TX, United States
| | - Penny K. Riggs
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Ronald D. Randel
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Overton, TX, United States
| | - Thomas H. Welsh
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Texas A&M AgriLife Research, College Station, TX, United States
| | - David G. Riley
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: David G. Riley,
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lange ME, Uwiera RRE, Inglis GD. Enteric Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Cattle, and the Use of Mice as a Model to Elucidate Key Aspects of the Host-Pathogen-Microbiota Interaction: A Review. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:937866. [PMID: 35898542 PMCID: PMC9310005 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.937866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) serotype O157:H7 is responsible for foodborne disease outbreaks, typically associated with the consumption of undercooked foods contaminated with cattle manure containing the bacterium. At present, effective mitigations do not exist. Many of the factors regulating enteric colonization by E. coli O157:H7 in cattle, and how cattle respond to the bacterium are unknown. In this regard, intestinal colonization locations, shedding patterns, interactions with the enteric microbiota, and host immune responses to infection are current knowledge gaps. As disturbances to host homeostasis are believed to play an important role in the enteric survival of the bacterium, it is important to consider the potential importance of stress during cattle production. Husbandry logistics, cost, and the high genetic, physiological, and microbial heterogeneity in cattle has greatly hampered the ability of researchers to elucidate key aspects of the host-pathogen-microbiota interaction. Although mice have not been extensively used as a cattle model, the utilization of murine models has the potential to identify mechanisms to facilitate hypothesis formulation and efficacy testing in cattle. Murine models have been effectively used to mechanistically examine colonization of the intestine, host responses to infection, and to interactively ascertain how host physiological status (e.g., due to physiological stress) and the enteric microbiota influences colonization and disease. In addition to reviewing the relevant literature on intestinal colonization and pathogenesis, including existing knowledge gaps, the review provides information on how murine models can be used to elucidate mechanisms toward the development of rationale-based mitigations for E. coli O157:H7 in cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximo E. Lange
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Richard R. E. Uwiera
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - G. Douglas Inglis
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge Research and Development Centre, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: G. Douglas Inglis
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
B. Menezes AC, McCarthy KL, Kassetas CJ, Baumgaertner F, Kirsch JD, Dorsam ST, Neville TL, Ward AK, Borowicz PP, Reynolds LP, Sedivec KK, Forcherio JC, Scott R, Caton JS, Dahlen CR. Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation and Rate of Gain in Beef Heifers I: Effects on Dam Hormonal and Metabolic Status, Fetal Tissue and Organ Mass, and Concentration of Glucose and Fructose in Fetal Fluids at d 83 of Gestation. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12141757. [PMID: 35883305 PMCID: PMC9312120 DOI: 10.3390/ani12141757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Thirty-five crossbred Angus heifers (initial BW = 359.5 ± 7.1 kg) were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial design to evaluate effects of vitamin and mineral supplementation [VMSUP; supplemented (VTM) vs. unsupplemented (NoVTM)] and different rates of gain [GAIN; low gain (LG), 0.28 kg/d, vs. moderate gain (MG), 0.79 kg/d] during the first 83 d of gestation on dam hormone and metabolic status, fetal tissue and organ mass, and concentration of glucose and fructose in fetal fluids. The VMSUP was initiated 71 to 148 d before artificial insemination (AI), allowing time for mineral status of heifers to be altered in advance of breeding. At AI heifers were assigned their GAIN treatment. Heifers received treatments until the time of ovariohysterectomy (d 83 ± 0.27 after AI). Throughout the experiment, serum samples were collected and analyzed for non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), progesterone (P4), insulin, and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). At ovariohysterectomy, gravid reproductive tracts were collected, measurements were taken, samples of allantoic (ALF) and amniotic (AMF) fluids were collected, and fetuses were dissected. By design, MG had greater ADG compared to LG (0.85 vs. 0.34 ± 0.04 kg/d, respectively; p < 0.01). Concentrations of NEFA were greater for LG than MG (p = 0.04) and were affected by a VMSUP × day interaction (p < 0.01), with greater concentrations for NoVTM on d 83. Insulin was greater for NoVTM than VTM (p = 0.01). A GAIN × day interaction (p < 0.01) was observed for IGF-1, with greater concentrations for MG on d 83. At d 83, P4 concentrations were greater for MG than LG (GAIN × day, p < 0.01), and MG had greater (p < 0.01) corpus luteum weights versus LG. Even though fetal BW was not affected (p ≥ 0.27), MG fetuses had heavier (p = 0.01) femurs than LG, and VTM fetuses had heavier (p = 0.05) livers than those from NoVTM. Additionally, fetal liver as a percentage of BW was greater in fetuses from VTM (P = 0.05; 3.96 ± 0.06% BW) than NoVTM (3.79 ± 0.06% BW), and from LG (p = 0.04; 3.96 ± 0.06% BW) than MG (3.78 ± 0.06% BW). A VMSUP × GAIN interaction was observed for fetal small intestinal weight (p = 0.03), with VTM-MG being heavier than VTM-LG. Therefore, replacement heifer nutrition during early gestation can alter the development of organs that are relevant for future offspring performance. These data imply that compensatory mechanisms are in place in the developing conceptus that can alter the growth rate of key metabolic organs possibly in an attempt to increase or decrease energy utilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Clara B. Menezes
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA; (C.J.K.); (F.B.); (J.D.K.); (S.T.D.); (T.L.N.); (A.K.W.); (P.P.B.); (L.P.R.); (J.S.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.C.B.M.); (C.R.D.)
| | - Kacie L. McCarthy
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA;
| | - Cierrah J. Kassetas
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA; (C.J.K.); (F.B.); (J.D.K.); (S.T.D.); (T.L.N.); (A.K.W.); (P.P.B.); (L.P.R.); (J.S.C.)
| | - Friederike Baumgaertner
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA; (C.J.K.); (F.B.); (J.D.K.); (S.T.D.); (T.L.N.); (A.K.W.); (P.P.B.); (L.P.R.); (J.S.C.)
| | - James D. Kirsch
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA; (C.J.K.); (F.B.); (J.D.K.); (S.T.D.); (T.L.N.); (A.K.W.); (P.P.B.); (L.P.R.); (J.S.C.)
| | - Sheri T. Dorsam
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA; (C.J.K.); (F.B.); (J.D.K.); (S.T.D.); (T.L.N.); (A.K.W.); (P.P.B.); (L.P.R.); (J.S.C.)
| | - Tammi L. Neville
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA; (C.J.K.); (F.B.); (J.D.K.); (S.T.D.); (T.L.N.); (A.K.W.); (P.P.B.); (L.P.R.); (J.S.C.)
| | - Alison K. Ward
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA; (C.J.K.); (F.B.); (J.D.K.); (S.T.D.); (T.L.N.); (A.K.W.); (P.P.B.); (L.P.R.); (J.S.C.)
| | - Pawel P. Borowicz
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA; (C.J.K.); (F.B.); (J.D.K.); (S.T.D.); (T.L.N.); (A.K.W.); (P.P.B.); (L.P.R.); (J.S.C.)
| | - Lawrence P. Reynolds
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA; (C.J.K.); (F.B.); (J.D.K.); (S.T.D.); (T.L.N.); (A.K.W.); (P.P.B.); (L.P.R.); (J.S.C.)
| | - Kevin K. Sedivec
- Central Grasslands Research and Extension Center, North Dakota State University, Streeter, ND 58483, USA;
| | - J. Chris Forcherio
- Purina Animal Nutrition LLC, Gray Summit, MO 63039, USA; (J.C.F.); (R.S.)
| | - Ronald Scott
- Purina Animal Nutrition LLC, Gray Summit, MO 63039, USA; (J.C.F.); (R.S.)
| | - Joel S. Caton
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA; (C.J.K.); (F.B.); (J.D.K.); (S.T.D.); (T.L.N.); (A.K.W.); (P.P.B.); (L.P.R.); (J.S.C.)
| | - Carl R. Dahlen
- Center for Nutrition and Pregnancy, Department of Animal Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA; (C.J.K.); (F.B.); (J.D.K.); (S.T.D.); (T.L.N.); (A.K.W.); (P.P.B.); (L.P.R.); (J.S.C.)
