1
|
Burdette TC, Bramblett RL, Zimmermann K, Frossard AA. Influence of Air Mass Source Regions on Signatures of Surface-Active Organic Molecules in Size Resolved Atmospheric Aerosol Particles. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2023; 7:1578-1591. [PMID: 37609122 PMCID: PMC10441572 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
The physical and chemical properties of atmospheric aerosol particles depend on their sources and lifetime in the atmosphere. In coastal regions, sources may include influences from marine, continental, anthropogenic, and natural emissions. In this study, particles in ten diameter-size ranges were collected, and particle number size distributions were measured, at Skidaway Island, GA in May and June 2018. Based on air mass back trajectories and concentrations of major ions in the particles, the air mass source regions were identified as Marine Influenced, Mixed, and Continental Influenced. Organic molecules were extracted from the particles using solid-phase extraction and characterized using tensiometry and high-resolution mass spectrometry. The presence of surfactants was confirmed in the extracts through the observation of significant surface tension depressions. The organic formulas contained high hydrogen-to-carbon (H/C) and low oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratios, similar to surfactants and lipid-like molecules. In the Marine Influenced particles, the fraction of formulas identified as surfactant-like was negatively correlated with minimum surface tensions; as the surfactant fraction increased, the surface tension decreased. Analyses of fatty acid compounds demonstrated that organic compounds extracted from the Marine Influenced particles had the highest carbon numbers (18), compared to those of the Mixed (15) and Continental Influenced (9) particles. This suggests that the fatty acids in the Continental Influenced particles may have been more aged in the atmosphere and undergone fragmentation. This is one of the first studies to measure the chemical and physical properties of surfactants in size-resolved particles from different air mass source regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tret C. Burdette
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30606, United States
| | - Rachel L. Bramblett
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30606, United States
| | - Kathryn Zimmermann
- Department
of Chemistry, Georgia Gwinnett College, Lawrenceville, Georgia 30043, United States
| | - Amanda A. Frossard
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30606, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhao Z, Tian J, Zhang W, Zhang Q, Wu Z, Xing Y, Li F, Song X, Li Z. Chemical Source Profiles and Toxicity Assessment of Urban Fugitive Dust PM 2.5 in Guanzhong Plain, China. TOXICS 2023; 11:676. [PMID: 37624181 PMCID: PMC10458601 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11080676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Urban fugitive dust is a significant contributor to atmospheric PM2.5 and a potential risk to humans. In 2019, both road dust and construction dust were collected from four cities, including Xi'an, Xianyang, Baoji, and Tongchuan, in Guanzhong Plain, China. Elements, water-soluble ions, and carbonaceous fractions were determined to establish the chemical source profile. High enrichment degrees of Se, Sc, Cl, and Zn in both road dust and construction dust indicated that the industrial system and energy consumption influenced Guanzhong Plain strongly. According to the coefficient of divergence, the two datasets within Xianyang and Tongchuan were similar. Combined with the chemical profile, road dust was affected by more stationary emission sources than construction dust in Xi'an, while biomass burning and vehicle exhaust contributed more to road dust than construction dust in Baoji. Moreover, the health risk of heavy metal was assessed, and corresponding influencing factors were identified. Road dust in all cities showed a non-negligible non-carcinogenic risk for children. Ingestion and inhalation were the main exposure pathways to which As and Co contributed the most, respectively. The land-use regression model revealed that the first-class road in a 100 m radius impacted all high-risk level metals, and the commercial building material and enterprises weakly influenced Co and Pb, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.W.); (Z.L.)
| | - Jie Tian
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China;
| | - Wenyan Zhang
- Zhongsheng Environmental Technology Development Company Limited, Shaanxi Environmental Protection Industry Group Company Limited, Xi’an 710065, China;
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.W.); (Z.L.)
