Therapeutic Potential of Rosmarinic Acid: A Comprehensive Review

Engineered exosome as a biological nanoplatform for drug delivery of Rosmarinic acid to improve implantation in mice with induced endometritis

Endometritis is an inflammatory and histopathologic disease in uterine tissues that interferes with the proper decidualization and implantation of the embryo. In this study, rosmarinic acid (RA) is used as an anti-inflammatory agent that encapsulates in exosomes and is used to attenuate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endometritis and improve implantation. For this purpose, exosomes were loaded with RA and then administrated into the animal groups, including RA, exosome, RA plus exosome (RA + Exo), and RA-loaded exosomes (RALExo) groups. The concentrations of RA or exosomes used in this study were 10 mg/kg, and the compounds were injected into the uterine horn 24 h following the induction of endometritis. Upon the presence of inflammation detected by the histopathological method, the most proper groups were mated with male mice. The effect of the treatment group on the implantation rate, progesterone levels, and gene expressions were assessed by Chicago Blue staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Quantitative PCR (qPCR), respectively. Results showed RALExo10 and RA10 + Exo10 groups improved pathological alterations, enhanced progesterone levels, increased implantation rate, as well as heightened expression levels of Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and Mucin-16 (MUC-16) genes. Besides, the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, including Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), Interlukine-10 (IL-10), Interlukine-15 (IL-15), and Interlukine-18 (IL-18), were regulated. Our findings indicated that the expression of LIF, Muc-16 genes as well as IL-18, were significantly correlated with serum progesterone concentrations and the implantation rate in the treatment groups. The RALExo10 and RA10 + Exo10 groups showed ameliorated implantation rates in experimental groups.

Examination of the antiallodynic effect of rosmarinic acid in neuropathic pain and possible mechanisms of action

This study aimed to explore the potential antiallodynic effects of rosmarinic acid, a natural antioxidant with a demonstrated safety profile across a broad dose range. Using a chronic constriction injury-induced neuropathic pain model, the impact of rosmarinic acid on allodynia was investigated. Furthermore, the involvement of adrenergic and opioidergic mechanisms in its activity was assessed. To evaluate rosmarinic acid's efficacy, doses of 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg were administered and the electronic von Frey test was utilized along with an activity cage apparatus. % MPE values were calculated to gauge the extent of pain relief. Mechanistic insights were obtained by pretreating animals with the β-adrenergic receptor antagonist propranolol, the α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist prazosin, α2-adrenergic receptor antagonist yohimbine, and the opioid receptor antagonist naloxone. Rosmarinic acid demonstrated a statistically significant antiallodynic effect that was independent of locomotor activity. This effect was noteworthy as it resembled both the level and duration of relief provided by pregabalin. Additionally, the %MPE value of the group treated with 40 mg/kg rosmarinic acid showed a significant difference compared to the value of the pregabalin-treated group (P<0.001). Pre-administration of the antagonists revealed that the antiallodynic activity was shown to be mediated by the stimulation of opioid and adrenergic receptors, with a primary contribution from α2-adrenergic receptor stimulation. Our findings suggest that rosmarinic acid may hold promise as a potential therapeutic agent for neuropathic pain. By elucidating the involvement of adrenergic and opioidergic mechanisms, we have provided valuable preclinical data that could inform novel treatment approaches.

Chemical Profiling, Enzyme Inhibitory Activity and Antioxidant Capacity of South African Herbal Teas: Buddleja saligna, Lippia javanica, L. scaberrima and Phyla dulcis

Herbal teas are used in South Africa as digestives to lower glycaemia and for other indications. However, the chemical composition of the infusions and their effect on enzymes related to metabolic syndrome is poorly known. The composition of infusions and methanol extracts of B. saligna (Scrophulariaceae), Lippia javanica, L. scaberrima, and Phyla dulcis (Verbenaceae) was assessed and the effect of the infusions and extract was determined towards α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and pancreatic lipase. The commercial herbal products were extracted separately with MeOH or hot water to obtain the extract/infusion for comparative studies. Total phenolic, total flavonoid and antioxidant capacity were assessed. The fingerprints of the MeOH extracts and infusions were compared by HPLD-DAD. The extract constituents were tentatively identified by HPLC-MS/MS and NMR analyses. From the extracts/infusions, 57 compounds were identified, including iridoids, phenylpropanoid glycosides, flavonoids, and caffeic acid derivatives, among others. The MeOH extracts and infusions showed strong inhibition towards α-glucosidase with IC50 in the range of 0.13-0.84 µg/mL for the phenolic-enriched infusion extract (PEI) and 0.47-0.50 µg/mL for the MeOH extracts, respectively. The P. dulcis PEI showed higher inhibition towards α-glucosidase, and the MeOH extract of L. scaberrima was better than the PEI. At 100 µg/mL, the PEI from the four herbal teas reduces the activity of α-amylase by 23.03-28.61%, with L. javanica as the most active tea. Three of the species are high in phenylpropanoid glycosides, while P. dulcis contains rosmarinic acid. Some 26 compounds were identified in the infusion from B. saligna, 28 from L. scaberrima, and 21 from P. dulcis. Four of them are common in all the teas, namely decaffeoylverbascoside, verbascoside, isoverbascoside, and tuberonic acid hexoside. Ten compounds occur in two of the teas and seventeen, fifteen, and eleven compounds were detected only in B. saligna, L. scaberrima, and P. dulcis, respectively. Most of the compounds are reported for the first time from the crude drug infusions. The results give some support for the traditional use of herbal teas as digestives and/or indications for diabetes. The chemical fingerprints set the basis for quality control of the crude drugs, based on the main constituents and differential compounds occurring in the samples.

Targeting Matrix Metalloproteinase-3 for Dental Caries Prevention Using Herbal Isolates: MMP3 Inhibition by Cinnamic Acids

Objectives: Dental caries, a prevalent infectious disease affecting teeth, ranks highest among 328 diseases, according to a 2017 Lancet study. In demineralized human dentin, matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3) functions as a proteoglycanase, contributing to the degradation of proteoglycan components. This process exposes collagen fibrils, thereby facilitating the demineralization of the dentin matrix. Inhibiting MMP3 shows potential for preventing dental caries. Methods: The binding affinity of 20 cinnamic acid derivatives, namely cynarin, chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid, cinnamyl caffeate, phenethyl caffeate, N-p-coumaroyltyramine, caffeic acid 3-glucoside, caffeic acid phenethyl ester, roscovitine, benzyl caffeate, o-coumaric acid, artepillin C, caffeic acid, methyl caffeate, 2-methylcinnamic acid, ferulic acid, drupanin, p-coumaric acid, cinnamic acid, and sinapinic acid, to the MMP3 catalytic cleft, was assessed utilizing AutoDock 4.0. Molecular dynamics simulation was then employed to analyze the stability of backbone atoms in free MMP3, MMP3-positive control inhibitor, and MMP3 complexed with the top-ranked cinnamic acid over a 100 ns computer simulation. Results: Four cinnamic acids demonstrated ΔG binding scores below -10 kcal/mol, with cynarin emerging as the most potent MMP3 inhibitor, featuring a ΔG binding score and inhibition constant value of -15.57 kcal/mol and 3.83 pM, respectively. The MMP3-cynarin complex exhibited stability after a 50 ns computer simulation, showing a root-mean-square deviation of 8 Å. Conclusions: The inhibition of MMP3 by cynarin, chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid, and cinnamyl caffeate holds promise as a potential preventive strategy for dental caries.

Rosmarinic acid attenuates glioblastoma cells and spheroids' growth and EMT/stem-like state by PTEN/PI3K/AKT downregulation and ERK-induced apoptosis

BACKGROUND

Glioblastoma (GB) is a highly malignant type of brain cancer with a poor prognosis. Therapeutic strategies for GB are still limited. Rosmarinic acid (RA), a polyphenolic compound, is a promising experimental anticancer agent, but its specific protein targets for GB remain unclear.

PURPOSE

This study aimed to elucidate the anticancer effects of RA in 2D- and 3D-GB cells and the underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

3D-tumor spheroids (mimics in vivo tumors) were obtained by the hanging-drop/agarose method. RA's anti-glioma activity on U-87MG (p53-wt/PTEN-mt) and LN229 (p53-mt/PTEN-wt) cells was evaluated through cell viability, colony-formation, migration/invasion/angiogenesis assays, fluorescence imaging, and spheroid growth analysis. The underlying mechanism of the anticancer effects of RA was investigated by Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis. The MEK inhibitor U0126 was used to block ERK phosphorylation.

