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Ünlü İ, Tuncer MC, Özdemir İ. Effect of napabucasin and doxorubicin via the Jak2/Stat3 signaling pathway in suppressing the proliferation of neuroblastoma cells. Acta Cir Bras 2024; 39:e396624. [PMID: 39356934 PMCID: PMC11441154 DOI: 10.1590/acb396624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Napabucasin (NP) is a natural compound that can suppress cancer cell proliferation and cell cycle by inhibition of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) gene. We examined the effects of NP on the proliferation and invasion of neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y). METHODS Human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line was used in this study. NP was administered to groups at the doses of 0.3-1 µM. Cell viability was analyzed by MTT assay. Real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis assessed the expressions of interleukin (IL)-6 dependent Jak2/Stat3 signaling pathway. The MTT cell viability method was applied to determine the antagonistic-synergistic effects and inhibitory concentration (IC50) doses of doxorubicin (DX) and NP. RESULTS It was determined that 0.3-1 µM doses of NP killed the cells almost completely after 48 hours, and also that Jak2/Stat3 expressions decreased dose-dependently via IL-6. At the protein level, NP and DX were found to reduce Jak2 and Stat3 levels. CONCLUSIONS NP showed that it suppresses the proliferation of neuroblastoma cells. Due to its inhibitory effect on Jak2 and Stat3, it can be used to prevent invasion of SH-SY5Y cells. NP, which can inactivate Jak2/Stat3, can be used as a treatment agent by combining with DX in proliferation pathway in neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- İlker Ünlü
- Beykent University – Faculty of Medicine – Department of Brain Surgery – Istanbul – Turkey
| | - Mehmet Cudi Tuncer
- Dicle University – Faculty of Medicine – Department of Anatomy – Diyarbakir – Turkey
| | - İlhan Özdemir
- Atatürk University – Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics – Faculty of Medicine – Erzurum – Turkey
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2
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Kofler L, Grundmann L, Gerhalter M, Prattes M, Merl-Pham J, Zisser G, Grishkovskaya I, Hodirnau VV, Vareka M, Breinbauer R, Hauck SM, Haselbach D, Bergler H. The novel ribosome biogenesis inhibitor usnic acid blocks nucleolar pre-60S maturation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7511. [PMID: 39209816 PMCID: PMC11362459 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51754-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The formation of new ribosomes is tightly coordinated with cell growth and proliferation. In eukaryotes, the correct assembly of all ribosomal proteins and RNAs follows an intricate scheme of maturation and rearrangement steps across three cellular compartments: the nucleolus, nucleoplasm, and cytoplasm. We demonstrate that usnic acid, a lichen secondary metabolite, inhibits the maturation of the large ribosomal subunit in yeast. We combine biochemical characterization of pre-ribosomal particles with a quantitative single-particle cryo-EM approach to monitor changes in nucleolar particle populations upon drug treatment. Usnic acid rapidly blocks the transition from nucleolar state B to C of Nsa1-associated pre-ribosomes, depleting key maturation factors such as Dbp10 and hindering pre-rRNA processing. This primary nucleolar block rapidly rebounds on earlier stages of the pathway which highlights the regulatory linkages between different steps. In summary, we provide an in-depth characterization of the effect of usnic acid on ribosome biogenesis, which may have implications for its reported anti-cancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Kofler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Lorenz Grundmann
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, 1030, Austria
- Vienna BioCenter PhD Program, Doctoral School of the University of Vienna and Medical University of Vienna, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Michael Prattes
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Juliane Merl-Pham
- Core Facility Metabolomics and Proteomics (CF-MPC), Helmholtz Center Munich, German Center for Environmental Health GmbH, D-80939, Munich, Germany
| | - Gertrude Zisser
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Irina Grishkovskaya
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | | | - Martin Vareka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Rolf Breinbauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9, Graz, 8010, Austria
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Core Facility Metabolomics and Proteomics (CF-MPC), Helmholtz Center Munich, German Center for Environmental Health GmbH, D-80939, Munich, Germany
| | - David Haselbach
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, 1030, Austria.
| | - Helmut Bergler
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Graz, 8010, Austria.
