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Hopke PK, Chen Y, Chalupa DC, Rich DQ. Long term trends in source apportioned particle number concentrations in Rochester NY. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 347:123708. [PMID: 38442826 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
During the past two decades, efforts have been made to further reduce particulate air pollution across New York State through various Federal and State policy implementations. Air quality has also been affected by economic drivers like the 2007-2009 recession and changing costs for different approaches to electricity generation. Prior work has focused on particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm. However, there is also interest in the effects of ultrafine particles on health and the environment and analyses of changes in particle number concentrations (PNCs) are also of interest to assess the impacts of changing emissions. Particle number size distributions have been measured since 2005. Prior apportionments have been limited to seasonal analyses over a limited number of years because of software limitations. Thus, it has not been possible to perform trend analyses on the source-specific PNCs. Recent development have now permitted the analysis of larger data sets using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) including its diagnostics. Thus, this study separated and analyzed the hourly averaged size distributions from 2005 to 2019 into two data sets; October to March and April to September. Six factors were resolved for both data sets with sources identified as nucleation, traffic 1, traffic 2, fresh secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA), aged SIA, and O3-rich aerosol. The resulting source-specific PNCs were combined to provide continuous data sets and analyzed for trends. The trends were then examined with respect to the implementation of regulations and the timing of economic drivers. Nucleation was strongly reduced by the requirement of ultralow (<15 ppm) sulfur on-road diesel fuel in 2006. Secondary inorganic particles and O3-rich PNCs show strong summer peaks. Aged SIA was constant and then declined substantially in 2015 but rose in 2019. Traffic 1 and 2 have steadily declined bur rose in 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA; Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA.
| | - Yunle Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - David C Chalupa
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - David Q Rich
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
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2
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Garcia-Marlès M, Lara R, Reche C, Pérez N, Tobías A, Savadkoohi M, Beddows D, Salma I, Vörösmarty M, Weidinger T, Hueglin C, Mihalopoulos N, Grivas G, Kalkavouras P, Ondráček J, Zíková N, Niemi JV, Manninen HE, Green DC, Tremper AH, Norman M, Vratolis S, Eleftheriadis K, Gómez-Moreno FJ, Alonso-Blanco E, Wiedensohler A, Weinhold K, Merkel M, Bastian S, Hoffmann B, Altug H, Petit JE, Favez O, Dos Santos SM, Putaud JP, Dinoi A, Contini D, Timonen H, Lampilahti J, Petäjä T, Pandolfi M, Hopke PK, Harrison RM, Alastuey A, Querol X. Inter-annual trends of ultrafine particles in urban Europe. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 185:108510. [PMID: 38460241 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Ultrafine particles (UFP, those with diameters ≤ 100 nm), have been reported to potentially penetrate deeply into the respiratory system, translocate through the alveoli, and affect various organs, potentially correlating with increased mortality. The aim of this study is to assess long-term trends (5-11 years) in mostly urban UFP concentrations based on measurements of particle number size distributions (PNSD). Additionally, concentrations of other pollutants and meteorological variables were evaluated to support the interpretations. PNSD datasets from 12 urban background (UB), 5 traffic (TR), 3 suburban background (SUB) and 1 regional background (RB) sites in 15 European cities and 1 in the USA were evaluated. The non-parametric Theil-Sen's method was used to detect monotonic trends. Meta-analyses were carried out to assess the overall trends and those for different environments. The results showed significant decreases in NO, NO2, BC, CO, and particle concentrations in the Aitken (25-100 nm) and the Accumulation (100-800 nm) modes, suggesting a positive impact of the implementation of EURO 5/V and 6/VI vehicle standards on European air quality. The growing use of Diesel Particle Filters (DPFs) might also have clearly reduced exhaust emissions of BC, PM, and the Aitken and Accumulation mode particles. However, as reported by prior studies, there remains an issue of poor control of Nucleation mode particles (smaller than 25 nm), which are not fully reduced with current DPFs, without emission controls for semi-volatile organic compounds, and might have different origins than road traffic. Thus, contrasting trends for Nucleation mode particles were obtained across the cities studied. This mode also affected the UFP and total PNC trends because of the high proportion of Nucleation mode particles in both concentration ranges. It was also found that the urban temperature increasing trends might have also influenced those of PNC, Nucleation and Aitken modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Garcia-Marlès
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Applied Physics-Meteorology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.