RESULTS

RA treatments exerted anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects on human GB cells. RA dose-dependently reduced angiogenesis and intracellular ROS levels, suppressed glioma growth, and migration/invasion in 2D-culture and cancer stem cell (CSC)-like 3D-spheroid culture (SPC). Repeated therapy in SPC was more effective by leading to disrupted structure than a single treatment. Treatments in SPC also suppressed epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and CSC-like properties. Strikingly, RA downregulated the SIRT1/FOXO1/NF-κB axis independently of p53 or PTEN function in both gliomas. Immunofluorescence labeling revealed decreased SIRT1 and NF-κB-p65 and increased FOXO1 and GAPDH proteins in nuclear location (associated with apoptosis). Surprisingly, RA increased p-ERK1/2 levels, but priming with U0126 abolished RA-mediated p-ERK upregulation; thus, autophagy and apoptosis induction in GB cells were prevented, and the growth of GB spheroids accelerated. Specifically, RA also inhibited the PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway in U-87MG cells. Due to genetic differences in cells, U-87MG cells were more sensitive to RA treatments than LN229 cells. Meanwhile, our positive control drug trial results with FDA-approved temozolomide (TMZ) used in GB treatment showed that our test compound rosmarinic acid exhibited higher therapeutic effects than TMZ at lower doses.

CONCLUSION

Suppression of EMT, downregulation of SIRT1/FOXO1/NF-κB axis, inhibition of PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and ERK-induced apoptosis and autophagy were determined to be involved in stopping glioma progression. Our findings for the first time, revealed that RA may have potential therapeutic use by having multiple targets in human brain cancer with further clinical studies.

Polyphenols Investigation and Antioxidant and Anticholinesterase Activities of Rosmarinus officinalis L. Species from Southwest Romania Flora

Rosemary is one of the most important medicinal plants for natural therapy due to its multiple pharmacological properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, antiproliferative, antitumor, hepato- and nephroprotective, hypolipidemic, hypocholesterolemic, antihypertensive, anti-ischemic, hypoglycemic, radioprotective, antimicrobial, antiviral, antiallergic, and wound healing properties. Our study reports for the first time, over a 12-month period, the identification and quantification of polyphenols and the investigation of the antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activities of the Rosmarinus officinalis L. species harvested at flowering from the flora of southwestern Romania (Oltenia Region). Identification and quantification of polyphenolic acids was made by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (UHPLC/MS). Total phenolic content was determined using the spectrophotometric method. In situ antioxidant and anticholinesterase activities were evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and AChE inhibitory assay, respectively, on high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) plates. DPPH radical scavenging activity was also assessed spectrophotometrically. The results revealed significant correlations between specific polyphenolic compounds and the measured biological activities, understanding the role of seasonal variations and providing insights into the optimal harvesting times and medicinal benefits of rosemary. Our research brings new information on the phytochemical profile of R. officinalis as a natural source of polyphenols with antioxidant and AChE inhibitory properties.

Structural basis of rosmarinic acid inhibitory mechanism on SARS-CoV-2 main protease

The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus is characterized by high mutation rates and significant infectivity, posing ongoing challenges for therapeutic intervention. To address potential challenges in the future, the continued development of effective drugs targeting SARS-CoV-2 remains an important task for the scientific as well as the pharmaceutical community. The main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 is an ideal therapeutic target for COVID-19 drug development, leading to the introduction of various inhibitors, both covalent and non-covalent, each characterized by unique mechanisms of action and possessing inherent strengths and limitations. Natural products, being compounds naturally present in the environment, offer advantages such as low toxicity and diverse activities, presenting a viable source for antiviral drug development. Here, we identified a natural compound, rosmarinic acid, which exhibits significant inhibitory effects on the Mpro of the SARS-CoV-2. Through detailed structural biology analysis, we elucidated the precise crystal structure of the complex formed between rosmarinic acid and SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, revealing the molecular basis of its inhibitory mechanism. These findings not only enhance our understanding of the antiviral action of rosmarinic acid, but also provide valuable structural information and mechanistic insights for the further development of therapeutic strategies against SARS-CoV-2.

Therapeutic Potential of Thunbergia laurifolia L. Extract in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Insights from a Rat Model

OBJECTIVE

To assess the effects of Thunbergia laurifolia L. extract (TLE) on gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) in a rat model.

METHODS

Thunbergia laurifolin L. leaves were subjected to ethanolic extraction. In vivo study, 50 pregnant rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (10 for each): non-GDM group, GDM induced by streptozotocin (STZ, 60 mg/kg i.p.), metformin (MET) 100 mg/kg, TLE 50, and 500 mg/kg groups. Administration was performed on gestation day 7 until term (day 21). The effects of TLE on blood glucose, insulin levels, lipid profiles, liver enzymes, and maternal performances were assessed. In in vitro study, the effect of TLE was examined using the organ bath for uterine force measurement.

RESULTS

In in vivo study, TLE significantly reduced blood glucose as compared to GDM (P<0.05) with gradually increased insulin level. This effect was consistent with islets of Langerhans restoration. Histologically, the uterine muscular layer displayed a marked increase in fiber area in response to both doses as compared to GDM (P<0.05). Additionally, TLE significantly reduced total cholesterol, triglyceride, and alanine transaminase levels (P<0.05). Intriguingly, TLE also led to a notable augmentation in gravid uterus size, live fetuses count, and implantation numbers, while significantly reducing the post-implantation loss rate associated with fetal classification (P<0.05). Thus, GDM improvements were close to those produced by MET. In in vitro study, TLE exerted a concentration-dependent inhibition of spontaneous uterine contractility (half-maximal inhibition concentration=1.2 mg/L). This inhibitory effect extended to potassium chloride depolarization and oxytocin-mediated contractions. When combined with its major constituent, rosmarinic acid, TLE produced an enhanced inhibitory effect (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

TLE ameliorated blood glucose levels, enhanced uterine muscular structure, and improved maternal and fetal performance in GDM. TLE also displayed tocolytic properties. These findings underscore the need for further exploration of TLE as a potential tocolytic agent to mitigate GDM-associated complications.

Chemical profiles and bioactivities of polyphenolic extracts of Lavandula stoechas L., Artemisia dracunculus L. and Ocimum basilicum L

This study assessed the chemical profiles and bioactivities of the infusions, decoctions and hydroethanolic extracts of tarragon, basil and French lavender. The extracts were chemically characterised (HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS) and their bioactivities were evaluated in vitro. All extracts revealed antimicrobial, antifungal and antioxidant properties. French lavender extracts showed higher total phenolic content, regardless of the extraction method used, and antioxidant and antitumour capacities, but no anti-inflammatory action. All basil and two of the tarragon extracts revealed anti-inflammatory power. Thus, tarragon, basil and French lavender extracts may be considered for inclusion in foods, as preservatives or functional ingredients. Nonetheless, further studies must be conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters of the bioactive compounds.

It Is Not All about Alkaloids-Overlooked Secondary Constituents in Roots and Rhizomes of Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) J.St.-Hil

Gelsemium sempervirens (L.) J.St.-Hil. is an evergreen shrub occurring naturally in North and Middle America. So far, more than 120 alkaloids have been identified in this plant in addition to steroids, coumarins and iridoids, and its use in traditional medicine has been traced back to these compound classes. However, a comprehensive phytochemical investigation of the plant with a special focus on further compound classes has not yet been performed. Therefore, the present study aimed at an extensive HPLC-MSn characterization of secondary metabolites and, for the first time, reports the occurrence of various depsides and phenolic glycerides in G. sempervirens roots and rhizomes, consisting of benzoic and cinnamic acid derivatives as well as dicarboxylic acids. Furthermore, mono- and disaccharides were assigned by GC-MS. Applying the Folin-Ciocalteu assay, the phenolic content of extracts obtained with different solvents was estimated to range from 30 to 50% calculated as chlorogenic acid equivalents per g dry weight and was related to the DPPH radical scavenging activity of the respective extracts. Upon lactic acid fermentation of aqueous G. sempervirens extracts, degradation of phenolic esters was observed going along with the formation of low-molecular volatile metabolites.

New Perspectives about Relevant Natural Compounds for Current Dentistry Research

Natural compounds have been used since the earliest civilizations and remain, to this day, a safer alternative for treating various dental problems. These present antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, and antimutagenic effects, making them useful in the prophylactic and curative treatment of various oral diseases such as infections, gingivitis, periodontitis, and even cancer. Due to the high incidence of unpleasant adverse reactions to synthetic compounds, natural products tend to gradually replace conventional treatment, as they can be just as potent and cause fewer, milder adverse effects. Researchers use several methods to measure the effectiveness and safety profile of these compounds, and employing standard techniques also contributes to progress across all medical disciplines.