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3
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Đukić V, Usman M, Khalid AN, Manojlović A, Zarić M, Čanović P, Živković-Zarić R, Manojlović N. Phytochemical composition and antitumor activity of a new arctic lichen Anamylopsora pakistanica. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38907658 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2365444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
For the first-time, chemical composition and in vitro antitumor activity was investigated of a newly described lichen Anamylopsora pakistanica Usman & Khalid from the second highest plateau of the world (Deosai Plains, Pakistan). HPLC-UV method was used for identification of secondary metabolites and the acetone extract had higher values of TPC (41.90 mg GA/g) and TFC (75.37 mg RE/g) as compared to methanol extract. As chemical constituents 5,7-dihydroxy-6-methylphthalide, haematommic acid and alectorialic acid, were identified as major compounds. Atranol, alectorialin, gyrophoric acid and usnic acid were detected as minor substances. Acetone and methanol extracts induced a dose-dependent and time-dependent decrease in the viability of three types of tumour cells HeLa, HCT116 and MDA-MB-231. This lichen extract can induce S phase arrest in HeLa as compared to the untreated cells. Extract of this unique lichen, A. pakistanica, can be used safely as a significant source of biologically active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojislav Đukić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Muhammad Usman
- Fungal Biology and Systematics Research Laboratory, Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Nasir Khalid
- Fungal Biology and Systematics Research Laboratory, Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Anja Manojlović
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Milan Zarić
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Petar Čanović
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Radica Živković-Zarić
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nedeljko Manojlović
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
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Hilal B, Khan MM, Fariduddin Q. Recent advancements in deciphering the therapeutic properties of plant secondary metabolites: phenolics, terpenes, and alkaloids. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 211:108674. [PMID: 38705044 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Plants produce a diverse range of secondary metabolites that serve as defense compounds against a wide range of biotic and abiotic stresses. In addition, their potential curative attributes in addressing various human diseases render them valuable in the development of pharmaceutical drugs. Different secondary metabolites including phenolics, terpenes, and alkaloids have been investigated for their antioxidant and therapeutic potential. A vast number of studies evaluated the specific compounds that possess crucial medicinal properties (such as antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, anticancerous, and antibacterial), their mechanisms of action, and potential applications in pharmacology and medicine. Therefore, an attempt has been made to characterize the secondary metabolites studied in medicinal plants, a brief overview of their biosynthetic pathways and mechanisms of action along with their signaling pathways by which they regulate various oxidative stress-related diseases in humans. Additionally, the biotechnological approaches employed to enhance their production have also been discussed. The outcome of the present review will lead to the development of novel and effective phytomedicines in the treatment of various ailments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisma Hilal
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | | | - Qazi Fariduddin
- Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Section, Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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5
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Azhamuthu T, Kathiresan S, Senkuttuvan I, Asath NAA, Ravichandran P, Vasu R. Usnic acid alleviates inflammatory responses and induces apoptotic signaling through inhibiting NF-ĸB expressions in human oral carcinoma cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2024; 42:e4074. [PMID: 38874340 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.4074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Usnic acid (UA) is a unique bioactive substance in lichen with potential anticancer properties. Recently, we have reported that UA can reduce 7,12-dimethylbenz[a] anthracene-induced oral carcinogenesis by inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell proliferation in a male golden Syrian hamster in vivo model. The present study aims to explore the relevant mechanism of cell death induced by UA on human oral carcinoma (KB) cell line in an in vitro model. We found that UA can induce apoptosis (cell death) in KB cells by decreasing cell viability, increasing the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), depolarizing mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) levels, causing nuclear fragmentation, altering apoptotic morphology, and causing excessive DNA damage. Additionally, UA inhibits the expression of Bcl-2, a protein that promotes cell survival, while increasing the expression of p53, Bax, Cytochrome-c, Caspase-9, and 3 proteins in KB cells. UA also inhibits the expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), a protein that mediates the activation of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6, in KB cells. Furthermore, UA promotes apoptosis by enhancing the mitochondrial-mediated apoptotic mechanism through oxidative stress, depletion of cellular antioxidants, and an inflammatory response. Ultimately, the findings of this study suggest that UA may have potential as an anticancer therapeutic agent for oral cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theerthu Azhamuthu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Suresh Kathiresan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ilanchitchenni Senkuttuvan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Pugazhendhi Ravichandran
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajeswari Vasu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India
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Budak B, Kalın ŞN, Yapça ÖE. Antiproliferative, antimigratory, and apoptotic effects of diffractaic and vulpinic acids as thioredoxin reductase 1 inhibitors on cervical cancer. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 397:1525-1535. [PMID: 37658214 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02698-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is among the most frequently observed cancer types in females. New therapeutic targets are needed because of the side impacts of existing cancer drugs and the inadequacy of treatment methods. Thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) is often overexpressed in many cancer cells, and targeting TrxR1 has become an attractive target for cancer therapy. This study investigated the anticancer impacts of diffractaic and vulpinic acids, lichen secondary metabolites, on the cervical cancer HeLa cell line. XTT findings demonstrated showed that diffractaic and vulpinic acids suppressed the proliferation of HeLa cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner and IC50 values were 22.52 μg/ml and 66.53 μg/ml at 48 h, respectively. Each of these lichen metabolites significantly suppressed migration. Diffractaic acid showed an increase in both the BAX/BCL2 ratio by qPCR analysis and the apoptotic cell population via flow cytometry analysis on HeLa cells. Concerning vulpinic acid, although it decreased the BAX/BCL2 ratio in this cells, it increased apoptotic cells according to the flow cytometry analysis results. Diffractaic and vulpinic acids significantly suppressed TrxR1 enzyme activity rather than the gene and protein expression levels in HeLa cells. This research demonstrated for the first time, that targeting TrxR1 with diffractaic and vulpinic acids was an effective therapeutic strategy for treating cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Büşra Budak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Şeyda Nur Kalın
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Science Faculty, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
- East Anatolia High Technology Application and Research Center, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ömer Erkan Yapça
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey.
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Yang Y, Liu P, Zhou M, Yin L, Wang M, Liu T, Jiang X, Gao H. Small-molecule drugs of colorectal cancer: Current status and future directions. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166880. [PMID: 37696461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer and the world's fourth most deadly cancer. CRC, as a genetic susceptible disease, faces significant challenges in optimizing prognosis through optimal drug treatment modalities. In recent decades, the development of innovative small-molecule drugs is expected to provide targeted interventions that accurately address the different molecular characteristics of CRC. Although the clinical application of single-target drugs is limited by the heterogeneity and high metastasis of CRC, novel small-molecule drug treatment strategies such as dual/multiple-target drugs, drug repurposing, and combination therapies can help overcome these challenges and provide new insights for improving CRC treatment. In this review, we focus on the current status of a range of small molecule drugs that are being considered for CRC therapy, including single-target drugs, dual/multiple-target drugs, drug repurposing and combination strategies, which will pave the way for targeting CRC vulnerabilities with small-molecule drugs in future personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiren Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengyu Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyang Zhou
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, United States
| | - Linzhou Yin
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowen Jiang
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huiyuan Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, People's Republic of China.