| | - Rosa Lara
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noemí Pérez
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aurelio Tobías
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marjan Savadkoohi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Mining, Industrial and ICT Engineering (EMIT), Manresa School of Engineering (EPSEM), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), Manresa 08242, Spain
| | - David Beddows
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Imre Salma
- Institute of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Vörösmarty
- Hevesy György Ph.D. School of Chemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Weidinger
- Department of Meteorology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Christoph Hueglin
- Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), 8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Nikos Mihalopoulos
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece; Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 11810 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Grivas
- Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 11810 Athens, Greece
| | - Panayiotis Kalkavouras
- Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, 11810 Athens, Greece; Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81100 Mytilene, Greece
| | - Jakub Ondráček
- Laboratory of Aerosols Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, v.v.i, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova 1, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nadĕžda Zíková
- Laboratory of Aerosols Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, v.v.i, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova 1, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), 00240 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna E Manninen
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), 00240 Helsinki, Finland
| | - David C Green
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; NIHR HPRU in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Anja H Tremper
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Norman
- Environment and Health Administration, SLB-analys, Box 8136, 104 20 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stergios Vratolis
- ENRACT, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR Demokritos, 15310 Ag. Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
- ENRACT, Institute of Nuclear and Radiological Science & Technology, Energy & Safety, NCSR Demokritos, 15310 Ag. Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Kay Weinhold
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maik Merkel
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Bastian
- Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology (LfULG), Dresden, German
| | - Barbara Hoffmann
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hicran Altug
- Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University of Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jean-Eudes Petit
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA/Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Olivier Favez
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Parc Technologique Alata BP2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | | | | | - Adelaide Dinoi
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate of National Research Council, ISAC-CNR, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Daniele Contini
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate of National Research Council, ISAC-CNR, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Atmospheric Composition Research, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Janne Lampilahti
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marco Pandolfi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Chen Y, Masiol M, Squizzato S, Chalupa DC, Zíková N, Pokorná P, Rich DQ, Hopke PK. Long-term trends of ultrafine and fine particle number concentrations in New York State: Apportioning between emissions and dispersion. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 310:119797. [PMID: 35863706 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the past several decades, a variety of efforts have been made in the United States to improve air quality, and ambient particulate matter (PM) concentrations have been used as a metric to evaluate the efficacy of environmental policies. However, ambient PM concentrations result from a combination of source emission rates and meteorological conditions, which also change over time. Dispersion normalization was recently developed to reduce the influence of atmospheric dispersion and proved an effective approach that enhanced diel/seasonal patterns and thus provides improved source apportionment results for speciated PM mass and particle number concentration (PNC) measurements. In this work, dispersion normalization was incorporated in long-term trend analysis of 11-500 nm PNCs derived from particle number size distributions (PNSDs) measured in Rochester, NY from 2005 to 2019. Before dispersion normalization, a consistent reduction was observed across the measured size range during 2005-2012, while after 2012, the decreasing trends slowed down for accumulation mode PNCs (100-500 nm) and reversed for ultrafine particles (UFPs, 11-100 nm). Through dispersion normalization, we showed that these changes were driven by both emission rates and dispersion. Thus, it is important for future studies to assess the effects of the changing meteorological conditions when evaluating policy effectiveness on controlling PM concentrations. Before and after dispersion normalization, an evident increase in nucleation mode particles was observed during 2015-2019. This increase was possibly enabled by a cleaner atmosphere and will pose new challenges for future source apportionment and accountability studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunle Chen