Advanced Application of Polymer Nanocarriers in Delivery of Active Ingredients from Traditional Chinese Medicines

Active ingredients from Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) have been a cornerstone of healthcare for millennia, offering a rich source of bioactive compounds with therapeutic potential. However, the clinical application of TCMs is often limited by challenges such as poor solubility, low bioavailability, and variable pharmacokinetics. To address these issues, the development of advanced polymer nanocarriers has emerged as a promising strategy for the delivery of TCMs. This review focuses on the introduction of common active ingredients from TCMs and the recent advancements in the design and application of polymer nanocarriers for enhancing the efficacy and safety of TCMs. We begin by discussing the unique properties of TCMs and the inherent challenges associated with their delivery. We then delve into the types of polymeric nanocarriers, including polymer micelles, polymer vesicles, polymer hydrogels, and polymer drug conjugates, highlighting their application in the delivery of active ingredients from TCMs. The main body of the review presents a comprehensive analysis of the state-of-the-art nanocarrier systems and introduces the impact of these nanocarriers on the solubility, stability, and bioavailability of TCM components. On the basis of this, we provide an outlook on the future directions of polymer nanocarriers in TCM delivery. This review underscores the transformative potential of polymer nanocarriers in revolutionizing TCM delivery, offering a pathway to harness the full therapeutic potential of TCMs while ensuring safety and efficacy in a modern medical context.

Therapeutic Applications of Rosmarinic Acid in Cancer-Chemotherapy-Associated Resistance and Toxicity

Chemotherapeutic drugs and radiotherapy are fundamental treatments to combat cancer, but, often, the doses in these treatments are restricted by their non-selective toxicities, which affect healthy tissues surrounding tumors. On the other hand, drug resistance is recognized as the main cause of chemotherapeutic treatment failure. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a polyphenol of the phenylpropanoid family that is widely distributed in plants and vegetables, including medicinal aromatic herbs, consumption of which has demonstrated beneficial activities as antioxidants and anti-inflammatories and reduced the risks of cancers. Recently, several studies have shown that RA is able to reverse cancer resistance to first-line chemotherapeutics, as well as play a protective role against toxicity induced by chemotherapy and radiotherapy, mainly due to its scavenger capacity. This review compiles information from 56 articles from Google Scholar, PubMed, and ClinicalTrials.gov aimed at addressing the role of RA as a complementary therapy in cancer treatment.

Salvia verticillata (L.)-Biological Activity, Chemical Profile, and Future Perspectives

Species belonging to the genus Salvia, Lamiaceae, have been deeply involved in the folk medicine of different nations since ancient times. Lilac sage, or Salvia verticillata L. (S. verticillata) is a less studied species from the genus. However, it seems to have a prominent potential for the future drug discovery strategies of novel phytopharmaceuticals. This review aims to summarise the data on the biological activity and the phytochemical profile of extracts and essential oils derived from S. verticillata. This review is based on data from 57 in vitro and in vivo studies. The chemical profile of S. verticillata includes different synergic compounds like phenolic acids, flavonoids, terpenes, and salvianolic acids. Although some small amounts of salvianolic acid B were found in S. verticillata extracts, the major compound among the salvianolic acids is salvianolic acid C, a compound associated with the potential for improving liver fibrosis, cardio- and hepatoprotection, and the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The cannabinoid type 2 receptor agonist β-caryophyllene is one of the major compounds in S. verticillata essential oils. It is a compound with a prominent potential in regenerative medicine, neurology, immunology, and other medical fields. The in vivo and the in vitro studies, regarding S. verticillata highlighted good antioxidant potential, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal activity. S.verticillata was also reported as a potential source of drug candidates for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, because of the inhibitory activity on the acetylcholinesterase. However, the number of studies in this direction is limited.

Polyphenols in edible plant leaves: an overview of their occurrence and health properties

Edible plant leaves (EPLs) constitute a major renewable functional plant biomass available all year round, providing an essential source of polyphenols in the global diet. Polyphenols form a large family of antioxidant molecules. They protect against the harmful effects of free radicals, strengthen immunity and stimulate the body's natural defenses thanks to their antibacterial and antiviral functions. This study refers to phenolic compounds from 50 edible plant leaves divided into four categories: green leafy vegetables, underutilized leafy vegetables, leafy spices and leafy drinks. It provides data on the identification, occurrence and pharmacological functions of polyphenols contained in EPLs, and provides a better understanding of trends and gaps in their consumption and study. Certain EPLs, such as moringa (Moringa oleifera Lam.), tea (Camellia sinensis L.) and several leafy spices of the Lamiaceae family, reveal important characteristics and therapeutic potential. The polyphenol composition of EPLs makes them functional plants that offer relevant solutions in the fight against obesity, the management of food insecurity and the prevention of chronic diseases.

Transcriptome sequencing of medical herb Salvia Rosmarinus (Rosemary) revealed the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway genes and their phylogenetic relationships

BACKGROUND

The Salvia rosmarinus spenn. (rosemary) is considered an economically important ornamental and medicinal plant and is widely utilized in culinary and for treating several diseases. However, the procedure behind synthesizing secondary metabolites-based bioactive compounds at the molecular level in S. rosmarinus is not explored completely.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We performed transcriptomic sequencing of the pooled sample from leaf and stem tissues on the Illumina HiSeqTM X10 platform. The transcriptomics analysis led to the generation of 29,523,608 raw reads, followed by data pre-processing which generated 23,208,592 clean reads, and de novo assembly of S. rosmarinus obtained 166,849 unigenes. Among them, nearly 75.1% of unigenes i.e., 28,757 were interpreted against a non-redundant protein database. The gene ontology-based annotation classified them into 3 main categories and 55 sub-categories, and clusters of orthologous genes annotation categorized them into 23 functional categories. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes database-based pathway analysis confirmed the involvement of 13,402 unigenes in 183 biochemical pathways, among these unigenes, 1,186 are involved in the 17 secondary metabolite production pathways. Several key enzymes involved in producing aromatic amino acids and phenylpropanoids were identified from the transcriptome database. Among the identified 48 families of transcription factors from coding unigenes, bHLH, MYB, WRKYs, NAC, C2H2, C3H, and ERF are involved in flavonoids and other secondary metabolites biosynthesis.

CONCLUSION

The phylogenetic analysis revealed the evolutionary relationship between the phenylpropanoid pathway genes of rosemary with other members of Lamiaceae. Our work reveals a new molecular mechanism behind the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids and their regulation in rosemary plants.

Ameliorative potential of rosmarinic acid in a rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome: Targeting MCP-1 and VEGF: A histological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical study

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a multidisciplinary endocrinopathy that affects women of reproductive age. It is characterized by menstrual complications, hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular issues. The current research investigated the efficacy of rosmarinic acid in letrozole-induced PCOS in adult female rats as well as the potential underlying molecular mechanisms. Forty female rats were divided into the control group, the rosmarinic acid group (50 mg/kg per orally, po) for 21 days, PCOS group; PCOS was induced by administration of letrozole (1 mg/kg po) for 21 days, and rosmarinic acid-PCOS group, received rosmarinic acid after PCOS induction. PCOS resulted in a marked elevation in both serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone levels and LH/follicle-stimulating hormone ratio with a marked reduction in serum estradiol and progesterone levels. A marked rise in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and vascular endothelial growth factor (messenger RNA) in the ovarian tissue was reported. The histological analysis displayed multiple cystic follicles in the ovarian cortex with markedly thin granulosa cell layer, vacuolated granulosa and theca cell layers, and desquamated granulosa cells. Upregulation in the immune expression of TNF-α and caspase-3 was demonstrated in the ovarian cortex. Interestingly, rosmarinic acid ameliorated the biochemical and histopathological changes. In conclusion, rosmarinic acid ameliorates letrozole-induced PCOS through its anti-inflammatory and antiangiogenesis effects.

Effect of Rosmarinic Acid on Cell Proliferation, Oxidative Stress, and Apoptosis Pathways in an Animal Model of Induced Glioblastoma Multiforme

BACKGROUND

In brain tumors, the complexity of the pathophysiological processes such as oxidative stress, cell proliferation, angiogenesis, and apoptosis have seriously challenged the definitive treatment. Rosmarinic acid (RA), as a polyphenolic compound, has been found to prevent tumor progression in some aggressive cancers. This study was designed to evaluate the anticancer effects of RA on brain tumors.

METHOD

Rats were divided into six groups. Implantation of C6 glioma cells was carried out in the caudate nucleus of the right hemisphere. RA at doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg (i.p.) was administered to the treatment groups for seven days. Tumor volume (by MRI imaging), locomotor ability, survival time, histological alterations (by H & E staining), expression of p53 and p21 mRNAs (by RT-PCR), activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase [SOD] and catalase [CAT] by assay kits), expression of caspase-3 and VEGF (by immunohistochemical analysis), and TUNEL-positive cells (by tunnel staining) were analyzed.

RESULTS

The results indicated that the RA at a dose of 20 mg/kg reduced the tumor volume, prolonged survival time, increased p53 and p21 mRNAs, attenuated SOD and CAT activities in tumor tissue, elevated caspase-3, and increased the number of TUNEL-positive cells. Furthermore, histological analysis revealed less invasion of tumor cells into the normal parenchyma in rats treated with RA (20 mg/kg).

CONCLUSION

These findings provide evidence that the ability of RA to reduce tumor volume could be related to factors that modulate oxidative stress (SOD and CAT enzymes), cell proliferation (p53 and p21), and apoptosis (caspase-3).