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Rakotondraibe HLR, Spjut RW, Addo EM. Chemical Constituents Isolated from the Lichen Biome of Selected Species Native to North America. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2024; 124:185-233. [PMID: 39101985 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-59567-7_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
A lichen is a symbiotic association composed of a primary mycobionts and one or more photobionts living mutualistically together, forming a distinct morphological entity beneficial to their partnership and to other associated fungi, photobionts, and bacteria that collectively make up the lichen biome. The taxonomic identification of a lichen species often requires determination of the primary mycobiont's secondary metabolites, the key morphological characteristics of the thallus, and how it relates to other lichen species as seen in DNA phylogeny. This chapter covers lichens and their bionts, taxonomic identification, and their chemical constituents as exemplified by what is found in lichen biomes, especially those endemic to North America. Extraction and isolation, as well as updates on dereplication methods using mass spectrometric GNPS and NMR spectroscopic spin network fingerprint procedures, and marker-based techniques to identify lichens are discussed. The isolation and structure elucidation of secondary metabolites of an endolichenic Penicillium species that produces bioactive compounds will be described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ermias Mekuria Addo
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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Günaydın Ş, Sulukoğlu EK, Kalın ŞN, Altay A, Budak H. Diffractaic acid exhibits thioredoxin reductase 1 inhibition in lung cancer A549 cells. J Appl Toxicol 2023; 43:1676-1685. [PMID: 37329199 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths all over the world. Therefore, it has gained importance in the development of new chemotherapeutic strategies to identify anticancer agents with low side effects, reliable, high anticancer potential, and specific to lung cancer cells. Thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) is an important therapeutic target for lung cancer treatment because of its overexpression in tumor cells. Here, we aimed to examine the anticancer effect of diffractaic acid, a lichen secondary metabolite, in A549 cells by comparing it with the commercial chemotherapeutic drug carboplatin and also to investigate whether the anticancer effect of diffractaic acid occurs via TrxR1-targeting. The IC50 value of diffractaic acid on A549 cells was determined as 46.37 μg/mL at 48 h, and diffractaic acid had stronger cytotoxicity than carboplatin in A549 cells. qPCR results revealed that diffractaic acid promoted the intrinsic apoptotic pathway through the upregulation of the BAX/BCL2 ratio and P53 gene in A549 cells, which is consistent with the flow cytometry results. Furthermore, migration analysis results indicated that diffractaic acid impressively suppressed the migration of A549 cells. While the enzymatic activity of TrxR1 was inhibited by diffractaic acid in A549 cells, no changes were seen in the quantitative expression levels of gene and protein. These findings provide fundamental data on the anticancer effect of diffractaic acid on A549 cells targeting TrxR1 activity, suggesting that it could be considered a chemotherapeutic agent for lung cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şükran Günaydın
- Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
- East Anatolia High Technology Application and Research Center, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Emine Karaca Sulukoğlu
- Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
- Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Şeyda Nur Kalın
- Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
- East Anatolia High Technology Application and Research Center, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Altay
- Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Chemistry, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Harun Budak
- Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
- East Anatolia High Technology Application and Research Center, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Ahmad N, Ritz M, Calchera A, Otte J, Schmitt I, Brueck T, Mehlmer N. Biosynthetic gene cluster synteny: Orthologous polyketide synthases in Hypogymnia physodes, Hypogymnia tubulosa, and Parmelia sulcata. Microbiologyopen 2023; 12:e1386. [PMID: 37877655 PMCID: PMC10582450 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lichens are symbiotic associations consisting of a photobiont (algae or cyanobacteria) and a mycobiont (fungus), which together generate a variety of unique secondary metabolites. To access this biosynthetic potential for biotechnological applications, deeper insights into the biosynthetic pathways and corresponding gene clusters are necessary. Here, we provide a comparative view of the biosynthetic gene clusters of three lichen mycobionts derived from Hypogymnia physodes, Hypogymnia tubulosa, and Parmelia sulcata. In addition, we present a high-quality PacBio metagenome of Parmelia sulcata, from which we extracted the mycobiont bin containing 214 biosynthetic gene clusters. Most biosynthetic gene clusters in these genomes were associated with T1PKSs, followed by NRPSs and terpenes. This study focused on biosynthetic gene clusters related to polyketide synthesis. Based on ketosynthase homology, we identified nine highly syntenic clusters present in all three species. Among the four clusters belonging to nonreducing PKSs, two are putatively linked to lichen substances derived from orsellinic acid (orcinol depsides and depsidones, e.g., lecanoric acid, physodic acid, lobaric acid), one to compounds derived from methylated forms of orsellinic acid (beta orcinol depsides, e.g., atranorin), and one to melanins. Five clusters with orthologs in all three species are linked to reducing PKSs. Our study contributes to sorting and dereplicating the vast PKS diversity found in lichenized fungi. High-quality sequences of biosynthetic gene clusters of these three common species provide a foundation for further exploration into biotechnological applications and the molecular evolution of lichen substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadim Ahmad
- Department of Chemistry, Werner Siemens Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, TUM School of Natural SciencesTechnical University of Munich (TUM)GarchingGermany
| | - Manfred Ritz
- Department of Chemistry, Werner Siemens Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, TUM School of Natural SciencesTechnical University of Munich (TUM)GarchingGermany
| | - Anjuli Calchera
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F)Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Jürgen Otte
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F)Frankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Imke Schmitt
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK‐F)Frankfurt am MainGermany
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and DiversityGoethe University FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Thomas Brueck
- Department of Chemistry, Werner Siemens Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, TUM School of Natural SciencesTechnical University of Munich (TUM)GarchingGermany
| | - Norbert Mehlmer
- Department of Chemistry, Werner Siemens Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, TUM School of Natural SciencesTechnical University of Munich (TUM)GarchingGermany
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Gimła M, Pyrczak-Felczykowska A, Malinowska M, Hać A, Narajczyk M, Bylińska I, Reekie TA, Herman-Antosiewicz A. The pyrazole derivative of usnic acid inhibits the proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:210. [PMID: 37743482 PMCID: PMC10518105 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death in Western societies. Its late diagnosis and resistance to chemotherapies result in a high mortality rate; thus, the development of more effective therapies for the treatment of pancreatic cancer is strongly warranted. Usnic acid (UA) is a secondary metabolite of lichens that shows modest antiproliferative activity toward cancer cells. Recently, we reported the synthesis of a UA pyrazole derivative, named 5, which was more active than the parent compound toward cervical cancer cells. Here, its anticancer potential has been evaluated in detail in other cancer cells, particularly pancreatic cancer cells. METHODS The impact of UA and derivative 5 on cell viability, morphology, cell cycle, and death was assessed using the MTT test, electron microscopy, flow cytometry, and immunoblotting, respectively. The calcium ions level was detected fluorometrically. In vivo, the anticancer activity of 5 was evaluated in a murine xenograft model. RESULTS Derivative 5 inhibited the viability of different cancer cells. Noncancerous cells were less sensitive. It induced the release of calcium ions from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and ER stress, which was manifested by cell vacuolization. It was accompanied by G0/G1 cell cycle arrest and cell death of pancreatic cancer cells. When applied to nude mice with xenografted pancreatic cancer cells, 5 inhibited tumor growth, with no signs of kidney or liver toxicity. CONCLUSIONS UA derivative 5 is superior to UA inhibiting the growth and proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells. ER stress exaggeration is a mechanism underlying the activity of derivative 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Gimła
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Marcelina Malinowska
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Hać
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Narajczyk
- Electron Microscopy Section, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Irena Bylińska
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tristan A Reekie
- School of Science, University of New South Wales Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Canberra, 2600, Australia
| | - Anna Herman-Antosiewicz
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdańsk, Poland.