- Correspondence: (A.C.B.M.); (C.R.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Stokka GL, Falkner TR. Systems Thinking Perspectives on Stewardship and Our Future. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2022; 38:201-207. [PMID: 35691623 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2022.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The management and care of livestock can be integrated with a stewardship philosophy and a systems approach to health and wellness. Stewardship is the responsible management of things entrusted to one's care. This philosophic approach means that every resource in livestock production, the land, livestock, and people, must be considered in the care and feeding of livestock and the practice of veterinary medicine. The systems thinking discipline is a set of synergistic investigative skills, used to improve the capability of identifying and understanding complex adaptive systems, predicting their behaviors, and devising modifications to them to produce desired changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gerald L Stokka
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Food Systems and Natural Resources, North Dakota State University, 207C Morrill Hall, NDSU Department 7630, PO Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA.
| | - T Robin Falkner
- CattleFlow Consulting, Christiana, TN, USA; Elanco Animal Health, Greenfield, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ataallahi M, Nejad JG, Park KH. Selection of appropriate biomatrices for studies of chronic stress in animals: a review. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:621-639. [PMID: 35969712 PMCID: PMC9353350 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cortisol and corticosterone, hormones traditionally considered biomarkers of
stress, can be measured in fluid biomatrices (e.g., blood, saliva) from live
animals to evaluate conditions at sampling time, or in solid biomatrices (e.g.,
hair, feather) from live or dead animals to obtain information regarding
long-term changes. Using these biomarkers to evaluate physiological stress
responses in domestic animals may be challenging due to the diverse
characteristics of biomatrices for potential measurement. Ideally, a single
measurement from the biomatrix should be sufficient for evaluating chronic
stress. The availability of appropriate and cost-effective immunoassay methods
for detecting the biomarkers should also be considered. This review discusses
the strengths and limitations of different biomatrices with regard to ensuring
the highest possible reliability for chronic stress evaluation. Overall, solid
biomatrices require less frequent sampling than other biomatrices, resulting in
greater time- and cost-effectiveness, greater ease of use, and fewer errors. The
multiplex immunoassay can be used to analyze interactions and correlations
between cortisol and other stress biomarkers in the same biomatrix. In light of
the lack of information regarding appropriate biomatrices for measuring chronic
stress, this review may help investigators set experimental conditions or design
biological research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ataallahi
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jalil Ghassemi Nejad
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Kyu-Hyun Park
- Department of Animal Industry Convergence, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
de Faria DA, do Prado Paim T, Dos Santos CA, Paiva SR, Nogueira MB, McManus C. Selection signatures for heat tolerance in Brazilian horse breeds. Mol Genet Genomics 2022; 297:449-462. [PMID: 35150300 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-022-01862-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since domestication, horse breeds have adapted to their environments and differentiated from one another. This paper uses two methods to detect selection signatures in 23 horse breeds, eight of which are Brazilian (610 animals), both cold-blooded and warm-blooded, from temperate and tropical regions. These animals were genotyped using the GGP Equine BeadChip and we analysed the data by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The samples were separated into groups based on their geographical area of origin and PCA results studied. The genomic regions under selection were detected by hapFLK and PCAdapt methodologies, identifying six regions under selection with at least one Brazilian horse breed. These regions contain genes associated with heat tolerance, skin colour, body size, energy production/metabolism, genes involved in protein degradation/turnover/DNA repair, genes reducing the impact of oxidative stress/cellular repair, and transcriptional regulation. This work confirmed LCORL and NCAPG gene regions in previous studies associated with body size on Equine Chromosome Autosome 3 (ECA3). On the same ECA3, a region implicating genes linked to coat colour was identified, also previously related to heat stress. Regions with genes coding heat shock proteins were found on ECA1 and 2, and many candidate genes for oxidation-reduction which are a natural response to heat stress. However, a larger sample size and whole-genome SNPs are needed to understand better and identify new candidate regions as well as their functional relation with heat tolerance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Assis de Faria
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Veterinária, Instituto Central de Ciências, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Universidade de Brasília, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Tiago do Prado Paim
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano, Rodovia Sul Goiana, Km 01, Zona Rural, Rio Verde, GO, 75901-970, Brazil
| | - Camila Alves Dos Santos
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Goiano, Rodovia Sul Goiana, Km 01, Zona Rural, Rio Verde, GO, 75901-970, Brazil
| | - Samuel Rezende Paiva
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Final W5 Norte, Brasília, DF, 70770-917, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Bchara Nogueira
- Faculdade de Agronomia e Veterinária, Instituto Central de Ciências, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Universidade de Brasília, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Concepta McManus
- Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Instituto de Biologia, Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Universidade de Brasília, Asa Norte, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Sharma VK, Akavaram S, Bayles DO. Genomewide transcriptional response of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to norepinephrine. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:107. [PMID: 35135480 PMCID: PMC8822769 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08167-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chemical signaling between a mammalian host and intestinal microbes is health and maintenance of ‘healthy’ intestinal microbiota. Escherichia coli O157:H7 can hijack host- and microbiota-produced chemical signals for survival in a harsh and nutritionally competitive gastrointestinal environment and for intestinal colonization. Norepinephrine (NE) produced by sympathetic neurons of the enteric nervous system has been shown in vitro to induce expression of genes controlling E. coli O157:H7 swimming motility, acid resistance, and adherence to epithelial cells. A previous study used a microarray approach to identify differentially expressed genes in E. coli O157:H7 strain EDL933 in response to NE. To elucidate a comprehensive transcriptional response to NE, we performed RNA-Seq on rRNA-depleted RNA of E. coli O157:H7 strain NADC 6564, an isolate of a foodborne E. coli O157:H7 strain 86–24. The reads generated by RNA-Seq were mapped to NADC 6564 genome using HiSat2. The mapped reads were quantified by htseq-count against the genome of strain NADC 6564. The differentially expressed genes were identified by analyzing quantified reads by DESeq2. Results Of the 585 differentially expressed genes (≥ 2.0-fold; p < 0.05), many encoded pathways promoting ability of E. coli O157:H7 strain NADC 6564 to colonize intestines of carrier animals and to produce disease in an incidental human host through increased adherence to epithelial cells and production of Shiga toxins. In addition, NE exposure also induced the expression of genes encoding pathways conferring prolonged survival at extreme acidity, controlling influx/efflux of specific nutrients/metabolites, and modulating tolerance to various stressors. A correlation was also observed between the EvgS/EvgA signal transduction system and the ability of bacterial cells to survive exposure to high acidity for several hours. Many genes involved in nitrogen, sulfur, and amino acid uptake were upregulated while genes linked to iron (Fe3+) acquisition and transport were downregulated. Conclusion The availability of physiological levels of NE in gastrointestinal tract could serve as an important cue for E. coli O157:H7 to engineer its virulence, stress, and metabolic pathways for colonization in reservoir animals, such as cattle, causing illness in humans, and surviving outside of a host. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08167-z.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Sharma
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS-USDA, Ames, IA, 50010, USA.