Rosmarinic Acid Protects the Testes of Rats against Cell Phone and Ultra-high Frequency Waves Induced Toxicity

Background

Cell phone and Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) waves produce oxidative stress and cause testicular toxicity. This investigation was directed to evaluate the effectiveness of Rosmarinic Acid (RA) against oxidative stress caused by UHF radiation in rats.

Methods

Forty-two male Wistar rats were divided into six groups. The control received 5 mL normal saline (0.9% NaCl) by gavage, the cell phone group received 915 MHz, the UHF waves group just received 2450 MHz, the RA/cell phone group received RA plus 915 MHz, RA/UHF waves group received RA plus 2450 MHz, and RA just received RA (20 mg/kg). After 30 days of consecutive radiation, the biochemical and histopathological parameters of their testes were measured. Statistical comparison was made using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test.

Results

Cell phone and UHF wave radiation significantly diminished the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione content (P<0.001). On the opposite, UHF significantly increased oxidative stress indices including malondialdehyde level, nitric oxide level, and protein carbonyl content (P<0.001). UHF also significantly reduced the number of Sertoli cells, spermatogonia, primary spermatocyte, epithelial height, and seminiferous tubular and luminal diameters (P<0.001). RA, as an effective antioxidant, reverses the above-mentioned harms and moderates the adverse effects of UHF on the testes of rats by significantly diminishing the oxidative stress indices and antioxidant enzyme rise and improving the histological parameters (P<0.001).

Conclusion

RA can protect the testes of rats from UHF-induced toxicity by reducing oxidative stress. RA as a food supplement might be useful for protecting humans exposed to UHF environmental contamination.

Utilising UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS to determine the phytochemical profile and in vitro cytotoxic potential of Ziziphora capitata L. with molecular docking simulation

Ziziphora capitata (Lamiaceae family) aerial parts extract contains 57 metabolites, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, anthocyanins, and coumarins, as assessed by UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. Successive extracts (hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol 95%, and water) were tested in vitro cytotoxic activity against HepG-2, MCF-7, HCT-116, A549, and PC3 cell lines. The results revealed that hexane extract exhibited the most potent cytotoxic activity among PC3 and A549 cell lines, IC50 = 47.1 ± 1.75 and 49.2 ± 1.08 µg/mL compared to Vinblastine IC50 = 42.47 ± 1.95 and 24.64 ± 1.18 µg/mL, respectively, and had a moderate impact on the remaining cell lines. Moreover, the chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts exhibited moderate affinity among all tested cell lines. Furthermore, the total phenolic and flavonoid contents were assessed. The molecular docking simulation was performed inside the effective sites of VEGFR-2 and TS as anticancer targets for the top ten phytochemicals. The results showed higher binding energy values for VEGFR-2 than for TS compared to vinblastine and co-crystallized ligands.

Ethyl acetate fraction of oregano seed protects non-alcoholic fatty liver in high-fat diet-induced obese mice through modulation of Srebp-1c

Oregano (Origanum vulgare) seed is used as spices and is known to have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant effects. The anti-fatty liver effects of oregano seed ethyl acetate (OSEA) were evaluated in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. OSEA was orally administered with HFD for 10 weeks. The body weight, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein levels in the HFD with 100 mg/kg of OSEA significantly decreased by approximately 1.21-, 1.44-, 2.12-, 1.12-, 1.05, and 1.59 times, respectively, while high-density lipoprotein levels increased by approximately 1.05 times compared to those in the HFD group (p < .05). In addition, the distribution of liver fat in the HFD with 100 mg/kg OSEA (OSEA 100) group decreased significantly (p < .05). Therefore, OSEA supplementation can ameliorate fatty liver disease and reduce the accumulation of triglycerides in adipose tissue. The expression of genes involved in liver fat accumulation, such as sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (Srebp-1c), fatty acid synthase (Fas), stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (Scd1), and acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 (Acc1), significantly decreased in OSEA 100 by approximately 2.6-, 1.74-, 1.89-, and 1.56-times, respectively (p < .05). Therefore, OSEA may modify obesity and liver fat accumulation by regulating the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism.

Effects of rosmarinic acid on immune response and intestinal microbiota in ovalbumin-induced intestinal allergy mice

BACKGROUND

Rosmarinic acid (RA) is an active polyphenol that is widely found in various edible herbs. This study explored the potential anti-allergic activities and the underlying mechanisms of RA in ovalbumin (OVA)-induced intestinal allergic mice.

RESULTS

Forty female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into five groups: control group, model group (OVA sensitized/challenged), RA-Low group (OVA sensitized/challenged, 30 mg kg-1 RA intervention), RA-Middle group (OVA sensitized/challenged, 90 mg kg-1 RA intervention) and RA-High group (OVA sensitized/challenged, 270 mg kg-1 RA intervention). RA effectively attenuated allergic reactions, including alleviating allergic symptoms and regulating the hypothermia of mice in the model group. Moreover, the anaphylactic mediator (OVA-specific IgE, histamine and mMCP-1) levels of OVA allergic mice were markedly decreased after RA intervention. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that RA significantly inhibited Th2 cytokine expression, while Th1 and Treg cytokines were markedly increased. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that RA effectively regulated the richness and diversity of the intestinal microbiota in OVA allergic mice. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes and the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio were altered by RA intervention. At the genus level, RA was found to regulate the disturbances in the relative abundance of Muribaculaceae, Lactobacillus and Prevotella.

CONCLUSION

RA exhibited potential anti-allergic activity in OVA allergic mice by regulating hypersensitive immune responses and the intestinal microbiota structure. These results provide important evidence that RA can be developed into a novel functional food-derived ingredient against food allergy. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Determination of Biogenic Amine Level Variations upon Storage, in Chicken Breast Coated with Edible Protective Film

A new chitosan-based protective film containing rosemarinic acid (0.282% w/w) has been elaborated. The film was formed from a water-oil emulsion system and applied to poultry meat samples using a dip-coating technique. Various physicochemical parameters of the coatings, such as thickness, Young's modulus, elongation at break, water vapor transmission rates, and antioxidant activity, were tested with free-standing film samples peeled from a Petri dish. Compared to neat chitosan films obtained similarly, new films cast from the emulsion showed significantly better elasticity (Young's modulus was diminished from 1458 MPa to about 29 MPa). Additionally, barrier properties for moisture transition decreased from 7.3 to 5.8 g mm m-2 day-1 kPa-1. The coated poultry samples were subsequently evaluated in juxtaposition with uncoated ones in a storage test. Levels of selected biogenic amines (histamine, tyramine, tryptamine, phenylethylamine, putrescine, cadaverine, spermine, and spermidine), total bacterial count, and lipid oxidation levels in the meat samples were analyzed during storage at 4 °C (up to 96 h). The results obtained for the biogenic amines, total bacterial content, calculated biogenic amine index, and the ratio of spermidine to spermine in meat samples suggest the advantage of the proposed coatings with rosmarinic acid in protecting poultry meat against environmental factors and rapid spoilage.

The Role of Rosmarinic Acid in the Protection Against Inflammatory Factors in Rats Model With Monocrotaline-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension: Investigating the Signaling Pathway of NFκB, OPG, Runx2, and P-Selectin in Heart

ABSTRACT

Shortness of breath and syncope are common symptoms of right ventricular failure caused by pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), which is the result of blockage and increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries. There is a significant amount of evidence supporting the idea that inflammation and vascular calcification (VC) are important factors in PAH pathogenesis. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the features of the inflammatory process and gene expression involved in VC in monocrotaline (MCT)-induced PAH rats. MCT (60 mg/kg, i.p.) was used to induce PAH. Animals were given normal saline or rosmarinic acid (RA) (10, 15, and 30 mg/kg, gavage) for 21 days. An increase in right ventricular systolic pressure was evaluated as confirming PAH. To determine the level of inflammation in lung tissue, pulmonary edema and the total and differential white blood cell counts in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were measured. Also, the expression of NFκB, OPG, Runx2, and P-selectin genes was investigated to evaluate the level of VC in the heart. Our experiment showed that RA significantly decreased right ventricular hypertrophy, inflammatory factors, NFκB, Runx2, and P-selectin gene expression, pulmonary edema, total and differential white blood cell count, and increased OPG gene expression. Therefore, our research showed that RA protects against MCT-induced PAH by reducing inflammation and VC in rats.

