1
|
Bi K, Wang Y, Li Z, Gao S, Zou H, Li L. Traceability of gushing water in the MiddleRoute of the South-to-North Water Diversion (Beijing section) through the river area. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 364:121450. [PMID: 38875987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
To trace the origin of the gushing water in the riverine area of the Beijing section of The Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project, a dataset was established comprising water chemistry, three-dimensional fluorescence spectra, and stable isotopes for different water bodies. Results indicated significant differences in Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and Ca2+ concentration among the gushing water, river water, and the water from the Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project (MRSD). Analysis using parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) and fluorescence index revealed that dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the MRSD mainly originated from endogenous sources, while the river water and gushing water showed influences from both endogenous and exogenous sources. Nitrate sources varied among the water bodies, with distinct contributions from domestic sewage and fertilizer sources. The evaporation lines of river water and gushing water exhibited similar intercepts and slopes, but their intercepts and slopes are much smaller than those of the MRSD, suggesting stronger kinetic evaporative fractionation. In conclusion, the gushing water in the riverine area of the MRSD was determined to originate from the river, providing a fast and efficient method for gushing water source identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keyue Bi
- School of Environment and Ecology, Jiangnan University Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China; Research institutes Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Environmental and Ecological Technology for River Basins,Beijing Water Science and Technology Institute, Beijing 100048, China; Beijing South-North Water Diversion main line management office, Beijing 100195, China
| | - Yongkang Wang
- Research institutes Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Environmental and Ecological Technology for River Basins,Beijing Water Science and Technology Institute, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhaoxin Li
- Research institutes Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Environmental and Ecological Technology for River Basins,Beijing Water Science and Technology Institute, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Sai Gao
- Beijing South-North Water Diversion main line management office, Beijing 100195, China
| | - Hua Zou
- School of Environment and Ecology, Jiangnan University Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.
| | - Lei Li
- Research institutes Beijing Key Laboratory of Water Environmental and Ecological Technology for River Basins,Beijing Water Science and Technology Institute, Beijing 100048, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Troutman JP, Mantha JSP, Li H, Henkelman G, Humphrey SM, Werth CJ. Tuning the Selectivity of Nitrate Reduction via Fine Composition Control of RuPdNP Catalysts. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308593. [PMID: 38326100 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Herein, aqueous nitrate (NO3 -) reduction is used to explore composition-selectivity relationships of randomly alloyed ruthenium-palladium nanoparticle catalysts to provide insights into the factors affecting selectivity during this and other industrially relevant catalytic reactions. NO3 - reduction proceeds through nitrite (NO2 -) and then nitric oxide (NO), before diverging to form either dinitrogen (N2) or ammonium (NH4 +) as final products, with N2 preferred in potable water treatment but NH4 + preferred for nitrogen recovery. It is shown that the NO3 - and NO starting feedstocks favor NH4 + formation using Ru-rich catalysts, while Pd-rich catalysts favor N2 formation. Conversely, a NO2 - starting feedstock favors NH4 + at ≈50 atomic-% Ru and selectivity decreases with higher Ru content. Mechanistic differences have been probed using density functional theory (DFT). Results show that, for NO3 - and NO feedstocks, the thermodynamics of the competing pathways for N-H and N-N formation lead to preferential NH4 + or N2 production, respectively, while Ru-rich surfaces are susceptible to poisoning by NO2 - feedstock, which displaces H atoms. This leads to a decrease in overall reduction activity and an increase in selectivity toward N2 production. Together, these results demonstrate the importance of tailoring both the reaction pathway thermodynamics and initial reactant binding energies to control overall reaction selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob P Troutman
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 301 E. Dean Keeton Street Stop C1700, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th Street Stop A5300, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Jagannath Sai Pavan Mantha
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th Street Stop A5300, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Hao Li
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Graeme Henkelman
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th Street Stop A5300, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Simon M Humphrey
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E. 24th Street Stop A5300, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Charles J Werth
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, 301 E. Dean Keeton Street Stop C1700, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhou X, Li H, Wang A, Gurmesa GA, Wang X, Chen X, Zhang C, Fang Y. Transformation mechanisms of ammonium and nitrate in subsurface wastewater infiltration system: Implication for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 250:121031. [PMID: 38134860 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.121031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Subsurface wastewater infiltration system (SWIS) has been recognized as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly tool for wastewater treatment. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the transformation processes of nitrogen (N), hindering the improvement of the N removal efficiency in SWIS. Here, the migration and transformation mechanisms of ammonium (NH4+-N) and nitrate (NO3+-N) over 10 days were explored by 15N labeling technique. Over the study period, 49% of the added 15NH4+-N remained in the soil, 29% was removed via gaseous N emissions, and 14% was leaked with the effluent in the SWIS. In contrast, only 11% of the added 15NO3--N remained in the soil while 65% of the added 15NO3--N was removed via gaseous N emissions, and 12% with the effluent in the SWIS. The main pathway for N2O emission was denitrification (52-70%) followed by nitrification (15-28%) and co-denitrification (9-20%). Denitrification was also the predominant pathway for N loss as N2, accounting for 88-96% of the N2 emission. The dominant biological transformation processes were different at divergent soil depths, corresponding to nitrification zone and denitrification zone along the longitudinal continuum in SWIS, which was confirmed by the expression patterns of microbial gene abundance. Overall, our findings reveal the mechanism of N transformation in SWIS and provide a theoretical basis for establishing a pollutant management strategy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions from domestic wastewater treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xulun Zhou
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Haibo Li
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China.
| | - Ang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, PR China.
| | - Geshere Abdisa Gurmesa
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, PR China
| | - Xueyan Wang
- School of Energy and Water Resources, Shenyang Institute of Technology, Fushun, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Chenxi Zhang
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, PR China
| | - Yunting Fang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang J. Oxygen Isotope Fractionation between Carbonate Minerals and Carbonic Acid Systems and Constraints for Environmental Science and Geological Processes. Molecules 2024; 29:698. [PMID: 38338441 PMCID: PMC10856116 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29030698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The equilibrium oxygen isotope fractionation factor is widely used in geological thermometry. However, under most natural conditions, the oxygen isotope exchange is rare to reach equilibrium. Especially for the complex water-rock interaction process, the contribution of the H2CO3 solution, CO32- solution, Ca(HCO3)2 solution, and CaCO3 solution to the equilibrium oxygen isotope fractionation factor of this process is poorly understood. In view of this predicament, these key parameters are obtained by ab initio calculations. The results showed that the contributions of different carbonate minerals and different aqueous solutions to the equilibrium oxygen isotope fractionation factor were different. Among all nine carbonate minerals (dolomite, calcite, aragonite, magnesite, siderite, otavite, smithsonite, ankerite, and strontianite), the minerals with the highest and lowest reduced partition function ratios (RPFR) were siderite and strontianite, respectively. At the same time, the RPFR of nitratine, which has the same structure as carbonate, was studied. The RPFRs of the three most widely distributed carbonates in nature (dolomite, calcite, and aragonite) were dolomite > calcite > aragonite. Among the H2CO3 solution, CO32- solution, Ca(HCO3)2 solution, and CaCO3 solution, the H2CO3 solution had the strongest ability to enrich 18O. In addition, the equilibrium oxygen isotope fractionation factors between aqueous solutions and gas phase species (CO2(g), H2O(g), and O2(g), etc.) were calculated systematically. The results showed that the oxygen isotope fractionation factors between solutions and gas phases were often inconsistent with the temperature change direction and that the kinetic effects played a key role. These theoretical parameters obtained in this study will provide key equilibrium oxygen isotope constraints for water-rock interaction processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jixi Zhang
- School of Geography and Environmental Science, Guizhou Normal University/State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification, Guiyang 550001, China;
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University/State Engineering Technology Institute for Karst Desertification, Guiyang 550001, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Copple SP, Peteet DM, Balk D, Chang C, Jones B, Tzortziou M. Marsh archive reveals human population history and future implications for estuarine health in Long Island Sound. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 895:164885. [PMID: 37343863 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Coastal marshes are efficient ecosystems providing a multitude of benefits for invertebrates, birds, fish and humans alike. Yet despite these benefits, wetlands are threatened by anthropogenic inputs such as human wastewater which contain high levels of nitrogen (N). Increased nitrogen loads cause eutrophication and hypoxia in estuaries leading to further degradation of these valuable ecosystems that are already stressed by sea level rise and climate change. Policies to protect wetlands via wastewater treatments are reactive rather than proactive and a growing body of research shows that characteristics associated with population health and economic activity can be identified in wastewater. Analysis of a 2-m salt marsh sediment core reveals δN15 signatures indicative of human population rise and connects human impact to ecosystem health. Using key X-ray fluorescence (XRF), pollen, sediment and nitrogen signatures along the core, a robust chronology was produced dating back to 1700. This result was coupled with population data to observe the relationship between δN15 levels and population over three centuries. There is a statistically significant positive correlation between δN15 and population. Other external factors such as federal government policies (regulating clean water) show a clear reduction in this association but the use of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer masks the strength of this relationship. Further research to refine the relationship between population and δN15 could be beneficial in predicting nitrogen loads as human population grows, which in turn would create a proactive system to protect our coastal ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sharelle Pampo Copple
- Nasa/Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, United States of America; CUNY Institute for Demographic Research, City University of New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Dorothy M Peteet
- Nasa/Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, United States of America; Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, United States of America.