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Poulsen-Silva E, Gordillo-Fuenzalida F, Atala C, Moreno AA, Otero MC. Bioactive Lichen Secondary Metabolites and Their Presence in Species from Chile. Metabolites 2023; 13:805. [PMID: 37512512 PMCID: PMC10383681 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13070805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Lichens are symbiotic organisms composed of at least one fungal and one algal species. They are found in different environments around the world, even in the poles and deserts. Some species can withstand extreme abiotic conditions, including radiation and the vacuum of space. Their chemistry is mainly due to the fungal metabolism and the production of several secondary metabolites with biological activity, which have been isolated due to an increasing interest from the pharmaceutical community. However, beyond the experimental data, little is known about their mechanisms of action and the potential pharmaceutical use of these kinds of molecules, especially the ones isolated from lesser-known species and/or lesser-studied countries. The main objective of this review is to analyze the bibliographical data of the biological activity of secondary metabolites from lichens, identifying the possible mechanisms of action and lichen species from Chile. We carried out a bibliographic revision of different scientific articles in order to collect all necessary information on the biological activity of the metabolites of these lichen species. For this, validated databases were used. We found the most recent reports where in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the biological properties of these metabolites. The biological activity, namely anticancer, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity, of 26 secondary metabolites are described, as well as their reported molecular mechanisms. The most notable metabolites found in this review were usnic acid, atranorin, protolichesterinic acid, and lobaric acid. Usnic acid was the most investigated metabolite, in addition to undergoing toxicological and pharmacological studies, where a hepatotoxicity effect was reported due to uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation. Additionally, no major studies have been made to validate the pharmacological application of these metabolites, and few advancements have been made in their artificial growth in bioreactors. Despite the described biological activities, there is little support to consider these metabolites in pharmaceutical formulations or to evaluate them in clinical trials. Nevertheless, it is important to carry out further studies regarding their possible human health effects. These lichen secondary metabolites present a promising research opportunity to find new pharmaceutical molecules due to their bioactive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Poulsen-Silva
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 252, Santiago 8320000, Chile
| | - Felipe Gordillo-Fuenzalida
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Aplicada, Centro de Biotecnología de los Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Católica del Maule, Avda. San Miguel 3605, Talca 3466706, Chile
| | - Cristian Atala
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Campus Curauma, Av. Universidad 330, Curauma, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile
| | - Adrián A Moreno
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago 8370146, Chile
| | - María Carolina Otero
- Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 252, Santiago 8320000, Chile
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Ahmad N, Ritz M, Calchera A, Otte J, Schmitt I, Brueck T, Mehlmer N. Biosynthetic Potential of Hypogymnia Holobionts: Insights into Secondary Metabolite Pathways. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:546. [PMID: 37233257 PMCID: PMC10219277 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Lichens are symbiotic associations consisting of a photobiont (algae or cyanobacteria) and a mycobiont (fungus). They are known to produce a variety of unique secondary metabolites. To access this biosynthetic potential for biotechnological applications, deeper insights into the biosynthetic pathways and corresponding gene clusters are necessary. Here we provide a comprehensive view of the biosynthetic gene clusters of all organisms comprising a lichen thallus: fungi, green algae, and bacteria. We present two high-quality PacBio metagenomes, in which we identified a total of 460 biosynthetic gene clusters. Lichen mycobionts yielded 73-114 clusters, other lichen associated ascomycetes 8-40, green algae of the genus Trebouxia 14-19, and lichen-associated bacteria 101-105 clusters. The mycobionts contained mainly T1PKSs, followed by NRPSs, and terpenes; Trebouxia reads harbored mainly clusters linked to terpenes, followed by NRPSs and T3PKSs. Other lichen-associated ascomycetes and bacteria contained a mix of diverse biosynthetic gene clusters. In this study, we identified for the first time the biosynthetic gene clusters of entire lichen holobionts. The yet untapped biosynthetic potential of two species of the genus Hypogymnia is made accessible for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadim Ahmad
- Werner Siemens Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Manfred Ritz
- Werner Siemens Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Anjuli Calchera
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jürgen Otte
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Imke Schmitt
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Brueck
- Werner Siemens Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Norbert Mehlmer
- Werner Siemens Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany
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14