Electrospun Materials Based on Cellulose Acetate Loaded with Rosmarinic Acid with Antioxidant and Antifungal Properties

Fibrous cellulose acetate (CA) materials loaded with rosmarinic acid (RA) were successfully created by one-pot electrospinning. In order to improve the water solubility of the polyphenolic acid and to facilitate its release from the fibrous materials, the non-ionic water-soluble polyethylene glycol (PEG) was added. Detailed characterization of the fabricated fibrous CA/RA and CA/PEG/RA materials was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), UV-Vis spectroscopy and water contact angle analysis. The optimal ratio between CA, RA and PEG for preparation of defect-free and uniform fibers was accomplished by varying their concentrations. Furthermore, the incorporation of the PEG improved the hydrophilicity and wettability of the fibrous CA materials. Moreover, PEG facilitated the RA release and over 360 min, the amount released from fibrous CA/PEG/RA fibers was 91%, while that released from CA/RA materials was 53%. Both of the RA-containing fibrous materials, with and without PEG, manifested high antioxidant activity as determined by the DPPH free radical-scavenging method. In addition, the electrospun CA/PEG/RA materials displayed good antifungal activity against C. albicans. These features make the fibrous CA/PEG/RA materials promising candidates for treatment of wound infections.

In silico and in vitro elastase inhibition assessment assays of rosmarinic acid natural product from Rosmarinus officinalis Linn

The use of various herbs and their compounds has been a strategy widely used in the fight against various human diseases. For example, rosmarinic acid, a bioactive phenolic compound commonly found in Rosemary plants (Rosmarinus officinalis Labiatae), has multiple therapeutic benefits in different diseases, such as cancer. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate in silico and in vitro the inhibition potential of the enzyme Elastase from the porcine pancreas by rosmarinic acid isolated from the plant species R. officinalis Linn. Through Molecular Docking, the mechanism of action was investigated. In addition, rosmarinic acid presented a range of 5-60 µg/mL and significantly inhibited Elastase. At 60 µg/mL, there was an inhibition of 55% on the enzymatic activity. The results demonstrate the inhibition of Elastase by rosmarinic acid, which can lead to the development of new enzyme inhibitors that can be an inspiration for developing various drugs, including anticancer drugs.

In silico anti-alzheimer study of phytochemicals from Lamiaceae family through GSK3-β inhibition

Glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta (GSK3-β) is a serine-threonine protease expressed in the brain, and its hyperactivity is considered the underlying cause of Alzheimer's disease. This enzyme requires an ATP molecule in its N-terminal lobe to phosphorylate its substrates, with the most important substrate being the Tau protein. This study focuses on the inhibitory mechanism of four naturally occurring compounds-apigenin, luteolin, rosmarinic acid, and salvianolic acid-from the Laminaceae family against GSK3-β. The orientation of the ligands within the ATP-binding pocket of GSK3-β and their binding energy were determined through molecular docking. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulations was conducted to study the conformational changes induced by the ligands in the protein structure. The results showed that apigenin and salvianolic acid achieved deeper parts of the cavity compared to luteolin and rosmarinic acid and formed stable complexes with the enzyme. In the rosmarinic acid complex, the enzyme exhibited the most exposed conformation. On the other hand, luteolin binding caused a small closure of the opening, suggesting a potentially ATP-competitive role. Our results suggest these compounds as lead candidates for the design of GSK3-β inhibitors.

Accumulation of Polyphenols and Associated Gene Expression in Hairy Roots of Salvia viridis Exposed to Methyl Jasmonate

Methyl jasmonate (MJA), a signaling molecule in stress pathways, can be used to induce secondary metabolite synthesis in plants. The present study examines its effects on the growth of Salvia viridis hairy roots, and the accumulation of bioactive compounds, and correlates it with the expression of genes involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway. To our knowledge, this study represents the first exploration of elicitation in S. viridis culture and the first comprehensive analysis of MJA's influence on such a wide array of genes within the polyphenol metabolic pathway in the Salvia genus. Plants were treated with 50 and 100 µM MJA, and samples were collected at intervals of one, three, five, and seven days post-elicitation. HPLC analysis revealed that MJA stimulated the accumulation of all tested compounds, with a 30% increase (38.65 mg/g dry weight) in total polyphenol content (TPC) on day five. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis demonstrated a significant increase in the expression of the phenylpropanoid pathway genes-TAT (tyrosine aminotransferase), HPPR (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate reductase), PAL (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase), C4H (cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase), 4CL (4-coumarate-CoA ligase), and RAS (rosmarinic acid synthase)-following MJA treatment. For the majority of the genes, this increase was observed after the first day of treatment. Importantly, our present results confirm strong correlations of the analyzed gene expression with polyphenol biosynthesis. These findings support the notion that hairy roots provide a promising biotechnological framework for augmenting polyphenol production. Additionally, the combination of elicitor treatment and transgenic technology emerges as a viable strategy to enhance the biosynthesis of these valuable metabolites.

A Systemic Review on Nutraceutical Supplements used in the Management of Osteoarthritis

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive degenerative joint disease. It basically impairs the structural integrity of articulate cartilage and imbalances the catabolic and anabolic signals in the joint. A degenerative disease is characterized by swelling, pain, and joint stiffness. The treatment and management of osteoarthritis are based on analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents, whereas the exact cause of OA is not known yet. The negative effects of synthetic medications have led to a daily rise in the usage of nutraceuticals and dietary supplements. Clinicians are aware of these treatments, and they also recommend nutraceuticals in addition to the currently preferred therapy. Many in-vitro and in-vivo experiments have been performed in past years to evaluate the function of these on osteoarthritis. The collection of articles was published on search engines like PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and ScienceDirect. The evaluation covers every potential nutraceutical utilized in osteoarthritis, together with its supporting data and mode of action. The present review discusses nutraceuticals, including devil's claw, vitamin D, boswellic acid, capsaicin, ginger, curcumin, krill oil, ginger, and avocado/soybean unsaponifiable.

Phytochemicals: Promising Inhibitors of Human Rhinovirus Type 14 3C Protease as a Strategy to Fight the Common Cold

BACKGROUND

Human rhinovirus 3C protease (HRV-3Cpro) plays a crucial role in viral proliferation, establishing it as a prime target for antiviral therapy. However, research on identifying HRV-3Cpro inhibitors is still limited.

OBJECTIVE

This study had two primary objectives: first, to validate the efficacy of an end-point colorimetric assay, previously developed by our team, for identifying potential inhibitors of HRV-3Cpro; and second, to discover phytochemicals in medicinal plants that inhibit the enzyme's activity.

METHODS

Rupintrivir, a well-known inhibitor of HRV-3Cpro, was used to validate the colorimetric assay. Following this, we conducted a two-step in silico screening of 2532 phytochemicals, which led to the identification of eight active compounds: apigenin, carnosol, chlorogenic acid, kaempferol, luteolin, quercetin, rosmarinic acid, and rutin. We subsequently evaluated these candidates in vitro. To further investigate the inhibitory potential of the most promising candidates, namely, carnosol and rosmarinic acid, molecular docking studies were performed to analyze their binding interactions with HRV-3Cpro.

RESULTS

The colorimetric assay we previously developed is effective in identifying compounds that selectively inhibit HRV-3Cpro. Carnosol and rosmarinic acid emerged as potent inhibitors, inhibiting HRV-3Cpro activity in vitro by over 55%. Our analysis indicated that carnosol and rosmarinic acid exert their inhibitory effects through a competitive mechanism. Molecular docking confirmed their competitive binding to the enzyme's active site.

CONCLUSION

Carnosol and rosmarinic acid warrant additional investigation for their potential in the development of common cold treatment. By highlighting these compounds as effective HRV-3Cpro inhibitors, our study presents a promising approach for discovering phytochemical inhibitors against proteases from similar pathogens.

Modulation of Viability, Proliferation, and Stemness by Rosmarinic Acid in Medulloblastoma Cells: Involvement of HDACs and EGFR

Medulloblastoma (MB) is a heterogeneous group of malignant pediatric brain tumors, divided into molecular groups with distinct biological features and prognoses. Currently available therapy often results in poor long-term quality of life for patients, which will be afflicted by neurological, neuropsychiatric, and emotional sequelae. Identifying novel therapeutic agents capable of targeting the tumors without jeopardizing patients' quality of life is imperative. Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a plant-derived compound whose action against a series of diseases including cancer has been investigated, with no side effects reported so far. Previous studies have not examined whether RA has effects in MB. Here, we show RA is cytotoxic against human Daoy (IC50 = 168 μM) and D283 (IC50 = 334 μM) MB cells. Exposure to RA for 48 h reduced histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) expression while increasing H3K9 hyperacetylation, reduced epidermal growth factor (EGFR) expression, and inhibited EGFR downstream targets extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 and AKT in Daoy cells. These modifications were accompanied by increased expression of CDKN1A/p21, reduced expression of SOX2, and a decrease in proliferative rate. Treatment with RA also reduced cancer stem cell markers expression and neurosphere size. Taken together, our findings indicate that RA can reduce cell proliferation and stemness and induce cell cycle arrest in MB cells. Mechanisms mediating these effects may include targeting HDAC1, EGFR, and ERK signaling, and promoting p21 expression, possibly through an increase in H3K9ac and AKT deactivation. RA should be further investigated as a potential anticancer agent in experimental MB.