| | - Deborah Balk
- CUNY Institute for Demographic Research, City University of New York, NY, United States of America; Marxe School of Public and International Affairs, Baruch College, CUNY, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Clara Chang
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, NY, United States of America
| | - Bryan Jones
- CUNY Institute for Demographic Research, City University of New York, NY, United States of America; Marxe School of Public and International Affairs, Baruch College, CUNY, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Maria Tzortziou
- Earth and Atmospheric Science Department, The City College of New York, CUNY, New York, NY, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Luo Y, Wu X, Liu J, Xiao H, Liao B, Hu R. Mitigating runoff nitrate loss from soil organic nitrogen mineralization in citrus orchard catchments using green manure. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 243:120398. [PMID: 37506633 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate-nitrogen (NO3--N) loss is a significant contributor to water quality degradation in agricultural catchments. The amount of nitrogen (N) fertilizer input in citrus orchard is relatively large and results in significant NO3--N loss, compared to cropland. To promote sustainable N fertilizer management, it is crucial to identify the sources of runoff NO3--N loss in citrus orchards catchments. Particularly, we poorly know the sources of NO3--N and the mitigation mechanisms in these areas, which are highly polluted with NO3--N in water bodies. In this study conducted in central China, we conducted a field experiment with four treatments (CK: no N fertilizer; CF: conventional N fertilizer, 371.3kg N ha-1 yr-1 urea; OM: CF with organic manure; GM: CF with legume green manure) and a catchment-scale experiment in two citrus orchards (34.3%; 51.6%) catchments. To determine the source of runoff NO3--N loss, we used the dual isotope tracer method (δ15N and δ18O of NO3-) to identify the sources of NO3--N, and a 15-day incubation experiment to determine the potential and rate of soil N mineralization. Our findings revealed that soil organic nitrogen (SON) mineralization was the primary contributor to runoff NO3--N loss, and soil N mineralization potential (0.65⁎⁎⁎) and rate (0.54⁎⁎⁎) were the key factors impacting NO3--N loss. Interestingly, organic manure significantly increased 29.0% of NO3--N loss derived from SON in the runoff by enhancing soil N mineralization potential (+36.6%) and rate (+77.1%). But green manure mulching significantly reduced the soil N mineralization rate (-18.6%) compared to organic manure application, making it the most effective measure to reduce NO3--N loss (-12.4%). Our study highlights the critical role of regulating SON mineralization in controlling NO3--N pollution in surface waters in citrus orchard catchments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Luo
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xian Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ji Liu
- Hubei Province Key Laboratory for Geographical Process Analysis and Simulation, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China; Department of Ecohydrology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin 12587, Germany
| | - Hengbin Xiao
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bin Liao
- School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ronggui Hu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Wu Y, Ju H, Jiang H, Zhang G, Qi P, Li Z. Identifying nitrate sources and transformations in an agricultural watershed in Northeast China: Insights from multiple isotopes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 340:118023. [PMID: 37120999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Accurate identification of riverine nitrate sources is required for preventing and controlling nitrogen contamination in agricultural watersheds. The water chemistry and multiple stable isotopes (δ15N-NO3, δ18O-NO3, δ2H-H2O, and δ18O-H2O) of the river water and groundwater in an agricultural watershed in China's northeast black soil region were analyzed to better understand the sources and transformations of riverine nitrogen. Results showed that nitrate is an important pollutant that affects water quality in this watershed. Affected by factors such as seasonal rainfall changes and spatial differences in land use, the nitrate concentrations in the river water showed obvious temporal and spatial variations. The riverine nitrate concentration was higher in the wet season than in the dry season, and higher downstream than upstream. The water chemistry and dual nitrate isotopes revealed that riverine nitrate came primarily from manure and sewage (M&S). Results from the SIAR model showed that it accounted for more than 40% of riverine nitrate in the dry season. The proportional contribution of M&S decreased during the wet season due to the increased contribution of chemical fertilizers and soil nitrogen induced by large amounts of rainfall. The δ2H-H2O and δ18O-H2O signatures implied that interactions occurred between the river water and groundwater. Considering the large accumulation of nitrates in the groundwater, restoring groundwater nitrate levels is essential for controlling riverine nitrate pollution. As a systematic study on the sources, migration, and transformations of nitrate/nitrogen in agricultural watersheds in black soil regions, this research can provide a scientific support for nitrate pollution management in the Xinlicheng Reservoir watershed and provide a reference for other watersheds in black soil regions in the world with similar conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wu
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130102, China
| | - Hanyu Ju
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130102, China
| | - Hao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Guangxin Zhang
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130102, China.
| | - Peng Qi
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130102, China.
| | - Zan Li
- Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130102, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shin WJ, Jung YY, Choi M, Choi SH, Choi HB, Lee KS, Bong YS, Song H, Koh DC. National-scale investigation of dual nitrate isotopes and chloride ion in South Korea: Nitrate source apportionment for stream water. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 228:115873. [PMID: 37062482 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate sources in surface water have been identified using dual-isotope compositions of nitrate with various tools to efficiently manage the water quality at the local scale. Correlation between Cl and NO3 has also been used to identify NO3. In this study, we assess the reliability of the dual-isotope approach and Cl in terms of nitrate source apportionment. To this end, we collected stream water samples throughout South Korea to estimate nitrate sources in streams and determine whether the land-use pattern was closely related to nitrate sources. The δ15N-NO3 ranging from -1.3 to 14.8‰ showed a spatial distribution that was lower in mountain ranges (<7‰) than plain areas (>8‰). The Cl concentration in this national-scale distribution was also assessed. The relationship between the proportion of Cl and δ15N-NO3 classifies nitrate sources into areas characterized by three land-use patterns: (1) agricultural and business areas, (2) forests in highlands, and (3) lowland forests, of which (1) had proportions of Cl >50%, while (2) and (3) were <50%. The samples in (3) showed δ15N-NO3 values > 6‰, similar to those of (1). Deuterium excess of samples was negatively correlated (R2 = 0.53) with δ15N-NO3, accounting for the fact that δ15N-NO3 reflected land-use patterns. Samples were dominantly affected by agriculture-derived sources and domestic sewage showed NO3/Cl of <0.4 and δ15N-NO3 of >6‰. These results suggest that nitrate source apportionment should be comprehensively evaluated considering the dual-isotope approach, land-use patterns, and Cl proportions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jin Shin
- Research Center for Geochronology and Isotope Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28119, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youn-Young Jung
- Research Center for Geochronology and Isotope Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Moojin Choi
- Research Center for Geochronology and Isotope Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Choi
- Research Center for Geochronology and Isotope Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Bin Choi
- Research Center for Geochronology and Isotope Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28119, Republic of Korea; Department of Science Education, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Republic of Korea; Healthcare & Spa Industry Promotion Agency, Chungnam, 31471, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Sik Lee
- Research Center for Geochronology and Isotope Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28119, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Sik Bong
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju-si, Chungbuk, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongseok Song
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea; Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Division, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Seoul, 06349, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Chan Koh
- Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon, 34132, Republic of Korea; University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tyre KN, Brewton RA, Kreiger LB, Lapointe BE. Widespread human waste pollution in surface waters observed throughout the urbanized, coastal communities of Lee County, Florida, USA. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:162716. [PMID: 36921859 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The coastal communities of Lee County, Florida, USA have grown rapidly since the 1970s. In this county, drainage ditches, canals, creeks, and the Caloosahatchee River Estuary often have high concentrations of nutrients and bacteria limiting their designated uses. Septic systems have previously been identified as a major pollution source in some areas of Lee County; therefore, this study sought to identify the extent of this issue throughout the county. To accomplish this, surface water samples were collected at 25 ditch, creek, or canal sites suspected of human waste contamination from septic systems in various drainage basins throughout Lee County during January 2020-January 2021. Water samples were analyzed for nutrients, dual stable nitrate isotopes (δ15N-NO3-, δ18O-NO3-), fecal indicator bacteria (enterococci, Escherichia coli), a molecular tracer of human waste (HF183), and chemical tracers of human waste (the artificial sweetener sucralose, pharmaceuticals). Particulate organic matter (POM) and macrophytes were also collected and analyzed for stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopes, as well as elemental composition (C:N:P). To broaden the assessment of stable isotope values and C:N:P, archived macrophyte samples from 2019 were also included in analyses. Ammonium concentrations were high (> 4.3 μM) in 55 % of samples. Fecal bacteria were high in 66 % of samples. HF183 was detected in 50 % of samples and positively correlated with enterococci (r = 0.32). Sucralose concentrations were high (> 380 ng/L) in 54 % of samples, while carbamazepine was detected in 40 % of samples. Human waste N sources were indicated by δ15N > 3.00 ‰ at 44 % of sites by δ15N-NO3-, 68 % of sites by POM, and at 100 % of sites where macrophyte samples were collected. This large-scale study provides evidence of widespread human waste pollution throughout Lee County and can help guide infrastructure improvements to promote sustainable development. These findings should be applicable to urbanized regions globally that are experiencing declines in water quality and harmful algal blooms due to development with inadequate infrastructure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin N Tyre
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 N US Highway 1, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, United States of America; Geosyntec Consultants, 3504 Lake Lynda Dr., Suite 155, Orlando, FL 32817, United States of America
| | - Rachel A Brewton
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 N US Highway 1, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, United States of America.
| | - Lisa B Kreiger
- Lee County Department of Natural Resources, 1500 Monroe Street, Fort Myers, FL 33901, United States of America
| | - Brian E Lapointe
- Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, Florida Atlantic University, 5600 N US Highway 1, Fort Pierce, FL 34946, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang W, Yu Z, Song X, Chi L, Wu Z, Yuan Y. Nitrate dynamics and source apportionment on the East China Sea shelf revealed by nitrate stable isotopes and a Bayesian mixing model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 869:161762. [PMID: 36702274 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The excess input of nitrate is one of the primary factors triggering nearshore eutrophication. To estimate the source apportionment of nitrate on the East China Sea (ECS) shelf, the nitrogen and oxygen stable isotopes in nitrate (δ15N-NO3- and δ18O-NO3-) collected in winter and late spring 2016 were analyzed alongside essential physical, chemical and biological parameters. The temporal and spatial distributions and characteristic values of nitrate-bearing water masses were presented. Accordingly, the end-member mixing model and Rayleigh model were applied to systematically analyze biogeochemical processes. The biogeochemical processes of nitrate were weak in winter, except in the southern ECS, where assimilation and nitrification probably occurred. In contrast, the biogeochemical processes were intensive in spring. The stable isotopic fractionations of N and O were unified in the whole area, and the ratio between δ18O-NO3- and δ15N-NO3- was 1.81 ± 0.04, which indicated significant assimilation accompanying nitrification in spring. Furthermore, a Bayesian stable isotope mixing model was used to reveal the source contributions of nitrate on the ECS shelf for the first time, demonstrating that the Changjiang Diluted Water and Kuroshio Subsurface Water were always sustained and provided steady nitrate sources for the whole ECS. The nitrate inputs from the Yellow Sea to the northern ECS increased from approximately 30 % in spring to nearly 70 % in winter, while that from the Taiwan Strait Warm Water to the southern ECS decreased from approximately 40 % in spring to zero in winter. Moreover, although the nitrate contributions from nitrification were significantly weak in the middle and northern ECS during winter, they were important over the entire ECS during spring. This study qualitatively and quantitatively improves the understanding of seasonal nitrate control from various sources, and these findings are important for nutrient management and policy making to mitigate nearshore eutrophication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiming Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xiuxian Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lianbao Chi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zaixing Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yongquan Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Buyanjargal A, Kang J, Lee JH, Jeen SW. Nitrate removal rates, isotopic fractionation, and denitrifying bacteria in a woodchip-based permeable reactive barrier system: a long-term column experiment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:36364-36376. [PMID: 36547843 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24826-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effectiveness of using organic carbon materials (i.e., woodchips) to remove nitrate from groundwater. The results of our flow-through column experiment, which was conducted over 1.6 years, suggested that denitrifying bacteria reduce nitrate by using it as an electron acceptor and woodchips as an electron donor. The nitrate removal rates were sufficiently high (0.39-1.04 mmol L-1 day-1) during the operation of the column. Denitrification process was supported by fractionation of nitrogen and oxygen isotopes (δ15N and δ18O), with the δ15N and δ18O values enriched from 7.4‰ and 22.3‰ to 21.2‰ and 30.4‰, respectively. Enrichment factors ([Formula: see text]) for 15 N and 18O were calculated using the Rayleigh fractionation model, with values of - 13.2‰ for ε15N and - 7.1‰ for ε18O. The fractionation ratio of 15 N to 18O was 1.9:1, confirming denitrification. The most abundant bacterial genera in the soil used for inoculation were Enterobacter (86.7%), Nitrospira (1.8%), and Arthrobacter (1.5%), while those in the column effluent were Macrococcus (37.1%), Escherichia (14.7%), and Shigella (14.6%), indicating that bacterial communities changed in response to geochemical conditions in the column. This study suggests that nitrate in groundwater can be effectively removed using woodchip-based passive treatment systems and that information on isotopic fractionation and denitrifying bacteria can be key tools to understand denitrification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Altantsetseg Buyanjargal
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences & The Earth and Environmental Science System Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-Si, Jeollabuk-Do, 54896, Republic of Korea
- Milko Company, Teso Corporation, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Jiyoung Kang
- Department of Environment and Energy, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-Si, Jeollabuk-Do, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Lee
- Department of Bioenvironmental Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-Si, Jeollabuk-Do, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Wook Jeen
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences & The Earth and Environmental Science System Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-Si, Jeollabuk-Do, 54896, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Environment and Energy, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-Si, Jeollabuk-Do, 54896, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Du S, Meng L, Zhang L, Liu Y. Source identification and apportionment of the nitrogen in groundwater based on isotope methods in the Beilin region of Suihua basin, northeastern China. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2022; 94:e10773. [PMID: 35946784 DOI: 10.1002/wer.10773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Multi-isotope method was used to analyze the migration and transformation characteristics of nitrogen in groundwater in the center of a typical confined water basin, and a simplified isotope mixing model was established to quantify the contribution of potential nitrate sources in the center of the basin. Based on the water quality monitoring results, the contour map of nitrate concentration in groundwater in the center of the basin was drawn. The results showed that the nitrate concentration in groundwater in the center of the basin increased gradually from upstream to downstream. The high value area of nitrate concentration in phreatic water is mainly affected by agricultural activities and infiltration of sewage discharge from upstream urban areas. The high value area of nitrate concentration in confined water is mainly due to the water level depression funnel caused by large exploitation of confined water. The quantitative results of N-O isotope mixing model for potential nitrate sources show that the main recharge sources of groundwater in the center of the basin are atmospheric precipitation, agricultural irrigation water, and the lateral inflow of upstream groundwater. Agricultural irrigation water has the highest contribution rate of 67.01%. The main recharge sources of confined aquifer in the center of the basin are phreatic water leakage and lateral inflow of upstream confined water. The contribution rate of upstream confined water is between 45.55% and 56.35%, which is basically maintained at about 50%. Compared with the calculation results of D-O isotope mixing model, the accuracy of the established N-O isotope mixing model meets the basic requirements. The results of this study can provide technical reference and theoretical support for the identification and quantitative research of potential nitrate sources in groundwater under the same type of hydrogeological conditions. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Multiple isotope fingerprint comparison to identify nitrate source contribution ratio. Migration and transformation of nitrogen in the center of a typical confined water basin Simplified the traditional isotope mixing model to quickly quantify the source of contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shanghai Du
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
- College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of In-situ Conversion, Drilling and Exploitation Technology for Oil Shale, Changchun, China
| | - Lingjun Meng
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Jilin University), Ministry of Education, Changchun, China
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of In-situ Conversion, Drilling and Exploitation Technology for Oil Shale, Changchun, China
- College of Construction and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of In-situ Conversion, Drilling and Exploitation Technology for Oil Shale, Changchun, China
- College of Construction and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingjie Liu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of In-situ Conversion, Drilling and Exploitation Technology for Oil Shale, Changchun, China
- College of Construction and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wang ZJ, Yue FJ, Lu J, Wang YC, Qin CQ, Ding H, Xue LL, Li SL. New insight into the response and transport of nitrate in karst groundwater to rainfall events. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 818:151727. [PMID: 34800464 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although numerous studies focused on nitrate source, transformation and transport of river water in karst area have been reported, it's still unclear in understanding nitrate main source and transformation in karst groundwater system and how nitrate transport from soil to water during rainfall events in karst critical zone. In order to explore the response and transport of nitrate in karst groundwater to rainfall events, different depths of well water before, during and after rainfall event were sampled, and hillslope runoff, surface runoff of different land-use types during rainfall event were sampled synchronously at a typical karst agricultural catchment in Southwest China. Results showed that fluctuations of EC, pH and DO in deep borehole well (W1) and artesian well (W2) were small, on the contrary, variations of EC and DO in shallow well (W3) were large during sampling period. The nitrate concentrations and isotopic values indicated that nitrate in karst groundwater mainly originated from chemical fertilizer (CF), and influenced by denitrification process. High intensity of denitrification was observed in deep groundwater (87%) and artesian well water (almost 100%). Extremely high dual nitrate isotope values up to 46.8 ± 1.5‰ and 24.7 ± 0.5‰ were found in the deep artesian well. The small variation of water chemistry (EC, DO and pH), nitrate concentration and dual nitrate isotope values in deep wells during sampling period suggested that newly supplied nitrogen in deep groundwater during rainfall events also comes from deep groundwater. Low nitrogen concentrations in hillslope subsurface flow and surface runoff suggests that nitrogen transport process leading to increase of water nitrogen content mainly occur in depression. Nitrogen in depression soil is mainly transported to groundwater through fissures, fractures and conduits, rather than through vertical migration processes in the soil during rainfall events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Jun Wang
- Department of Water Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 10038, China; Technology R&D Center, Huaneng Lancang River Hydropower Inc., Kunming 650000, China
| | - Fu-Jun Yue
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Ji Lu
- Technology R&D Center, Huaneng Lancang River Hydropower Inc., Kunming 650000, China
| | - Yu-Chun Wang
- Department of Water Environment, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 10038, China
| | - Cai-Qing Qin
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hu Ding
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Li-Li Xue
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Si-Liang Li
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
He S, Li P, Su F, Wang D, Ren X. Identification and apportionment of shallow groundwater nitrate pollution in Weining Plain, northwest China, using hydrochemical indices, nitrate stable isotopes, and the new Bayesian stable isotope mixing model (MixSIAR). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 298:118852. [PMID: 35033617 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater nitrate (NO3-) pollution is a worldwide environmental problem. Therefore, identification and partitioning of its potential sources are of great importance for effective control of groundwater quality. The current study was carried out to identify the potential sources of groundwater NO3- pollution and determine their apportionment in different land use/land cover (LULC) types in a traditional agricultural area, Weining Plain, in Northwest China. Multiple hydrochemical indices, as well as dual NO3- isotopes (δ15N-NO3 and δ18O-NO3), were used to investigate the groundwater quality and its influencing factors. LULC patterns of the study area were first determined by interpreting remote sensing image data collected from the Sentinel-2 satellite, then the Bayesian stable isotope mixing model (MixSIAR) was used to estimate proportional contributions of the potential sources to groundwater NO3- concentrations. Groundwater quality in the study area was influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors, with anthropological impact being more important. The results of LULC revealed that the irrigated land is the dominant LULC type in the plain, covering an area of 576.6 km2 (57.18% of the total surface study area of the plain). On the other hand, the results of the NO3- isotopes suggested that manure and sewage (M&S), as well as soil nitrogen (SN), were the major contributors to groundwater NO3-. Moreover, the results obtained from the MixSIAR model showed that the mean proportional contributions of M&S to groundwater NO3- were 55.5, 43.4, 21.4, and 78.7% in the forest, irrigated, paddy, and urban lands, respectively. While SN showed mean proportional contributions of 29.9, 43.4, 61.5, and 12.7% in the forest, irrigated, paddy, and urban lands, respectively. The current study provides valuable information for local authorities to support sustainable groundwater management in the study region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Song He
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Peiyue Li
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Fengmei Su
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Dan Wang
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaofei Ren
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effects in Arid Region of the Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, No. 126 Yanta Road, Xi'an, 710054, Shaanxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dong Y, Yang JL, Zhao XR, Yang SH, Mulder J, Dörsch P, Zhang GL. Nitrate runoff loss and source apportionment in a typical subtropical agricultural watershed. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:20186-20199. [PMID: 34725759 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16935-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate (NO3-) loss and enrichment in water bodies caused by fertilization are a major environmental problem in agricultural areas. However, the quantitative contribution of different NO3- sources, especially chemical fertilizers (CF) and soil organic nitrogen (SON), to NO3- runoff loss remains unclear. In this study, a systematic investigation of NO3- runoff and its sources was conducted in a subtropical agricultural watershed located in Yujiang County, Jiangxi Province, China. A semi-monthly sampling was performed at the inlet and outlet from March 2018 to February 2019. Hydrochemical and dual NO3- isotope (15 N and 18O) approaches were combined to estimate the NO3- runoff loss and quantify the contribution of different sources with a Bayesian isotope mixing model. Source apportionment by Stable Isotope Analysis in R (SIAR) suggested that NO3- in runoff was mainly derived from nitrification of ammonium (NH4+) mineralized from SON (37-52%) and manure/sewage (M&S) (25-47%), while the contribution of CF was relatively small (14-25%). The contribution of various sources showed seasonal variations, with a greater contribution of CF in the wet growing season (March to August). Compared with the inlet which contributed 37-40% to runoff NO3-, SON contributed more at the outlet (49-52%). Denitrification in the runoff was small and appeared to be confined to the dry season (September to February), with an estimated NO3- loss of 2.73 kg N ha-1. The net NO3- runoff loss of the watershed was 34.5 kg N ha-1 yr-1, accounting for 15% of the annual fertilization rate (229 kg N ha-1 yr-1). Besides M&S (22%), fertilization and remineralization of SON (CF + SON) were the main sources for the NO3- runoff loss (78%), suggesting accelerated nitrification of NH4+ from CF (24%) and SON mineralization (54%). Our study indicates that NO3- runoff loss in subtropical agricultural watersheds is dominated by nonpoint source pollution from fertilization. SON played a more important role than CF. Besides, the contribution of sewage should not be neglected. Our data suggest that a combination of more rational fertilizer N application (CF), better management of SON, and better treatment of domestic sewage could alleviate NO3- pollution in subtropical China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432, Aas, Norway
| | - Jin-Ling Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Rui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Shun-Hua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Jan Mulder
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432, Aas, Norway
| | - Peter Dörsch
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, N-1432, Aas, Norway
| | - Gan-Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Watershed Geographic Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Fire Scenario Zone Construction and Personnel Evacuation Planning Based on a Building Information Model and Geographical Information System. ISPRS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEO-INFORMATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/ijgi11020110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The spatial–temporal simulation of fire disasters and evacuation route planning are important research fields for urban emergency responses and are primary tasks that answer complex questions after fires break out. The increasing demand for refined building information models will sharply increase the calculated and analyzed quantity. This demand presents a challenge for fire emergency responses based on massive building information. In this paper, the principle of the realistic worst case (RWC) is introduced into fire simulation and evacuation route planning. Taking the library of the Nanjing Forestry University as the study object, the spatial–temporal characteristics of the influential environmental factors of the fire are simulated, such as the meteorological elements, building structure, and building skin. The scenario zones that are relatively prone to fire are selected using an overlay analysis across the four seasons. Then, the risk threshold for evacuating personnel is analyzed in the fire zone according to international standards and firefighting criteria. Specific parameters are determined based on the analysis of the above. The growing trends for fires across the four seasons are simulated with scenario zones as the starting positions and incorporate factors such as temperature, carbon monoxide, and smoke. Lastly, a life safety assurance path (LSAP) for personnel evacuation is designed based on an indoor road network and path search algorithm. The evacuation planning result is compared with the traditional shortest-time path and shortest-distance path. Based on the study results, fire scenario zones can improve the speed and operating efficiency of spatial–temporal simulation models of fire and can also support path planning and design for emergency responses.
Collapse
|
17
|
Chen X, Yang L, Chen F, Song Q, Feng C, Liu X, Li M. High efficient bio-denitrification of nitrate contaminated water with low ammonium and sulfate production by a sulfur/pyrite-based bioreactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 346:126669. [PMID: 34995779 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification (SAD) and pyrite-based autotrophic denitrification (PAD) are important technologies that address nitrate pollution, but high sulfate production and low denitrification efficiency, respectively, limit their application in engineering. A bio-denitrification reactor with sulfur and pyrite as filler materials was studied to remove NO3--N from nitrate contaminated water. At an influent NO3--N concentration of 50 mg/L, NO3--N removal efficiency of the sulfur/pyrite-based bioreactor was 99.2%, producing less NH4+-N and SO42- than the sulfur-based bioreactor, even after long-term operation. Denitrification performance was significantly related to environmental variable, especially dissolved oxygen. Proteobacteria and Epsilonbacteraeota were the predominant phyla in the sulfur/pyrite-based bioreactor, and fewer dissimilatory nitrate reductions to ammonia process-related bacteria were enriched compared to those in the sulfur-based bioreactor. Sulfur-pyrite bio-denitrification provides an efficient alternative method for treatment of nitrate contaminated water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Chen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Lei Yang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Fei Chen
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Qinan Song
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Chuanping Feng
- School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, PR China
| | - Xiang Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Miao Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Torres-Martínez JA, Mora A, Mahlknecht J, Kaown D, Barceló D. Determining nitrate and sulfate pollution sources and transformations in a coastal aquifer impacted by seawater intrusion-A multi-isotopic approach combined with self-organizing maps and a Bayesian mixing model. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 417:126103. [PMID: 34229392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few decades, the La Paz aquifer system in Baja California Sur, Mexico, has been under severe pressure due to overexploitation for urban water supply and agriculture; this has caused seawater intrusion and deterioration in groundwater quality. Previous studies on the La Paz aquifer have focused mainly on seawater intrusion, resulting in limited information on nitrate and sulfate pollution. Therefore, pollution sources have not yet been identified sufficiently. In this study, an approach combining hydrochemical tools, multi-isotopes (δ2HH2O, δ18OH2O, δ15NNO3, δ18ONO3, δ34SSO4, δ18OSO4), and a Bayesian isotope mixing model was used to estimate the contribution of different nitrate and sulfate sources to groundwater. Results from the MixSIAR model revealed that seawater intrusion and soil-derived sulfates were the predominant sources of groundwater sulfate, with contributions of ~43.0% (UI90 = 0.29) and ~42.0% (UI90 = 0.38), respectively. Similarly, soil organic nitrogen (~81.5%, UI90 = 0.41) and urban sewage (~12.1%, UI90 = 0.25) were the primary contributors of nitrate pollution in groundwater. The dominant biogeochemical transformation for NO3- was nitrification. Denitrification and sulfate reduction were discarded due to the aerobic conditions in the study area. These results indicate that dual-isotope sulfate analysis combined with MixSIAR models is a powerful tool for estimating the contributions of sulfate sources (including seawater-derived sulfate) in the groundwater of coastal aquifer systems affected by seawater intrusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Antonio Torres-Martínez
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterey, Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64149, Nuevo León, México
| | - Abrahan Mora
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Puebla, Atlixcáyotl 5718, Puebla de Zaragoza 72453, Puebla, México
| | - Jürgen Mahlknecht
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterey, Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64149, Nuevo León, México.
| | - Dugin Kaown
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Damia Barceló
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IIQAB, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Petelet-Giraud E, Baran N, Vergnaud-Ayraud V, Portal A, Michel C, Joulian C, Lucassou F. Elucidating heterogeneous nitrate contamination in a small basement aquifer. A multidisciplinary approach: NO 3 isotopes, CFCs-SF6, microbiological activity, geophysics and hydrogeology. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2021; 241:103813. [PMID: 33906024 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2021.103813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate contamination of groundwater remains a major concern despite all the measures and efforts undertaken over the last decades to protect water resources. We focused on a small catchment in Brittany (France) facing nitrate pollution with concentrations over the European drinking water standard of 50 mg.L-1. This is a common situation in catchments where - supposedly effective - measures were applied for reducing the transfer of N to groundwater. At the scale of this small (~100 ha) basement aquifer, nitrate concentrations are very heterogeneous in the groundwater, sampled up to 15-20 m below the soil surface in several observation wells (hereafter referred as piezometers) and up to 110 m deep in a borehole drilled through a faulted area near the Spring (outlet of the catchment). We used complementary and robust approaches for exploring and constraining the driving parameters of nitrate transfer and distribution in groundwater. Detailed geological work and a geophysical electrical resistivity tomography survey identified the lithologies, tectonic structures and weathering layers. This highlighted a complex geological structure with several compartments delimited by faults, as well as the highly variable thickness of the weathered layer. It also illustrated the heterogeneity of the hydrosystem, some compartments appearing to be disconnected from the general groundwater flow. This was confirmed by geochemical analyses and by the mean apparent groundwater residence time based on CFCs-SF6 and noble-gas analyses, locally revealing old and nitrate-free groundwater, and very old water with a recharge temperature below than the current average temperature in the area, reflecting water dating back to the last period of glaciation (-19 to -17 ky). Nitrate isotopes clearly showed denitrification processes in a few piezometers, which was generally supported by microbiology and molecular biology results. This highlighted the presence of functional genes involved in denitrification as well as a capacity of the groundwater microbial community to denitrify when in situ conditions are favourable. This type of combined approach - covering chemistry, isotopic methods, dissolved gases, microbiological activity, geophysics and hydrogeology - appears to be indispensable for implementing the most relevant programme of measures and for accurately assessing their effectiveness, notably by considering the timeframe between implementation of the measures and their impact on groundwater quality.
Collapse
|
20
|
Ren L, Cheng L, Zhang S, Ding A, Zhu Y, Lu C, Li Y, Yang Q, Li J. Quantifying nitrate pollution sources of the drinking water source area using a Bayesian isotope mixing model in the northeastern suburbs of Beijing, China. ISOTOPES IN ENVIRONMENTAL AND HEALTH STUDIES 2021; 57:350-367. [PMID: 34156896 DOI: 10.1080/10256016.2021.1937149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate pollution has become an environmental problem of global concern. One effective way for controlling the nitrate pollution of water is to identify the pollution source and reduce the input of nitrate. This study traces and quantifies the sources of nitrate contamination to groundwater and surface water in the northeastern suburbs of Beijing, where an emergency groundwater source zone is located. Nitrogen and oxygen stable isotope analysis, geospatial analysis techniques, principal component analysis, correlation analysis, and a Bayesian isotope mixing model were used to achieve our goals. The results show that the main sources of nitrate pollution in groundwater were manure and sewage (M&S) (42.6 %) > soil nitrogen (SN) (26.6 %) > NH4+ in fertilizer and rain (NHF&R) (24.5 %) > NO3- fertilizer (NOF) (5.0 %) > NO3- in atmospheric deposition (NAD) (1.3 %), and main sources of nitrate in surface water were M&S (28.8 %) > SN (20.4 %) > NAD (19.8%) > NOF (16.5%) > NHF&R (14.5 %). Due to the high permeability of the aquifer in the study area, there was a strong hydraulic connection between groundwater and surface water. The discharge of treated wastewater (reclaimed water) into the mostly dried river channel in the study area might aggravate nitrate pollution in the groundwater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangsuo Ren
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lirong Cheng
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shurong Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Aizhong Ding
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlei Lu
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Li
- Beijing Bureau of Geological Mineral Resources Exploration, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Yang
- Beijing Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education on Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Xie H, Huang C, Li J, Zhang Y, Xu X, Liu D, Ouyang Z. Strong Precipitation and Human Activity Spur Rapid Nitrate Deposition in Estuarine Delta: Multi-Isotope and Auxiliary Data Evidence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18126221. [PMID: 34201294 PMCID: PMC8229497 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18126221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The intensive development of the Yellow River Delta has caused huge transportation of non-point pollutants into the Bohai Sea through source river estuaries and thus poses a considerable threat to eco-environmental security in the region. Long-term irrigation in the Yellow River basin, with occasional heavy rainfall and the related effects of ensuring hydrological processes and human activities in terms of nitrate N transport via surface water systems, is unclear. Using stable isotope (δ2H-H2O and δ18O-H2O, δ15N-NO3− and δ18O-NO3−) and auxiliary geographic data, the ISO source model was run to quantitatively analyze the supply relationship of river systems and the rapid change in the spatial pattern of nitrate N due to heavy rainfall in the estuarine delta. This analysis made clear the dominant contribution of agricultural activities and urbanization to NO3−-N emission, on which basis refined management measures were proposed to deal with NO3− in surface water from the “source-process”. The results of the study show that: (1) The relationship of surface water replenishment in the Yellow River Delta was affected not only by rainfall, irrigation, and other water conservancy measures but also the proportion of water from Yellow River flow declined from the source to estuary; (2) To a certain extent, rainfall diluted the concentration of nitrate N in the river and increased instantaneous flux of nitrate N into the sea, where nitrate N flux continuously increased from upstream to downstream; (3) The rapid deposition of nitrate in the estuary delta was driven by heavy rainfall and human activities such as excessive use of nitrogen fertilizers, rapid urbanization, and livestock waste discharge, and; (4) Scientific measures were needed to realize the interactive effect of the output of non-point source pollutants and the carrying and absorption capacity of coastal fragile ecosystems of the exogenous inputs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanyou Xie
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (H.X.); (Y.Z.); (X.X.); (D.L.)
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (H.X.); (Y.Z.); (X.X.); (D.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6488-9300
| | - Yitao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (H.X.); (Y.Z.); (X.X.); (D.L.)
| | - Xiangbo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (H.X.); (Y.Z.); (X.X.); (D.L.)
- UN Environment-International Ecosystem Management Partnership (UNEP-IEMP), Beijing 100101, China
| | - Deyao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; (H.X.); (Y.Z.); (X.X.); (D.L.)
- College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhu Ouyang
- Yellow River Delta Modern Agricultural Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fertilizers and nitrate pollution of surface and ground water: an increasingly pervasive global problem. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-021-04521-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractNitrate pollution of ground and surface water bodies all over the world is generally linked with continually increasing global fertilizer nitrogen (N) use. But after 1990, with more fertilizer N consumption in developing countries especially in East and South Asia than in the industrialized nations in North America and Europe, nitrate pollution of freshwaters is now increasingly becoming a pervasive global problem. In this review it has been attempted to review the research information generated during the last two decades from all over the world on different aspects of nitrate pollution of natural water bodies. It is now evident that not more than 50% of the fertilizer N is directly used by the crops to which it is applied. While a small portion may directly leach down and may reach ground and surface water bodies, a large proportion ends up in the soil organic N pool from where N is mineralized and is taken up by plants and/or lost via leaching during several decades. Present trends of nitrate pollution of freshwaters, therefore, reflect legacies of current and past applications of fertilizers and manures. Tools such as simulation models and the natural variation in the stable isotopes of N and oxygen are now being extensively used to study the contribution of fertilizers and other sources to nitrate enrichment of freshwaters. Impacts of agricultural stewardship measures are being assessed and nitrate enrichment of water bodies is being managed using modern digital models and frameworks. Improved water and fertilizer management in agroecosystems can reduce the contribution of fertilizers to nitrate pollution of water bodies but a host of factors determine the magnitude. Future research needs are also considered.
Collapse
|
23
|
Wadnerkar PD, Andrews L, Wong WW, Chen X, Correa RE, White S, Cook PLM, Sanders CJ, Santos IR. Land use and episodic rainfall as drivers of nitrogen exports in subtropical rivers: Insights from δ 15N-NO 3-, δ 18O-NO 3- and 222Rn. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143669. [PMID: 33277015 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing land-use intensification in subtropical catchments is expected to release more inorganic nitrogen to downstream coastal waters similar to historical changes in temperate ecosystems. Here, we examined spatial and temporal drivers of stream nitrogen loads across a subtropical land-use gradient using the isotopic compositions of nitrate (NO3--N) and radon (222Rn), a natural groundwater tracer. We investigated eleven subtropical creeks/rivers over contrasting hydrological conditions in Australia. NOx-N (nitrite (NO2--N) + nitrate (NO3--N)) accounted for 13.1%, 34.0%, and 42.6% of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN-N) in forest, peri-urban and agricultural creeks, respectively. Following an 80 mm rain event, loads of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN-N) from agriculture catchments reached 368 mg N m-2 catchment area day-1. Forest and peri-urban catchments had aquatic TDN-N loads 17.8% and 31.1% of loads from agricultural catchments. Radon observations suggest that nitrogen and phosphorus loads were driven primarily by surface runoff rather than groundwater discharge. The δ15N-NO3- and δ18O-NO3- values in the agriculture, forest and peri-urban catchments indicate fertilisers and soil nitrogen as the main sources of NO3--N. However, one of the catchments (Double Crossing Creek) received a mixture of recirculated greywater and chemical nitrogen fertilisers. Isotopic signatures imply significant NO3--N losses via denitrification during dry conditions. Groundwater discharge played a minor role because regional aquifers were not contaminated by nitrogen. Overall, intensive agricultural land use and episodic rainfall events were the major spatial and temporal drivers of nitrogen loads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Praktan D Wadnerkar
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia.
| | - Luke Andrews
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Wei Wen Wong
- Water Studies Centre, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia
| | - Xiaogang Chen
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia; School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310021, PR China
| | - Rogger E Correa
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shane White
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Perran L M Cook
- Water Studies Centre, School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia
| | - Christian J Sanders
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia; State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research and Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai 201100, PR China
| | - Isaac R Santos
- National Marine Science Centre, Southern Cross University, Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Effect of Nanoparticle Size in Pt/SiO 2 Catalyzed Nitrate Reduction in Liquid Phase. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11010195. [PMID: 33466654 PMCID: PMC7828658 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Effect of platinum nanoparticle size on catalytic reduction of nitrate in liquid phase was examined under ambient conditions by using hydrogen as a reducing agent. For the size effect study, Pt nanoparticles with sizes of 2, 4 and 8 nm were loaded silica support. TEM images of Pt nanoparticles showed that homogeneous morphologies as well as narrow size distributions were achieved during the preparation. All three catalysts showed high activity and were able to reduce nitrate below the recommended limit of 50 mg/L in drinking water. The highest catalytic activity was seen with 8 nm platinum; however, the product selectivity for N2 was highest with 4 nm platinum. In addition, the possibility of PVP capping agent acting as a promoter in the reaction is highlighted.
Collapse
|
25
|
A Spatially Distributed, Physically-Based Modeling Approach for Estimating Agricultural Nitrate Leaching to Groundwater. HYDROLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/hydrology8010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen-nitrate, while being fundamental for crop production, is of particular concern in the agricultural sector, as it can easily leach to the water table, worsening groundwater quality. Numerical models and Geographic Information System may support the estimation of nitrate leaching rates in space and time, to support sustainable agricultural management practices. In this paper, we present a module for the simulation of the processes involved in the nitrogen cycle in the unsaturated zone, including nitrate leaching. This module was developed taking steps from the ANIMO and EPIC model frameworks and coupled to the hydrological models integrated within the FREEWAT platform. As such, the nitrogen cycle module was then included in the FREEWAT platform. The developed module and the coupling approach were tested using a simple synthetic application, where we simulated nitrate leaching through the unsaturated zone for a sunflower crop irrigated district during a dry year. The results of the simulation allow the estimation of daily nitrate concentration values at the water table. These spatially distributed values may then be further used as input concentration in models for simulating solute transport in aquifers.
Collapse
|
26
|
Brzeziński T, Czub M, Nawała J, Gordon D, Dziedzic D, Dawidziuk B, Popiel S, Maszczyk P. The effects of chemical warfare agent Clark I on the life histories and stable isotopes composition of Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115142. [PMID: 32750525 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chemical warfare agents (CWA) dumped worldwide in all types of aquatic reservoirs pose a potential environmental hazard. Leakage of CWAs from eroding containers at dumping sites had been observed, and their presence in the tissues of aquatic animals was confirmed. However, the ecological effects of CWA have not yet been studied. In standardized laboratory bioassays, we tested if sublethal concentration of Clark I, an arsenic based CWA, can affect life histories (somatic growth rate, fecundity, size at maturity), population growth rate and stable isotope signatures of a keystone crustacean grazer Daphnia magna. We found that the life histories and fitness of daphnids reared in the presence of Clark I differed from those reared in Clark-free conditions. The effects were observed when Clark I concentrations were no less than 5 μg×L-1. With increasing concentrations of the tested CWA, all of the tested parameters decreased linearly. The finding indicates that even sublethal concentrations of Clark I can affect crustacean populations, which should be taken into account when assessing the environmental risks of this particular CWA. We found intraspecific diversity in susceptibility to Clark I, with some clones being significantly less vulnerable than others. We also found that in the presence of Clark I, the ratio of heavy and light isotopes of nitrogen in the bodies of daphnids was affected - daphnids exhibited δ15N enrichment with increasing concentrations of this CWA. The isotopic composition of carbon was not affected by the presence of Clark I. The nitrogen isotopic signature may be used as an indicator of stress in zooplankton exposed to the presence of toxic xenobiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Brzeziński
- Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Michał Czub
- Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712, Sopot, Poland
| | - Jakub Nawała
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry, Military University of Technology, Gen. W. Urbanowicza 2, 00-908, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Diana Gordon
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry, Military University of Technology, Gen. W. Urbanowicza 2, 00-908, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel Dziedzic
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry, Military University of Technology, Gen. W. Urbanowicza 2, 00-908, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Dawidziuk
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry, Military University of Technology, Gen. W. Urbanowicza 2, 00-908, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Stanisław Popiel
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Advanced Technologies and Chemistry, Military University of Technology, Gen. W. Urbanowicza 2, 00-908, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Maszczyk
- Department of Hydrobiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 101, 02-089, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wang S, Su LH, Luo BK, Qin YJ, Stewart SD, Tang JP, Wang TT, Yang Y, Cheng G. Stable isotopes reveal effects of natural drivers and anthropogenic pressures on isotopic niches of invertebrate communities in a large subtropical river of China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:36132-36146. [PMID: 32557028 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09252-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Isotopic niches reflect the basic structure and functioning of river food webs; however, their response to riverine environments remains unclear. We used stable isotope analysis and community-wide metrics to quantify how invertebrate niches vary with environmental changes along a large subtropical river in China. Eight niche metrics, which had higher values in the wet than in the dry season, increased from headwaters to the middle river and decreased sharply near the estuarine industrial zones. The δ13C value of > - 23.8‰, which indicated consumption of epilithic diatoms, separated the invertebrates between the upper and mid-lower reaches. The δ15N values > 9.4‰ identified site-specific nitrogen sources from manure (e.g., animal effluent) and domestic sewage in agricultural area. The output of mixing models showed a downstream shift in carbon utilization by invertebrates from autochthonous periphyton and submerged hydrophytes to allochthonous C3 plants. Principle component (PC) and cluster analysis decomposed and grouped 40 environmental variables into 4 PCs that explained 84.5% of the total variance. Hierarchical partitioning revealed that the second and first PCs, which were driven mainly by biological indicators and habitat characteristics, had the highest explanatory power for niche ranges and areas (e.g., Bayesian ellipse), respectively. Our results suggest that reducing anthropogenic pressures (e.g., habitat loss and water pollution) on river ecosystems through measures, such as protecting diatom-dominated biofilms in riffles and controlling nitrogen loading in rural regions, may produce the greatest impact for river management. Graphical abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sai Wang
- Research Center of Hydrobiology, Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Lin-Hui Su
- Research Center of Hydrobiology, Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Bang-Ke Luo
- Research Center of Hydrobiology, Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Ying-Jun Qin
- Research Center of Hydrobiology, Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | | | - Jin-Peng Tang
- Research Center of Hydrobiology, Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Tuan-Tuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Research Center of Hydrobiology, Department of Ecology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
- Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Gong Cheng
- Environmental Engineering Center, Shenzhen Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shenzhen, 518001, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dulf EH, Festila C. Sensors for Cryogenic Isotope-Separation Column. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20143890. [PMID: 32668627 PMCID: PMC7411749 DOI: 10.3390/s20143890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cryogenic isotope-separation equipment is special, encountered in relative few research centers in the world. In addition to the main equipment used in the operation column, a broad range of measuring devices and actuators are involved in the technological process. The proper sensors and transducers exhibit special features; therefore, common, industrial versions cannot be used. Three types of original sensors with electronic adapters are presented in the present study: a sensor for the liquid carbon monoxide level in the boiler, a sensor for the liquid nitrogen level in the condenser and a sensor for the electrical power dissipated in the boiler. The integration of these sensors in the pilot equipment is needed for comprehensive system monitoring and control. The sensors were tested on the experimental equipment from the National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies from Cluj-Napoca.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eva H. Dulf
- Department of Automation, Faculty of Automation and Computer Science, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Memorandumului Str. 28, 400014 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
- Physiological Controls Research Center, Óbuda University, H-1034 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence:
| | - Clement Festila
- Department of Automation, Faculty of Automation and Computer Science, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Memorandumului Str. 28, 400014 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yu L, Zheng T, Zheng X, Hao Y, Yuan R. Nitrate source apportionment in groundwater using Bayesian isotope mixing model based on nitrogen isotope fractionation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 718:137242. [PMID: 32105927 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Accurate identification of nitrate (NO3-) sources is critical to address the issue of groundwater pollution. The nitrogen (N) isotopic enrichment factor (ɛp/s) is an important parameter to explain the N cycle and determine the proportional contribution of NO3- sources. Considering the isotopic fractionation effects in N transformation processes, this study quantitatively analyzed the NO3- sources in groundwater using stable isotopes (δ15N-NO3- and δ18O-NO3-) and the Bayesian isotope mixing model (SIAR). For the first time, the ɛp/s values (0.0‰, -8.7‰, -8.7‰, and 14.7‰) of atmospheric deposition (AD), soil nitrogen (SN), chemical fertilizers (CF), and manure and sewage (M&S) were calculated to determine the NO3- source apportionment in groundwater. It was proved that the isotopic fractionation effect could produce a more accurate NO3- source apportionment. We also found that the NO3- source contributions were closely related to the cropping system. In the vegetable cultivation area, CF (54.32%) and SN (37.75%) were the dominant NO3- source, while in the grain cultivation area, NO3- pollution was largely influenced by SN (33.67%), CF (33.27%), and M&S (30.16%). According to this study, the isotope fractionation is strongly recommended for NO3- source apportionment in groundwater system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Tianyuan Zheng
- College of Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Xilai Zheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Yujie Hao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Ruyu Yuan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Shi P, Qin Y, Liu Q, Zhu T, Li Z, Li P, Ren Z, Liu Y, Wang F. Soil respiration and response of carbon source changes to vegetation restoration in the Loess Plateau, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 707:135507. [PMID: 31761370 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Soil respiration is a large carbon flux from terrestrial ecosystems to the atmosphere, and small variations in soil respiration can prominently influence the global carbon (C) cycle. The vegetation changes could directly affect soil respiration. The large-scale "Grain for Green" project carried out on the Loess Plateau, China has importantly affected the contribution of soil respiration to atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). Therefore, it is important to study the effects of vegetation restoration on soil respiration. We selected four land-use types: crop, forest, shrub, and grassland in the Zhifanggou watershed to analyze variation in soil respiration during dry and rainy seasons. Furthermore, the source of CO2 emissions from soil respiration was identified using isotopes. The results showed that soil respiration in the rainy season was significantly higher than that in the dry season (P < .05). Soil respiration in the dry season was as follows: shrubland (1.04 μmol m-2 s-1) > cropland (0.72 μmol m-2 s-1) > forestland (0.44 μmol m-2 s-1) > grassland (0.33 μmol m-2 s-1). However, grass and forestland had significantly higher soil respiration than shrub and cropland in the rainy season (P < .05). Roots were the main source of soil respiration in cropland, which contributed >70% of CO2 emissions. Following revegetation, litter contributed more to soil respiration than roots or soil microorganisms at >68% of soil respiration. Our results provide a theoretical basis for assessing C balance in terrestrial ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry Administration on Ecological Hydrology and Disaster Prevention in Arid Regions, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Yanli Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Tianshui Soil and Water Conservation Experimental Station, Tianshui 741000, China
| | - Tiantian Zhu
- College of Architecture, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710043, China
| | - Zhanbin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry Administration on Ecological Hydrology and Disaster Prevention in Arid Regions, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Peng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry Administration on Ecological Hydrology and Disaster Prevention in Arid Regions, Xi'an 710048, China.
| | - Zongping Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China; Key Laboratory of National Forestry Administration on Ecological Hydrology and Disaster Prevention in Arid Regions, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China.
| | - Feichao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Stable Isotopes of Water and Nitrate for the Identification of Groundwater Flowpaths: A Review. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nitrate contamination in stream water and groundwater is a serious environmental problem that arises in areas of high agricultural activities or high population density. It is therefore important to identify the source and flowpath of nitrate in water bodies. In recent decades, the dual isotope analysis (δ15N and δ18O) of nitrate has been widely applied to track contamination sources by taking advantage of the difference in nitrogen and oxygen isotope ratios for different sources. However, transformation processes of nitrogen compounds can change the isotopic composition of nitrate due to the various redox processes in the environment, which often makes it difficult to identify contaminant sources. To compensate for this, the stable water isotope of the H2O itself can be used to interpret the complex hydrological and hydrochemical processes for the movement of nitrate contaminants. Therefore, the present study aims at understanding the fundamental background of stable water and nitrate isotope analysis, including isotope fractionation, analytical methods such as nitrate concentration from samples, instrumentation, and the typical ranges of δ15N and δ18O from various nitrate sources. In addition, we discuss hydrograph separation using the oxygen and hydrogen isotopes of water in combination with the nitrogen and oxygen isotopes of nitrate to understand the relative contributions of precipitation and groundwater to stream water. This study will assist in understanding the groundwater flowpaths as well as tracking the sources of nitrate contamination using the stable isotope analysis in combination with nitrate and water.
Collapse
|
32
|
Mayo AL, Ritter DJ, Bruthans J, Tingey D. Contributions of commercial fertilizer, mineralized soil nitrate, and animal and human waste to the nitrate load in the Upper Elbe River Basin, Czech Republic. HYDRORESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hydres.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
33
|
Cheng X, Chen L, Sun R. Modeling the non-point source pollution risks by combing pollutant sources, precipitation, and landscape structure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:11856-11863. [PMID: 30820916 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04384-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Traditional models of nutrient simulation usually focus on the pollutant sources and precipitation, lacking the quantification of landscape structure. We developed a new prediction model of pollution risks by combing pollutant sources, precipitation, and landscape structure, which was defined as the source-precipitation-landscape model (SPLM). The SPLM was applied to simulate the non-point source (NPS) total nitrogen (TN) exports in one of the largest river basins in China (the Haihe River Basin, HRB). TN concentrations of 35 sampling catchments in 2013 were used to test the accuracy of the SPLM. Simulated results showed that (1) the SPLM had a relative high accuracy in the simulation of NPS TN export and intensity, especially for TN intensity. (2) The mean TN export and intensity of all the 1578 catchments in the HRB were 441.97 t and 2.08 t/km2, respectively. (3) The TN export intensities differed greatly among the sub-basins in the HRB, ranging from 0.64 to 6.81 t/km2. On the whole, the TN export intensities of the plain sub-basins (e.g., the Tuhaimajia River, the Heilonggang River, and the Beisihe River) were much higher than those of mountainous sub-basins (e.g., the Yongding River, the Beisanhe River, and the Luanhe River). (4) The contributions to TN exports, from high to low, were land use (38.82%), livestock husbandry (33.57%), and rural population (27.61%). Among all the ten pollution sources, arable land (30.87%), rural population (27.61%), and large livestock (17.73%) had the top three contributions to TN exports. This study provides a feasible tool for policymakers and administrators to develop workable management measures for the mitigation of NPS pollution. This SPLM can be extended to other regions in a rapid urbanization context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liding Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ranhao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| |
Collapse
|