| | - Suryatej Akavaram
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS-USDA, Ames, IA, 50010, USA.,Current address: 4302 TX-332, Freeport, TX, 77541, USA
| | - Darrell O Bayles
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, ARS-USDA, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Padua FH, Dancy KM, Bergeron R, DeVries TJ. Impact of a Dietary Citrus Extract on the Behavior and Production of Lactating Dairy Cows Following Regrouping: A Preliminary Study. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:773399. [PMID: 35127878 PMCID: PMC8810538 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.773399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of lab animals, humans, and pigs to olfactory sensory feed additives may reduce response to stress and anxiety. The objective of this preliminary study was to determine if feeding a citrus-based olfactory sensory functional feed extract (derived from Citrus sinensis) reduces the negative impact of regrouping of lactating dairy cows. Thirty-two (parity = 2.0 ± 1.2; mean ± SD), mid-lactation Holstein dairy cows (169.8 ± 16.8 DIM) were enrolled as focal cows in this study and housed individually in a tie-stall facility where they were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatment diets: (1) control total mixed ration (TMR) (control; n = 16; primiparous = 7; multiparous = 9), or (2) control TMR with 4 g/d of citrus extract (CE) (Phodé, Terssac, France) (CE; n = 16; primiparous = 7; multiparous = 9). Cows were fed their experimental diets for 7 d in the tie-stall facility (baseline), then moved to 1 of 2 experimental free-stall pens (containing 29 other cows) for a period of 7 d, where they remained on the same treatment diet as before. Compared with their baseline, primiparous control cows had decreased rumination time on d 1 and 2, had decreased lying time on d 1, and tended to have decreased lying time on d 2 and 3 following regrouping. In contrast, primiparous cows fed the CE diet did not experience a change in rumination and lying time. Primiparous CE cows had greater feeding time on d 1 and tended to have greater feeding time on d 2 after regrouping compared to primiparous control cows. Primiparous control cows had greater idle standing time, as compared to the CE cows, across the 7 d after regrouping. Primiparous CE cows initiated less total competitive behavior after regrouping, but were also displaced more frequently from the feed bunk and from the free stalls on d 1 after regrouping, as compared to the primiparous control cows. For multiparous cows, CE supplementation was not consistently associated with any benefits to behavior or production after regrouping, possibly because these cows were more experienced with social stressors. Results indicate that feeding CE to mid-lactation naïve primiparous dairy cows may reduce the initiation of competitive interactions and lessen the reduction in rumination and lying time after regrouping. These results need to be verified in further studies where potential confounding effects (e.g., pen social dynamics, pen location) are minimized.
Collapse
|
21
|
Batista L, Cidrini I, Prados L, Cruz A, Torrecilhas J, Siqueira G, Resende F. A meta-analysis of yeast products for beef cattle under stress conditions: Performance, health and physiological parameters. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
22
|
Liu J, Liu D, Wu X, Pan C, Wang S, Ma L. TMT Quantitative Proteomics Analysis Reveals the Effects of Transport Stress on Iron Metabolism in the Liver of Chicken. Animals (Basel) 2021; 12:ani12010052. [PMID: 35011158 PMCID: PMC8749932 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Transport stress (TS) can impact the physiology and psychology of broilers, and this can be an important factor affecting liver iron metabolism in broilers. By establishing a transport model group, broilers (n = 144) reared under the same conditions were allocated into six groups and transported duration for 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 6 h. The results showed that the enrichment of iron content in the liver was the highest at a transport duration of 4 h, so the effect of transport duration of 4 h on iron metabolism was further investigated using TMT quantitative proteomic analysis. It was found that TS caused the enrichment of iron ions in the liver, TMT identified FTH1, IREB2, and HEPH as key proteins affecting iron metabolism, and key genes regulating iron homeostasis were validated using RT-PCR. Abstract Abnormal iron metabolism can cause oxidative stress in broilers, and transport stress (TS) may potentially influence iron metabolism. However, the mechanisms by which TS affects iron metabolism are unclear. This study used quantitative proteome analysis based on tandem mass tag (TMT) to investigate the effects of TS on liver iron metabolism in broilers. Broilers (n = 24) reared under the same conditions were selected randomly into the transported group for 4 h (T2) and non-transported group (T1). Results showed that the serum iron level and total iron-binding capacity of broilers in the T2 were significantly higher than those in the T1 (p < 0.05). The liver iron content of broilers in the T2 (0.498 ± 0.058 mg·gprot−1) was significantly higher than that in the T1 (0.357 ± 0.035 mg·gprot−1), and the iron-stained sections showed that TS caused the enrichment of iron in the liver. We identified 1139 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Twelve DEPs associated with iron metabolism were identified, of which eight were up-regulated, and four were down-regulated in T2 compared with T1. Prediction of the protein interaction network for DEPs showed that FTH1, IREB2, and HEPH play vital roles in this network. The results provide new insights into the effects of TS on broilers’ liver iron metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China;
| | - Dunhua Liu
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China;
- School of Food & Wine, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China;
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +86-13995288707
| | - Xun Wu
- School of Food & Wine, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China;
| | - Cuili Pan
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (C.P.); (S.W.)
| | - Shuzhe Wang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Ruminant Molecular and Cellular Breeding, School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; (C.P.); (S.W.)
| | - Lu Ma
- Department of Business Management, Shizuishan Institute of Industry and Trade, Shizuishan 753000, China;
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Baruch J, Cernicchiaro N, Cull CA, Lechtenberg KF, Nickell JS, Renter DG. Assessment of bovine respiratory disease progression in calves challenged with bovine herpesvirus 1 and Mannheimia haemolytica using point-of-care and laboratory-based blood leukocyte differential assays. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 5:txab200. [PMID: 34738076 PMCID: PMC8562731 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood leukocyte differentials can be useful for understanding changes associated with bovine respiratory disease (BRD) progression. By improving turnaround time, point-of-care leukocyte differential assays (PCLD) may provide logistical advantages to laboratory-based assays. Our objective was to assess BRD progression in steers challenged with bovine herpesvirus 1 and Mannheimia haemolytica using point-of-care and laboratory-based blood leukocyte differentials. Thirty Holstein steers (average body weight of 211 kg + 2.4 kg) were inoculated intranasally on day 0 with bovine herpesvirus 1 and intrabronchially on day 6 with Mannheimia haemolytica. Blood leukocytes differentials were measured using both assays from study days 0 to 13. Linear mixed models were fitted to evaluate the associations between: (1) the type of assay (laboratory-based or PCLD) with respect to leukocyte, lymphocyte, and neutrophil concentrations; (2) study day with cell concentrations; and (3) cell concentrations with lung consolidation measured at necropsy. Point-of-care leukocyte, lymphocyte, and neutrophil concentrations were significantly associated (P < 0.05) with the respective cell concentrations obtained from the laboratory-based leukocyte differential. Cell concentrations reported by both assays differed significantly (P < 0.05) over time, indicating shifts from healthy to viral and bacterial disease states. Lymphocyte concentrations, lymphocyte/neutrophil ratios obtained from both assays, and band neutrophil concentrations from the laboratory-based assay were significantly associated (P < 0.05) with lung consolidation, enhancing assessments of disease severity. The PCLD may be a useful alternative to assess BRD progression when laboratory-based leukocyte differentials are impractical.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joaquin Baruch
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Natalia Cernicchiaro
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Charley A Cull
- Midwest Veterinary Services, NE, and Veterinary Biomedical Research Center, Oakland, KS 66502, USA
| | - Kelly F Lechtenberg
- Midwest Veterinary Services, NE, and Veterinary Biomedical Research Center, Oakland, KS 66502, USA
| | - Jason S Nickell
- Allflex Livestock Intelligence, a Subsidiary of Merck Animal Health, Madison, WI 66018, USA
| | - David G Renter