Lavandula angustifolia mill. (Lamiaceae) ethanol extract and its main constituents as promising agents for the treatment of metabolic disorders: chemical profile, in vitro biological studies, and molecular docking

Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (lavender) is one of the most used medicinal plants. Herein, we chemically characterised and investigated the antioxidant properties and the capability to inhibit key enzymes for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (TD2) and obesity such as pancreatic lipase, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase of the ethanolic extract of two lavender samples (La1 and La2) from southern Italy. Both extracts significantly inhibited α-glucosidase, while La1 inhibited α-amylase and lipase more effectively than La2. To investigate whether these properties could be due to a direct interaction of the main constituents of the extracts with the targeted enzymes, molecular docking studies have been performed. As a result, the selected compounds were able to interact with the key residues of the binding site of the three proteins, thus supporting biological data. Current findings indicate the new potential of lavender ethanolic extract for the development of novel agents for T2D and obesity.

Advanced application of nanotechnology in active constituents of Traditional Chinese Medicines

Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) have been used for centuries for the treatment and management of various diseases. However, their effective delivery to targeted sites may be a major challenge due to their poor water solubility, low bioavailability, and potential toxicity. Nanocarriers, such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, inorganic nanoparticles and organic/inorganic nanohybrids based on active constituents from TCMs have been extensively studied as a promising strategy to improve the delivery of active constituents from TCMs to achieve a higher therapeutic effect with fewer side effects compared to conventional formulations. This review summarizes the recent advances in nanocarrier-based delivery systems for various types of active constituents of TCMs, including terpenoids, polyphenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, and quinones, from different natural sources. This review covers the design and preparation of nanocarriers, their characterization, and in vitro/vivo evaluations. Additionally, this review highlights the challenges and opportunities in the field and suggests future directions for research. Nanocarrier-based delivery systems have shown great potential in improving the therapeutic efficacy of TCMs, and this review may serve as a comprehensive resource to researchers in this field.

Stachys Species: Comparative Evaluation of Phenolic Profile and Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potential

This study aimed to investigate the polyphenolic composition and antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of six Romanian Stachys species: S. officinalis, S. germanica, S. byzantina, S. sylvatica, S. palustris, and S. recta. The LC-MS/MS method was used to analyze the polyphenolic profile, while the phenolic contents were spectrophotometrically determined. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using the following methods: DPPH, FRAP, nitrite-induced autooxidation of hemoglobin, inhibition of cytochrome c-catalyzed lipid peroxidation, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. The in vitro antimicrobial properties were assessed using agar-well diffusion, broth microdilution, and antibiofilm assays. Fifteen polyphenols were identified using LC-MS and chlorogenic acid was the major component in all the samples (1131.8-6761.4 μg/g). S. germanica, S. palustris, and S. byzantina extracts each displayed an intense antiradical action in relation to high contents of TPC (6.40 mg GAE/mL), flavonoids (3.90 mg RE/mL), and caffeic acid derivatives (0.89 mg CAE/mL). In vitro antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties were exhibited towards Candida albicans, Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains, with the most intense efficacy recorded for S. germanica and S. byzantina when tested against S. aureus. These results highlighted Stachys extracts as rich sources of bioactive compounds with promising antioxidant and antimicrobial efficacies and important perspectives for developing phytopharmaceuticals.

Potential of rosmarinic acid from Orthosiphon aristatus extract for inflammatory induced diseases and its mechanisms of action

Orthosiphon aristatus has been traditionally used as a medicinal herb for various illnesses in Southeast Asia and Europe. The most dominant bioactive compound of the herb is rosmarinic acid (RosA) which has been demonstrated for its remarkable anti-inflammatory properties. This review describes the recent progress of studies on multi-target molecular pathways of RosA in relation to targeted inflammatory-associated diseases. An inclusive literature search was conducted using electronic databases such as Google Scholar, Scopus, Springer Link, PubMed, Medline, Wiley and Science Direct for studies reporting on the anti-inflammatory actions of RosA from 2008 until 2023. The keywords of the search were RosA and anti-inflammatory in relation to hepatoprotective, chondroprotective, cardioprotective, neuroprotective and toxicity. Only publications that are written in English are included in this review. The inhibition and deactivation of pro-inflammatory biomolecules by RosA were explained based on the initial inflammation stimuli and their location in the body. The activation of Nrf2/HO-1 expression to inhibit NF-κB pathway is the key mechanism for hepatoprotection. Besides NF-κB inhibition, RosA activates PPARγ to alleviate ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced myocardial injury for cardioprotection. The regulation of MAPK and T-cell activation is important for chondroprotection, whereas the anti-oxidant property of RosA is the main contributor of neuroprotection. Even though less studies on the anti-inflammation of RosA extracts from O. aristatus, but the effective pharmacological properties of RosA has promoted it as a natural potent lead for further investigation.

An injectable conductive hydrogel with dual responsive release of rosmarinic acid improves cardiac function and promotes repair after myocardial infarction

Myocardial infarction (MI) causes irreversible damage to the heart muscle, seriously threatening the lives of patients. Injectable hydrogels have attracted extensive attention in the treatment of MI. By promoting the coupling of mechanical and electrical signals between cardiomyocytes, combined with synergistic therapeutic strategies targeting the pathological processes of inflammation, proliferation, and fibrotic remodeling after MI, it is expected to improve the therapeutic effect. In this study, a pH/ROS dual-responsive injectable hydrogel was developed by modifying xanthan gum and gelatin with reversible imine bond and boronic ester bond double crosslinking. By encapsulating polydopamine-rosmarinic acid nanoparticles to achieve on-demand drug release in response to the microenvironment of MI, thereby exerting anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and anti-fibrosis effects. By adding conductive composites to improve the conductivity and mechanical strength of the hydrogel, restore electrical signal transmission in the infarct area, promote synchronous contraction of cardiomyocytes, avoid induced arrhythmias, and induce angiogenesis. Furthermore, the multifunctional hydrogel promoted the expression of cardiac-specific markers to restore cardiac function after MI. The in vivo and in vitro results demonstrate the effectiveness of this synergistic comprehensive treatment strategy in MI treatment, showing great application potential to promote the repair of infarcted hearts.

Efficacy of a Spearmint (Mentha spicata L.) Extract as Nutritional Support in a Rat Model of Hypertensive Glaucoma

Purpose

Glaucoma is an eye-brain axis disorder characterized by loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). Although the role of intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation in glaucoma has been established, the reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation has emerged as a promising target for neuronal tissue-supporting glaucoma management. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of a proprietary spearmint extract (SPE) on RGC density, activity, and neuronal health markers in a rat model of hypertensive glaucoma.

Methods

Animals were divided in four groups: untreated healthy control and three glaucomatous groups receiving orally administered vehicle, SPE-low dose, or SPE-high dose for 28 days. Ocular hypertension was induced through intracameral injection of methylcellulose at day 15. At day 29, rats underwent electroretinogram (ERG) recordings, and retinas were analyzed for RGC density and markers of neural trophism, oxidative stress, and inflammation.

Results

SPE exerted dose-dependent response benefits on all markers except for IOP elevation. SPE significantly improved RGC-related ERG responses, cell density, neurotrophins, oxidative stress, and inflammation markers. Also, in SPE-high rats, most of the parameters were not statistically different from those of healthy controls.

Conclusions

SPE, a plant-based, polyphenolic extract, could be an effective nutritional support for neuronal tissues.

Translational Relevance

These results suggest that SPE not only may be a complementary approach in support to hypotensive treatments for the management of glaucoma but may also serve as nutritional support in other ocular conditions where antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective mechanism are often disrupted.

The preventive effects of Centaurea maroccana Ball. extract against oxidative stress induced by cisplatin in mice brains: in vitro and in vivo studies

Since antiquity, Centaurea species have been used in folk medicine to treat several diseases owing to their potential biological activities that distinguish this genus such as antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effect. The current study aimed to investigate the possible neuroprotective effects of the n-butanol extract of Centaurea maroccana (BECM) against cisplatin (CP) induced neurotoxicity in mice. BECM's potential neuroprotective properties were studied in vitro and in vivo models. Male Swiss albino mice were orally received BECM (200 mg/kg) for 10 days before a single intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin (8 mg/kg). Vitamin E (100 mg/kg) was given daily by gavage as a positive control. In vitro results revealed that BECM inhibited lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. In vivo findings showed that BECM pretreatment was able to regulate lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and to improve CP-induced cholinergic dysfunction by inhibiting AChE activity in mice brains. Moreover, BECM attenuated CP-provoked oxidative stress by suppressing LPO levels, increasing total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes (catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST)) in both brain cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions. The histological analysis exhibited neurotoprotective effect of BECM by protecting the cerebral cortex and reducing the histomorphological alterations resulted by cisplatin. Interestingly, our extract achieved neuroprotection comparable to vitamin E in most evaluated parameters. It appears that protective potency of BECM against CP-induced neurotoxicity could be related to its richness in polyphenols confirmed by liquid-chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis (LC-MS/MS).