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
| | - Mauro Masiol
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy
| | - Stefania Squizzato
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy
| | - David C Chalupa
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Naděžda Zíková
- Department of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, Prague, 16502, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Pokorná
- Department of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, Prague, 16502, Czech Republic
| | - David Q Rich
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA; Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA; Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
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Zhu Y, Sulaymon ID, Xie X, Mao J, Guo S, Hu M, Hu J. Airborne particle number concentrations in China: A critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119470. [PMID: 35580709 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Particle number concentration (PNC) is an important parameter for evaluating the environmental health and climate effects of particulate matter (PM). A good understanding of PNC is essential to control atmospheric ultrafine particles (UFP) and protect public health. In this study, we reviewed the PNC studies in the literature aimed to gain a comprehensive understanding about the levels, trends, and sources of PNC in China. The PNC levels at the urban, suburban, rural, remote, and coastal sites in China were 8500-52,200, 8600-30,300, 8600-28,400, 2100-16,100, and 5700-19,600 cm-3, respectively. The wide ranges of PNC indicate significant heterogeneity in the spatial distribution of PNC, but also are partly due to the different measurement techniques deployed in different studies. In general, it still can be concluded that the PNC levels at urban > suburban > rural > coastal > remote sites. Except for Mt. Waliguan (a remote site of 3816 m a.s.l.), other cities had the highest PNC in spring or winter and the lowest in summer or autumn. Long-term changes of PNCs in Beijing and Nanjing indicated that PNCs of Nucleation and Aitken modes had substantially declined following stricter emission controls in recent years, but more frequent new particle formation (NPF) events were observed due to reduction in coagulation sink. Overall, traffic emission was the most dominant source of PNC in more than 94.4% of the selected cities around the world, while combustion2 (the energy production and industry related combustion source), background aerosol, and nucleation sources were also important contributors to PNC. This study provides insights about PNC and its sources around the world, especially in China. A few recommendations were suggested to further improve the understanding of PNC and to develop effective PNC control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Ishaq Dimeji Sulaymon
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Jianjiong Mao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China.
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5
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Shang D, Tang L, Fang X, Wang L, Yang S, Wu Z, Chen S, Li X, Zeng L, Guo S, Hu M. Variations in source contributions of particle number concentration under long-term emission control in winter of urban Beijing. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 304:119072. [PMID: 35301034 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many studies revealed the rapid decline of atmospheric PM2.5 in Beijing due to the emission control measures. The variation of particle number concentration (PN) which has important influences on regional climate and human health, however, was rarely reported. This study measured the particle number size distributions (PNSD) in 3-700 nm in winter of Beijing during 2013-2019. It was found that PN decreased by 58% from 2013 to 2017, but increased by 29% from 2017 to 2019. By Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis, five source factors of PNSD were identified as Nucleation, Fresh traffic, Aged traffic + Diesel, Coal + biomass burning and Secondary. Overall, factors associated with primary emissions were found to decrease continuously. Coal + biomass burning dominated the reduction (65%) among the three primary sources during 2013-2017, which resulted from the great efforts on emission control of coal combustion and biomass burning. Fresh traffic and Aged traffic + Diesel decreased by 43% and 66%, respectively, from 2013 to 2019, as a result of the upgrade of the vehicle emission standards in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area. On the other hand, the contribution from Nucleation and Secondary decreased with the reduction of gaseous precursors in 2013-2017, but due to the increased intensity of new particle formation (NPF) and secondary oxidation, they increased by 56% and 70%, respectively, from 2017 to 2019, which led to the simultaneously increase of PN and particle volume concentration. This study indicated that NPF may play an important role in urban atmosphere under continuous air quality improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjie Shang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lizi Tang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xin Fang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Lifan Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Suding Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