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi’an 710061, China;
| | - Zhichun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.W.); (Z.L.)
| | - Yan Xing
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Environmental Medium Trace Pollutants Monitoring and Early Warning, Shaanxi Environmental Monitoring Center, Xi’an 710054, China; (Y.X.); (F.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Fei Li
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Environmental Medium Trace Pollutants Monitoring and Early Warning, Shaanxi Environmental Monitoring Center, Xi’an 710054, China; (Y.X.); (F.L.); (X.S.)
| | - Xinyu Song
- Key Laboratory of Shaanxi Environmental Medium Trace Pollutants Monitoring and Early Warning, Shaanxi Environmental Monitoring Center, Xi’an 710054, China; (Y.X.); (F.L.); (X.S.)
- Environmental Monitoring Station of Baqiao Branch, Xi’an Ecology of Environment Bureau, Xi’an 710038, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi’an 710055, China; (Z.Z.); (Z.W.); (Z.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Werden B, Giordano MR, Mahata K, Islam MR, Goetz JD, Puppala SP, Saikawa E, Panday AK, Yokelson RJ, Stone EA, DeCarlo PF. Submicron Aerosol Composition and Source Contribution across the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, in Winter. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2023; 7:49-68. [PMID: 36704179 PMCID: PMC9869769 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Kathmandu valley experiences an average wintertime PM1 concentration of ∼100 μg m-3 and daily peaks over 200 μg m-3. We present ambient nonrefractory PM1 chemical composition, and concentration measured by a mini aerosol mass spectrometer (mAMS) sequentially at Dhulikhel (on the valley exterior), then urban Ratnapark, and finally suburban Lalitpur in winter 2018. At all sites, organic aerosol (OA) was the largest contributor to combined PM1 (C-PM1) (49%) and black carbon (BC) was the second largest contributor (21%). The average background C-PM1 at Dhulikhel was 48 μg m-3; the urban enhancement was 120% (58 μg m-3). BC had an average of 6.1 μg m-3 at Dhulikhel, an urban enhancement of 17.4 μg m-3. Sulfate (SO4) was 3.6 μg m-3 at Dhulikhel, then 7.5 μg m-3 at Ratnapark, and 12.0 μg m-3 at Lalitpur in the brick kiln region. Chloride (Chl) increased by 330 and 250% from Dhulikhel to Ratnapark and Lalitpur on average. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) identified seven OA sources, four primary OA sources, hydrocarbon-like (HOA), biomass burning (BBOA), trash burning (TBOA), a sulfate-containing local OA source (sLOA), and three secondary oxygenated organic aerosols (OOA). OOA was the largest fraction of OA, over 50% outside the valley and 36% within. HOA (traffic) was the most prominent primary source, contributing 21% of all OA and 44% of BC. Brick kilns were the second largest contributor to C-PM1, 12% of OA, 33% of BC, and a primary emitter of aerosol sulfate. These results, though successive, indicate the importance of multisite measurements to understand ambient particulate matter concentration heterogeneity across urban regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin
S. Werden
- Department
of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
| | - Michael R. Giordano
- Department
of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
| | - Khadak Mahata
- International
Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, 44700Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Md. Robiul Islam
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, 230 North Madison Street, Iowa City, Iowa52242-1294, United States
| | - J. Douglas Goetz
- Department
of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
| | - Siva Praveen Puppala
- International
Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, 44700Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Eri Saikawa
- Department
of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, 400 Dowman Drive, Atlanta, Georgia30322, United States
| | - Arnico K. Panday
- International
Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Khumaltar, Lalitpur, 44700Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Robert J. Yokelson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Montana, 32 Campus Drive, Missoula, Montana59812, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Stone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, 230 North Madison Street, Iowa City, Iowa52242-1294, United States
| | - Peter F. DeCarlo
- Department
of Civil, Architectural, and Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania19104, United States
- Department