Synthetic and Natural Bioactive Molecules in Balancing the Crosstalk among Common Signaling Pathways in Alzheimer's Disease: Understanding the Neurotoxic Mechanisms for Therapeutic Intervention

The structure and function of the brain greatly rely on different signaling pathways. The wide variety of biological processes, including neurogenesis, axonal remodeling, the development and maintenance of pre- and postsynaptic terminals, and excitatory synaptic transmission, depends on combined actions of these molecular pathways. From that point of view, it is important to investigate signaling pathways and their crosstalk in order to better understand the formation of toxic proteins during neurodegeneration. With recent discoveries, it is established that the modulation of several pathological events in Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), Wnt signaling, 5'-adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1α (PGC-1α), and sirtuin 1 (Sirt1, silent mating-type information regulator 2 homologue 1) are central to the key findings. These include decreased amyloid formation and inflammation, mitochondrial dynamics control, and enhanced neural stability. This review intends to emphasize the importance of these signaling pathways, which collectively determine the fate of neurons in AD in several ways. This review will also focus on the role of novel synthetic and natural bioactive molecules in balancing the intricate crosstalk among different pathways in order to prolong the longevity of AD patients.

Effects of Harvest Timing on Phytochemical Composition in Lamiaceae Plants under an Environment-Controlled System

The Lamiaceae family is widely recognized for its production of essential oils and phenolic compounds that have promising value as pharmaceutical materials. However, the impact of environmental conditions and different harvest stages on the phytochemical composition of Lamiaceae plants remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of harvest time on the phytochemical composition, including rosmarinic acid (RA) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), of four Lamiaceae plants-Korean mint (AR), lemon balm (MO), opal basil (OBP), and sage (SO)-and was conducted under an environment-controlled system. Although all four plants had RA as the dominant compound, its distribution varied by species. The flowered plants, including AR and OBP, exhibited a rapid increase of RA during the transition from the vegetative stage to the reproductive stage. In contrast, non-flowered groups, including MO and SO, showed a steady increase in the content of total phenolics and RA. The main components of VOCs also differed depending on the plant, with characteristic fragrance compounds identified for each one (AR: estragole; MO: (Z)-neral and geranial; OBP: methyl eugenol, eugenol, and linalool; and SO: (Z)-thujone, camphor, and humulene). The total VOCs content was highest on the 60th day after transplanting regardless of the species, while the trends of total phenolics, RA content, and antioxidant activities were different depending on whether plant species flowered during the cultivation cycle. There was a steady increase in species that had not flowered, and the highest content and activity of the flowering period were confirmed in the flowering plant species.

Uncovering the Interrelation between Metabolite Profiles and Bioactivity of In Vitro- and Wild-Grown Catmint (Nepeta nuda L.)

Nepeta nuda L. is a medicinal plant enriched with secondary metabolites serving to attract pollinators and deter herbivores. Phenolics and iridoids of N. nuda have been extensively investigated because of their beneficial impacts on human health. This study explores the chemical profiles of in vitro shoots and wild-grown N. nuda plants (flowers and leaves) through metabolomic analysis utilizing gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Initially, we examined the differences in the volatiles' composition in in vitro-cultivated shoots comparing them with flowers and leaves from plants growing in natural environment. The characteristic iridoid 4a-α,7-β,7a-α-nepetalactone was highly represented in shoots of in vitro plants and in flowers of plants from nature populations, whereas most of the monoterpenes were abundant in leaves of wild-grown plants. The known in vitro biological activities encompassing antioxidant, antiviral, antibacterial potentials alongside the newly assessed anti-inflammatory effects exhibited consistent associations with the total content of phenolics, reducing sugars, and the identified metabolic profiles in polar (organic acids, amino acids, alcohols, sugars, phenolics) and non-polar (fatty acids, alkanes, sterols) fractions. Phytohormonal levels were also quantified to infer the regulatory pathways governing phytochemical production. The overall dataset highlighted compounds with the potential to contribute to N. nuda bioactivity.

Research progress of polyphenols in nanoformulations for antibacterial application

Infectious disease is one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide, especially in low-income countries. The extensive use of antibiotics has led to an increase in antibiotic resistance, which poses a critical threat to human health globally. Natural products such as polyphenolic compounds and their derivatives have been shown the positive therapeutic effects in antibacterial therapy. However, the inherent physicochemical properties of polyphenolic compounds and their derivatives limit their pharmaceutical effects, such as short half-lives, chemical instability, low bioavailability, and poor water solubility. Nanoformulations have shown promising advantages in improving antibacterial activity by controlling the release of drugs and enhancing the bioavailability of polyphenols. In this review, we listed the classification and antibacterial mechanisms of the polyphenolic compounds. More importantly, the nanoformulations for the delivery of polyphenols as the antibacterial agent were summarized, including different types of nanoparticles (NPs) such as polymer-based NPs, metal-based NPs, lipid-based NPs, and nanoscaffolds such as nanogels, nanofibers, and nanoemulsions. At the same time, we also presented the potential biological applications of the nano-system to enhance the antibacterial ability of polyphenols, aiming to provide a new therapeutic perspective for the antibiotic-free treatment of infectious diseases.

Green Routes for Bio-Fabrication in Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications

In the last decade, significant advances in nanotechnologies, rising from increasing knowledge and refining of technical practices in green chemistry and bioengineering, enabled the design of innovative devices suitable for different biomedical applications. In particular, novel bio-sustainable methodologies are developing to fabricate drug delivery systems able to sagely mix properties of materials (i.e., biocompatibility, biodegradability) and bioactive molecules (i.e., bioavailability, selectivity, chemical stability), as a function of the current demands for the health market. The present work aims to provide an overview of recent developments in the bio-fabrication methods for designing innovative green platforms, emphasizing the relevant impact on current and future biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.

Ethnobotany, Biological Activities and Phytochemical Compounds of Some Species of the Genus Eryngium (Apiaceae), from the Central-Western Region of Mexico

There are approximately 250 species of Eryngium L. distributed throughout the world, with North America and South America being centers of diversity on this continent. In the central-western region of Mexico there may be around 28 species of this genus. Some Eryngium species are cultivated as leafy vegetables, ornamental, and medicinal plants. In traditional medicine they are used to treat respiratory and gastrointestinal conditions, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, among others. This review addresses the phytochemistry and biological activities, as well as traditional uses, distribution, and characteristics of the eight species of Eryngium reported as medicinal in the central-western region of Mexico: E. cymosum, E. longifolium, E. fluitans (or mexicanum), E. beecheyanum, E. carlinae, E. comosum, E. heterophyllum, and E. nasturtiifolium. The extracts of the different Eryngium spp. have shown biological activities such as hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic, renoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant, among others. E. carlinae is the most studied species, and phytochemical analyses, performed mainly by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), have shown its content of terpenoids, fatty acids, organic acids, phenolic acids, flavonoids, sterols, saccharides, polyalcohols, and aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes. According to the results of this review on Eryngium spp., they constitute a relevant alternative as a source of bioactive compounds for pharmaceutical, food, and other industries. However, there is a lot of research to be conducted regarding phytochemistry, biological activities, cultivation, and propagation, in those species with few or no reports.

Lavandula austroapennina (Lamiaceae): Getting Insights into Bioactive Polyphenols of a Rare Italian Endemic Vascular Plant

Lavandula austroapennina N.G. Passal., Tundis and Upon has recently been described as a new species endemic to the southern Apennines (Italy). Locally, this species has a long ethnobotanical tradition of use for curative and decoration purposes and has been the protagonist of a flourishing essential oil production chain. Currently, while this tradition has long since ended, attention to the species is necessary, with a view to enhancing marginal and rural areas, as a recovery of a precious resource to (i) get insights into its (poly)phenolic fraction and (ii) address new and innovative uses of all its organs in various application fields (e.g., cosmeceutical sector). Therefore, after field sampling and dissection of its organs (i.e., corolla, calyx, leaf, stem and root), the latter, previously deterpenated and defatted, were subjected to accelerated ultrasound extraction and the related alcoholic extracts were obtained. Chemical composition, explored by UHPLC-QqTOF-MS/MS, and the following multivariate data analysis showed that the hydroxycinnamoyl derivatives are abundant in the leaf, stem and root, while flavonoids are more present in corolla and calyx. In particular, coumaroyl flavonoids with glyconic portion containing also hexuronyl moieties differentiated corolla organ, while yunnaneic acid D isomers and esculin distinguished root. When antiradical and reducing properties were evaluated (by means of ABTS, DPPH and PFRAP tests), a similar clustering of organs was achieved and the marked antioxidant efficacy of leaf, stem and root extracts was found. Thus, following cytotoxicity screening by MTT test on HaCaT keratinocytes, the protective effects of the organ extracts were assessed by wound closure observed after the scratch test. In addition, the extracts from corolla, leaf and stem were particularly active at low doses inducing rapid wound closure on HaCaT cells at a concentration of 1 μg/mL. The diversity in (poly)phenols of each organ and the promising bioactivity preliminarily assessed suggest further investigation to be carried out to fully recover and valorize this precious endemic vascular plant.

The Effect of Light and Dark Treatment on the Production of Rosmarinic Acid and Biological Activities in Perilla frutescens Microgreens

This study aimed to investigate the effect of light [a long-day photoperiod (16 h light/8 h dark cycle)] and dark treatment on the production of rosmarinic acid in P. frutescens microgreens and to determine its antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Microgreens of P. frutescens were grown under light and dark conditions and harvested after 10, 15, 20, and 25 days of each treatment. Although dry weight values of microgreens gradually increased from 10 to 25 days of both treatments, the microgreens grown under light treatment possessed slightly higher levels of dry weight than those grown in the dark. Rosmarinic acid and total phenolic content (TPC) were also analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and Folin-Ciocalteu assay. The accumulation patterns of rosmarinic acid and TPC gradually increased and decreased, respectively, in P. frutescens microgreens grown in continuous darkness. The highest accumulation was observed in microgreens grown for 20 days. However, rosmarinic acid and TPC values were not significantly different in microgreens grown under light conditions. According to the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical inhibition assay, the extracts of P. frutescens microgreens were confirmed to be strong antioxidants, and their ability to scavenge DPPH radicals was positively correlated with the total phenolic content in the microgreens after 10, 15, 20, and 25 days of both treatments. Considering the relatively higher values of dry weight, rosmarinic acid, TPC, and DPPH assay, P. frutescens microgreens after 20 days of darkness and 20 days of light treatment, respectively, were selected for screening antibacterial activity using nine pathogens. Both microgreen extracts showed strong antibacterial activity against pathogens. In particular, the extracts of microgreens grown for 20 days under light treatment showed higher antimicrobial effects. Therefore, the light treatments for 20 days, as well as the darkness treatment for 20 days, were the best conditions for P. frutescens microgreen production because of their high levels of dry weight, phenolics, and biological activities.

In ovo protective effects of chicoric and rosmarinic acids against Thiacloprid-induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and growth retardation on newly hatched chicks

Thiacloprid (TH) is a neonicotinoid insecticide employed in agriculture to protect fruits and vegetables against different insects. It showed different deleterious effects on the general health of non-target organisms including birds and animals, however, its developmental toxicity has yet to be fully elucidated. Chicoric (CA) and rosmarinic (RA) acids are polyphenolic compounds with a wide range of beneficial biological activities. In this study, the possible protective effects of CA and RA were investigated in chick embryos exposed in ovo to TH (1µg/egg) with or without CA (100 µg/egg) or RA (100 µg/egg) co-exposure. TH reduced the hatchling body weight, body weight/egg weight, and relative weight of bursa of Fabricius in the one-day-old hatchlings. Examination of the 7-day-old chicks revealed a decline in feed intake, daily weight gain, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and plasma levels of T3, T4, and growth hormone. Serum ALT, AST activities, and total cholesterol levels showed significant elevations. Hepatic MDA was increased with a reduction in SOD activity and GSH level and downregulation of the liver SOD and GST gene expression pattern. Serum IgG and IgM levels were reduced, and various histopathological alterations were noticed in the liver. Co-administration of CA or RA with TH mitigated the toxic effects on hatchlings. When both CA and RA are combined, they present a synergistic protective effect. CA and RA can be used as protective agents against TH toxicity as they improve growth performance and have hepatoprotective and immunostimulant effects in newly hatched chicks.

Cytoprotective remedies for ameliorating nephrotoxicity induced by renal oxidative stress

AIMS

Nephrotoxicity is the hallmark of anti-neoplastic drug metabolism that causes oxidative stress. External chemical agents and prescription drugs release copious amounts of free radicals originating from molecular oxidation and unless sustainably scavenged, they stimulate membrane lipid peroxidation and disruption of the host antioxidant mechanisms. This review aims to provide a comprehensive collection of potential cytoprotective remedies in surmounting the most difficult aspect of cancer therapy as well as preventing renal oxidative stress by other means.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Over 400 published research and review articles spanning several decades were scrutinised to obtain the relevant data which is presented in 3 categories; sources, mechanisms, and mitigation of renal oxidative stress.

KEY-FINDINGS

Drug and chemical-induced nephrotoxicity commonly manifests as chronic or acute kidney disease, nephritis, nephrotic syndrome, and nephrosis. Renal replacement therapy requirements and mortalities from end-stage renal disease are set to rapidly increase in the next decade for which 43 different cytoprotective compounds which have the capability to suppress experimental nephrotoxicity are described.

SIGNIFICANCE

The renal system performs essential homeostatic functions that play a significant role in eliminating toxicants, and its accumulation and recurrence in nephric tissues results in tubular degeneration and subsequent renal impairment. Global statistics of the latest chronic kidney disease prevalence is 13.4 % while the end-stage kidney disease requiring renal replacement therapy is 4-7 million per annum. The remedial compounds discussed herein had proven efficacy against nephrotoxicity manifested consequent to impaired antioxidant mechanisms in preclinical models produced by renal oxidative stress activators.

Comparative Analysis of Metabolic Variations, Antioxidant Profiles and Antimicrobial Activity of Salvia hispanica (Chia) Seed, Sprout, Leaf, Flower, Root and Herb Extracts

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical profiles of the seeds, sprouts, leaves, flowers, roots and herb of Salvia hispanica and to demonstrate their significant contribution to antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Applied methods were: HPLC-DAD coupled with post-column derivatization with ABTS reagent, untargeted metabolomics performed by LC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS, and two-fold micro-dilution broth method, which involved suspending a solution of tested compounds dissolved in DMSO in Mueller–Hinton broth for bacteria or Mueller–Hinton broth with 2% glucose for fungi. Metabolomic profiling using LC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS used in this study yielded the identification and preliminary characterization of one hundred fifteen compounds. The dominant class of compounds was terpenoids (31 compounds), followed by flavonoids (21 compounds), phenolic acids and derivatives (19 compounds), organic acids (16 compounds) and others (fatty acids, sugars and unidentified compounds). The organic and phenolic acids were the most abundant classes in terms of total peak area, with distribution depending on the plant raw materials obtained from S. hispanica. The main compound among this class for all types of extracts was rosmarinic acid which was proven to be the most abundant for antioxidant potential. All tested extracts exhibited considerable antibacterial and antifungal activity. The strongest bioactivity was found in leaf extracts, which presented bactericidal activity against Gram-positive bacteria (S. aureus, S. epidermidis, M. luteus and E. faecalis). The work represents the first compendium of knowledge comparing different S. hispanica plant raw materials in terms of the profile of biologically active metabolites and their contribution to antioxidant, antimicrobial and antifungal activity.

Rosmarinic acid alone or in combination with Lactobacillus rhamnosus ameliorated ammonia stress in the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss: growth, immunity, antioxidant defense and liver functions

Rosmarinic acid (RS) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LR) were added singularly or in combination to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) diets to test their efficacy in the protection against ammonia stress. Fish (31.4±0.6 g) were randomly allocated to six groups in three replicates, as follows: T1: basic food as control, T2: LR with a concentration of 1.5 × 108 CFU/g, T3: LR with a concentration of 3 × 108 CFU/g, T4: 1 g RS/kg, T5: 3 g RS/kg, and T6: 1.5 × 108 CFU/g LR + 1 g RS/kg and T7: 3 × 108 CFU/g LR + 3 g RS/kg. After 60 days feeding, fish exposed to 0ammonia stress. After the feeding period, the supplemented fish had the highest final body weight (FW), weight gain (WG), and specific growth rate (SGR), and the lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) as compared with the control group (P<0.05). Amylase, protease and lipase activities were noticed markedly higher in fish supplemented with 1.5 × 108 CFU/g LR + 1 g RS/kg and 1.5 × 108 CFU/g LR diets compared to the control (P<0.05). Generally, fish in supplemented diets, particularly T2 and T6 groups, had the highest lysozyme, alternative complement activity (ACH50), total Ig, nitroblue tetrazolium test (NBT), myeloperoxidase (MPO), complement component 3 (C3), complement component 4 (C4), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx). On the other hand, T2 and T6 groups had the lowest malondialdehyde (MDA), glucose, and cortisol concentrations as well as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme levels when were compared with the control (P<0.05). After ammonia stress, fish in the supplemented groups, particularly T2 and T6, generally showed significantly higher values of lysozyme, ACH50, total Ig, NBT, MPO, C3, C4, SOD, CAT, GPx and lower levels of MDA, glucose, cortisol, ALT, ALP, LDH when compared with the control (P<0.05). In conclusion, a combined administration of RS and L. rhamnosus effectively improved growth performance and health status as well as enhanced the resistance of rainbow trout against ammonia toxicity.