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Lindberg J, Vitillo N, Wurth M, Frank BP, Tang S, LaDuke G, Fritz PM, Trojanowski R, Butcher T, Mahajan D. Realistic operation of two residential cordwood-fired outdoor hydronic heater appliances-Part 2: Particle number and size. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2022; 72:762-776. [PMID: 35775653 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2022.2056661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of wood as a fuel for home heating is a concern from an environmental health and safety perspective as biomass combustion appliances emit high concentrations of particulate matter. Wood burning significantly contributes to wintertime particulate matter concentrations in many states in the northern United States. Of particular concern are outdoor wood-fired hydronic heaters. These devices are concerning as they tend to have very large combustion chambers and typical use patterns can result in long periods of low output, which result in an increased particulate matter emission rate relative to high heat output operating conditions. In this study, the performance of two hydronic heaters operating under different combustion conditions, including four different heat output categories approximately corresponding to categories I-IV denoted in Environmental Protection Agency Method 28 Outdoor Wood-fired Hydronic Heaters, and during start-up and reloading events were investigated. Measurements of flue gas particulate number concentration and size for particles with aerodynamic diameters between 0.006 and 10 µm were made using a dilution sampling system. The measured particle number concentration in the flue gas was between 0.71 and 420 million particles per cubic centimeter and was dependent on fuel loading and heat output. For each hydronic heater tested, the highest average particle concentration was found at the beginning of each test during the cold-start condition. Additionally, the majority of the particles had aerodynamic diameters less than 0.100 µm (particles of this size made up between 64% and 97% of all particles) and less than 1% of all particles had aerodynamic diameters greater than 1 µm for all phases. For particles in the accumulation mode, between 0.100 and 1 µm, the mean particle diameter was dependent on fuel loading and heat output.Implications: In this work, we provide information on the particle number concentration and particle size of emissions from outdoor cord- wood-fired hydronic heaters. Wood-fired hydronic heater data is sparsely available compared to wood stove data. Thus, additional data from this source help to inform the work of modelers and policy makers interested in hydronic heaters. The test method used in this work is also novel, as it is more inclusive of real-world use cases than the current certification method. Our data helps to validate the test method and allows for comparisons between real-world use case scenarios, and idealized test cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Lindberg
- Department of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, USA
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Science Department, Energy Conversion Group, USA
| | - Nicole Vitillo
- York State Department of Health, Center for Environmental Health, Bureau of Toxic Substance Assessment, Exposure Characterization and Response Section, USA
| | - Marilyn Wurth
- York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Air Resources, Bureau of Mobile Sources & Technology Development, Emissions Measurement Research Group, USA
| | - Brian P Frank
- York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Air Resources, Bureau of Mobile Sources & Technology Development, Emissions Measurement Research Group, USA
| | - Shida Tang
- York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Air Resources, Bureau of Mobile Sources & Technology Development, Emissions Measurement Research Group, USA
| | - Gil LaDuke
- York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Division of Air Resources, Bureau of Mobile Sources & Technology Development, Emissions Measurement Research Group, USA
| | - Patricia Mason Fritz
- York State Department of Health, Center for Environmental Health, Bureau of Toxic Substance Assessment, Exposure Characterization and Response Section, USA
| | - Rebecca Trojanowski
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Science Department, Energy Conversion Group, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas Butcher
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Interdisciplinary Science Department, Energy Conversion Group, USA
| | - Devinder Mahajan
- Department of Materials Science & Chemical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, USA
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7
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Hopke PK, Feng Y, Dai Q. Source apportionment of particle number concentrations: A global review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 819:153104. [PMID: 35038523 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
There are strong indications that exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP) (mobility diameters ≤100 nm) can induce adverse health effects. UFP can be present in the atmosphere through direct emissions such as from motor vehicles or through new particle formation events. To be able to develop control strategies or to provide source specific exposure metrics, it is possible to perform source apportionments using particle number size distributions. Thus, this study has searched the literature for all papers reporting source apportionments based on particle size distributions and compiled them into a database of all published studies. Typically reported sources include nucleation, several traffic sources, space heating, secondary inorganic aerosol, and particles associated with oxidants as represented by ozone. Nucleation and traffic typically dominated the particle number concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA; Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA.