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.,Center for Outcomes Research and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bomfim GF, Merighe GKF, de Oliveira SA, Negrao JA. Acute and chronic effects of cortisol on milk yield, the expression of key receptors, and apoptosis of mammary epithelial cells in Saanen goats. J Dairy Sci 2021; 105:818-830. [PMID: 34756435 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cortisol (CORT) induces mammary development in late gestation and is fundamental to the differentiation of mammary epithelial cells and lactogenesis. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between CORT, insulin, prolactin, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor-1 in milk as well as the effect of CORT on the expression of receptors of insulin (INSR), prolactin (PRLR), growth hormone (GHR); we also studied the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1R), glucocorticoid (NR3C1), mineralocorticoid (NR3C2), B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2), BCL-2-like protein X (BAX) genes, and the apoptosis rate of mammary epithelial cells of lactating Saanen goats in vivo and in vitro. The following experiments were conducted: (1) comparing hormone release in milk and blood after ACTH or a placebo administration; (2) evaluating the effect of acute CORT increases in mammary gland expression and milk yield in vivo; and (3) evaluating the effect of a chronic increase in CORT concentration in epithelial mammary cell apoptosis in vitro. In vivo, ACTH administration significantly increased CORT release but did not affect insulin, prolactin, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor-1 release in plasma and milk versus placebo. The results show also that a low CORT release after ACTH administration increased the expression of GHR and PRLR genes in the mammary tissue. Indeed, CORT release significantly increased the milk yield from goats subjected to ACTH versus goats subjected to the placebo. However, a higher amount of CORT added in vitro upregulated the NR3C1, GHR, PRLR, and BAX genes and downregulated the IGF1R and INSR genes, which could negatively modulate the apoptosis of mammary epithelial cells. Finally, the effect of CORT in vivo after ACTH administration demonstrated the increased expression of the PRLR and GHR genes, which may improve epithelial cell responsiveness and be associated with the positive effect of CORT observed on milk yield at mid-end lactation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G F Bomfim
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900 Brazil
| | - G K F Merighe
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900 Brazil
| | - S A de Oliveira
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900 Brazil
| | - J A Negrao
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA), University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, SP, 13635-900 Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Fuentes S, Gonzalez Viejo C, Tongson E, Lipovetzky N, Dunshea FR. Biometric Physiological Responses from Dairy Cows Measured by Visible Remote Sensing Are Good Predictors of Milk Productivity and Quality through Artificial Intelligence. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21206844. [PMID: 34696059 PMCID: PMC8541531 DOI: 10.3390/s21206844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
New and emerging technologies, especially those based on non-invasive video and thermal infrared cameras, can be readily tested on robotic milking facilities. In this research, implemented non-invasive computer vision methods to estimate cow's heart rate, respiration rate, and abrupt movements captured using RGB cameras and machine learning modelling to predict eye temperature, milk production and quality are presented. RGB and infrared thermal videos (IRTV) were acquired from cows using a robotic milking facility. Results from 102 different cows with replicates (n = 150) showed that an artificial neural network (ANN) model using only inputs from RGB cameras presented high accuracy (R = 0.96) in predicting eye temperature (°C), using IRTV as ground truth, daily milk productivity (kg-milk-day-1), cow milk productivity (kg-milk-cow-1), milk fat (%) and milk protein (%) with no signs of overfitting. The ANN model developed was deployed using an independent 132 cow samples obtained on different days, which also rendered high accuracy and was similar to the model development (R = 0.93). This model can be easily applied using affordable RGB camera systems to obtain all the proposed targets, including eye temperature, which can also be used to model animal welfare and biotic/abiotic stress. Furthermore, these models can be readily deployed in conventional dairy farms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sigfredo Fuentes
- Digital Agriculture Food and Wine Group, School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (C.G.V.); (E.T.); (F.R.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Claudia Gonzalez Viejo
- Digital Agriculture Food and Wine Group, School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (C.G.V.); (E.T.); (F.R.D.)
| | - Eden Tongson
- Digital Agriculture Food and Wine Group, School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (C.G.V.); (E.T.); (F.R.D.)
| | - Nir Lipovetzky
- School of Computing and Information Systems, Melbourne School of Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Frank R. Dunshea
- Digital Agriculture Food and Wine Group, School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (C.G.V.); (E.T.); (F.R.D.)
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wisnieski L, Amrine DE, Renter DG. Predictive modeling of bovine respiratory disease outcomes in feedlot cattle: A narrative review. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
27
|
García-Torres S, Cabeza de Vaca M, Tejerina D, Romero-Fernández MP, Ortiz A, Franco D, Sentandreu MA, Oliván M. Assessment of Stress by Serum Biomarkers in Calves and Their Relationship to Ultimate pH as an Indicator of Meat Quality. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082291. [PMID: 34438748 PMCID: PMC8388433 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The routine handling of cattle during the rearing period and during antemortem events is an inevitable source of animal stress that can have negative impacts on the quality of meat, resulting in economic losses for the meat industry. This study assesses the breed, the farm management system, and the pre-mortem handling of animals and their impact on serum stress biomarkers, as well as their relationship with pHu. The findings indicate that breed, together with farm management, had the highest impact; cortisol, lactate, and serum amyloid A were identified as potential stress biomarkers in relation to pHu. We believe that these findings might help in the assessment of stress in cattle at the stage prior to slaughter. Abstract Seventy-eight calves from Asturiana de los Valles, Retinta, and Rubia Gallega breeds, under extensive and intensive farm systems and animal mixing and non-mixing conditions, and during the transport and lairage in slaughterhouses, were studied. This research aimed to study the effect of breed, farm system and mixing conditions on serum biomarkers (cortisol, lactate, glucose, serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, and C-reactive protein) and their relationship with pHu at slaughter time, and to evaluate the response of the serum biomarkers of calves throughout fattening period. Moreover, this study aims to evaluate the response of the biomarkers in each breed during the fattening period. At slaughter time, cortisol and lactate were affected by BreedxFarm; Retinta showed the opposite pattern to the others and revealed the highest glucose in extensive farm systems. Rubia Gallega in mixing revealed the highest Amyloid A and haptoglobin. Extensive calves in mixing conditions showed the highest glucose. There was a relationship among the variables cortisol, lactate, Amyloid A, and pHu. Slaughter time was a major stressor, and the stress response was mainly affected by breed. At slaughter, several biomarkers should be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susana García-Torres
- Meat Quality Area, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Extremadura (CICYTEX-La Orden), Extremadura Regional Council, 06187 Guadajira, Badajoz, Spain; (M.C.d.V.); (D.T.); (M.P.R.-F.); (A.O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - María Cabeza de Vaca
- Meat Quality Area, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Extremadura (CICYTEX-La Orden), Extremadura Regional Council, 06187 Guadajira, Badajoz, Spain; (M.C.d.V.); (D.T.); (M.P.R.-F.); (A.O.)
| | - David Tejerina
- Meat Quality Area, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Extremadura (CICYTEX-La Orden), Extremadura Regional Council, 06187 Guadajira, Badajoz, Spain; (M.C.d.V.); (D.T.); (M.P.R.-F.); (A.O.)
| | - María Pilar Romero-Fernández
- Meat Quality Area, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Extremadura (CICYTEX-La Orden), Extremadura Regional Council, 06187 Guadajira, Badajoz, Spain; (M.C.d.V.); (D.T.); (M.P.R.-F.); (A.O.)
| | - Alberto Ortiz
- Meat Quality Area, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas de Extremadura (CICYTEX-La Orden), Extremadura Regional Council, 06187 Guadajira, Badajoz, Spain; (M.C.d.V.); (D.T.); (M.P.R.-F.); (A.O.)