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Norouzi H, Sohrabi M, Yousefi M, Boustie J. Tridepsides as potential bioactives: a review on their chemistry and the global distribution of their lichenic and non-lichenic natural sources. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2023; 4:1088966. [PMID: 37746133 PMCID: PMC10512237 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2023.1088966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Tridepsides, as fully oxidized polyketides, have been known to exist in lichens for more than a century. Recent studies have showed that these possible defensive lichenochemicals possess various biological activities. Also, a candidate biosynthetic gene cluster was recently reported for gyrophoric acid (GA), an important tridepside. The present study focused on biosynthesis, natural sources, biological activities, and bioanalytical methods of tridepside molecules. Our survey shows that, so far, lichenic tridepsides have been reported from 37 families, 111 genera, and 526 species of lichen. Because many of their species contain tridepsides, the families Parmeliaceae, Lobariaceae, and Peltigeraceae can be considered critical lichenic sources of tridepsides. Furthermore, several species of Hypotrachyna in Parmeliaceae family showed lichenic tridepsides, suggesting that this genus is a viable source of tridepsides. This research also explored tridepsides from non-lichenic sources, such as non-lichenized fungi, lichenicolous fungi, endophytes, parasites, and liverworts, which offer substantial potential as biotechnological sources to produce tridepsides, which are produced in small amounts in lichen thalli. Two lichenic tridepsides have also been detected in non-lichenic sources: GA and tenuiorin (TE). Additionally, no significant correlation was found between tridepside biosynthesis and geographical distribution patterns for several potentially tridepside-producing lichens. We further showed that GA is the most studied tridepside with various reported biological activities, including anticancer, wound healing, photoprotection, anti-aging, antioxidant, cardiovascular effect, DNA interaction, anti-diabetes, anti-Alzheimer's, anti-bacterial, and antifungal. Last but not least, this study provides an overview of some bioanalytical methods used to analyze tridepsides over the past few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hooman Norouzi
- Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sohrabi
- Department of Biotechnology, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Yousefi
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Joel Boustie
- Univ Rennes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes) - Mixed Research Unit (MRU) 6226, Rennes, France
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15
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Kalın ŞN, Altay A, Budak H. Effect of evernic acid on human breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB-453 cell lines via thioredoxin reductase 1: A molecular approach. J Appl Toxicol 2023. [PMID: 36807289 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxin reductase 1 (TrxR1) has emerged as an important target for anticancer drug development due to its overexpression in many human tumors including breast cancer. Due to the serious side effects of currently used commercial anticancer drugs, new natural compounds with very few side effects and high efficacy are of great importance in cancer treatment. Lichen secondary metabolites, known as natural compounds, have diverse biological properties, including antioxidant and anticancer activities. Herein, we aimed to determine the potential antiproliferative, antimigratory, and apoptotic effects of evernic acid, a lichen secondary metabolite, on breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB-453 cell lines and afterward to investigate whether its anticancer effect is exerted by TrxR1-targeting. The cytotoxicity results indicated that evernic acid suppressed the proliferation of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-453 cells in a dose-dependent manner and the IC50 values were calculated as 33.79 and 121.40 μg/mL, respectively. Migration assay results revealed the notable antimigratory ability of evernic acid against both cell types. The expression of apoptotic markers Bcl2 associated X, apoptosis regulator, Bcl2 apoptosis regulator, and tumor protein p53 by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis showed that evernic acid did not induce apoptosis in both cell lines, consistent with flow cytometry results. Evernic acid showed its anticancer effect via inhibiting TrxR1 enzyme activity rather than mRNA and protein expression levels in both cell lines. In conclusion, these findings suggest that evernic acid has the potential to be evaluated as a therapeutic agent in breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şeyda Nur Kalın
- Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey.,East Anatolia High Technology Application and Research Center, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Altay
- Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Chemistry, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University, Erzincan, Turkey
| | - Harun Budak
- Science Faculty, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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16
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1'-O-methyl-averantin isolated from the endolichenic fungus Jackrogersella sp. EL001672 suppresses colorectal cancer stemness via sonic Hedgehog and Notch signaling. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2811. [PMID: 36797277 PMCID: PMC9935543 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28773-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Endolichenic fungi are host organisms that live on lichens and produce a wide variety of secondary metabolites. Colorectal cancer stem cells are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into cancer cells, which makes cancers difficult to eradicate. New alternative therapeutics are needed to inhibit the growth of tumor stem cells. This study examined the ability of an extract of Jackrogersella sp. EL001672 (derived from the lichen Cetraria sp.) and the isolated compound 1'-O-methyl-averantin to inhibit development of cancer stemness. The endolichenic fungus Jackrogersella sp. EL001672 (KACC 83021BP), derived from Cetraria sp., was grown in culture medium. The culture broth was extracted with acetone to obtain a crude extract. Column chromatography and reverse-phase HPLC were used to isolate an active compound. The anticancer activity of the extract and the isolated compound was evaluated by qRT-PCR and western blotting, and in cell viability, spheroid formation, and reporter assays. The acetone extract of EL001672 did not affect cell viability. However, 1'-O-methyl-averantin showed cytotoxic effects against cancer cell lines at 50 μg/mL and 25 μg/mL. Both the crude extract and 1'-O-methyl-averantin suppressed spheroid formation in CRC cell lines, and downregulated expression of stemness markers ALDH1, CD44, CD133, Lgr-5, Msi-1, and EphB1. To further characterize the mechanism underlying anti-stemness activity, we examined sonic Hedgehog and Notch signaling. The results showed that the crude extract and the 1'-O-methyl-averantin inhibited Gli1, Gli2, SMO, Bmi-1, Notch-1, Hes-1, and the CSL complex. Consequently, an acetone extract and 1'-O-methyl-averantin isolated from EL001672 suppresses colorectal cancer stemness by regulating the sonic Hedgehog and Notch signaling pathways.