of Environmental Health and Engineering, John Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland21218, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu J, Zhang T, Ding X, Li X, Liu Y, Yan C, Shen Y, Yao X, Zheng M. A clear north-to-south spatial gradience of chloride in marine aerosol in Chinese seas under the influence of East Asian Winter Monsoon. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 832:154929. [PMID: 35367263 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Particulate chloride is a major component of sea salt particles and plays a key role in atmospheric chemistry. Anthropogenic pollutants over the northeastern Asia can be transported to the adjacent seas through the northwest monsoon, which profoundly influences the chloride chemistry over the seas. In this study, spatial distribution of particulate chloride and its sources over the Chinese seas were investigated based on shipboard particle samplings especially online Single Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (SPAMS) over Bohai Sea, North Yellow Sea, and South Yellow Sea (SYS) during a cruise in November 2012. A strong north-to-south (N-S) gradience in marine aerosol composition was found. The Cl-/Na+ ratios in PM2.5 and single particle composition by SPAMS indicated remarkable chloride enrichment in marine aerosol in the north (Bohai Sea), while depletion in southern SYS. The results of size distribution showed that particulate chloride had higher concentration in coarse particles, while the Cl-/Na+ ratio was much higher in submicron particles. In the north (38-40°N), biomass burning, carbonaceous, and Pb-rich type particles had high fractions in all chloride-containing particles identified by SPAMS (on average 66%). Combining chemical composition with back trajectory, it was found that fine-mode chloride enrichment in the north was mainly due to anthropogenic emission especially coal combustion and biomass burning from northern China. However, the high fine-mode chloride depletion in the south (32-34°N) was probably due to acid replacement by sulfate in aged aerosol during atmospheric transport. Our new findings reveal that marine aerosol in Chinese seas would show a clear N-S pattern of more fresh and anthropogenic enriched particles in the north, but more aged aerosol in the south during the East Asia Winter Monsoon, which provides new insights for the quantitative assessment of anthropogenic impact on marine aerosol and future modeling study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junyi Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tianle Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization and Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yue Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Caiqing Yan
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yanjie Shen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaohong Yao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Mei Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Latha R, Mukherjee A, Dahiya K, Bano S, Pawar P, Kalbande R, Maji S, Beig G, Murthy BS. On the varied emission fingerprints of particulate matter over typical locations of NCR (Delhi) - A perspective for mitigation plans. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 311:114834. [PMID: 35287076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Source apportionment study of PM2.5 using positive matrix factorization was performed to identify the emission characteristic from different sectors (sub-urban residential, industrial and rapidly urbanizing) of Delhi during winter. Chemical characterization of PM2.5 included metals (Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb and Zn), water soluble ionic compounds (WSICs) (Cl-, NO3-, SO42- and NH4+) and Carbon partitions (OC, EC). Particulates (PM2.5) were collected on filter twice daily for stable and unstable atmospheric conditions, at the locations with specific characteristics, viz. Ayanagar, Noida and Okhla. Ions solely occupied 50% of the total PM2.5 concentration. Irrespective of location, high correlation between OC and EC (0.871-0.891) at p ≤ 0.1 is observed. Relatively lower ratio of NO3/SO4 at Ayanagar (0.696) and Okhla (0.84) denotes predominance of emission from stationary sources rather than mobile sources like that observed at Noida (1.038). Using EPA PMF5.0, optimum factors for each location are fixed based on error estimation (EE). Crustal dust, vehicular emission, biomass burning and secondary aerosol are the major contributing sources in all the three locations. Incineration contributes about 19% at Ayanagar and 18% at Okhla. Metal industries in Okhla contribute about 19% to PM2.5. These specific local emissions with considerable potency are to be targeted for long-term policymaking. Considerable secondary aerosol contribution (15%-24%) indicates that gaseous emissions also need to be reduced to improve air quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Latha
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India.