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qili Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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8
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Dai Q, Ding J, Song C, Liu B, Bi X, Wu J, Zhang Y, Feng Y, Hopke PK. Changes in source contributions to particle number concentrations after the COVID-19 outbreak: Insights from a dispersion normalized PMF. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 759:143548. [PMID: 33189385 PMCID: PMC7647391 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Factor analysis models use the covariance of measured variables to identify and apportion sources. These models, particularly positive matrix factorization (PMF), have been extensively used for analyzing particle number concentrations (PNCs) datasets. However, the variation of observed PNCs and particle size distribution are driven by both the source emission rates and atmospheric dispersion as well as chemical and physical transformation processes. This variation in the observation data caused by meteorologically induced dilution reduces the ability to obtain accurate source apportionment results. To reduce the influence of dilution on quantitative source estimates, a methodology for improving the accuracy of source apportionment results by incorporating a measure of dispersion, the ventilation coefficient, into the PMF analysis (called dispersion normalized PMF, DN-PMF) was applied to a PNC dataset measured from a field campaign that includes the Spring Festival event and the start of the COVID-19 lockdown in Tianjin, China. The data also included gaseous pollutants and hourly PM2.5 compositional data. Eight factors were resolved and interpreted as municipal incinerator, traffic nucleation, secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA), traffic emissions, photonucleation, coal combustion, residential heating and festival emissions. The DN-PMF enhanced the diel patterns of photonucleation and the two traffic factors by enlarging the differences between daytime peak values and nighttime concentrations. The municipal incinerator plant, traffic emissions, and coal combustion have cleaner and more clearly defined directionalities after dispersion normalization. Thus, dispersion normalized PMF is capable of enhancing the source emission patterns. After the COVID-19 lockdown began, PNC of traffic nucleation and traffic emissions decreased by 41% and 44%, respectively, while photonucleation produced more particles likely due to the reduction in the condensation sink. The significant changes in source emissions indicate a substantially reduced traffic volume after the implement of lockdown measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qili Dai
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Jing Ding
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Congbo Song
- School of Geography Earth and Environment Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Baoshuang Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaohui Bi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jianhui Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yufen Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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9
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Chen C, Liu S, Dong W, Song Y, Chu M, Xu J, Guo X, Zhao B, Deng F. Increasing cardiopulmonary effects of ultrafine particles at relatively low fine particle concentrations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 751:141726. [PMID: 32889464 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are of concern because of their high pulmonary deposition efficiency. However, present control measures are generally targeted at fine particles (PM2.5), with little effect on UFPs. The health effects of UFPs at different PM2.5 concentrations may provide a basic for controlling UFPs but remain unclear in polluted areas. School children spend the majority of their time in the classrooms. This study investigated the different short-term effects of indoor UFPs on school children in Beijing, China when indoor PM2.5 concentrations exceeded or satisfied the recently published Chinese standard for indoor PM2.5. Cardiopulmonary functions of 48 school children, of whom 46 completed, were measured three times. Indoor PM2.5 and UFPs were monitored in classrooms on weekdays. Measurements were separated into two groups according to the abovementioned standard. Mixed-effect models were used to explore the health effects of the air pollutants. Generally, UFP-associated effects on children's cardiopulmonary function persisted even at relatively low PM2.5 concentrations, especially on heart rate variability indices. The risks associated with high PM2.5 concentrations are well-known, but the effects of UFPs on children's cardiopulmonary function deserve more attention even when PM2.5 has been controlled. UFP control and standard setting should therefore be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shan Liu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei Dong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yi Song
- Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Mengtian Chu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Junhui Xu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xinbiao Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Furong Deng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
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10