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Kello M, Goga M, Kotorova K, Sebova D, Frenak R, Tkacikova L, Mojzis J. Screening Evaluation of Antiproliferative, Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activity of Lichen Extracts and Secondary Metabolites In Vitro. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:611. [PMID: 36771693 PMCID: PMC9919983 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Lichen metabolites represent a wide range of substances with a variety of biological effects. The present study was designed to analyze the potential antiproliferative, antimicrobial and antioxidative effects of several extracts from lichens (Pseudevernia furfuracea, Lobaria pulmonaria, Cetraria islandica, Evernia prunastri, Stereocaulon tomentosum, Xanthoria elegans and Umbilicaria hirsuta) and their secondary metabolites (atranorin, physodic acid, evernic acid and gyrophoric acid). The crude extract, as well as the isolated metabolites, showed potent antiproliferative, cytotoxic activity on a broad range of cancer cell lines in 2D (monolayer) and 3D (spheroid) models. Furthermore, antioxidant (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazylhydrate (DPPH) and in vitro antimicrobial activities were assessed. Data showed that the lichen extracts, as well as the compounds present, possessed biological potential in the studied assays. It was also observed that the extracts were more efficient and their major compounds showed strong effects as antiproliferative, antioxidant and antibacterial agents. Moreover, we demonstrated the 2D and 3D models' importance to drug discovery for further in vivo studies. Despite the fact that lichen compounds have been neglected by the scientific community for long periods, nowadays they are objects of investigation based on their promising effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kello
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Michal Goga
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 041 67 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Klaudia Kotorova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Dominika Sebova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Richard Frenak
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 041 67 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Ludmila Tkacikova
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy, 041 81 Košice, Slovakia
| | - Jan Mojzis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia
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18
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Kumari M, Kamat S, Singh SK, Kumar A, Jayabaskaran C. Inhibition of Autophagy Increases Cell Death in HeLa Cells through Usnic Acid Isolated from Lichens. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:519. [PMID: 36771602 PMCID: PMC9919968 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Western Ghats, India, is a hotspot for lichen diversity. However, the pharmacological importance of lichen-associated metabolites remains untapped. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of lichens of this region. For this, sixteen macrolichens were collected and identified from two locations in the Western Ghats. The acetone extract of Usnea cornuta (UC2A) showed significant cytotoxicity towards multiple human cancer cell lines. Interestingly, co-treatment with chloroquine (CQ), an autophagy inhibitor, increased the cytotoxic potential of the UC2A extract. A gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS) study revealed usnic acid (UA), atraric acid and barbatic acid as the dominant cytotoxic compounds in the UC2A extract. Further, UA was purified and identified from the UC2A extract and evaluated for cytotoxicity in HeLa cells. The monodansyl cadaverine and mitotracker red double staining revealed the autophagy-inducing activities of UA, and the inhibition of autophagy was confirmed via CQ treatment. Autophagy inhibition increased the cytotoxicity of UA by 12-16% in a concentration-dependent manner. It also increased lipid peroxidation, ROS levels and mitochondrial depolarization and decreased glutathione availability. A decrease in zeta potential and a 40% increase in caspase 3/7 activity were also noted after CQ treatment of UA-treated cells. Thus, cytotoxicity of UA can be increased by inhibiting autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhuree Kumari
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Siya Kamat
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Division of Microbiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India
| | - C. Jayabaskaran
- Department of Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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Ureña-Vacas I, González-Burgos E, Divakar PK, Gómez-Serranillos MP. Lichen Depsides and Tridepsides: Progress in Pharmacological Approaches. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:116. [PMID: 36675938 PMCID: PMC9866793 DOI: 10.3390/jof9010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Depsides and tridepsides are secondary metabolites found in lichens. In the last 10 years, there has been a growing interest in the pharmacological activity of these compounds. This review aims to discuss the research findings related to the biological effects and mechanisms of action of lichen depsides and tridepsides. The most studied compound is atranorin, followed by gyrophoric acid, diffractaic acid, and lecanoric acid. Antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities are among the most investigated activities, mainly in in vitro studies, with occasional in silico and in vivo studies. Clinical trials have not been conducted using depsides and tridepsides. Therefore, future research should focus on conducting more in vivo work and clinical trials, as well as on evaluating the other activities. Moreover, despite the significant increase in research work on the pharmacology of depsides and tridepsides, there are many of these compounds which have yet to be investigated (e.g., hiascic acid, lassalic acid, ovoic acid, crustinic acid, and hypothamnolic acid).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena González-Burgos
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - María Pilar Gómez-Serranillos
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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20
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Gamage CDB, Kim JH, Yang Y, Taş İ, Park SY, Zhou R, Pulat S, Varlı M, Hur JS, Nam SJ, Kim H. Libertellenone T, a Novel Compound Isolated from Endolichenic Fungus, Induces G2/M Phase Arrest, Apoptosis, and Autophagy by Activating the ROS/JNK Pathway in Colorectal Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:cancers15020489. [PMID: 36672439 PMCID: PMC9857212 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most deadly type of cancer in the world and continuous investigations are required to discover novel therapeutics for CRC. Induction of apoptosis is one of the promising strategies to inhibit cancers. Here, we have identified a novel compound, Libertellenone T (B), isolated from crude extracts of the endolichenic fungus from Pseudoplectania sp. (EL000327) and investigated the mechanism of action. CRC cells treated by B were subjected to apoptosis detection assays, immunofluorescence imaging, and molecular analyses such as immunoblotting and QRT-PCR. Our findings revealed that B induced CRC cell death via multiple mechanisms including G2/M phase arrest caused by microtubule stabilization and caspase-dependent apoptosis. Further studies revealed that B induced the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) attributed to activating the JNK signaling pathway by which apoptosis and autophagy was induced in Caco2 cells. Moreover, B exhibited good synergistic effects when combined with the well-known anticancer drug, 5-FU, and another cytotoxic novel compound D, which was isolated from the same crude extract of EL000327. Overall, Libertellenone T induces G2/M phase arrest, apoptosis, and autophagy via activating the ROS/JNK pathway in CRC. Thus, B may be a potential anticancer therapeutic against CRC that is suitable for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chathurika D. B. Gamage
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - İsa Taş
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Yeon Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Rui Zhou
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Sultan Pulat
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Mücahit Varlı
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Seoun Hur
- Korean Lichen Research Institute, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jip Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-J.N.); (H.K.)
| | - Hangun Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeonnam 57922, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-J.N.); (H.K.)