| | - Daniel Franco
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Av. de Galicia Nº 4, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, 32900 San Cibrao das Viñas, Ourense, Spain;
| | - Miguel Angel Sentandreu
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Avenida Agustín Escardino, 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain;
| | - Mamen Oliván
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Ctra AS-267 PK19, 33300 Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nawaz AH, Amoah K, Leng QY, Zheng JH, Zhang WL, Zhang L. Poultry Response to Heat Stress: Its Physiological, Metabolic, and Genetic Implications on Meat Production and Quality Including Strategies to Improve Broiler Production in a Warming World. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:699081. [PMID: 34368284 PMCID: PMC8342923 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.699081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous increase in poultry production over the last decades to meet the high growing demand and provide food security has attracted much concern due to the recent negative impacts of the most challenging environmental stressor, heat stress (HS), on birds. The poultry industry has responded by adopting different environmental strategies such as the use of environmentally controlled sheds and modern ventilation systems. However, such strategies are not long-term solutions and it cost so much for farmers to practice. The detrimental effects of HS include the reduction in growth, deterioration of meat quality as it reduces water-holding capacity, pH and increases drip loss in meat consequently changing the normal color, taste and texture of chicken meat. HS causes poor meat quality by impairing protein synthesis and augmenting undesirable fat in meat. Studies previously conducted show that HS negatively affects the skeletal muscle growth and development by changing its effects on myogenic regulatory factors, insulin growth factor-1, and heat-shock proteins. The focus of this article is in 3-fold: (1) to identify the mechanism of heat stress that causes meat production and quality loss in chicken; (2) to discuss the physiological, metabolic and genetic changes triggered by HS causing setback to the world poultry industry; (3) to identify the research gaps to be addressed in future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali H Nawaz
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Kwaku Amoah
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High-Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Qi Y Leng
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jia H Zheng
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Wei L Zhang
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Stachowicz J, Umstätter C. Do we automatically detect health- or general welfare-related issues? A framework. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210190. [PMID: 33975474 PMCID: PMC8113903 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The early detection of health disorders is a central goal in livestock production. Thus, a great demand for technologies enabling the automated detection of such issues exists. However, despite decades of research, precision livestock farming (PLF) technologies with sufficient accuracy and ready for implementation on commercial farms are rare. A central factor impeding technological development is likely the use of non-specific indicators for various issues. On commercial farms, where animals are exposed to changing environmental conditions, where they undergo different internal states and, most importantly, where they can be challenged by more than one issue at a time, such an approach leads inevitably to errors. To improve the accuracy of PLF technologies, the presented framework proposes a categorization of the aim of detection of issues related to general welfare, disease and distress and defined disease. Each decision level provides a different degree of information and therefore requires indicators varying in specificity. Based on these considerations, it becomes apparent that while most technologies aim to detect a defined health issue, they facilitate only the identification of issues related to general welfare. To achieve detection of specific issues, new indicators such as rhythmicity patterns of behaviour or physiological processes should be examined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Stachowicz
- Research Division on Competitiveness and System Evaluation, Agroscope, Tänikon 1, 8356 Ettenhausen, Switzerland
| | - Christina Umstätter
- Research Division on Competitiveness and System Evaluation, Agroscope, Tänikon 1, 8356 Ettenhausen, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Creamer M, Horback K. Researching Human-Cattle Interaction on Rangelands: Challenges and Potential Solutions. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030725. [PMID: 33799955 PMCID: PMC8000822 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Research investigating the influence of human-animal interactions on beef cattle production and welfare often occurs during stress-inducing contexts, such as restraint and transport. Given that beef cattle which graze on expansive rangelands do not frequently interact with humans, assessment of animal response to humans may be inaccurate if they are only recorded during such stressful context. Future research aimed at identifying the causes and impacts of individual human–cattle relationships may consider conducting experiments while the cattle are in a low stress context, such as while ruminating, resting, or, grazing. By adapting methods used to research wildlife response to humans, researchers may be able to better understand how animal personality and previous experience can influence cattle production and welfare. Abstract Human-animal interaction (HAI) research spans across many scientific fields and animal taxa. For livestock species, HAI research tends to focus on animals that are managed in close proximity with humans such as poultry, dairy cattle, and swine. Given the nature of rangeland cattle production, HAI research with beef cattle often occurs in and around the processing environment. This high arousal context may skew behavioral and physiological responses by the animals due to the potentially negative interaction. The aim of this review is to describe cattle production on rangelands, examine the considerations and limitations of current HAI research used to evaluate interaction quality or traits of rangeland cattle, identify contexts in which rangeland cattle interact with humans, and provide recommendations for improving future HAI research with rangeland cattle. Current research delineating individual differences in response to humans by beef cattle occur during routine husbandry and management on rangelands (pragmatic) and in a research context (experimental). Human-cattle interactions can be distinguished based on the quality and goal of the interaction into four broad categories: human presence, human approach, human contact, and restraint. Limitations of HAI research with rangeland cattle are identified and reconciled by recommendations for HAI research that can take place outside of the processing environment (i.e., while cattle are ruminating, resting or grazing on rangelands).
Collapse
|
31
|
Naranjo-Gómez JS, Uribe-García HF, Herrera-Sánchez MP, Lozano-Villegas KJ, Rodríguez-Hernández R, Rondón-Barragán IS. Heat stress on cattle embryo: gene regulation and adaptation. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06570. [PMID: 33869831 PMCID: PMC8035499 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Global warming has been affecting animal husbandry and farming production worldwide via changes in organisms and their habitats. In the tropics, these conditions are adverse for agriculture and animal production in some areas, due to high temperatures and relative humidity, affecting competitiveness related to economic activities. These environments have deteriorated livestock production, due to periods of drought, reduction in forage quality and heat stress, eliciting negative effects on reproduction, weight gain, and reduced meat and milk production. However, the use of animals adapted to tropics such as breeds derived from subspecies Bos primigenius indicus and native breeds from tropical countries or their crossings, is an alternative to improve production under high-temperature conditions. Therefore, physiological adaptation including gene expression induced by heat stress have been studied to understand the response of animals and to improve cross-breeding between cattle breeds to maintain high productivity in adverse weather conditions. Heat stress has been associated with lower reproductive performance in cows, due to the impact on blastocyst production, decreased implantation and increased embryonic death. Thus, for decades, in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer techniques have focused on studying the optimal conditions for production of high-quality embryos to transfer. The aim of this review is to discuss the effects of heat stress in bovine embryos, and their physiological and genetic modulation, focusing on the genes that are related with major adaptability to heat stress conditions and their relationship with different embryonic stages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sebastian Naranjo-Gómez
- Research Group in Immunobiology and Pathogenesis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of Tolima, Altos of Santa Helena, A.A 546, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Heinner Fabián Uribe-García
- Research Group in Immunobiology and Pathogenesis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of Tolima, Altos of Santa Helena, A.A 546, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - María Paula Herrera-Sánchez
- Research Group in Immunobiology and Pathogenesis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of Tolima, Altos of Santa Helena, A.A 546, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Kelly Johanna Lozano-Villegas
- Research Group in Immunobiology and Pathogenesis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of Tolima, Altos of Santa Helena, A.A 546, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Roy Rodríguez-Hernández
- Poultry Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of Tolima, Altos of Santa Helena, A.A 546, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Iang Schroniltgen Rondón-Barragán
- Research Group in Immunobiology and Pathogenesis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of Tolima, Altos of Santa Helena, A.A 546, Ibagué, Colombia
- Poultry Research Group, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of Tolima, Altos of Santa Helena, A.A 546, Ibagué, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Fernandez-Novo A, Pérez-Garnelo SS, Villagrá A, Pérez-Villalobos N, Astiz S. The Effect of Stress on Reproduction and Reproductive Technologies in Beef Cattle-A Review. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E2096. [PMID: 33187308 PMCID: PMC7697448 DOI: 10.3390/ani10112096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Researchers have contributed by increasing our understanding of the factors affecting reproduction in beef, mainly physical health and nutrition aspects, which have been main concerns during decades. Animal welfare is of outmost relevance in all animal production systems and it is strongly associated to stress. Stress responses involve endocrine, paracrine and neural systems and the consequences of this stress on the reproductive efficiency of specifically, beef cattle and bulls, need to be highlighted. We, therefore, describe the fundamentals of stress and its quantification, focusing in beef herds, reviewing the highly valuable pieces of research, already implemented in this field. We examine major factors (stressors) contributing to stress in beef cattle and their effects on the animals, their reproductive performance and the success of reproductive biotechnologies. We include terms such as acclimatization, acclimation or temperament, very relevant in beef systems. We examine specifically the management stress due to handling, social environment and hierarchy or weaning effects; nutritional stress; and thermal stress (not only heat stress) and also review the influence of these stressors on reproductive performance and effectiveness of reproductive biotechnologies in beef herds. A final message on the attention that should be devoted to these factors is highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aitor Fernandez-Novo
- Bovitecnia, Veterinary Consulting, C/Arévalo 5, Colmenar Viejo, 28770 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Sonia S. Pérez-Garnelo
- Animal Reproduction Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Avda, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Arantxa Villagrá
- Centro de Tecnología Animal—Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (CITA-IVIA), Polígono La Esperanza 100, 12400 Segorbe, Spain;
| | - Natividad Pérez-Villalobos
- Facultad de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/Tajo s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Susana Astiz
- Animal Reproduction Department, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Avda, Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Francisco CL, Castilhos AM, Silva DC, Silva FM, Meirelles PR, Cooke RF, Jorge AM. Temperament of Nelore growing-steers receiving supplementation in grazing system: Performance, ultrasound measures, feeding behavior, and serum parameters. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
34
|
The Impact of Different Sounds on Stress Level in the Context of EEG, Cardiac Measures and Subjective Stress Level: A Pilot Study. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10100728. [PMID: 33066109 PMCID: PMC7601981 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10100728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Everyone experiences stress at certain times in their lives. This feeling can motivate, however, if it persists for a prolonged period, it leads to negative changes in the human body. Stress is characterized, among other things, by increased blood pressure, increased pulse and decreased alpha-frequency brainwave activity. An overview of the literature indicates that music therapy can be an effective and inexpensive method of improving these factors. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of various types of music on stress level in subjects. The conducted experiment involved nine females, aged 22. All participants were healthy and did not have any neurological or psychiatric disorders. The test included four types of audio stimuli: silence (control sample), rap, relaxing music and music triggering an autonomous sensory meridian response (ASMR) phenomenon. The impact of individual sound types was assessed using data obtained from four sources: a fourteen-channel electroencephalograph, a blood pressure monitor, a pulsometer and participant’s subjective stress perception. The conclusions from the conducted study indicate that rap music negatively affects the reduction of stress level compared to the control group (p < 0.05), whereas relaxing music and ASMR calms subjects much faster than silence (p < 0.05).
Collapse
|
35
|
Transforming the Adaptation Physiology of Farm Animals through Sensors. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091512. [PMID: 32859060 PMCID: PMC7552204 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Strategy for the protection and welfare of farm animals, and the sustainable animal production is dependent on the thorough understanding of the adaptation physiology. Real-time, continuous, and precise measurement of the multi-dimensions and complex intricacies of adaptive capacity of farm animals namely the mental, behavioral, and physiological states are possible only through the sensor-based approaches. This paper critically reviews the latest sensor technologies as assessment tools for the adaptation physiology of farm animals and explores their advantages over traditional measurement methods. Digital innovation, diagnostics, genetic testing, biosensors, and wearable animal devices are important tools that enable the development of decision support farming platforms and provides the path for predicting diseases in livestock. Sensor fusion data from a multitude of biochemical, emotional, and physiological functions of the farm animals not only helps to identify the most productive animal but also allows farmers to predict which individual animal may have greater resilience to common diseases. Insights into the cost of adoption of sensor technologies on farms including computing capacity, human resources in training, and the sensor hardware are being discussed. Abstract Despite recent scientific advancements, there is a gap in the use of technology to measure signals, behaviors, and processes of adaptation physiology of farm animals. Sensors present exciting opportunities for sustained, real-time, non-intrusive measurement of farm animal behavioral, mental, and physiological parameters with the integration of nanotechnology and instrumentation. This paper critically reviews the sensing technology and sensor data-based models used to explore biological systems such as animal behavior, energy metabolism, epidemiology, immunity, health, and animal reproduction. The use of sensor technology to assess physiological parameters can provide tremendous benefits and tools to overcome and minimize production losses while making positive contributions to animal welfare. Of course, sensor technology is not free from challenges; these devices are at times highly sensitive and prone to damage from dirt, dust, sunlight, color, fur, feathers, and environmental forces. Rural farmers unfamiliar with the technologies must be convinced and taught to use sensor-based technologies in farming and livestock management. While there is no doubt that demand will grow for non-invasive sensor-based technologies that require minimum contact with animals and can provide remote access to data, their true success lies in the acceptance of these technologies by the livestock industry.
Collapse
|
36
|
Del Corvo M, Bongiorni S, Stefanon B, Sgorlon S, Valentini A, Ajmone Marsan P, Chillemi G. Genome-Wide DNA Methylation and Gene Expression Profiles in Cows Subjected to Different Stress Level as Assessed by Cortisol in Milk. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11080850. [PMID: 32722461 PMCID: PMC7464205 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dairy cattle health, wellbeing and productivity are deeply affected by stress. Its influence on metabolism and immune response is well known, but the underlying epigenetic mechanisms require further investigation. In this study, we compared DNA methylation and gene expression signatures between two dairy cattle populations falling in the high- and low-variant tails of the distribution of milk cortisol concentration (MC), a neuroendocrine marker of stress in dairy cows. Reduced Representation Bisulfite Sequencing was used to obtain a methylation map from blood samples of these animals. The high and low groups exhibited similar amounts of methylated CpGs, while we found differences among non-CpG sites. Significant methylation changes were detected in 248 genes. We also identified significant fold differences in the expression of 324 genes. KEGG and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis showed that genes of both groups act together in several pathways, such as nervous system activity, immune regulatory functions and glucocorticoid metabolism. These preliminary results suggest that, in livestock, cortisol secretion could act as a trigger for epigenetic regulation and that peripheral changes in methylation can provide an insight into central nervous system functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Del Corvo
- Department of Animal Science Food and Nutrition—DIANA, Nutrigenomics and Proteomics Research Centre—PRONUTRIGEN, and Biodiversity and Ancient DNA Research Centre, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy;
- Istituto di Biologia e BiotecnologiaAgraria, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Silvia Bongiorni
- Department of Ecological and Biological sciences DEB, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy;
| | - Bruno Stefanon
- Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal Science–University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (B.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Sandy Sgorlon
- Department of Agrifood, Environmental and Animal Science–University of Udine, 33100 Udine, Italy; (B.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Alessio Valentini
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems DIBAF, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (A.V.); (G.C.)
| | - Paolo Ajmone Marsan
- Department of Animal Science Food and Nutrition—DIANA, Nutrigenomics and Proteomics Research Centre—PRONUTRIGEN, and Biodiversity and Ancient DNA Research Centre, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Chillemi
- Department for Innovation in Biological, Agro-food and Forest systems DIBAF, University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, Italy; (A.V.); (G.C.)
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, IBIOM, CNR, 70126 Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Barreiro-Vázquez JD, Barreiro-Lois A, Miranda M. Ultrasonography of Normal Adrenal Glands in Adult Holstein-Friesian Cows: A Pilot Study. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10071171. [PMID: 32664212 PMCID: PMC7401516 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultrasonographic reference values for the adrenal glands of cattle have not been reported to date. Adrenal glands can be affected by different pathologies, such as hyperplasia, neoplasia and atrophy (either primary or secondary). The present findings indicate that the right adrenal gland can be easily characterized by transabdominal ultrasound in adult Holstein-Friesian cows, with no apparent influence of age or weight. The right adrenal gland (mean length 3.86 ± 1.39 cm; and mean thickness 1.39 ± 0.26 cm) was consistently and mainly located in the 12th intercostal space. The left adrenal gland was more difficult to locate due to its more medial position, and to the presence of gas in the gastrointestinal tract, so it could not be visualized in most animals (18/25). Its mean length was 3.72 ± 0.95 cm, and mean thickness was 1.36 ± 0.33 cm, in the sagittal section. This is the first report of the ultrasonographic appearance of the adrenal glands of cows and of the corresponding reference preliminary values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. Daniel Barreiro-Vázquez
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (J.D.B.-V.); (A.B.-L.)
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital “Rof-Codina”, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Andrés Barreiro-Lois
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (J.D.B.-V.); (A.B.-L.)
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital “Rof-Codina”, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Marta Miranda
- Department of Anatomy, Animal Production and Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (J.D.B.-V.); (A.B.-L.)
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital “Rof-Codina”, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-98-2822-615
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Cuthbertson H, Tarr G, Loudon K, Lomax S, White P, McGreevy P, Polkinghorne R, González LA. Using infrared thermography on farm of origin to predict meat quality and physiological response in cattle (Bos Taurus) exposed to transport and marketing. Meat Sci 2020; 169:108173. [PMID: 32590276 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2020.108173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is used as an indicator of animals' response to external stimuli and thus it could potentially be used as an indicator or poor animal welfare and meat quality. Remote monitoring of temperature can be achieved using infrared thermography (IRT) at the farm of origin before animals are sent to slaughter. Relationships between temperatures of cattle measured using IRT on-farm and potential indicators of stress and meat quality were investigated in 481 cattle in 2 experiments, one with sea transport and another with land transport. On-farm measurements included IRT and behavioural assessment of temperament along with measurement of physiological indicators of stress and carcass traits post-mortem. Significant correlations were found between IRT and meat pH, meat colour, creatine kinase, glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, magnesium, and temperament (P < .05). That said, these correlations did not persist across both experiments. Current findings suggest that on-farm IRT could have the potential to assist with the detection of compromised animal welfare and predict meat quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly Cuthbertson
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia.
| | - Garth Tarr
- The University of Sydney, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Darlington, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Kate Loudon
- Murdoch University, School of Veterinary & Life Sciences, WA 6150. Australia
| | - Sabrina Lomax
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Peter White
- The University of Sydney, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Paul McGreevy
- The University of Sydney, School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | - Luciano A González
- The University of Sydney, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Jurkovich V, Bakony M, Laky E, Ruff F, Kézér FL, Bende A, Kovács L. Cardiac vagal tone, plasma cortisol, and dehydroepiandrosterone response to an ACTH challenge in lame and nonlame dairy cows. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2020; 71:106388. [PMID: 31821929 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.106388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We studied the adrenocortical and vagal tone responses to a single ACTH challenge in lame (n = 9) vs nonlame (n = 9) dairy cows. Cows were paired according to parity, days in milk, and milk yield. Plasma cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone concentrations and cardiac vagal tone response (high-frequency component of heart rate variability) were compared after intravenous ACTH administration. Baseline, minimum or maximum, amplitude of the response and area under the response curve were compared. No difference was detected between groups in the cortisol response. Dehydroepiandrosterone was irresponsive to ACTH treatment, and concentrations did not differ between lame and nonlame cows. Vagal tone decreased in response to the ACTH treatment. High frequency component of heart rate variability was lower in the lame group at all sampling times. Lameness was associated with delayed return to baseline. We concluded that the adrenal response capacity is not influenced by lameness, which supports the concept of lameness being a chronic intermittent rather than a chronically persistent stressor. Dehydroepiandrosterone concentrations were not proven to be useful indicators of hypothalamus-pituitary axis dysfunction in cattle. A decreased vagal contribution to heart rate variability-possibly coupled with increased sympathetic modulation-was observed in lame cows, which suggests that lameness affects the mechanisms underlying the action of ACTH on cardiovascular activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Jurkovich
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Herd Health and Mobile Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest 1078, Hungary.
| | - M Bakony
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Herd Health and Mobile Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest 1078, Hungary
| | - E Laky
- Department of Animal Hygiene, Herd Health and Mobile Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest 1078, Hungary
| | - F Ruff
- Department of Methodology, Hungarian Central Statistical Office, Budapest 1024, Hungary
| | - F L Kézér
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Szent István University, Gödöllő 2100, Hungary
| | - A Bende
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Szent István University, Gödöllő 2100, Hungary
| | - L Kovács
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Science, Szent István University, Gödöllő 2100, Hungary; Research Institute for Animal Breeding, Nutrition and Meat Science, Herceghalom 2053, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Díaz F, Díaz-Luis A, Sierra V, Diñeiro Y, González P, García-Torres S, Tejerina D, Romero-Fernández M, Cabeza de Vaca M, Coto-Montes A, Oliván M. What functional proteomic and biochemical analysis tell us about animal stress in beef? J Proteomics 2020; 218:103722. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
41
|
Robertson AJ, Scruten E, Mostajeran M, Robertson T, Denomy C, Hogan D, Roesler A, Rutherford C, Kusalik A, Griebel P, Napper S. Kinome Analysis of Honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) Dark-Eyed Pupae Identifies Biomarkers and Mechanisms of Tolerance to Varroa Mite Infestation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2117. [PMID: 32034205 PMCID: PMC7005721 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58927-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The mite Varroa destructor is a serious threat to honeybee populations. Selective breeding for Varroa mite tolerance could be accelerated by biomarkers within individual bees that could be applied to evaluate a colony phenotype. Previously, we demonstrated differences in kinase-mediated signaling between bees from colonies of extreme phenotypes of mite susceptibility. We expand these findings by defining a panel of 19 phosphorylation events that differ significantly between individual pupae from multiple colonies with distinct Varroa mite tolerant phenotypes. The predictive capacity of these biomarkers was evaluated by analyzing uninfested pupae from eight colonies representing a spectrum of mite tolerance. The pool of biomarkers effectively discriminated individual pupae on the basis of colony susceptibility to mite infestation. Kinome analysis of uninfested pupae from mite tolerant colonies highlighted an increased innate immune response capacity. The implication that differences in innate immunity contribute to mite susceptibility is supported by the observation that induction of innate immune signaling responses to infestation is compromised in pupae of the susceptible colonies. Collectively, biomarkers within individual pupae that are predictive of the susceptibility of colonies to mite infestation could provide a molecular tool for selective breeding of tolerant colonies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin Scruten
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Tom Robertson
- Meadow Ridge Enterprises Ltd., Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Connor Denomy
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Daniel Hogan
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Anna Roesler
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Anthony Kusalik
- Department of Computer Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Philip Griebel
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Scott Napper
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ujita A, Ribeiro Vicentini R, Pereira Lima ML, Negrão JA, de Oliveira Fernandes L, Penido Oliveira A, Veroneze R, El Faro Zadra L. Improvements in the behaviour of Gir dairy cows after training with brushing. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2020.1754217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aska Ujita
- Instituto de Zootecnia, Centro APTA Gado de Corte, Sertãozinho, Brazil
| | | | | | - João Alberto Negrão
- Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Ciências Básicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, Brazil
| | | | | | - Renata Veroneze
- Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Uberaba, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
de la Cruz-Cruz L, Orozco-Gregorio H, Vargas-Romero J, Hernández-Arteaga S, Sánchez-Salcedo J, González-Hernández M, Ballesteros-Rodea G, Roldán-Santiago P, Bonilla-Jaime H. Physiological responses in weaned water buffalo calves with different separation strategies. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.103892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
44
|
Wei Y, Li W, Meng X, Zhang L, Shen M, Liu H. Corticosterone Injection Impairs Follicular Development, Ovulation and Steroidogenesis Capacity in Mice Ovary. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:ani9121047. [PMID: 31795468 PMCID: PMC6941055 DOI: 10.3390/ani9121047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Researchers have hitherto established hundreds of animal stress models. However, these models have some limitations due to the complexity in operation and large differences between individual animals. In particular, there are few stress models that are specifically applied in mammalian ovaries. In this study, using intraperitoneal injection of cortisol/corticosterone (CORT), we successfully established a stress model that acts on the ovarian function. Our data showed that CORT inhibits ovarian and follicular development and blocks ovulation. The establishment of this model might provide a living platform for studying ovarian stress in future research. Abstract The aim of this study is to establish an ovarian stress model, and to investigate the effects of stress on follicular development. Our data showed that continuous intraperitoneal injection of CORT successfully created a stressful environment in the ovary. To assess the effects of CORT on ovarian functions, 80 three-week-old ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) female mice were randomly divided into control group and treatment group. All mice were injected intraperitoneally with pregnant horse serum gonadotropin (PMSG). At the same time, the treatment group were injected with CORT (1 mg/mouse) at intervals of 8 h; while the control group was injected with same volume of methyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Blood, ovaries, or ovarian granulosa cell samples were collected at 24 h, 48 h, and 55 h after PMSG injection. The results showed that, compared with the control group, CORT-injected mice revealed a significant decrease in ovulation rates, ovarian weight, ovarian index, the number of secondary follicles and mature follicles, levels of estrogen and progesterone, and mRNA expression of steroid synthase-related genes. Collectively, our findings clearly demonstrated that CORT injection could represent an effective practice to simulate stresses that inhibit ovarian functions by reducing follicular development and ovulation.
Collapse
|
45
|
Gonzalez-Rivas PA, Chauhan SS, Ha M, Fegan N, Dunshea FR, Warner RD. Effects of heat stress on animal physiology, metabolism, and meat quality: A review. Meat Sci 2019; 162:108025. [PMID: 31841730 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.108025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress is one of the most stressful events in the life of livestock with harmful consequences for animal health, productivity and product quality. Ruminants, pigs and poultry are susceptible to heat stress due to their rapid metabolic rate and growth, high level of production, and species-specific characteristics such as rumen fermentation, sweating impairment, and skin insulation. Acute heat stress immediately before slaughter stimulates muscle glycogenolysis and can result in pale, soft and exudative (PSE) meat characterized by low water holding capacity (WHC). By contrast, animals subjected to chronic heat stress, have reduced muscle glycogen stores resulting in dark, firm and dry (DFD) meat with high ultimate pH and high WHC. Furthermore, heat stress leads to oxidative stress, lipid and protein oxidation, and reduced shelf life and food safety due to bacterial growth and shedding. This review discusses the scientific evidence regarding the effects of heat stress on livestock physiology and metabolism, and their consequences for meat quality and safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula A Gonzalez-Rivas
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Surinder S Chauhan
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Minh Ha
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Narelle Fegan
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Frank R Dunshea
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Robyn D Warner
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Inbaraj S, Sejian V, Ramasamy S. Role of environmental stressor-host immune system–pathogen interactions in development of infectious disease in farm animals. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2019.1695084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Inbaraj
- Division of Bacteriology and Mycology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, India
| | - Veerasamy Sejian
- Animal Physiology Division, ICAR-National Institute Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Bengaluru, India
| | - Santhamani Ramasamy
- Department of microbiology and immunology, Post-doctoral research fellow, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Rezazadeh F, Kowsar R, Rafiee H, Riasi A. Fermentation of soybean meal improves growth performance and immune response of abruptly weaned Holstein calves during cold weather. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.114206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
48
|
Jorquera-Chavez M, Fuentes S, Dunshea FR, Jongman EC, Warner RD. Computer vision and remote sensing to assess physiological responses of cattle to pre-slaughter stress, and its impact on beef quality: A review. Meat Sci 2019; 156:11-22. [PMID: 31121361 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Pre-slaughter stress is well-known to affect meat quality of beef carcasses and methods have been developed to assess this stress. However, development of more practical and less invasive methods are required in order to assess the response of cattle to pre-slaughter stressors, which will potentially also assist with the prediction of beef quality. This review outlines the importance of pre-slaughter stress as well as existing and emerging technologies for quantification of the pre-slaughter stress. The review includes; i) indicators of meat quality and how they are affected by pre-slaughter stress in cattle, ii) contact techniques that have been commonly used to measure stress indicators in animals, iii) remotely sensed imagery techniques recently used as non-invasive methods to monitor physiological and behavioural parameters and iv) potential implementation of remotely sensed imagery data to perform contactless assessment of physiological measurements, which could be related to the pre-slaughter stress, as well as to the indicators of beef quality. Relevance to industry, conclusions and recommendations for research are included.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jorquera-Chavez
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia.
| | - Sigfredo Fuentes
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Frank R Dunshea
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ellen C Jongman
- Animal Welfare Science Centre, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Robyn D Warner
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Mir RA, Kleinhenz MD, Coetzee JF, Allen HK, Kudva IT. Fecal microbiota changes associated with dehorning and castration stress primarily affects light-weight dairy calves. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210203. [PMID: 30673718 PMCID: PMC6344101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiota and stress can impact animal health. Studies have shown that perturbations in the GIT microbiota can influence host health and productivity by affecting physiological homeostasis, metabolism, hematopoiesis and inflammation. The present study aimed to evaluate possible effects of dehorning and castration stress on the GIT microbiota of dairy calves. Dehorning and castration are routinely performed on over 90% of dairy farms, and analgesics like flunixin meglumine (FLU) are given at the time of these procedures to reduce pain. We analyzed fecal microbiota of 24 weaned male dairy calves at two different stages in their life (at 10 weeks for dehorning and 36 weeks age for castration) to determine any GIT microbiota changes due to these stressful procedures and the FLU treatment. Dehorning was performed using an electrocautery dehorner applied to the horn for 10 seconds, and surgical castration was used as the castration method. Our analysis showed that the Shannon diversity index was significantly higher in animals that were not dehorned compared to dehorned animals. Castration stress also resulted in a significant decrease in Shannon diversity index, which was more pronounced in lower weight calves. Body weight and stress had significant effects on the taxonomic profiles of the GIT microbiota. There was a significant difference in the GIT bacterial community structure between heavy- and light-weight calves at Day 3 after castration but not at Day 0 (prior to castration). Our results indicate that dehorning and castration stress reduced microbial diversity of the GIT microbiota, but only in light-weight calves. This work is important for elucidating biological effects of stress on dairy calves and identifying potential modulation points in the microbiota of these food-producing animals to improve animal health and production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raies A Mir
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U S Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), ARS Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Michael D Kleinhenz
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa.,Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Johann F Coetzee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Heather K Allen
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U S Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa
| | - Indira T Kudva
- Food Safety and Enteric Pathogens Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, U S Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
An evaluation of environmental, intrinsic and pre- and post-slaughter risk factors associated to dark-cutting beef in a Federal Inspected Type slaughter plant. Meat Sci 2018; 150:85-92. [PMID: 30612067 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to determine the risk factors associated to dark-cutting in bovine carcasses. The study was conducted at a Federal Inspection abattoir located in northeastern Mexico. A random sample of 394 animals at slaughter was used. A total of 26 explanatory variables were evaluated; the analysis included environmental, animal-specific, and management factors both at pre- and post- slaughter periods. Only four variables were statistically significant within the final logistic regression model (P < .001). The frequency of dark-cutting carcasses was 13.45%. Lairage time was directly proportional to the percentage of risk for dark-cutting beef. Improper desensitization also increased the frequency of carcasses with this anomaly. Backfat thickness and the 24-h pH differential of the carcasses were inversely proportional to the risk for dark-cutting beef. An interesting finding was that risk factors for DFD meat are present in all stages of the slaughter process and thus to effectively address this problem an integral evaluation is needed throughout the slaughter process.
Collapse
|