| | - A Mukherjee
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
| | - K Dahiya
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
| | - S Bano
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
| | - P Pawar
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
| | - R Kalbande
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
| | - S Maji
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
| | - G Beig
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
| | - B S Murthy
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Pune, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang T, Han Y, Li H, Fang Y, Liang P, Wang Y, Chen X, Qiu X, Gong J, Li W, Zhu T. Fine particulate matter and vasoactive 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid: Insights into the mechanisms of the prohypertensive effects of particulate air pollution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:151298. [PMID: 34749965 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests that biological intermediates play an important role in initiating fine particulate matter (PM2.5)-associated prohypertensive pathways, but sensitive biomarkers for this pathway are lacking. AIM To explore whether short-term exposure to PM2.5 is associated with the concentration of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE), a potent vasoactive lipid relevant to the pathophysiology of hypertension. METHODS In this longitudinal panel study, we repeatedly (up to seven times) measured the blood concentrations of 20-HETE in 120 adults living in Beijing, China. Ambient exposure metrics included the concentrations of hourly PM2.5 mass and daily PM2.5 constituents, including three carbonaceous components, eight water-soluble ions, and 16 trace elements. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine the associations between the change in the 20-HETE concentration and short-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 metrics after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, behavioral exposure, socioeconomic characteristics, and meteorological factors. RESULTS The interquartile range (IQR) increase in the 7-15-hour-lag exposure to PM2.5 (80 μg/m3) was associated significantly with a 5.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.1-10.7%) to 6.5% (95% CI, 1.7-11.6%) increase in the blood concentration of 20-HETE. The magnitude of the association differed by age, sex, prediabetic status, obesity, and hypertensive status, with a significantly greater increase in 20-HETE observed among those with fasting plasma glucose concentrations ≥ 6.1 mmol/L. In addition to the PM2.5 mass, the 20-HETE concentration was associated consistently with IQR increases in the 1-day lag exposure to organic carbon (5.7%), black carbon (9.5%), nitrate (3.9%), chloride (2.9%), copper (5.5%), zinc (4.7%), barium (4.1%), and lead (6.2%). The organic carbon estimate was robust in the two-pollutant models. Furthermore, increased 20-HETE correlated with elevated blood pressure (BP), although no mediation of 20-HETE on PM2.5-associated BP change was found. CONCLUSIONS The 20-HETE blood concentration increased significantly in response to short-term exposure to ambient PM2.5, which may be partly responsible for the prohypertensive effects of PM2.5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teng Wang
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiqun Han
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China; Environmental Research Group, MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Haonan Li
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhua Fang
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Liang
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwen Wang
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China; National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China; GRiC, Shenzhen Institute of Building Research Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinghua Qiu
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jicheng Gong
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Weiju Li
- Peking University Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rai P, Furger M, Slowik JG, Zhong H, Tong Y, Wang L, Duan J, Gu Y, Qi L, Huang RJ, Cao J, Baltensperger U, Prévôt ASH. Characteristics and sources of hourly elements in PM 10 and PM 2.5 during wintertime in Beijing. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 278:116865. [PMID: 33714061 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Characteristics and sources of ambient particle elements in urban Beijing were studied by hourly observations in two size fractions (PM10 and PM2.5) during November and December 2017 using an online multi-element analyzer. The reconstructed oxide concentrations of 24 elements (from Al to Pb) comprise an appreciable fraction of PM10 and PM2.5, accounting for 37% and 17%, respectively on average. We demonstrate the benefit of using high-time-resolution chemical speciation data in achieving robust source apportionment of the total elemental PM10 (PM10el) and elemental PM2.5 (PM2.5el) mass using positive matrix factorization (PMF). Biomass burning, coal combustion, secondary sulfate, industry, non-exhaust traffic and dust were identified in both size fractions (with varying relative concentrations), which accounted on average for 4%, 12%, 5%, 2%, 14%, and 63%, respectively to the total PM10el, and 14%, 35%, 21%, 6%, 12% and 12%, respectively to the total PM2.5el. Biomass burning and coal combustion exhibited higher concentrations during haze episodes of the heating season. In contrast, secondary sulfate and industry contributed more to haze episodes during the non-heating season. The fractional contribution of dust was mostly high during clean days, while the fractional non-exhaust traffic emission contribution was similar throughout the measurement period. The non-exhaust traffic emissions contributed locally, while the remaining sources were dominated by neighboring areas. Furthermore, trajectory analysis showed that the origin of the industrial sources roughly agreed with the locations of the main point sources. Overall, this work provides detailed information on the characteristics of the elements during different haze events during heating and non-heating seasons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pragati Rai
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
| | - Markus Furger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland.
| | - Jay G Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
| | - Haobin Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 710075, Xi'an, China
| | - Yandong Tong
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
| | - Liwei Wang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jing Duan
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 710075, Xi'an, China
| | - Yifang Gu
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 710075, Xi'an, China
| | - Lu Qi
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 710075, Xi'an, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 710075, Xi'an, China
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland
| | - André S H Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232, Villigen, PSI, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chemical Composition and Source Apportionment of PM10 in a Green-Roof Primary School Building. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10238464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Research on air quality issues in recently refurbished educational buildings is relatively limited. However, it is an important topic as students are often exposed to high concentrations of air pollutants, especially in urban environments. This study presents the results of a 25-day experimental campaign that took place in a primary school located in a densely built-up area, which retains a green roof system (GRS). All measurements refer to mass concentrations and chemical analysis of PM10 (particulate matter less than 10 micrometers), and they were implemented simultaneously on the GRS and within the classroom (C3) below during different periods of the year. The results demonstrated relatively low levels of PM10 in both experimental points, with the highest mean value of 72.02 μg m−3 observed outdoors during the cold period. Elemental carbon (EC) was also found be higher in the ambient environment (with a mean value of 2.78 μg m−3), while organic carbon (OC) was relatively balanced between the two monitoring sites. Moreover, sulfate was found to be the most abundant water soluble anion (2.57 μg m−3), mainly originating from ambient primary SO2 and penetrating into the classroom from windows. Additionally, the crustal origin of particles was shown in trace metals, where Al and Fe prevailed (9.55% and 8.68%, respectively, of the total PM10). Nevertheless, infiltration of outdoor particles within the classroom was found to affect indoor sources of metals. Finally, source apportionment using a positive matrix factorization (PMF) receptor model demonstrated six main factors of emissions, the most important of which were vehicles and biomass burning (30.30% contribution), along with resuspension of PM10 within the classroom from human activities (29.89% contribution). Seasonal variations seem to play a key role in the results.
Collapse
|
9
|
Choi MS, Qiu X, Zhang J, Wang S, Li X, Sun Y, Chen J, Ying Q. Study of Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation from Chlorine Radical-Initiated Oxidation of Volatile Organic Compounds in a Polluted Atmosphere Using a 3D Chemical Transport Model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:13409-13418. [PMID: 33074656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The impact of chlorine (Cl) chemistry on the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) during a severe wintertime air pollution episode is investigated in this study. The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model v5.0.1 with a modified SAPRC-11 gas-phase mechanism and heterogeneous reactions for reactive chlorine species is updated to include the formation of chlorine radical (Cl•)-initiated SOA (Cl-SOA) from aromatic compounds, terpenes, and isoprene. Reported SOA yield data on Cl-SOA formation from environmental chamber studies are used to derive the mass yield and volatility data for the two-product equilibrium-partitioning model. The heterogeneous reaction of particulate chloride (pCl-) leads to a significant increase in the Cl• and hydroxyl radical (OH) concentrations throughout the domain. Monthly Cl-SOA concentrations range from 0.7 to 3.0 μg m-3, with increasing anthropogenic Cl emissions leading to higher Cl-SOA concentrations. Indirectly, this also leads to an increase of monthly SOA by up to 2.5-3.0 g μm-3 from the traditional OH oxidation pathways as well as the surface uptake of glyoxal and methylglyoxal. Increased OH concentrations, however, do not always lead to higher overall SOA concentrations in the entire domain. High OH reduces the lifetime of glyoxal/methylglyoxal (GLY/MGLY), making them less available to form SOA. In the Sichuan Basin (SCB) and part of Southwest China where high O3 concentrations meet high pCl emissions, a higher Cl•/OH ratio leads to net O3 loss from the Cl• + O3 reaction, thus reducing SOA formation from the O3 oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Also, the competition between Cl• and OH for VOCs could lead to lower overall SOA because the molar yields of the semivolatile products in Cl-VOC reactions are lower than their OH + VOC reaction counterparts. When Cl• concentrations are further increased with higher emissions of Cl, precursor gases can be depleted and become the limiting factor in SOA formation. This study reveals the direct and indirect impacts of chlorine chemistry on SOA in polluted winter conditions, which are greatly affected by the Cl emissions, the ambient O3 level, and the availability of SOA precursors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Su Choi
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Xionghui Qiu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinghua Li
- School of Chemistry and Environment, Beihang University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Fudan Tyndall Centre, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qi Ying
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Luo L, Kao S, Wu Y, Zhang X, Lin H, Zhang R, Xiao H. Stable oxygen isotope constraints on nitrate formation in Beijing in springtime. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 263:114515. [PMID: 32283400 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rapid accumulation of aerosol nitrate (NO3-) contributes to haze pollution; however, studies quantifying NO3- formation mechanisms remain scarce. To explore aerosol nitrate formation pathways, total suspended particulate (TSP) samples were collected in Beijing during the spring of 2013, and the concentration of NO3- and δ18O- NO3- value were analyzed. The NO3- concentrations on polluted days (PD) were higher than those on non-polluted days (NPD). Furthermore, higher δ18O- NO3- values were observed on PD (86.8 ± 8.1‰) as compared with NPD (73.7 ± 11.0‰) suggest that more nitrate was produced by pathways with relative high δ18O-HNO3 values during PD. Based on the calculated δ18O-HNO3 values from different formation pathways and the observed δ18O- NO3- values, the possible fractional contributions of HNO3 formed via various pathways to TSP NO3- were estimated using the Bayesian isotope mixing model. The δ18O- NO3- constrained calculations suggest that the pathways of N2O5 + H2O/Cl-, NO3 + VOCs, and ClNO3 + H2O possibly contributed 53%-89% to nitrate production during PD. During NPD, the NO2 + OH pathway produced 37%-69% of the NO3-. Using the δ18O- NO3- value combined with the isotope mixing model is a promising approach for exploring NO3- formation pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Luo
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - ShuhJi Kao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - YunFei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment for Temperate East Asia, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - XiaoLing Zhang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences/Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu, 610225, China
| | - Hua Lin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - RenJian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Climate-Environment for Temperate East Asia, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - HuaYun Xiao
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of the Causes and Control of Atmospheric Pollution, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Nuhoglu Y, Yazıcı M, Nuhoglu C, Kuzu SL, Osmanlıoğlu AE, Kam E. Distribution of Trace Metals in Street Dusts and Tree Leaves and Their Source Identification in a Mid-Populated Anatolian City. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 105:103-110. [PMID: 32440894 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-02882-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sivas is a central Anatolian city in Turkey with mid-population. Due to its geographical structure high air pollution episodes can be observed in the atmosphere of Sivas. A study with city wide sampling campaign can help to identify the possible sources. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the multi-elemental and multi-point analysis of trace metals in street dusts and tree leaves in Sivas. In the street dusts, Ca concentration was > 10%. Fe, Cl, and K contribution was 2.5%, 1.75%, and 1.1%, respectively. The average S and Ti concentrations were between 1 and 10 mg/g, I, Mn, Sr, Cr, V, Ba, Zn, Ni, Zr, and Cu were between 1 and 0.1 mg/g, and W, Pb, Sn, Th, Rb, Sb, Co, Bi, As, U were between 0.1 and 0.01 mg/g, in the ascending order. The same elements were investigated for vegetation. Ca, K, S, and Cl were the elements with highest contribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasar Nuhoglu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Davutpaşa Campus, 34220, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Mustafa Yazıcı
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Cumhuriyet University, 58140, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Cigdem Nuhoglu
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Letters, Yildiz Technical University, Davutpaşa Campus, 34220, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - S Levent Kuzu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Davutpaşa Campus, 34220, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet E Osmanlıoğlu
- Department of Mining Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa, Büyükçekmece Campus, 34500, Buyukcekmece, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erol Kam
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Letters, Yildiz Technical University, Davutpaşa Campus, 34220, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|