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21
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Karagöz Y, Öztürk Karagöz B. Lichens in Pharmacological Action: What Happened in the Last Decade? Eurasian J Med 2022; 54:195-208. [PMID: 36655467 PMCID: PMC11163341 DOI: 10.5152/eurasianjmed.2022.22335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lichens are a unique group of organisms, which can produce compounds that are named secondary metabolites and rarely or are not produced in other organisms. Lichens possess pharmacological actions related to their secondary metabolites. Our knowledge of lichens and their pharmacological actions rapidly increases as new technologies and devices, which facilitate the investigation of the chemical profile and biological activities of lichens, are introduced and become more readily available. In addition, new methods and perspectives, as well as suggestions for pharmacological mechanisms, accumulate daily. Furthermore, lichen substances stand as a relatively untapped source of natural products. Accordingly, researchers investigate the pharmacological actions of lichen-derived material more frequently than it was in the past. This review focused on the pharmacological activities of lichens published in the last 11 years (2012-2022). Literature data obtained from WebOfScience and PubMed databases using related search keywords revealed that anti-genotoxicity, anticancer, and anti-microbial activity studies have constantly been conducted. More recently, immunomodulatory and inflammation-related studies took to the stage. Enzyme inhibition actions were popular as well. Our selection was based on the novelty and mechanistic insight that papers presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalçın Karagöz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ağrı, Turkey
| | - Berna Öztürk Karagöz
- Department of Pharmacology, Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University Faculty of Pharmacy, Ağrı, Turkey
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22
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Adenubi OT, Famuyide IM, McGaw LJ, Eloff JN. Lichens: An update on their ethnopharmacological uses and potential as sources of drug leads. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 298:115657. [PMID: 36007717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Lichens, a unique symbiotic association between an alga/cyanobacterium and a fungus, produce secondary metabolites that are a promising source of novel drug leads. The beauty and importance of lichens have not been adequately explored despite their manifold biological activities such as anticancer, antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic and antiparasitic. AIM OF THE STUDY The present review collates and discusses the available knowledge on secondary metabolites and biological activities of lichens (in vitro and in vivo). MATERIALS AND METHODS Using relevant keywords (lichens, secondary metabolites, bioactivity, pharmacological activities), five electronic databases, namely ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and Recent Literature on Lichens, were searched for past and current scientific contributions up until May 2022. Literature focusing broadly on the bioactivity of lichens including their secondary metabolites were identified and summarized. RESULTS A total of 50 review articles and 189 research articles were searched. Information related to antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer and insecticidal activities of 90 lichen species (from 13 families) and 12 isolated metabolites are reported. Over 90% of the studies comprised in vitro investigations, such as bioassays evaluating radical scavenging properties, lipid peroxidation inhibition and reducing power, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial bioassays of lichen species and constituents. In vivo studies were scarce and available only in fish and rats. Most of the studies were done by research groups in Brazil, France, Serbia, India and Turkey. There were relatively few reports from Asia and Africa despite the ubiquitous nature of lichens and the high occurrence in these continents. CONCLUSION Secondary metabolites from lichens are worthy of further investigation in terms of their potential therapeutic applicability, including better understanding of their mechanism(s) of action. This would be of great importance in the search for novel drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olubukola Tolulope Adenubi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | - Ibukun Michael Famuyide
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
| | - Lyndy Joy McGaw
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
| | - Jacobus Nicolaas Eloff
- Phytomedicine Programme, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, 0110, South Africa.
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Fliegel L, Christoffers J. Synthesis of Annulated Benzofuran Derivatives from α-(Iodophenyl)-β-oxoesters. Org Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c03472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Fliegel
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jens Christoffers
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Oldenburg, D-26111 Oldenburg, Germany
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Egbert S, Hoffman JR, McMullin RT, Lendemer JC, Sorensen JL. Unraveling usnic acid: a comparison of biosynthetic gene clusters between two reindeer lichen (Cladonia rangiferina and C. uncialis). Fungal Biol 2022; 126:697-706. [PMID: 36517138 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2022.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Lichenized fungi are known for their production of a diversity of secondary metabolites, many of which have broad biological and pharmacological applications. By far the most well-studied of these metabolites is usnic acid. While this metabolite has been well-known and researched for decades, the gene cluster responsible for its production was only recently identified from the species Cladonia uncialis. Usnic acid production varies considerably in the genus Cladonia, even among closely related taxa, and many species, such as C. rangiferina, have been inferred to be incapable of producing the metabolite based on analysis by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). We sequenced and examined the usnic acid biosynthetic gene clusters, or lack thereof, from four closely related Cladonia species (C. oricola, C. rangiferina, C. stygia, and C. subtenuis), and compare them against those of C. uncialis. We complement this comparison with tiered chemical profile analyses to confirm the presence or absence of usnic acid in select samples, using both HPLC and LC-MS. Despite long-standing reporting that C. rangiferina lacks the ability to produce usnic acid, we observed functional gene clusters from the species and detected usnic acid when extracts were examined by LC-MS. By contrast, C. stygia and C. oricola, have been previously described as lacking the ability to produce usnic acid, lacked the gene cluster entirely, and no usnic acid could be detected in C. oricola extracts via HPLC or LC-MS. This work suggests that chemical profiles attained through inexpensive and low-sensitivity methods like TLC may fail to detect low abundance metabolites that can be taxonomically informative. This study also bolsters understanding of the usnic acid gene cluster in lichens, revealing differences among domains of the polyketide synthase which may explain observed differences in expression. These results reinforce the need for comprehensive characterization of lichen secondary metabolite profiles with sensitive LC-MS methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Egbert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Jordan R Hoffman
- Department of Biology, Graduate Center, City University of New York, The New York, USA; Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY, 10458-5126, USA
| | - R Troy McMullin
- Research and Collections, Canadian Museum of Nature, PO Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, Ontario, K1P 6P4, Canada
| | - James C Lendemer
- Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd, Bronx, NY, 10458-5126, USA.
| | - John L Sorensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada.
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Ureña-Vacas I, González-Burgos E, Divakar PK, Gómez-Serranillos MP. Lichen Depsidones with Biological Interest. PLANTA MEDICA 2022; 88:855-880. [PMID: 34034351 DOI: 10.1055/a-1482-6381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Depsidones are some of the most abundant secondary metabolites produced by lichens. These compounds have aroused great pharmacological interest due to their activities as antioxidants, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic agents. Hence, this paper aims to provide up-to-date knowledge including an overview of the potential biological interest of lichen depsidones. So far, the most studied depsidones are fumarprotocetraric acid, lobaric acid, norstictic acid, physodic acid, salazinic acid, and stictic acid. Their pharmacological activities have been mainly investigated in in vitro studies and, to a lesser extent, in in vivo studies. No clinical trials have been performed yet. Depsidones are promising cytotoxic agents that act against different cell lines of animal and human origin. Moreover, these compounds have shown antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi, mainly Candida spp. Furthermore, depsidones have antioxidant properties as revealed in oxidative stress in vitro and in vivo models. Future research should be focused on further investigating the mechanism of action of depsidones and in evaluating new potential actions as well as other depsidones that have not been studied yet from a pharmacological perspective. Likewise, more in vivo studies are prerequisite, and clinical trials for the most promising depsidones are encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ureña-Vacas
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (Spain)
| | - Elena González-Burgos
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (Spain)
| | - Pradeep Kumar Divakar
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (Spain)
| | - M Pilar Gómez-Serranillos
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid (Spain)
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Isolation, Characterization, and Breast Cancer Cytotoxic Activity of Gyrophoric Acid from the Lichen Umbilicaria muhlenbergii. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10071361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lichens produce a large variety of secondary metabolites with diverse bioactivities, chemical structures, and physicochemical properties. For this reason, there is a growing interest in the use of lichen-derived bioactive molecules for drug discovery and development. Here, we report on the isolation, identification, and cytotoxic evaluation of gyrophoric acid (GA) from the lichen Umbilicaria muhlenbergii, a largely unexplored and scantly described lichen species. A simple purification protocol was developed for the fractionation of lichen crude extracts with silica gel column chromatography using solvents with changing polarity. GA was identified in one of the fractions with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ion trap mass spectrometry (MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR and 13C-NMR). The FTIR spectra demonstrated the presence of aromatic and ester functional groups C=C, C-H, and C=O bonds, with the most remarkable signals recorded at 1400 cm−1 for the aromatic region, at 1400 cm−1 for the CH3 groups, and at 1650 cm−1 for the carbonyl groups in GA. The MS spectra showed a molecular ion [M-1]− at (m/z) 467 with a molecular weight of 468.4 and the molecular formula C24H20O10. that correspond to GA. The 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectra verified the chemical shifts that are typical for GA. GA reduced the cell viability of breast cancer cells from the MCF-7 cell line by 98%, which is indicative of the strong cytotoxic properties of GA and its significant potential to serve as a potent anticancer drug.
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Shakour ZT, Farag MA. Diverse host-associated fungal systems as a dynamic source of novel bioactive anthraquinones in drug discovery: Current status and future perspectives. J Adv Res 2022; 39:257-273. [PMID: 35660073 PMCID: PMC9263761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite, a large number of bioactive anthraquinones (AQs) isolated from host-living fungi, only plant-derived AQs were introduced in the global consumer markets. Host-living fungi represents renewable and extendible resources of diversified metabolites to be exploited for bioactives production. Unique classes of AQs from fungi include halogenated and steroidal AQs, and absent from planta are of potential to explore for biological activity against urging diseases such as cancer and multidrug-resistant pathogens. The structural diversity of fungal AQs, monomers, dimers, trimers, halogenated, etc… results in a vast range of pharmacological activities. AIM OF REVIEW The current study capitalizes on uncovering the diversity and distribution of host-living fungal systems producing AQs in different terrestrial ecosystems ranging from plant endophytes, lichens, animals and insects. Furthermore, the potential bioactivities of fungal derived AQs i.e., antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral (anti-HIV), anticancer, antioxidant, diuretic and laxative activities are assembled in relation to their structure activity relationship (SAR). Analyzing for structure-activity relationship among fungal AQs may facilitate bioengineering of more potential analogues. Withal, elucidation of AQs biosynthetic pathways in fungi is discussed from different fungal hosts to open up new possibilities for potential biotechnological applications. Such comprehensive review unravels terrestrial host-living fungal systems as a treasure trove in drug discovery, in addition to future perspectives and trends for their exploitation in pharmaceutical industries. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW Such comprehensive review unravels terrestrialhost-living fungal systems as a treasure trove in drug discovery, in addition to future perspectives and trends for their exploitation in pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab T Shakour
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry, National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
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28
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Kalın ŞN, Altay A, Budak H. Diffractaic acid, a novel TrxR1 inhibitor, induces cytotoxicity, apoptosis, and antimigration in human breast cancer cells. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 361:109984. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.109984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Srimani S, Schmidt CX, Gómez-Serranillos MP, Oster H, