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Abd El-Hamid MI, Ibrahim D, Elazab ST, Gad WM, Shalaby M, El-Neshwy WM, Alshahrani MA, Saif A, Algendy RM, AlHarbi M, Saleh FM, Alharthi A, Mohamed EAA. Tackling strong biofilm and multi-virulent vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus via natural alkaloid-based porous nanoparticles: perspective towards near future eradication. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 13:1287426. [PMID: 38282617 PMCID: PMC10811083 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1287426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction As a growing direction, nano-based therapy has become a successful paradigm used to address the phytogenic delivery-related problems in overcoming multivirulent vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) infection. Methods Hence, our aim was to develop and assess a novel nanocarrier system (mesoporous silica nanoparticles, MPS-NPs) for free berberine (Free-BR) as an antimicrobial alkaloid against strong biofilm-producing and multi-virulent VRSA strains using in vitro and in vivo mouse model. Results and discussion Our outcomes demonstrated vancomycin resistance in 13.7% of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) strains categorized as VRSA. Notably, strong biofilm formation was observed in 69.2% of VRSA strains that were all positive for icaA gene. All strong biofilm-producing VRSA strains harbored a minimum of two virulence genes comprising clfA and icaA with 44.4% of them possessing all five virulence genes (icaA, tst, clfA, hla, and pvl), and 88.9% being multi-virulent. The study findings affirmed excellent in vitro antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of BR-loaded MPS-NPs. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) assay displayed the downregulating role of BR-loaded MPS-NPs on strong biofilm-producing and multi-virulent VRSA strains virulence and agr genes in both in vitro and in vivo mice models. Additionally, BR-loaded MPS-NPs supplementation has a promising role in attenuating the upregulated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines' genes in VRSA-infected mice with attenuation in pro-apoptotic genes expression resulting in reduced VRSA-induced apoptosis. In essence, the current study recommends the future scope of using BR-loaded MPS-NPs as auspicious alternatives for antimicrobials with tremendous antimicrobial, antibiofilm, anti-quorum sensing (QS), and anti-virulence effectiveness against problematic strong biofilm-producing and multi-virulent VRSA-associated infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa I. Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Doaa Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Sara T. Elazab
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Wafaa M. Gad
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Mansoura Branch, Agriculture Research Center, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Marwa Shalaby
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Mansoura Branch, Agriculture Research Center, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Wafaa M. El-Neshwy
- Department of Animal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | | | - Ahmed Saif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem M. Algendy
- Food Hygiene, Safety and Technology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Maha AlHarbi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fayez M. Saleh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf Alharthi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman A. A. Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Somaghian SA, Mirzaei SZ, Shakib MEK, Marzban A, Alsallameh S, Lashgarian HE. Biogenic zinc selenide nanoparticles fabricated using Rosmarinus officinalis leaf extract with potential biological activity. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:20. [PMID: 38178178 PMCID: PMC10768302 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-04329-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Zinc selenide nanoparticles (ZnSe) are semiconductor metals of zinc and selenium. ZnSe NPs are advantageous for biomedical and bio-imaging applications due to their low toxicity. ZnSe NPs can be used as a therapeutic agent by synthesizing those using biologically safe methods. As a novel facet of these NPs, plant-based ZnSe NPs were fabricated from an aqueous extract of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (RO extract). Physiochemical analyses such as UV-visible and FTIR spectroscopy, SEM-EDX and TEM Imaging, XRD and DLS-Zeta potential analyses confirmed the biological fabrication of RO-ZnSe NPs. Additionally, Ro-ZnSe NPs were investigated for their bioactivity. There was an apparent peak in the UV-visible spectrum at 398 nm to confirm the presence of ZnSe NPs. FTIR analysis confirmed RO-extract participation in ZnSe NPs synthesis by identifying putative functional groups associated with biomolecules. TEM and SEM analyses revealed that RO-ZnSe NPs have spherical shapes in the range of 90-100 nm. According to XRD and EDX analysis, RO-ZnSe NPs had a crystallite size of 42.13 nm and contain Se and Zn (1:2 ratio). These NPs demonstrated approximately 90.6% antioxidant and antibacterial activity against a range of bacterial strains at 100 µg/ml. Antibiofilm activity was greatest against Candida glabrata and Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 100 g/ml. Accordingly, the IC50 values for anticancer activity against HTB-9, SW742, and HF cell lines were 14.16, 8.03, and 35.35 g/ml, respectively. In light of the multiple applications for ZnSe NPs, our research indicates they may be an excellent option for biological and therapeutic purposes in treating cancers and infections. Therefore, additional research is required to determine their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Ahmadi Somaghian
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Zahra Mirzaei
- Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Abdolrazagh Marzban
- Razi Herbal Medicines Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | - Sarah Alsallameh
- Department of Medical Laboratories Techniques, College of Health and Medical Techniques, Gilgamesh Ahliya University Gau, Baghdad, 10022, Iraq
| | - Hamed Esmaeil Lashgarian
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
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Jantorn P, Tipmanee V, Wanna W, Prapasarakul N, Visutthi M, Sotthibandhu DS. Potential natural antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of Piper betle L. against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and methicillin-resistant strains. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 317:116820. [PMID: 37369337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Piper betle L. has potent of antimicrobial activity and is widely used as a traditional remedy to treat skin infections. However, no clear evidence exists concerning antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP) opportunistic pathogens that cause wound infections and pyoderma in canines and zoonotic disease. AIM OF THE STUDY The antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of P. betle extract were assessed against S. pseudintermedius and MRSP strains. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethanol leaf extract of P. betle was investigated for its antibacterial effect on S. pseudintermedius and MRSP by broth microdilution and time-kill assays. Biofilm inhibition and production assays were performed to evaluate antibiofilm and biofilm eradication effects, respectively. Biofilm-associated gene expression was further studied using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The possible interaction between IcaA and major compounds in P. betle was analyzed by molecular docking. RESULTS The extract showed minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at 250 μg/mL. Growth inhibition of P. betle at 1 MIC against the bacteria was initially observed after treatment for 4 h. All isolates were completely killed after 18 h exposure to the extract. Minimum biofilm inhibitory concentrations (MBICs) of the extract against the tested isolates ranged 1/2 MIC to 1 MIC, while minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) of P. betle was initialed at 8 MIC. Quantitative inhibition and eradication effects were observed in representative strains. The extract at 1/2 MIC and 1 MIC values inhibited biofilm formation up to 100%, with bacterial biofilm removed at up to 94.21% by 4 MIC of the extract. The extract downregulated the expression of the icaA gene among biofilm-producing isolates. The most abundant compounds, 4-allyl-1,2-diacetoxybenzene and eugenol showed a strong affinity with IcaA protein at -5.65 and -5.31 kcal/mol, respectively. CONCLUSIONS P. betle extract demonstrated the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and biofilm-removal activity against S. pseudintermedius and MRSP. Downregulation of the icaA gene expression and protein interaction were possible modes of action of the extract that impacted biofilm production. This extract showed promise as an alternative treatment for S. pseudintermedius infection, especially drug-resistant and biofilm-associated cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavarish Jantorn
- Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Varomyalin Tipmanee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Warapond Wanna
- Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Nuvee Prapasarakul
- Center of Excellence in Diagnosis and Monitoring of Animal Pathogens (DMAP), Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Monton Visutthi
- Biology Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima Rajabhat University, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
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Roese KHC, Torlone C, Cooper LA, Esposito L, Deveau AM, Röse USR, Burkholder KM. Pyrogallol impairs staphylococcal biofilm formation via induction of bacterial oxidative stress. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad270. [PMID: 37974055 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To examine the effect of the phenolic compound pyrogallol on staphylococcal biofilm formation. METHODS AND RESULTS In crystal violet biofilm assays, pyrogallol-reduced biofilm formation in Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35984, Staph. epidermidis NRRL-B41021, Staphylococcus aureus USA300, and Staph. aureus Newman, without significantly impairing bacterial viability. Pyrogallol-mediated impairment of biofilm formation was likely due to induction of bacterial oxidative stress, as its effect was greater in catalase-deficient versus WT Staph. aureus, and biofilm production was rescued by exogenous catalase. The effect of pyrogallol on staphylococcal biofilm formation mirrored that of the known oxidant hydrogen peroxide, which also reduced biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Pyrogallol reduces biofilm formation in S. aureus and Staph. epidermidis in a mechanism involving induction of bacterial oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina H C Roese
- School of Biological Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA
| | - Christina Torlone
- School of Biological Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA
| | - Lauren A Cooper
- School of Biological Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA
| | - Lee Esposito
- School of Biological Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA
| | - Amy M Deveau
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA
| | - Ursula S R Röse
- School of Biological Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA
| | - Kristin M Burkholder
- School of Biological Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA
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Iobbi V, Parisi V, Bernabè G, De Tommasi N, Bisio A, Brun P. Anti-Biofilm Activity of Carnosic Acid from Salvia rosmarinus against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3679. [PMID: 37960038 PMCID: PMC10647425 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The Salvia rosmarinus "Eretto Liguria" ecotype was studied as a source of valuable bioactive compounds. LC-MS analysis of the methanolic extract underlined the presence of diterpenoids, triterpenoids, polyphenolic acids, and flavonoids. The anti-virulence activity of carnosic acid along with the other most abundant compounds against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was evaluated. Only carnosic acid induced a significant reduction in the expression of agrA and rnaIII genes, which encode the key components of quorum sensing (QS), an intracellular signaling mechanism controlling the virulence of MRSA. At a concentration of 0.05 mg/mL, carnosic acid inhibited biofilm formation by MRSA and the expression of genes involved in toxin production and made MRSA more susceptible to intracellular killing, with no toxic effects on eukaryotic cells. Carnosic acid did not affect biofilm formation by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a human pathogen that often coexists with MRSA in complex infections. The selected ecotype showed a carnosic acid content of 94.3 ± 4.3 mg/g. In silico analysis highlighted that carnosic acid potentially interacts with the S. aureus AgrA response regulator. Our findings suggest that carnosic acid could be an anti-virulence agent against MRSA infections endowed with a species-specific activity useful in multi-microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Iobbi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy;
| | - Valentina Parisi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Salerno, Italy; (V.P.); (N.D.T.)
| | - Giulia Bernabè
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy; (G.B.); (P.B.)
| | - Nunziatina De Tommasi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Salerno, Italy; (V.P.); (N.D.T.)
| | - Angela Bisio
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genova, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genova, Italy;
| | - Paola Brun
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy; (G.B.); (P.B.)
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Deusenbery C, Carneiro O, Oberkfell C, Shukla A. Synergy of Antibiotics and Antibiofilm Agents against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Biofilms. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1949-1963. [PMID: 37646612 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections are some of the most common antibiotic-resistant infections, often exacerbated by the formation of biofilms. Here, we evaluated six compounds, three common antibiotics used against MRSA and three antibiofilm compounds, in nine combinations to investigate the mechanisms of synergistic eradication of MRSA biofilms. Using metabolic assessment, colony enumeration, confocal fluorescence microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, we identified two promising combinations of antibiotics with antibiofilm agents against preformed MRSA biofilms. The broad-spectrum protease, proteinase K, and membrane-targeting antibiotic, daptomycin, worked in synergy against MRSA biofilms by manipulating the protein content, increasing access to the cell membrane of biofilm bacteria. We also found that the combination of cationic peptide, IDR-1018, with the cell wall cross-linking inhibitor, vancomycin, exhibited synergy against MRSA biofilms by causing bacterial damage and preventing repair. Our findings identify synergistic combinations of antibiotics and antibiofilm agents, providing insight into mechanisms that may be explored further for the development of effective treatments against MRSA biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Deusenbery
- School of Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Olivia Carneiro
- Therapeutic Sciences Graduate Program, Division of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Carleigh Oberkfell
- School of Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Anita Shukla
- School of Engineering, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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Abdel-Raheem SM, Abd El-Hamid MI, Ibrahim D, El-Malt RMS, El-Ghareeb WR, Ismail HA, Al-Sultan SI, Meligy AMA, ELTarabili RM. Future scope of plant-derived bioactive compounds in the management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: In vitro antimicrobial and antivirulence prospects to combat MRSA. Microb Pathog 2023; 183:106301. [PMID: 37579824 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a foremost human and animal pathogen with public health and veterinary significance causing hospital and community infections and contagious bovine mastitis. Due to its ability to develop multidrug resistance (MDR) and its pathogenicity, MRSA infection control is becoming a global concern. Natural antibacterial options are needed to combat MDR development and infectious dissemination. This study investigated the antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes profiling of MRSA isolates and explored the antivirulence efficacy of trans-cinnamaldehyde, thymol, and carvacrol essential oils (EOs) against multivirulent and MDR-MRSA isolates. Thirty six S. aureus isolates (25%) were retrieved, of which 34 (94.4%) were MRSA. A high prevalence of MDR (66.7%) was monitored and all 53 molecularly verified isolates possessed icaA and cna virulence genes. Moreover, 94.1% of these isolates were multivirulent with 23.5% of them carrying icaA, cna, eta, tst, and sea virulence genes. Our data proved superior in vitro antimicrobial and antivirulence activities of trans-cinnamaldehyde, thymol, and carvacrol. They inhibited the growth of multi-virulent and MDR-MRSA isolates and downregulated the transcription of examined virulence genes. Our study suggests using EOs as prospective antimicrobials with excellent antivirulence activities against MRSA isolates. We provided data regarding the eventual role of phytogenics in prevention and control of MRSA infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherief M Abdel-Raheem
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Hofuf, 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Department of Animal Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt.
| | - Marwa I Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Doaa Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44511, Egypt.
| | - Rania M S El-Malt
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Research Institute, Zagazig Branch, Agriculture Research Center, 44516, Zagazig, Egypt.
| | - Waleed Rizk El-Ghareeb
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Hofuf, 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Food Control Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt.
| | - Hesham A Ismail
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Hofuf, 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Food Hygiene Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt.
| | - Saad Ibrahim Al-Sultan
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Hofuf, 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed M A Meligy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Central Lab, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Hofuf, 31982, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia; Department of Physiology, Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Giza, Egypt.
| | - Reham M ELTarabili
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology, and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
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Abd El-Hamid MI, El-Tarabili RM, Bahnass MM, Alshahrani MA, Saif A, Alwutayd KM, Safhi FA, Mansour AT, Alblwi NAN, Ghoneim MM, Elmaaty AA, Al-harthi HF, Bendary MM. Partnering essential oils with antibiotics: proven therapies against bovine Staphylococcus aureus mastitis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1265027. [PMID: 37790910 PMCID: PMC10542579 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1265027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is an urgent need to develop therapeutic options for biofilm-producing Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Therefore, the renewed interest in essential oils (EOs), especially carvacrol, linalool and eugenol, has attracted the attention of our research group. Methods Multidrug resistance and multivirulence profiles in addition to biofilm production of S. aureus strains isolated from cows with mastitis were evaluated using both phenotypic and genotypic methods. The antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of EOs were tested using both in vitro and molecular docking studies. Moreover, the interactions between commonly used antibiotics and the tested EOs were detected using the checkerboard method. Results We found that all our isolates (n= 37) were biofilm methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) producers and 40.5% were vancomycin resistant S. aureus (VRSA). Unfortunately, 73 and 43.2% of the recovered MRSA isolates showed multidrug resistant (MDR) and multivirulence patterns, respectively. The antimicrobial activities of the tested EOs matched with the phenotypic evaluation of the antibiofilm activities and molecular docking studies. Linalool showed the highest antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities, followed by carvacrol and eugenol EOs. Fortunately, synergistic interactions between the investigated EOs and methicillin or vancomycin were detected with fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI) values ≤ 0.5. Moreover, the antimicrobial resistance patterns of 13 isolates changed to sensitive phenotypes after treatment with any of the investigated EOs. Treatment failure of bovine mastitis with resistant S. aureus can be avoided by combining the investigated EOs with available antimicrobial drugs. Conclusion We hope that our findings can be translated into a formulation of new pharmaceutical dosage forms against biofilm-producing S. aureus pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa I. Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Reham M. El-Tarabili
- Department of Bacteriology, Immunology and Mycology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Mosa M. Bahnass
- Department of Animal Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Applied Medical Sciences College, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ahmed Saif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khairiah Mubarak Alwutayd
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatmah Ahmed Safhi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdallah Tageldein Mansour
- Animal and Fish Production Department, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
- Fish and Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Al Maarefa University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman Abo Elmaaty
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
| | - Helal F. Al-harthi
- Biology Department, Turabah University College, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud M. Bendary
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
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Rajab AAH, Hegazy WAH. What’s old is new again: Insights into diabetic foot microbiome. World J Diabetes 2023; 14:680-704. [PMID: 37383589 PMCID: PMC10294069 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v14.i6.680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic disease that is considered one of the most stubborn global health problems that continues to defy the efforts of scientists and physicians. The prevalence of diabetes in the global population continues to grow to alarming levels year after year, causing an increase in the incidence of diabetes complications and health care costs all over the world. One major complication of diabetes is the high susceptibility to infections especially in the lower limbs due to the immunocompromised state of diabetic patients, which is considered a definitive factor in all cases. Diabetic foot infections continue to be one of the most common infections in diabetic patients that are associated with a high risk of serious complications such as bone infection, limb amputations, and life-threatening systemic infections. In this review, we discussed the circumstances associated with the high risk of infection in diabetic patients as well as some of the most commonly isolated pathogens from diabetic foot infections and the related virulence behavior. In addition, we shed light on the different treatment strategies that aim at eradicating the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza A H Rajab
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagzig 44511, Egypt
| | - Wael A H Hegazy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagzig 44511, Egypt
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Bianchini Fulindi R, Domingues Rodrigues J, Lemos Barbosa TW, Goncalves Garcia AD, de Almeida La Porta F, Pratavieira S, Chiavacci LA, Pessoa Araújo Junior J, da Costa PI, Martinez LR. Zinc-Based Nanoparticles Reduce Bacterial Biofilm Formation. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0483122. [PMID: 36853055 PMCID: PMC10101090 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04831-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation is important for microbial survival in hostile environments and a phenotype that provides microorganisms with antimicrobial resistance. Zinc oxide (ZnO) and Zinc sulfide (ZnS) nanoparticles (NPs) present potential antimicrobial properties for biomedical and food industry applications. Here, we aimed to analyze, for the first time, the bactericidal and antibiofilm activity of ZnS NPs against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, all medically important bacteria in developed countries. We compared ZnS NPs antimicrobial activity to ZnO NPs, which have been extensively studied. Using the colorimetric XTT reduction assay to observe the metabolic activity of bacterial cells and the crystal violet assay to measure biofilm mass, we demonstrated that ZnS and ZnO had similar efficacy in killing planktonic bacterial cells and reducing biofilm formation, with S. aureus being more susceptible to both therapeutics than K. oxytoca and P. aeruginosa. Crystal violet staining and confocal microscopy validated that Zn NPs inhibit biofilm formation and cause architectural damage. Our findings provide proof of principle that ZnS NPs have antibiofilm activity, and can be potentially used in medical and food industry applications, such as treatment of wound infections or package coating for food preservation. IMPORTANCE Zinc (Zn)-based nanoparticles (NPs) can be potentially used in medical and food preservation applications. As proof of principle, we investigated the bactericidal and antibiofilm activity of zinc oxide (ZnO) and zinc sulfide (ZnS) NPs against medically important bacteria. Zn-based NPs were similarly effective in killing planktonic and biofilm-associated Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells. However, S. aureus was more susceptible to these investigational therapeutics. Although further studies are warranted, our findings suggest the possibility of future use of Zn-based NPs in the treatment of skin infections or preservation of food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Bianchini Fulindi
- Departments of Clinical Analysis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Thulio Wliandon Lemos Barbosa
- Departments of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sebastião Pratavieira
- São Carlos Physics Department, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leila Aparecida Chiavacci
- Departments of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Inácio da Costa
- Departments of Clinical Analysis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis R. Martinez
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Center for Immunology and Transplantation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
- Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Bu F, Liu M, Xie Z, Chen X, Li G, Wang X. Targeted Anti-Biofilm Therapy: Dissecting Targets in the Biofilm Life Cycle. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1253. [PMID: 36297365 PMCID: PMC9611117 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Biofilm is a crucial virulence factor for microorganisms that causes chronic infection. After biofilm formation, the bacteria present improve drug tolerance and multifactorial defense mechanisms, which impose significant challenges for the use of antimicrobials. This indicates the urgent need for new targeted technologies and emerging therapeutic strategies. In this review, we focus on the current biofilm-targeting strategies and those under development, including targeting persistent cells, quorum quenching, and phage therapy. We emphasize biofilm-targeting technologies that are supported by blocking the biofilm life cycle, providing a theoretical basis for design of targeting technology that disrupts the biofilm and promotes practical application of antibacterial materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Xing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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12
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Ammar AM, Abd El-Hamid MI, Mohamed YH, Mohamed HM, Al-khalifah DHM, Hozzein WN, Selim S, El-Neshwy WM, El-Malt RMS. Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Bovine Mycoplasma Species in Egypt. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11071083. [PMID: 36101462 PMCID: PMC9312167 DOI: 10.3390/biology11071083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Bovine Mycoplasma species, particularly antimicrobial resistant Mycoplasma bovis are important causes of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in cattle, which causes major economic losses worldwide. Thus, the current study aimed to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of bovine Mycoplasma spp. isolated from cattle’s respiratory tracts, in addition to evaluating the fluoroquinolone resistance in the recovered isolates using broth microdilution and conventional PCR techniques in Egypt. Our result showed that M. bovis was the most common spp. (61%), followed by M. bovirhinis (15%). In total, mycoplasma isolates were more prevalent among all examined lung tissues (38%), followed by nasal swabs (35%), tracheal tissues (28%), and tracheal swabs (27%). All the examined mycoplasma isolates (n = 76) were 100% susceptible to spectinomycin, tulathromycin, spiramycin, and tylosin, but high doxycycline and enrofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) values were observed among 43.4% and 60.5% of the tested isolates, respectively. Three and two mycoplasma isolates with high enrofloxacin MICs were confirmed to be M. bovis and M. bovirhinis, respectively, by PCR assays. All molecularly confirmed mycoplasma isolates (n = 5) were positive for the gyrA gene (100%), meanwhile, three isolates (60%) were positive for the parC gene. In conclusion, understanding antimicrobial resistance mechanisms is a significant tool for the future development of genetic-based diagnostic techniques for the rapid detection of resistant mycoplasma strains. Abstract Among many bovine Mycoplasma species (spp.), Mycoplasma bovis is recognized as a significant causative agent of respiratory diseases in cattle. In recent years, resistant M. bovis isolates, especially to fluoroquinolones, have been reported globally as a result of the extensive usage of antimicrobials in the treatment of bovine pneumonia. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bovine Mycoplasma spp. isolated from the respiratory tracts of cattle in Egypt and to assess the fluoroquinolones resistance in the recovered mycoplasma isolates via broth microdilution and conventional PCR techniques. Conventional phenotypic methods identified 128 mycoplasma isolates (32%) from 400 different samples, with M. bovis being the predominant spp. (61%), followed by M. bovirhinis (15%). Of note, mycoplasma isolates were rarely isolated from total healthy lung tissues (7/55, 12.7%), but they were frequently isolated from pneumonic lungs (31/45, 68.9%). All the examined mycoplasma isolates (n = 76) were sensitive to tilmicosin, tylosin, tulathromycin, spiramycin, and spectinomycin (100% each), while 60.5% and 43.4% of the examined isolates had high minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values to enrofloxacin and doxycycline, respectively. Three and two mycoplasma isolates with high enrofloxacin MICs were confirmed to be M. bovis and M. bovirhinis, respectively, by PCR assays. All molecularly confirmed mycoplasma isolates (n = 5) were positive for the gyrA gene (100%); meanwhile, three isolates (60%) were positive for the parC gene. In conclusion, our findings revealed alarming resistance to enrofloxacin and doxycycline antibiotics; thus, antimicrobial usage must be restricted and molecular techniques can help in the rapid detection of the resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Ammar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (A.M.A.); (M.I.A.E.-H.); (H.M.M.)
| | - Marwa I. Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (A.M.A.); (M.I.A.E.-H.); (H.M.M.)
| | - Yousreya H. Mohamed
- Department of Mycoplasma Research, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12622, Egypt;
| | - Heba M. Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (A.M.A.); (M.I.A.E.-H.); (H.M.M.)
| | - Dalal H. M. Al-khalifah
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Wael N. Hozzein
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt;
| | - Samy Selim
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Wafaa M. El-Neshwy
- Department of Animal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Rania M. S. El-Malt
- Department of Bacteriology, Zagazig Branch, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Zagazig 44516, Egypt
- Correspondence:
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Characterization of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from Periprosthetic Joint Infections. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070719. [PMID: 35889965 PMCID: PMC9316792 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a troublesome clinical issue in total joint arthroplasty (TJA). Although methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is considered to be the most serious pathogen in PJIs, little is known about the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of MRSA clones isolated from PJI patients. A total of 36 MRSA isolates from PJI patients were collected at the Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital in Taiwan from May 2016 to October 2019. All MRSA isolates were subjected to genome typing. The prevalence of Panton–Valentine leucocidin (PVL), the antibiotic susceptibility profile, and the biofilm formation ability were compared among different MRSA genogroups. Additionally, demographics and clinical manifestations of patients infected with different MRSA genogroups were investigated. Eight sequence types (STs) were identified among 36 isolated from PJIs. According to the incidence of MRSA genotypes in PJIs, in this study, we divided them into four groups, including ST8 (n = 10), ST59 (n = 8), ST239 (n = 11), and other STs (n = 7). For the antibiotic susceptibility testing, we found that all MRSA isolates in the ST239 group were highly resistant to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and levofloxacin. Additionally, ST239 MRSA also had a higher ability to form biofilm than other groups. Importantly, patients with ST239 infection typically had a fever and exhibited higher levels of inflammatory markers, including C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cell count (WBC). Epidemiological investigations revealed that knee PJIs were mainly attributed to infection with ST59 MRSA and increasing trends for infection with ST8 and other ST types of MRSAs in PJI patients were observed from 2016 to 2019. The identification of MRSA genotypes in PJIs may be helpful for the management of PJIs.
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Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Acne Effects of Hamamelis virginiana Bark in Human Keratinocytes. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061119. [PMID: 35740016 PMCID: PMC9220085 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) is recognized as one of the main triggers of the cutaneous inflammatory response in acne vulgaris, a chronic skin disorder with a multifactorial origin. Witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana L.) is a plant widely used for skin inflammatory conditions, with some preliminary anti-inflammatory evidence on the skin, but lacking data on acne conditions. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a glycolic extract from Hamamelis virginiana bark (HVE) versus C. acnes-induced inflammation in human keratinocytes (HaCaT). Phytochemical investigations of HVE identified hamamelitannin (HT) and proanthocyanidins as the most abundant compounds (respectively, 0.29% and 0.30% w/wextract). HVE inhibited C. acnes-induced IL-6 release (IC50: 136.90 μg/mL), by partially impairing NF-κB activation; however, no antibacterial or antibiofilm activities were found. In addition, HVE showed greater anti-inflammatory activity when TNF-α was used as a proinflammatory stimulus (IC50 of 38.93 μg/mL for IL-8 release), partially acting by antioxidant mechanisms, as shown for VEGF inhibition. The effects of HVE are primarily based on the proanthocyanidin content, as HT was found inactive on all the parameters tested. These results suggest further investigations of HVE in other inflammatory-based skin diseases.
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Anti-Quorum Sensing Activities of Gliptins against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051169. [PMID: 35625906 PMCID: PMC9138634 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of bacterial resistance to traditional antibiotics constitutes an emerging public health issue. Promising approaches have been innovated to conquer bacterial resistance, and targeting bacterial virulence is one of these approaches. Bacterial virulence mitigation offers several merits, as antivirulence agents do not affect the growth of bacteria and hence do not induce bacteria to develop resistance. In this direction, numerous drugs have been repurposed as antivirulence agents prior to their clinical use alone or in combination with traditional antibiotics. Quorum sensing (QS) plays a key role in controlling bacterial virulence. In the current study, dipeptidase inhibitor-4 (DPI-4) antidiabetic gliptins were screened for their antivirulence and anti-quorum sensing (anti-QS) activities against Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. Upon assessing their antibiofilm activities, the ten tested gliptins significantly diminished biofilm formation. In particular, sitagliptin exhibited the most efficient antibiofilm activity, so it was chosen as a representative of all gliptins to further investigate its antivirulence activity. Sitagliptin significantly protected mice from P. aeruginosa and S. aureus pathogenesis. Furthermore, sitagliptin downregulated QS-encoding genes in P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. To test the anti-QS activities of gliptins, a detailed molecular docking study was conducted to evaluate the gliptins’ binding affinities to P. aeruginosa and S. aureus QS receptors, which helped explain the anti-QS activities of gliptins, particularly sitagliptin and omarigliptin. In conclusion, this study evaluates the possible antivirulence and anti-QS activities of gliptins that could be promising novel candidates for the treatment of aggressive Gram-negative or -positive bacterial infections either alone or as adjuvants to other antibiotics.
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Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Campylobacter Species with Particular Focus on the Growth Promoting, Immunostimulant and Anti-Campylobacter jejuni Activities of Eugenol and Trans-Cinnamaldehyde Mixture in Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070905. [PMID: 35405892 PMCID: PMC8996860 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Campylobacter species are the leading cause of foodborne bacterial enteritis worldwide. Recently, extensively drug-resistant (XDR) and multi-drug-resistant (MDR) Campylobacter spp. have caused several global crises. Therefore, the present work aims to detect the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of Campylobacter spp. from various chicken sources in Egypt, and to investigate the efficacy of a mixture of eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde on the performance and immunity of challenged broilers and also to assess their effects on C. jejuni load and virulence gene expression in an in vivo model. Our results showed a high prevalence of campylobacter isolates (67.3%). Of note, 25.7 and 74.3% of campylobacter isolates were XDR and MDR, respectively. Interestingly, a mixture of eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde had significant enhancing and antimicrobial effects through improving the growth-performance variables, minimizing the C. jejuni fecal loads, and decreasing the C. jejuni virulence genes (flaA, virB11, and wlaN) expressions in broilers challenged with C. jejuni. Moreover, the mixture of eugenol and the trans-cinnamaldehyde had immunostimulant and anti-inflammatory activities. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the utilization of the mixture of eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde has a growth-promoting role and can be considered as a better replacement of the antimicrobial agents for the control and treatment of campylobacter infection in broiler chickens. Abstract Campylobacter species (spp.) are one of the most important causes of human bacterial gastroenteritis in foods of animal origin. Recently, with the spread of multi-drug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) Campylobacter spp., natural alternative therapeutic methods are urgently required. Phytogenic active principles have gained considerable attention due to their proficiency to enhance gut health and, thereby, performance of broiler chickens. Thus, the current study aims to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Campylobacter spp. of different chicken sources in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, and to assess the growth-promoting, immunostimulant and antimicrobial effects of a mixture of eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde in an in vivo approach. A total of 101 (67.3%) campylobacter isolates was identified, according to both phenotypic and genotypic techniques. Moreover, all of the campylobacter isolates were resistant to erythromycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, and ampicillin (100% each). Of note, a dietary supplementation of the mixture of eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde led to a significant improvement of the feed conversion ratio and body weight gain and a decrease in the cecal C. jejuni loads in the broilers challenged with XDR C. jejuni. Additionally, eugenol and the trans-cinnamaldehyde mixture had protective activities via the down-regulation of XDR C. jejuni (flaA, virB11 and wlaN) virulence genes and proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-8), and the up-regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Thus, we recommend the usage of a mixture of eugenol and trans-cinnamaldehyde as an alternative to antimicrobials for the control and treatment of campylobacter infections.
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Terazosin Interferes with Quorum Sensing and Type Three Secretion System and Diminishes the Bacterial Espionage to Mitigate the Salmonella Typhimurium Pathogenesis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11040465. [PMID: 35453216 PMCID: PMC9025009 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11040465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is an invasive intracellular pathogen and hires diverse systems to manipulate its survival in the host cells. Salmonella could eavesdrop on the host cells, sensing and responding to the produced adrenergic hormones and other neurotransmitters, which results in the augmentation of its virulence and establishes its accommodation in host cells. The current study aims to assess the anti-virulence effect of α-adrenergic antagonist terazosin on S. Typhimurium. Our findings show that terazosin significantly reduced S. Typhimurium adhesion and biofilm formation. Furthermore, terazosin significantly decreased invasion and intracellular replication of S. Typhimurium. Interestingly, in vivo, terazosin protected the mice from S. Typhimurium pathogenesis. To understand the terazosin anti-virulence activity, its effect on quorum sensing (QS), bacterial espionage, and type three secretion system (T3SS) was studied. Strikingly, terazosin competed on the membranal sensors that sense adrenergic hormones and down-regulated their encoding genes, which indicates the ability of terazosin to diminish the bacterial eavesdropping on the host cells. Moreover, terazosin significantly reduced the Chromobacterium violaceum QS-controlled pigment production and interfered with the QS receptor Lux-homolog Salmonella SdiA, which indicates the possible terazosin-mediated anti-QS activity. Furthermore, terazosin down-regulated the expression of T3SS encoding genes. In conclusion, terazosin may mitigate S. Typhimurium virulence owing to its hindering QS and down-regulating T3SS encoding genes besides its inhibition of bacterial espionage.
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Jampilek J, Kralova K. Advances in Nanostructures for Antimicrobial Therapy. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15072388. [PMID: 35407720 PMCID: PMC8999898 DOI: 10.3390/ma15072388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Microbial infections caused by a variety of drug-resistant microorganisms are more common, but there are fewer and fewer approved new antimicrobial chemotherapeutics for systemic administration capable of acting against these resistant infectious pathogens. Formulation innovations of existing drugs are gaining prominence, while the application of nanotechnologies is a useful alternative for improving/increasing the effect of existing antimicrobial drugs. Nanomaterials represent one of the possible strategies to address this unfortunate situation. This review aims to summarize the most current results of nanoformulations of antibiotics and antibacterial active nanomaterials. Nanoformulations of antimicrobial peptides, synergistic combinations of antimicrobial-active agents with nitric oxide donors or combinations of small organic molecules or polymers with metals, metal oxides or metalloids are discussed as well. The mechanisms of actions of selected nanoformulations, including systems with magnetic, photothermal or photodynamic effects, are briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Jampilek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Chemical Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
| | - Katarina Kralova
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia;
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Almukainzi M, A El-Masry T, A Negm W, Elekhnawy E, Saleh A, E Sayed A, A Khattab M, H Abdelkader D. Gentiopicroside PLGA Nanospheres: Fabrication, in vitro Characterization, Antimicrobial Action, and in vivo Effect for Enhancing Wound Healing in Diabetic Rats. Int J Nanomedicine 2022; 17:1203-1225. [PMID: 35330694 PMCID: PMC8938172 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s358606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Gentiopicroside (GPS), an adequate bioactive candidate, has a promising approach for enhancing wound healing due to its antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Its poor aqueous solubility negatively affects oral absorption accompanied by low bioavailability due to intestinal/hepatic first-pass metabolism. Our aim in this study is to fabricate GPS into appropriate nanocarriers (PLGA nanospheres, NSs) to enhance its solubility and hence its oral absorption would be improved. Methods Normal and ODS silica gel together with Sephadex LH20 column used for isolation of GPS from Gentiana lutea roots. Crude GPS would be further processed for nanospheres fabrication using a single o/w emulsion solvent evaporation technique followed by in vitro optimization study to examine the effect of two formulation variables: polymer (PLGA) and stabilizer (PVA) concentrations on the physical characterizations of prepared NSs. Possible GPS-PLGA chemical and physical interactions have been analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The optimum GPS-PLGA NSs have been chosen for antimicrobial study to investigate its inhibitory action on Staphylococcus aureus compared with unloaded GPS NSs. Also, a well-designed in vivo study on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats has been performed to examine the wound healing effect of GPS-PLGA NSs followed by histological examination of wound incisions at different day intervals throughout the study. Results The optimum GPS PLGA NSs (F5) with well-controlled particle size (250.10±07.86 nm), relative high entrapment efficiency (83.35±5.71), and the highest % cumulative release (85.79±8.74) have increased the antimicrobial activity as it exhibited a higher inhibitory effect on bacterial growth than free GPS. F5 showed a greater enhancing impact on wound healing and a significant stimulating effect on the synthesis of collagen fibers compared with free GPS. Conclusion These findings demonstrate that loading GPS into PLGA NSs is considered a promising strategy ensuring optimum GPS delivery for potential management of wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Almukainzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Thanaa A El-Masry
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Walaa A Negm
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Engy Elekhnawy
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Saleh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed A Khattab
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Dalia H Abdelkader
- Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Correspondence: Dalia H Abdelkader, Pharmaceutical Technology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta, 31111, Egypt, Tel +20 40 3336007, Fax +20 40 3335466, Email ;
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In Vivo and In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles against Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15020194. [PMID: 35215306 PMCID: PMC8878289 DOI: 10.3390/ph15020194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus can cause a wide range of severe infections owing to its multiple virulence factors in addition to its resistance to multiple antimicrobials; therefore, novel antimicrobials are needed. Herein, we used Gardenia thailandica leaf extract (GTLE), for the first time for the biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The active constituents of GTLE were identified by HPLC, including chlorogenic acid (1441.03 μg/g) from phenolic acids, and quercetin-3-rutinoside (2477.37 μg/g) and apigenin-7-glucoside (605.60 μg/g) from flavonoids. In addition, the antioxidant activity of GTLE was evaluated. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential, dynamic light scattering, and X-ray diffraction. The formed AgNPs had a spherical shape with a particle size range of 11.02–17.92 nm. The antimicrobial activity of AgNPs was investigated in vitro and in vivo against S. aureus clinical isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AgNPs ranged from 4 to 64 µg/mL. AgNPs significantly decreased the membrane integrity of 45.8% of the isolates and reduced the membrane potential by flow cytometry. AgNPs resulted in morphological changes observed by SEM. Furthermore, qRT-PCR was utilized to examine the effect of AgNPs on the gene expression of the efflux pump genes norA, norB, and norC. The in vivo examination was performed on wounds infected with S. aureus bacteria in rats. AgNPs resulted in epidermis regeneration and reduction in the infiltration of inflammatory cells. Thus, GTLE could be a vital source for the production of AgNPs, which exhibited promising in vivo and in vitro antibacterial activity against S. aureus bacteria.
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Youssef CRB, Kadry AA, Mohammed El-Ganiny A. The alarming coincidence of toxin genes with staphylococcal cassette Chromosome mec (SCCmec) in clinical MRSA isolates. Saudi J Biol Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Repurposing α-Adrenoreceptor Blockers as Promising Anti-Virulence Agents in Gram-Negative Bacteria. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11020178. [PMID: 35203781 PMCID: PMC8868568 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is among the world’s most urgent public health problems. Diminishing of the virulence of bacteria is a promising approach to decrease the development of bacterial resistance. Quorum sensing (QS) systems orchestrate the bacterial virulence in inducer–receptors manner. Bacteria can spy on the cells of the host by sensing adrenergic hormones and other neurotransmitters, and in turn, these neurotransmitters can induce bacterial pathogenesis. In this direction, α-adrenergic blockers were proposed as an anti-virulence agents through inhibiting the bacterial espionage. The current study aimed to explore the α-blockers’ anti-QS activities. Within comprehensive in silico investigation, the binding affinities of seven α-adrenoreceptor blockers were evaluated towards structurally different QS receptors. From the best docked α-blockers into QS receptors, terazosin was nominated to be subjected for further in vivo and in vitro anti-QS and anti-virulence activities against Chromobacterium violaceum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Terazosin showed a significant ability to diminish the QS-controlled pigment production in C. violaceum. Moreover, Terazosin decreased the P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and down-regulated its QS-encoding genes. Terazosin protected mice from the P. aeruginosa pathogenesis. In conclusion, α-adrenergic blockers are proposed as promising anti-virulence agents as they hinder QS receptors and inhibit bacterial espionage.
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Metal Complexes—A Promising Approach to Target Biofilm Associated Infections. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030758. [PMID: 35164021 PMCID: PMC8838073 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial biofilms are represented by sessile microbial communities with modified gene expression and phenotype, adhered to a surface and embedded in a matrix of self-produced extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). Microbial biofilms can develop on both prosthetic devices and tissues, generating chronic and persistent infections that cannot be eradicated with classical organic-based antimicrobials, because of their increased tolerance to antimicrobials and the host immune system. Several complexes based mostly on 3D ions have shown promising potential for fighting biofilm-associated infections, due to their large spectrum antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity. The literature usually reports species containing Mn(II), Ni(II), Co(II), Cu(II) or Zn(II) and a large variety of multidentate ligands with chelating properties such as antibiotics, Schiff bases, biguanides, N-based macrocyclic and fused rings derivatives. This review presents the progress in the development of such species and their anti-biofilm activity, as well as the contribution of biomaterials science to incorporate these complexes in composite platforms for reducing the negative impact of medical biofilms.
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Synthesis, Antimicrobial, Anti-virulence and Anticancer Evaluation of New 5(4H)-Oxazolone-Based Sulfonamides. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27030671. [PMID: 35163939 PMCID: PMC8838850 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the synthesis of prontosil the first prodrug shares their chemical moiety, sulfonamides exhibit diverse modes of actions to serve as antimicrobials, diuretics, antidiabetics, and other clinical applications. This inspiring chemical nucleus has promoted several research groups to investigate the synthesis of new members exploring new clinical applications. In this study, a novel series of 5(4H)-oxazolone-based-sulfonamides (OBS) 9a–k were synthesized, and their antibacterial and antifungal activities were evaluated against a wide range of Gram-positive and -negative bacteria and fungi. Most of the tested compounds exhibited promising antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and -negative bacteria particularly OBS 9b and 9f. Meanwhile, compound 9h showed the most potent antifungal activity. Moreover, the OBS 9a, 9b, and 9f that inhibited the bacterial growth at the lowest concentrations were subjected to further evaluation for their anti-virulence activities against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Interestingly, the three tested compounds reduced the biofilm formation and diminished the production of virulence factors in both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. Bacteria use a signaling system, quorum sensing (QS), to regulate their virulence. In this context, in silico study has been conducted to assess the ability of OBS to compete with the QS receptors. The tested OBS showed marked ability to bind and hinder QS receptors, indicating that anti-virulence activities of OBS could be due to blocking QS, the system that controls the bacterial virulence. Furthermore, anticancer activity has been further performed for such derivatives. The OBS compounds showed variable anti-tumor activities, specifically 9a, 9b, 9f and 9k, against different cancer lines. Conclusively, the OBS compounds can serve as antimicrobials, anti-virulence and anti-tumor agents.
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Hegazy WAH, Rajab AAH, Abu Lila AS, Abbas HA. Anti-diabetics and antimicrobials: Harmony of mutual interplay. World J Diabetes 2021; 12:1832-1855. [PMID: 34888011 PMCID: PMC8613656 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v12.i11.1832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the four major non-communicable diseases, and appointed by the world health organization as the seventh leading cause of death worldwide. The scientists have turned over every rock in the corners of medical sciences in order to come up with better understanding and hence more effective treatments of diabetes. The continuous research on the subject has elucidated the role of immune disorders and inflammation as definitive factors in the trajectory of diabetes, assuring that blood glucose adjustments would result in a relief in the systemic stress leading to minimizing inflammation. On a parallel basis, microbial infections usually take advantage of immunity disorders and propagate creating a pro-inflammatory environment, all of which can be reversed by antimicrobial treatment. Standing at the crossroads between diabetes, immunity and infection, we aim in this review at projecting the interplay between immunity and diabetes, shedding the light on the overlapping playgrounds for the activity of some antimicrobial and anti-diabetic agents. Furthermore, we focused on the anti-diabetic drugs that can confer antimicrobial or anti-virulence activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael A H Hegazy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Zagazig University, Zagzig 44519, Egypt
| | - Azza A H Rajab
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Zagazig University, Zagzig 44519, Egypt
| | - Amr S Abu Lila
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Zagazig University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagzig 44519, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hisham A Abbas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Zagazig University, Zagzig 44519, Egypt
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Saqr AA, Aldawsari MF, Khafagy ES, Shaldam MA, Hegazy WAH, Abbas HA. A Novel Use of Allopurinol as A Quorum-Sensing Inhibitor in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10111385. [PMID: 34827323 PMCID: PMC8615079 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa can cause a variety of healthcare-associated infections by its arsenal of virulence factors. Virulence factor production is largely controlled by the cell-to-cell communication system termed quorum sensing (QS). Targeting QS may be a good approach to inhibit the production of virulence factors and attenuate pathogenicity without exerting selective stress on bacterial growth. This will greatly reduce the emergence of resistant mutants. In this work, we investigated the anti-virulence and anti-QS activities of the FDA-approved drug allopurinol against the P. aeruginosa PAO1 strain. Allopurinol at 200 µg/mL (1/10 MIC) significantly decreased the production of the QS-controlled Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 violet pigment violacein and other P. aeruginosa QS-controlled virulence factors phenotypically. Furthermore, allopurinol reduced the infiltration of P. aeruginosa and leucocytes and diminished the congestion in the liver and kidney tissues of infected mice. In silico study showed that allopurinol could compete with the autoinducers on binding to the receptors LasR and RhlR by hydrogen bonding. On the molecular level, qRT-PCR proved that allopurinol showed a significant downregulating effect on all tested QS-encoding genes that regulate virulence factor production. In summary, allopurinol is a promising QS inhibitor that may be useful in the future treatment of P. aeruginosa infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al Saqr
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed F Aldawsari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - El-Sayed Khafagy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Moataz A Shaldam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33511, Egypt
| | - Wael A H Hegazy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Hisham A Abbas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
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Khayyat AN, Abbas HA, Khayat MT, Shaldam MA, Askoura M, Asfour HZ, Khafagy ES, Abu Lila AS, Allam AN, Hegazy WAH. Secnidazole Is a Promising Imidazole Mitigator of Serratia marcescens Virulence. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112333. [PMID: 34835458 PMCID: PMC8617784 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Serratia marcescens is an opportunistic pathogen that causes diverse nosocomial infections. S. marcescens has developed considerable resistance to different antibiotics and is equipped with an armory of virulence factors. These virulence factors are regulated in S. marcescens by an intercellular communication system termed quorum sensing (QS). Targeting bacterial virulence and QS is an interesting approach to mitigating bacterial pathogenesis and overcoming the development of resistance to antimicrobials. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the anti-virulence activities of secnidazole on a clinical isolate of S. marcescens. The effects of secnidazole at sub-inhibitory concentrations (sub-MICs) on virulence factors, swarming motility, biofilm formation, proteases, hemolysin activity, and prodigiosin production were evaluated in vitro. Secnidazole's protective activity against S. marcescens pathogenesis was assessed in vivo in mice. Furthermore, a molecular docking study was conducted to evaluate the binding ability of secnidazole to the S. marcescens SmaR QS receptor. Our findings showed that secnidazole at sub-MICs significantly reduced S. marcescens virulence factor production in vitro and diminished its pathogenesis in mice. The insilico docking study revealed a great ability of secnidazole to competitively hinder the binding of the autoinducer to the SmaR QS receptor. In conclusion, secnidazole is a promising anti-virulence agent that may be used to control infections caused by S. marcescens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahdab N. Khayyat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.N.K.); (M.T.K.)
| | - Hisham A. Abbas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (H.A.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Maan T. Khayat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.N.K.); (M.T.K.)
| | - Moataz A. Shaldam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33511, Egypt;
| | - Momen Askoura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (H.A.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Hani Z. Asfour
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - El-Sayed Khafagy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41552, Egypt
| | - Amr S. Abu Lila
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81442, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Ahmed N. Allam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21521, Egypt;
| | - Wael A. H. Hegazy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (H.A.A.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-110-118-8800
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Ammar AM, Abd El-Hamid MI, El-Malt RMS, Azab DS, Albogami S, Al-Sanea MM, Soliman WE, Ghoneim MM, Bendary MM. Molecular Detection of Fluoroquinolone Resistance among Multidrug-, Extensively Drug-, and Pan-Drug-Resistant Campylobacter Species in Egypt. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:1342. [PMID: 34827280 PMCID: PMC8614916 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent times, resistant foodborne pathogens, especially of the Campylobacter species, have created several global crises. These crises have been compounded due to the evolution of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens and the emergence of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) and pan-drug-resistant (PDR) strains. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the development of resistance and the existence of both XDR and PDR among Campylobacter isolates. Moreover, we explored the use of the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique for the detection of fluoroquinolone (FQ)-resistant Campylobacter isolates. A total of 120 Campylobacter isolates were identified depending on both phenotypic and genotypic methods. Of note, cefoxitin and imipenem were the most effective drugs against the investigated Campylobacter isolates. Interestingly, the majority of our isolates (75%) were MDR. Unfortunately, both XDR and PDR isolates were detected in our study with prevalence rates of 20.8% and 4.2%, respectively. All FQ-resistant isolates with ciprofloxacin minimum inhibitory concentrations ≥4 µg/mL were confirmed by the genetic detection of gyrA chromosomal mutation via substitution of threonine at position 86 to isoleucine (Thr-86-to-Ile) using the PCR-RFLP technique. Herein, PCR-RFLP was a more practical and less expensive method used for the detection of FQ resistant isolates. In conclusion, we introduced a fast genetic method for the identification of FQ-resistant isolates to avoid treatment failure through the proper description of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Ammar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (A.M.A.); (M.I.A.E.-H.)
| | - Marwa I. Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (A.M.A.); (M.I.A.E.-H.)
| | - Rania M. S. El-Malt
- Animal Health Research Institute-Agriculture Research Center, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44516, Egypt;
| | - Doaa S. Azab
- Zagazig Veterinary Hospital, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44516, Egypt;
| | - Sarah Albogami
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, Taif 11099, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammad M. Al-Sanea
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Wafaa E. Soliman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia;
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa 35712, Egypt
| | - Mohammed M. Ghoneim
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, Al Maarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mahmoud M. Bendary
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42511, Egypt
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Identification of cbiO Gene Critical for Biofilm Formation by MRSA CFSa36 Strain Isolated from Pediatric Patient with Cystic Fibrosis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111363. [PMID: 34832519 PMCID: PMC8622116 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The colonization of Staphylococcus aureus, especially methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), has a detrimental effect on the respiratory care of pediatric patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). In addition to being resistant to multiple antibiotics, S. aureus also has the ability to form biofilms, which makes the infection more difficult to treat and eradicate. In this study, we examined the ability of S. aureus strains isolated from pediatric patients with CF to form biofilms. We screened a transposon mutant library of MRSA and identified a putative cobalt transporter ATP binding domain (cbiO) that is required for biofilm formation. We discovered that deleting cbiO creating a cbiO null mutant in CFSa36 (an MRSA strain isolated from a patient with cystic fibrosis) significantly hinders the ability of CFSa36 to form biofilm. The complementation of cbiO restored the ability of the cbiO deletion mutant to generate biofilm. Interestingly, we revealed that incorporating extra copper ions to the chemically defined medium (CDM) complemented the function of cbiO for biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner, while the addition of extra iron ions in CDM enhanced the effect of cbiO null mutation on biofilm formation. In addition, neither the addition of certain extra amounts of copper ions nor iron ions in CDM had an impact on bacterial growth. Taken together, our findings suggest that cbiO mediates biofilm formation by affecting the transportation of copper ions in the MRSA CFSa36 strain. This study provides new insights into the molecular basis of biofilm formation by S. aureus.
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Abdelraheem WM, Khairy RMM, Zaki AI, Zaki SH. Effect of ZnO nanoparticles on methicillin, vancomycin, linezolid resistance and biofilm formation in Staphylococcus aureus isolates. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2021; 20:54. [PMID: 34419054 PMCID: PMC8379777 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-021-00459-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multidrug resistant (MDR) and biofilm producing Staphylococcus aureus strains are usually associated with serious infections. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm-formation effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) against staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolates. Methods A total of 116 S. aureus isolates were recovered from 250 burn wound samples. The antimicrobial/antibiofilm effects of ZnO-NPs against methicillin, vancomycin and linezolid resistant S. aureus (MRSA, VRSA and LRSA) isolates were examined using phenotypic and genotypic methods. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ZnO-NPs was determined by microdilution method. The effects of sub-MIC concentrations of ZnO-NPs on biofilm formation and drug resistance in S. aureus were determined by the microtiter plate method. The change in the expression levels of the biofilm encoding genes and resistance genes in S. aureus isolates after treatment with ZnO-NPs was assessed by real time reverse transcriptase PCR (rt-PCR). Results MICs of ZnO-NPs in S. aureus isolates were (128–2048 µg/ml). The sub-MIC of ZnO-NPs significantly reduced biofilm formation rate (the highest inhibition rate was 76.47% at 1024 µg/ml) and the expression levels of biofilm genes (ica A, ica D and fnb A) with P < 0.001. Moreover, Sub-MIC of ZnO-NPs significantly reduced the rates of MRSA from 81.9 (95 isolates) to 13.30% (15 isolates), VRSA from 33.60 (39 isolates) to 0% and LARSA from 29.30 (34) to 0% as well as the expression levels of resistance genes (mec A, van A and cfr) with P value < 0.001. Conclusion ZnO-NPs can be used as antibiofilm and potent antimicrobial against MRSA, VRSA and LRSA isolates. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12941-021-00459-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wedad M Abdelraheem
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, 61511, Egypt
| | - Rasha M M Khairy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, 61511, Egypt.
| | - Alaa I Zaki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, 61511, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa H Zaki
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Minia University, Minia, 61511, Egypt
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Biofilm Formation of Multidrug-Resistant MRSA Strains Isolated from Different Types of Human Infections. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10080970. [PMID: 34451434 PMCID: PMC8400568 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10080970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the main pathogens causing chronic infections, mainly due to its capacity to form biofilms. However, the mechanisms underlying the biofilm formation of MRSA strains from different types of human infections are not fully understood. MRSA strains isolated from distinct human infections were characterized aiming to determine their biofilm-forming capacity, the biofilm resistance to conventional antibiotics and the prevalence of biofilm-related genes, including, icaA, icaB, icaC, icaD, fnbA, fnbB, clfA, clfB, cna, eno, ebpS, fib and bbp. Eighty-three clinical MRSA strains recovered from bacteremia episodes, osteomyelitis and diabetic foot ulcers were used. The biofilm-forming capacity was evaluated by the microtiter biofilm assay and the biofilm structure was analyzed via confocal scanning laser microscopy. The antimicrobial susceptibility of 24-h-old biofilms was assessed against three antibiotics and the biomass reduction was measured. The metabolic activity of biofilms was evaluated by the XTT assay. The presence of biofilm-related genes was investigated by whole-genome sequencing and by PCR. Despite different intensities, all strains showed the capacity to form biofilms. Most strains had also a large number of biofilm-related genes. However, strains isolated from osteomyelitis showed a lower capacity to form biofilms and also a lower prevalence of biofilm-associated genes. There was a significant reduction in the biofilm biomass of some strains tested against antibiotics. Our results provide important information on the biofilm-forming capacity of clinical MRSA strains, which may be essential to understand the influence of different types of infections on biofilm production and chronic infections.
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Not Only Antimicrobial: Metronidazole Mitigates the Virulence of Proteus mirabilis Isolated from Macerated Diabetic Foot Ulcer. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11156847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic foot ulcers are recognized to be a severe complication of diabetes, increasing the risk of amputation and death. The bacterial infection of Diabetic foot ulcers with virulent and resistant bacteria as Proteus mirabilis greatly worsens the wound and may not be treated with conventional therapeutics. Developing new approaches to target bacterial virulence can be helpful to conquer such infections. In the current work, we evaluated the anti-virulence activities of the widely used antibacterial metronidazole. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum biofilm eradication concentrations (MEBC) were determined for selected antibiotics which P. mirabilis was resistant to them in the presence and absence of metronidazole in sub-MIC. The effect of metronidazole in sub-MIC on P. mirabilis virulence factors as production of exoenzymes, motilities, adhesion and biofilm formation, were evaluated. Furthermore, molecular docking of metronidazole into P. mirabilis adhesion and essential quorum sensing (QS) proteins, was performed. The results revealed a significant ability of metronidazole to in-vitro inhibit P. mirabilis virulence factors and antagonize its essential proteins. Moreover, metronidazole markedly decreased the MICs and MBECs of tested antibiotics. Conclusively, metronidazole in sub-MIC is a plausible anti-virulence and anti-QS agent that can be combined to other antibiotics as anti-virulence adjuvant to defeat aggressive infections.
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Attallah NGM, Negm WA, Elekhnawy E, Elmongy EI, Altwaijry N, El-Haroun H, El-Masry TA, El-Sherbeni SA. Elucidation of Phytochemical Content of Cupressus macrocarpa Leaves: In Vitro and In Vivo Antibacterial Effect against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Clinical Isolates. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10080890. [PMID: 34438940 PMCID: PMC8388636 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10080890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important human pathogen that causes various infections. The increasing resistance of MRSA to different antibiotics is widely spreading; therefore, plant extracts may be novel therapeutic alternatives. The phytochemical profiling of Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw. ex Gordon leaves in vitro, and in vivo, antimicrobial potential of its extracts against MRSA clinical isolates were explored. A phytochemical tentative identification of 49 compounds was performed in the leaves using LC-ESI-MS/MS; in addition, isolation, and structure elucidation of hesperidin and eriocitrin were achieved for the first time. The diethyl ether extract (DEEL) exhibited the best antibacterial effect with MIC values ranging from 2 to 8 µg/mL, which significantly reduced the growth and efflux activity in 48.78% and 29.26% of isolates, respectively. qRT-PCR showed a significant down expression of norA and norB genes, which significantly affected the bacterial cell morphology and had a non-significant effect on membrane depolarization (using flow cytometry). In a rat model, four groups were wounded and treated with normal saline or DEEL, or infected with MRSA, or infected and treated with DEEL. The regeneration of the epidermis, maturation of granulation tissue, and reduction of inflammatory cell infiltration were observed after treatment with DEEL. Thus, C. macrocarpa leaves may be a promising source for new antimicrobials against MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nashwah G. M. Attallah
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia; (N.G.M.A.); (N.A.)
- Egyptian Drug Authority (EDA), Giza 8655, Egypt (previously NODCAR)
| | - Walaa A. Negm
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31111, Egypt; (W.A.N.); (S.A.E.-S.)
| | - Engy Elekhnawy
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31111, Egypt
- Correspondence: (E.E.); or (E.I.E.)
| | - Elshaymaa I. Elmongy
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia; (N.G.M.A.); (N.A.)
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Helwan 11795, Egypt
- Correspondence: (E.E.); or (E.I.E.)
| | - Najla Altwaijry
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Department, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 84428, Saudi Arabia; (N.G.M.A.); (N.A.)
| | - Hala El-Haroun
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, Shibin Al Kawm 32511, Egypt;
| | - Thanaa A. El-Masry
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31111, Egypt;
| | - Suzy A. El-Sherbeni
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31111, Egypt; (W.A.N.); (S.A.E.-S.)
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Aldawsari MF, Khafagy ES, Saqr AA, Alalaiwe A, Abbas HA, Shaldam MA, Hegazy WAH, Goda RM. Tackling Virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by the Natural Furanone Sotolon. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10070871. [PMID: 34356792 PMCID: PMC8300740 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial resistance development due to the incessant administration of antibiotics has led to difficulty in their treatment. Natural adjuvant compounds can be co-administered to hinder the pathogenesis of resistant bacteria. Sotolon is the prevailing aromatic compound that gives fenugreek its typical smell. In the current work, the anti-virulence activities of sotolon on Pseudomonas aeruginosa have been evaluated. P. aeruginosa has been treated with sotolon at sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and production of biofilm and other virulence factors were assessed. Moreover, the anti-quorum sensing (QS) activity of sotolon was in-silico evaluated by evaluating the affinity of sotolon to bind to QS receptors, and the expression of QS genes was measured in the presence of sotolon sub-MIC. Furthermore, the sotolon in-vivo capability to protect mice against P. aeruginosa was assessed. Significantly, sotolon decreased the production of bacterial biofilm and virulence factors, the expression of QS genes, and protected mice from P. aeruginosa. Conclusively, the plant natural substance sotolon attenuated the pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa, locating it as a plausible potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of its infections. Sotolon can be used in the treatment of bacterial infections as an alternative or adjuvant to antibiotics to combat their high resistance to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed F. Aldawsari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (M.F.A.); (A.A.S.); (A.A.)
| | - El-Sayed Khafagy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (M.F.A.); (A.A.S.); (A.A.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-533-564-286
| | - Ahmed Al Saqr
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (M.F.A.); (A.A.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Ahmed Alalaiwe
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (M.F.A.); (A.A.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Hisham A. Abbas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (H.A.A.); (W.A.H.H.)
| | - Moataz A. Shaldam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33511, Egypt;
| | - Wael A. H. Hegazy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (H.A.A.); (W.A.H.H.)
| | - Reham M. Goda
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Biotechnology, Gamasa 35712, Egypt;
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35
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Nasser A, Dallal MMS, Jahanbakhshi S, Azimi T, Nikouei L. Staphylococcus aureus: biofilm formation and strategies against it. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 23:664-678. [PMID: 34238148 DOI: 10.2174/1389201022666210708171123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The formation of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm causes significant infections in the human body. Biofilm forms through the aggregation of bacterial species and brings about many complications. It mediates drug resistance and persistence and facilitates the recurrence of infection at the end of antimicrobial therapy. Biofilm formation goes through a series of steps to complete, and any interference in these steps can disrupt its formation. Such interference may occur at any stage of biofilm production, including attachment, monolayer formation, and accumulation. Interfering agents can act as quorum sensing inhibitors and interfere in the functionality of quorum sensing receptors, attachment inhibitors and affect the cell hydrophobicity. Among these inhibiting strategies, attachment inhibitors could serve as the best agents against biofilm formation. If pathogens abort the attachment, the following stages of biofilm formation, e.g., accumulation and dispersion, will fail to materialize. Inhibition at this stage leads to suppression of virulence factors and invasion. One of the best-known inhibitors is a chelator that collects metal, Fe+, Zn+, and magnesium critical for biofilm formation. These influential factors in the binding and formation of biofilm are investigated, and the coping strategy is discussed. This review examines the stages of biofilm formation and determines what factors interfere in the continuity of these steps. Finally, the inhibition strategies are investigated, reviewed, and discussed. Keywords: Biofilm, Staphylococcus, Biofilm inhibitor, Dispersion, Antibiofilm agent, EPS, PIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Nasser
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Shiva Jahanbakhshi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Taher Azimi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Nikouei
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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36
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Youns M, Askoura M, Abbas HA, Attia GH, Khayyat AN, Goda RM, Almalki AJ, Khafagy ES, Hegazy WAH. Celastrol Modulates Multiple Signaling Pathways to Inhibit Proliferation of Pancreatic Cancer via DDIT3 and ATF3 Up-Regulation and RRM2 and MCM4 Down-Regulation. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:3849-3860. [PMID: 34194230 PMCID: PMC8238076 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s313933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pancreatic cancer is one of the most serious and lethal human cancers with a snowballing incidence around the world. The natural product celastrol has also been widely documented as a potent anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and anti-oxidant. Purpose To elucidate the antitumor effect of celastrol on pancreatic cancer cells and its modulatory role on whole genome expression. Methods The antitumor activity of celastrol on a panel of pancreatic cancer cells has been evaluated by Sulforhodamine B assay. Caspase 3/7 and histone-associated DNA fragments assays were done for apoptosis measurement. Additionally, prostaglandin (PGE2) inhibition was evaluated. Moreover, a microarray gene expression profiling was carried out to detect possible key players that modulate the antitumor effects of celastrol on cells of pancreatic cancer. Results Our findings indicated that celastrol suppresses the cellular growth of pancreatic cancer cells, induces apoptosis, and inhibits PGE2 production. Celastrol modulated many signaling genes and its cytotoxic effect was mainly mediated via over-expression of ATF3 and DDIT3, and down-expression of RRM2 and MCM4. Conclusion The current study aims to be a starting point to generate a hypothesis on the most significant regulatory genes and for a full dissection of the celastrol possible effects on each single gene to prevent the pancreatic cancer growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Youns
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Functional Genome Analysis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Momen Askoura
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Hisham A Abbas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Gouda H Attia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafr El-Shiekh University, Kafr El-Shiekh, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahdab N Khayyat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reham M Goda
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Gamasa, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmad J Almalki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - El-Sayed Khafagy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41552, Egypt
| | - Wael A H Hegazy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Wu S, Liu Y, Lei L, Zhang H. Antisense yycG modulates the susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to hydrogen peroxide via the sarA. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:160. [PMID: 34053439 PMCID: PMC8165985 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02218-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The infectious pathogen Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is primarily associated with osteomyelitis. Hydrogen peroxide drainage is an effective antimicrobial treatment that has been adopted to combat S. aureus infections. Previous investigations have indicated that the antisense RNA (asRNA) strategy negatively modulates S. aureus YycFG TCS, and it significantly disrupts biofilm formation. However, the effects of the antisense yycG RNA (ASyycG) strategy on the susceptibility of biofilm-producing S. aureus to hydrogen peroxide and the mechanisms underlying this effect have not been elucidated to date. Results Overexpression of ASyycG inhibited the transcription of biofilm formation-related genes, including sarA and icaA. Additionally, the CFU counts and the live bacterial ratios of ASyycG biofilm-producing S. aureus treated with H2O2 were notably reduced across the groups. Notably, the predicted promoter regions of the sarA and icaA genes were directly regulated by YycF. Conclusions ASyycG was observed to sensitize biofilm-producing S. aureus to H2O2 intervention synergistically via the sarA and thus may represent a supplementary strategy for managing osteomyelitis. However, future in-depth studies should attempt to replicate our findings in animal models, such as the rat osteomyelitis model. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12866-021-02218-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhou Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guoxue Alley, Sichuan, 610041, Chengdu, P.R. China
| | - Yunjie Liu
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Hospital of Stomatology, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases,, Sichuan University, NO.14 Third Section, Renmin South Road, Sichuan, 610041, Chengdu, P.R. China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.37 Guoxue Alley, Sichuan, 610041, Chengdu, P.R. China.
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Khayyat AN, Hegazy WAH, Shaldam MA, Mosbah R, Almalki AJ, Ibrahim TS, Khayat MT, Khafagy ES, Soliman WE, Abbas HA. Xylitol Inhibits Growth and Blocks Virulence in Serratia marcescens. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051083. [PMID: 34070043 PMCID: PMC8158113 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Serratia marcescens is an opportunistic nosocomial pathogen and causes wound and burn infections. It shows high resistance to antibiotics and its pathogenicity is mediated by an arsenal of virulence factors. Another therapeutic option to such infections is targeting quorum sensing (QS), which controls the expression of different S. marcescens virulence factors. Prevention of QS can deprive S. marcescens from its bacterial virulence without applying stress on the bacterial growth and facilitates the eradication of the bacteria by immunity. The objective of the current study is to explore the antimicrobial and antivirulence activities of xylitol against S. marcescens. Xylitol could inhibit the growth of S. marcescens. Sub-inhibitory concentrations of xylitol could inhibit biofilm formation, reduce prodigiosin production, and completely block protease activity. Moreover, xylitol decreased swimming motility, swarming motility and increased the sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide. The expression of rsmA, pigP, flhC, flhD fimA, fimC, shlA bsmB, and rssB genes that regulate virulence factor production was significantly downregulated by xylitol. In silico study showed that xylitol could bind with the SmaR receptor by hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen bonding, and interfere with the binding of the natural ligand with SmaR receptor. An in vivo mice survival test confirmed the ability of xylitol to protect mice against the virulence of S. marcescens. In conclusion, xylitol is a growth and virulence inhibitor in S. marcescens and can be employed for the treatment of S. marcescens wound and burn infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahdab N. Khayyat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.N.K.); (A.J.A.); (T.S.I.); (M.T.K.)
| | - Wael A. H. Hegazy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +20-1101188800
| | - Moataz A. Shaldam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt;
| | - Rasha Mosbah
- Infection control Unit, Zagazig University Hospitals, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
- Faculty of Oral and Dental medicine, Ahram Canadian University, Giza Governorate 12573, Egypt
| | - Ahmad J. Almalki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.N.K.); (A.J.A.); (T.S.I.); (M.T.K.)
| | - Tarek S. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.N.K.); (A.J.A.); (T.S.I.); (M.T.K.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Maan T. Khayat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.N.K.); (A.J.A.); (T.S.I.); (M.T.K.)
| | - El-Sayed Khafagy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41552, Egypt
| | - Wafaa E. Soliman
- Department of Biomedical science, Faculty of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Alhofuf, Al-Ahsa 36362, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, Mansoura 11152, Egypt
| | - Hisham A. Abbas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
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Hegazy WAH, Al Mamari R, Almazroui K, Al Habsi A, Kamona A, AlHarthi H, Al Lawati AI, AlHusaini AH. Retrospective Study of Bone-TB in Oman: 2002-2019. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2021; 11:238-245. [PMID: 33969946 PMCID: PMC8242117 DOI: 10.2991/jegh.k.210420.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Little information is available about the etiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, and epidemiologic features of Bone Tuberculosis (Bone-TB). In this work, we present the epidemiological data about the Bone-TB in the Sultanate of Oman. Methods: Retrospectively, we identified and assessed those patients who were diagnosed with Bone-TB between January 2002 and December 2019 at Khoula Hospital. The following data were collected: demographics, clinical presentation, anatomical location, diagnosis, and treatment of the Bone-TB. Results: During the study period, 115 cases of Bone-TB were diagnosed. Males were affected more than females (57.4% and 42.6%, respectively). About 30% of Bone-TB cases were primary diagnosed in other organs particularly the lungs and then after disseminated to the bone. However, the Bone-TB was detected in hip, leg, hand, shoulder, and skull bones, the most detected Bone-TB was in spine (66% of cases). After vaccination the Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) strains were identified in the bones of eight babies. Tubercle bacilli were detected by Acid-Fast Stain (AFS) in 59% of cases, and the rest of cases were confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests. There are two used treatment regimens, with 12.4% relapse. The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) disturbances were the most related side effects. The resistance has been detected to pyrazinamide in six cases, rifampicin in three cases, and isoniazid, streptomycin and kanamycin were detected in one case. Conclusion: The most predominant Bone-TB cases were spine-TB that were mainly disseminated from the lungs. AFS failed to detect tubercle bacilli in 40% of cases. There is no statistical significance in relapse between the used two regimens. The death was predominant among skull-TB cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael A H Hegazy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt.,Department of Pharmacy Practice and pharmaceutical sciences, Pharmacy Program, Oman College of Health Sciences, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - R Al Mamari
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and pharmaceutical sciences, Pharmacy Program, Oman College of Health Sciences, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - K Almazroui
- Pharmacy and Medical Store Department, Clinical Pharmacy Section, Directorate General of Khoula Hospital, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - A Al Habsi
- Pharmacy and Medical Store Department, Clinical Pharmacy Section, Directorate General of Khoula Hospital, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - A Kamona
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and pharmaceutical sciences, Pharmacy Program, Oman College of Health Sciences, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - H AlHarthi
- Pharmacy and Medical Store Department, Clinical Pharmacy Section, Directorate General of Khoula Hospital, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Areej I Al Lawati
- Pharmacy and Medical Store Department, Directorate General of Royal Hospital, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - AlZahra H AlHusaini
- Directorate of Drug Store, Injection Section, Directorate General of Medical Supplies, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
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Ibrahim D, Abdelfattah-Hassan A, Badawi M, Ismail TA, Bendary MM, Abdelaziz AM, Mosbah RA, Mohamed DI, Arisha AH, El-Hamid MIA. Thymol nanoemulsion promoted broiler chicken's growth, gastrointestinal barrier and bacterial community and conferred protection against Salmonella Typhimurium. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7742. [PMID: 33833292 PMCID: PMC8032708 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86990-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study involved in vivo evaluation of the growth promoting effects of thymol and thymol nanoemulsion and their protection against Salmonella Typhimurium infection in broilers. One-day old 2400 chicks were randomly divided into eight groups; negative and positive control groups fed basal diet without additives and thymol and thymol nanoemulsion groups (0.25, 0.5 and 1% each). At d 23, all chicks except negative control were challenged with S. Typhimurium. Over the total growing period, birds fed 1% thymol nanoemulsion showed better growth performance even after S. Typhimurium challenge, which came parallel with upregulation of digestive enzyme genes (AMY2A, PNLIP and CCK). Additionally, higher levels of thymol nanoemulsion upregulated the expression of MUC-2, FABP2, IL-10, IgA and tight junction proteins genes and downregulated IL-2 and IL-6 genes expression. Moreover, 1% thymol nanoemulsion, and to lesser extent 0.5% thymol nanoemulsion and 1% thymol, corrected the histological alterations of cecum and liver postinfection. Finally, supplementation of 1% thymol, 0.5 and 1% thymol nanoemulsion led to increased Lactobacilli counts and decreased S. Typhimurium populations and downregulated invA gene expression postinfection. This first report of supplying thymol nanoemulsion in broiler diets proved that 1% nano-thymol is a potential growth promoting and antibacterial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Ibrahim
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdelfattah-Hassan
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt ,grid.440881.10000 0004 0576 5483Biomedical Sciences Program, Zewail City of Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October, Giza, 12578 Egypt
| | - M. Badawi
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Tamer Ahmed Ismail
- grid.412895.30000 0004 0419 5255Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Turabah University College, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud M. Bendary
- grid.440879.60000 0004 0578 4430Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said Governorate, Egypt
| | - Adel M. Abdelaziz
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Educational Hospital, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Rasha A. Mosbah
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Zagazig University Hospital, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Dalia Ibrahim Mohamed
- Department of Biochemistry, Zagazig Branch, Agriculture Research Center, Animal Health Research Institute, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Ahmed H. Arisha
- grid.507995.70000 0004 6073 8904Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo, Egypt ,grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Marwa I. Abd El-Hamid
- grid.31451.320000 0001 2158 2757Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Al Saqr A, Khafagy ES, Alalaiwe A, Aldawsari MF, Alshahrani SM, Anwer MK, Khan S, Lila ASA, Arab HH, Hegazy WAH. Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles by Using Green Machinery: Characterization and In Vitro Toxicity. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11030808. [PMID: 33809859 PMCID: PMC8004202 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) with plant extracts has gained considerable interest in the field of biomedicine. Recently, the bioreduction nature of herbal extracts has helped to synthesize spherical GNPs of different potential from gold salt. In this study, a fast ecofriendly method was adopted for the synthesis of GNPs using fresh peel (aqueous) extracts of Benincasa hispida, which acted as reducing and stabilizing agents. The biosynthesized GNPs were characterized by UV–VIS and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic light scattering. In addition, the in vitro antibacterial and anticancer activities of synthesized GNPs were investigated. The formation of gold nanoparticles was confirmed by the existence of a sharp absorption peak at 520 nm, corresponding to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band of the GNPs. TEM analysis revealed that the prepared GNPs were spherical in shape and had an average particle size of 22.18 ± 2 nm. Most importantly, the synthesized GNPs exhibited considerable antibacterial activity against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, the biosynthesized GNPs exerted remarkable in vitro cytotoxicity against human cervical cancer cell line, while sparing normal human primary osteoblast cells. Such cytotoxic effect was attributed to the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that contributed to the damage of HeLa cells. Collectively, peel extracts of B. hispida can be efficiently used for the synthesis of GNPs, which can be adopted as a natural source of antimicrobial and anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al Saqr
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.S.); (A.A.); (M.F.A.); (S.M.A.); (M.K.A.)
| | - El-Sayed Khafagy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.S.); (A.A.); (M.F.A.); (S.M.A.); (M.K.A.)
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-533-564-286
| | - Ahmed Alalaiwe
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.S.); (A.A.); (M.F.A.); (S.M.A.); (M.K.A.)
| | - Mohammed F. Aldawsari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.S.); (A.A.); (M.F.A.); (S.M.A.); (M.K.A.)
| | - Saad M. Alshahrani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.S.); (A.A.); (M.F.A.); (S.M.A.); (M.K.A.)
| | - Md. Khalid Anwer
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.S.); (A.A.); (M.F.A.); (S.M.A.); (M.K.A.)
| | - Salman Khan
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow 226026, India;
| | - Amr S. Abu Lila
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
| | - Hany H. Arab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Wael A. H. Hegazy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
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Palaniappan B, Solomon AP, C DR. Targeting AgrA quorum sensing regulator by bumetanide attenuates virulence in Staphylococcus aureus - A drug repurposing approach. Life Sci 2021; 273:119306. [PMID: 33662434 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The present study aims to target the quorum sensing (QS) accessory gene regulator A (AgrA) of Staphylococcus aureus to curtail bacterial virulence through drug repurposing approach. MAIN METHODS In silico screening of chemical ligands that bind specifically to the S. aureus C-LytTR domain of AgrA (AgrAC) was carried out. AgrA inhibition and downregulation of virulence genes linked to QS system of S. aureus were determined. Efficacy, dermal toxicity and drug tolerance induction were tested in Balb/C mice dermonecrosis model. KEY FINDINGS Bumetanide bound to the conserved amino acid Tyr-229 of AgrA and showed 70% AgrA inhibition at 0.1 μM. Highly significant reduction in the expression of representative virulence genes such as alpha-hemolysin (~5 log2-fold), phenol-soluble modulins (~4 log2-fold) and panton-valentine leukocidin (~3 log2-fold) was noted in vitro. In vivo studies signified bumetanide to be highly effective in controlling the ulcer development and promoted wound healing. Also, the tested substance did not have dermal toxicity and no tolerance induction as well. SIGNIFICANCE Targeting the QS regulators could be a possible alternative approach to curtail virulence in S. aureus. In addition, if the QS inhibitors are repurposed it could accelerate the drug development process and reduce the cost. The identified drug bumetanide inhibited AgrA and the results were in comparable to that of a known virulence inhibitor, diflunisal. The newly reported results of bumetanide in this study are expected to mark the drug's visibility for antibiotic adjunctive therapy and topical drug formulations for skin infections research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balamurugan Palaniappan
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Adline Princy Solomon
- Quorum Sensing Laboratory, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - David Raj C
- Central Animal Facility, School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
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El-Far A, Samir S, El-Gebaly E, Taha NY, Fahmy EM, Diab TM, El-Shenawy A. Assessment of eugenol inhibitory effect on biofilm formation and biofilm gene expression in methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates in Egypt. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2021; 89:104722. [PMID: 33444856 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) biofilm infection is a major threat in Healthcare facilities. The search for biofilm inhibitors is essential to overcome the antibiotic resistance. Eugenol is a phyto-compound that possesses many biological properties. In this study, the aim was to estimate the effect of eugenol on biofilms of MRSA through quantifying the level of gene expression of three genes (IcaA, IcaD and SarA) involved in biofilm development.. Fifty MRSA biofilm producers collected from the microbiology lab at Theodor Bilharz Research Institute were incubated with different concentrations of eugenol for 24 h. The minimum inhibitory concentration of eugenol (MIC) that eradicates the biofilms growth was detected. mRNA was extracted from all isolates before and after the application of eugenol at 0.5 x MIC, and then subjected to quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). Results showed that fourteen isolates out of 50 (28%) exhibited intermediate biofilm formation ability, and 36 out of 50 (72%) were strong biofilm producers. The MIC values of eugenol for MRSA ranged from 3.125% to 0.01%. The mean values of MIC in both strong and intermediate biofilm forming MRSA isolates were statistically comparable (p = 0.202). qPCR results revealed that the levels of expression of the studied genes IcaA, IcaD, and SarA were decreased after eugenol treatment when compared with their corresponding values before treatment (p = 0.001). Eugenol inhibited the formation of biofilm of MRSA isolates, indicating it could be used to control infections associated with MRSA biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira El-Far
- Microbiology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute (TBRI), Giza, Egypt
| | - Safia Samir
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute (TBRI), Giza, Egypt.
| | - Eman El-Gebaly
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suif University, Egypt.
| | - Nahed Y Taha
- Microbiology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute (TBRI), Giza, Egypt
| | - Ehab M Fahmy
- Medical Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Aswan University, Egypt
| | - Tarek M Diab
- Parasitology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute (TBRI), Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed El-Shenawy
- Microbiology Department, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute (TBRI), Giza, Egypt
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Bendary MM, Ibrahim D, Mosbah RA, Mosallam F, Hegazy WAH, Awad NFS, Alshareef WA, Alomar SY, Zaitone SA, Abd El-Hamid MI. Thymol Nanoemulsion: A New Therapeutic Option for Extensively Drug Resistant Foodborne Pathogens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 10:25. [PMID: 33396722 PMCID: PMC7823989 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Foodborne pathogens have been associated with severe and complicated diseases. Therefore, these types of infections are a concern for public health officials and food and dairy industries. Regarding the wide-spread multidrug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant (XDR) foodborne pathogens such as Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis), new and alternative therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. Therefore, we investigated the antimicrobial, anti-virulence, and immunostimulant activities of a stable formulation of thymol as thymol nanoemulsion in an in vivo approach. Notably, treatment with 2.25% thymol nanoemulsion led to a pronounced improvement in the body weight gain and feed conversion ratio in addition to decreases in the severity of clinical findings and mortality percentages of challenged chickens with XDR S. Enteritidis confirming its pronounced antimicrobial activities. Moreover, thymol nanoemulsion, at this dose, had protective effects through up-regulation of the protective cytokines and down-regulation of XDR S. Enteritidis sopB virulence gene and interleukins (IL)-4 and IL-10 cytokines as those hinder the host defenses. Furthermore, it enhanced the growth of gut Bifidobacteria species, which increases the strength of the immune system. For that, we suggested the therapeutic use of thymol nanoemulsion against resistant foodborne pathogens. Finally, we recommended the use of 2.25% thymol nanoemulsion as a feed additive for immunocompromised individuals as well as in the veterinary fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M. Bendary
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Port Said University, Port Said 42511, Egypt
| | - Doaa Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Rasha A. Mosbah
- Infection Control Unit, Zagazig University Hospital, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Farag Mosallam
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo 11865, Egypt;
| | - Wael A. H. Hegazy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Naglaa F. S. Awad
- Department of Avian and Rabbit Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Walaa A. Alshareef
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, 6th of October 12566, Egypt;
| | - Suliman Y. Alomar
- Doping Research Chair, Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Sawsan A. Zaitone
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismalia 41522, Egypt;
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marwa I. Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
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Ammar AM, El-Naenaeey ESY, El-Malt RMS, El-Gedawy AA, Khalifa E, Elnahriry SS, Abd El-Hamid MI. Prevalence, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Virulence and Genotyping of Campylobacter jejuni with a Special Reference to the Anti-Virulence Potential of Eugenol and Beta-Resorcylic Acid on Some Multi-Drug Resistant Isolates in Egypt. Animals (Basel) 2020; 11:E3. [PMID: 33375019 PMCID: PMC7822005 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of foodborne bacterial gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. Contaminated chickens and their products are the main sources of human campylobacteriosis. Therefore, this study aimed to detect the genotypic and virulence genes' profiles of multi-drug resistant (MDR) C. jejuni isolates and to assess the effects of sub-inhibitory concentrations (SICs) of eugenol and beta-resorcylic acid on the virulence of avian MDR C. jejuni isolates. These isolates were clustered together with the human isolates via enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-PCR (ERIC-PCR) fingerprinting. A total of 345 samples were collected from human stool (100) and different chicken (245) samples in Sharkia Governorate, Egypt. Conventional phenotypic methods identified 113 isolates (32.8%) as C. jejuni, and all C. jejuni isolates were MDR and resistant to erythromycin and ampicillin. The genes virB11, wlaN, and flaA were detected in 52%, 36% and 100% strains, respectively. ERIC-PCR yielded 14 profiles and five main clusters. Interestingly, human and chicken C. jejuni isolates were clustered together in ERIC-PCR clusters II-V, which confirmed the genetic relatedness between the isolates from both origins. Beta-resorcylic acid and eugenol inhibited the invasion of C. jejuni isolates to chicken intestinal cells by 41.66-38.19% and 31.94-29.16%, respectively, and minimized the transcription of flaA, virB11, and wlaN genes in the tested isolates by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR). In essence, eugenol and beta-resorcylic acid are promising natural antimicrobials for minimizing the virulence of MDR C. jejuni in chickens, thereby managing human campylobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. Ammar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (A.M.A.); (E.-S.Y.E.-N.); (M.I.A.E.-H.)
| | - El-Sayed Y. El-Naenaeey
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (A.M.A.); (E.-S.Y.E.-N.); (M.I.A.E.-H.)
| | - Rania M. S. El-Malt
- Department of Microbiology, Animal Health Research Institute, Zagazig 44516, Egypt
| | - Attia A. El-Gedawy
- Tuberculosis Unit, Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza 12618, Egypt;
| | - Eman Khalifa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh 51511, Egypt;
| | - Shimaa S. Elnahriry
- Department of Bacteriology, Mycology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sadat City, Menofia 32897, Egypt;
| | - Marwa I. Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt; (A.M.A.); (E.-S.Y.E.-N.); (M.I.A.E.-H.)
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Ketone- and Cyano-Selenoesters to Overcome Efflux Pump, Quorum-Sensing, and Biofilm-Mediated Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9120896. [PMID: 33322639 PMCID: PMC7763688 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9120896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant pathogens leads to a gradual decline in the efficacy of many antibacterial agents, which poses a serious problem for proper therapy. Multidrug resistance (MDR) mechanisms allow resistant bacteria to have limited uptake of drugs, modification of their target molecules, drug inactivation, or release of the drug into the extracellular space by efflux pumps (EPs). In previous studies, selenoesters have proved to be promising derivatives with a noteworthy antimicrobial activity. On the basis of these results, two series of novel selenoesters were synthesized to achieve more potent antibacterial activity on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Fifteen selenoesters (eight ketone-selenoesters and seven cyano-selenoesters) were investigated with regards to their efflux pump-inhibiting, anti-quorum-sensing (QS), and anti-biofilm effects in vitro. According to the results of the antibacterial activity, the ketone-selenoesters proved to be more potent antibacterial compounds than the cyano-selenoesters. With regard to efflux pump inhibition, one cyano-selenoester on methicillin-resistant S. aureus and one ketone-selenoester on Salmonella Typhimurium were potent inhibitors. The biofilm inhibitory capacity and the ability of the derivatives to disrupt mature biofilms were noteworthy in all the experimental systems applied. Regarding QS inhibition, four ketone-selenoesters and three cyano-selenoesters exerted a noteworthy effect on Vibrio campbellii strains.
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