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Sbai SE, Li C, Boreave A, Charbonnel N, Perrier S, Vernoux P, Bentayeb F, George C, Gil S. Atmospheric photochemistry and secondary aerosol formation of urban air in Lyon, France. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 99:311-323. [PMID: 33183710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical aging of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere is an important source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA). To evaluate the formation potential of SOA at an urban site in Lyon (France), an outdoor experiment using a Potential Aerosol Mass (PAM) oxidation flow reactor (OFR) was conducted throughout entire days during January-February 2017. Diurnal variation of SOA formations and their correlation with OH radical exposure (OHexp), ambient pollutants (VOCs and particulate matters, PM), Relative Humidity (RH), and temperature were explored in this study. Ambient urban air was exposed to high concentration of OH radicals with OHexp in range of (0.2-1.2)×1012 molecule/(cm3•sec), corresponding to several days to weeks of equivalent atmospheric photochemical aging. The results informed that urban air at Lyon has high potency to contribute to SOA, and these SOA productions were favored from OH radical photochemical oxidation rather than via ozonolysis. Maximum SOA formation (36 µg/m3) was obtained at OHexp of about 7.4 × 1011molecule/(cm3•sec), equivalent to approximately 5 days of atmospheric oxidation. The correlation between SOA formation and ambient environment conditions (RH & temperature, VOCs and PM) was observed. It was the first time to estimate SOA formation potential from ambient air over a long period in urban environment of Lyon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Eddine Sbai
- Department of physics, Laboratoires de physique des hauts Energies Modélisation et Simulation, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Chunlin Li
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON,2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69100 Lyon, France; Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Antoinette Boreave
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON,2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69100 Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Charbonnel
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON,2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69100 Lyon, France
| | - Sebastien Perrier
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON,2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69100 Lyon, France
| | - Philippe Vernoux
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON,2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69100 Lyon, France
| | - Farida Bentayeb
- Department of physics, Laboratoires de physique des hauts Energies Modélisation et Simulation, Mohammed V University in Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Christian George
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON,2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69100 Lyon, France
| | - Sonia Gil
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON,2 Avenue Albert Einstein, 69100 Lyon, France.
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11
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Moreno T, Reche C, Ahn KH, Eun HR, Kim WY, Kim HS, Fernández-Iriarte A, Amato F, Querol X. Using miniaturised scanning mobility particle sizers to observe size distribution patterns of quasi-ultrafine aerosols inhaled during city commuting. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 191:109978. [PMID: 32827521 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Portable miniaturised scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) instruments measuring atmospheric particles within the 10-241 nm size range were used to track particle number size distributions and concentrations during near-simultaneous pedestrian, bicycle, bus, car, tram and subway commuting journeys in Barcelona, Spain on 4th-6th July 2018. The majority of particles in this size range were <100 nm, with k-means cluster analysis identifying peaks at 15-22 nm, 30-40 nm, and 45-75 nm. Around 10-25% of the particles measured however were >100 nm (especially in the subway environment) and so lie outside the commonly defined range of "ultrafine" particles (UFP, or <100 nm particles). The study demonstrated in detail how personal exposure to quasi-UFP (QUFP, <241 nm), most of which present in the city streets are produced by road traffic, varies greatly depending on the transport mode and route chosen. Proximity to fresh traffic exhaust sources, such as in a car with open windows, on-road cycling, walking downwind of busy roads, or in a subway station contaminated by roadside air, enhances commuter exposure to particles <30 nm in size. In contrast, travelling inside air-conditioned bus or tram offers greater protection to the commuter from high concentrations of fresh exhaust. Ultrafine number size distributions in traffic-contaminated city air typically peak in the size range 30-70 nm, but they can be shifted to finer sizes not only by increased content of fresh proximal exhaust emissions but also by bursts of new particle formation (NPF) events in the city. One such afternoon photochemical nucleation NPF event was identified during our Barcelona study and recognised in different transport modes, including underground in the subway system. The integration of static urban background air monitoring station information with particle number concentration and size distribution data obtained from portable miniaturised SMPS instruments during commuting journeys opens new approaches to investigating city air quality by offering a level of detail not previously available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Moreno
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, 08034, Spain.
| | - Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, 08034, Spain
| | - Kang-Ho Ahn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Ram Eun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Young Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sang Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Amaia Fernández-Iriarte
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, 08034, Spain; Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Industrial and TIC Engineering (EMIT-UPC), 08242, Manresa, Spain
| | - Fulvio Amato
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, 08034, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, 08034, Spain
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12
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Liang CS, Wu H, Li HY, Zhang Q, Li Z, He KB. Efficient data preprocessing, episode classification, and source apportionment of particle number concentrations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 744:140923. [PMID: 32755782 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Number concentration is an important index to measure atmospheric particle pollution. However, tailored methods for data preprocessing and characteristic and source analyses of particle number concentrations (PNC) are rare and interpreting the data is time-consuming and inefficient. In this method-oriented study, we develop and investigate some techniques via flexible conditions, C++ optimized algorithms, and parallel computing in R (an open source software for statistics and graphics) to tackle these challenges. The data preprocessing methods include deletions of variables and observations, outlier removal, and interpolation for missing values (NA). They do better in cleaning data and keeping samples and generate no new outliers after interpolation, compared with previous methods. Besides, automatic division of PNC pollution events based on relative values suites PNC properties and highlights the pollution characteristics related to sources and mechanisms. Additionally, basic functions of k-means clustering, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Factor Analysis (FA), Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF), and a newly-introduced model NMF (Non-negative Matrix Factorization) were tested and compared in analyzing PNC sources. Only PMF and NMF can identify coal heating and produce more explicable results, meanwhile NMF apportions more distinctly and runs 11-28 times faster than PMF. Traffic is interannually stable in non-heating periods and always dominant. Coal heating's contribution has decreased by 40%-86% in recent 5 heating periods, reflecting the effectiveness of coal burning control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Sheng Liang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hao Wu
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; China Global Atmosphere Watch Baseline Observatory (WMO/GAW Station), Xining 810001, China
| | - Hai-Yan Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhanqing Li
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Ke-Bin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China.
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13
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Xue W, Xue J, Mousavi A, Sioutas C, Kleeman MJ. Positive matrix factorization of ultrafine particle mass (PM 0.1) at three sites in California. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 715:136902. [PMID: 32007885 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafine particles (UFPs) are an emerging air quality concern because of their enhanced toxicity compared to larger airborne particles. This study aims to better understand source contributions to UFP mass (PM0.1) at multiples sites across California. Three-day average samples of PM0.1 collected over a full year at San Pablo, East Oakland, and Los Angeles were analyzed using Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF). Seven PM0.1 source-factors were identified at all locations: Factor1- Gasoline+Motor Oil+Meat Cooking+Natural Gas+SOA (31-53% PM0.1 mass), Factor 2- Diesel+Motor Oil (25-45% PM0.1 mass), Factor 3-Wood Burning (6-12% PM0.1 mass), Factor 4-Shipping and other heavy fuel oil combustion (2-3% PM0.1 mass), Factor 5-Sea Spray (4-8% PM0.1 mass), Factor 6-Sb Brake Wear (1-3% PM0.1 mass) and Factor 7-Sn - Unknown (1-7% PM0.1 mass). PM0.1 wood burning contributions were highest in the winter season when residential wood combustion was active. The monthly-averaged PM0.1 source apportionment results calculated by PMF are consistent with the PM0.1 source apportionment results calculated using Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) from the same sampling campaign. PMF distinguished Diesel+Motor Oil from Gasoline+Motor Oil+Meat Cooking+Natural Gas+SOA based on the species EC3 (a sub-fraction of elemental carbon that is volatilized and oxidized at temperatures between 700 and 775 °C), but PMF failed to further resolve the major sources of PM0.1 OC because unique tracers were not measured. PMF resolved "Shipping and other heavy fuel oil combustion" and Sea Spray sources based on inorganic tracers V and Br. The PMF factor rich in Sb very likely comes from brake wear associated with on-road vehicles and railway operations. The undefined Sn factor may be indicative of local industrial sources and traffic emission, but further research will be required to confirm this hypothesis. The PM0.1 source apportionment results contained in the current study further characterize the seasonal and spatial patterns of UFP concentrations in California.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xue
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jian Xue
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Amirhosein Mousavi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Kleeman
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California - Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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Sun X, Wang H, Guo Z, Lu P, Song F, Liu L, Liu J, Rose NL, Wang F. Positive matrix factorization on source apportionment for typical pollutants in different environmental media: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:239-255. [PMID: 31916559 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00529c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A bibliometric analysis of published papers with the key words "positive matrix factorization" and "source apportionment" in 'Web of Science', reveals that more than 1000 papers are associated with this research and that approximately 50% of these were produced in Asia. As a receptor-based model, positive matrix factorization (PMF) has been widely used for source apportionment of various environmental pollutants, such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), heavy metals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as well as inorganic cations and anions in the last decade. In this review, based on the papers mainly from 2008 to 2018 that focused on source apportionment of pollutants in different environmental media, we provide a comparison and summary of the source categories of typical environmental pollutants, with a special focus on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), apportioned using PMF. Based on the statistical average, coal combustion and vehicular emission, are shown to be the two most common sources of PAHs, and contribute much more to emissions than other sources, such as biomass burning, biogenic sources and waste incineration. Heavy metals were mainly from agricultural activities, industrial and vehicular emissions and mining activities. Quantitative source apportionment on pollutants such as VOCs and particulate matter were also apportioned, showing a prominent contribution from fossil-fuel combustion. We conclude that, aside from natural sources, abatement strategies should be focused on changes in energy structure and industrial activities, especially in China. Source apportionment of typical POPs including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) is less comprehensive and further study is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Haoqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China and Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Peili Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China and Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Fuzhong Song
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Neil L Rose
- Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Fengwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China and Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China. and Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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15
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Ye Q, Li HZ, Gu P, Robinson ES, Apte JS, Sullivan RC, Robinson AL, Donahue NM, Presto AA. Moving beyond Fine Particle Mass: High-Spatial Resolution Exposure to Source-Resolved Atmospheric Particle Number and Chemical Mixing State. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2020; 128:17009. [PMID: 31934794 PMCID: PMC7015569 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most epidemiological studies address health effects of atmospheric particulate matter (PM) using mass-based measurements as exposure surrogates. However, this approach ignores many critical physiochemical properties of individual atmospheric particles. These properties control the deposition of particles in the human lung and likely their toxicity; in addition, they likely have larger spatial variability than PM mass. OBJECTIVES This study was designed to quantify the spatial variability in number, size, source, and chemical mixing state of individual particles in a populous urban area. We quantified the population exposure to these detailed particle properties and compared them to mass-based exposures. METHODS We performed mobile sampling using an advanced single-particle mass spectrometer to measure the spatial variability of number concentration of source-resolved 50-1,000 nm particles and particle mixing state in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. We built land-use regression (LUR) models to estimate their spatial patterns and coupled them with demographic data to estimate population exposure. RESULTS Particle number concentration had a much larger spatial variability than mass concentration within the city. Freshly emitted particles from traffic and cooking drive the variability in particle number, but mass concentrations are dominated by aged background particles composed of secondary materials. In addition, people exposed to elevated number concentrations of atmospheric particles are also exposed to more externally mixed particles. CONCLUSIONS Our advanced measurement technique provides a new exposure picture that resolves the large intra-city spatial heterogeneity in traffic and cooking particle number concentrations in the populous urban area. Our results provide a complementary and more detailed perspective compared with bulk measurements of composition. In addition, given the influence of particle mixing state on properties such as particle deposition in the lung, the large spatial gradients of chemical mixing state may significantly influence the health effects of fine PM. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5311.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ye
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hugh Z. Li
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Peishi Gu
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ellis S. Robinson
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joshua S. Apte
- Department of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Ryan C. Sullivan
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Allen L. Robinson
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Neil M. Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Albert A. Presto
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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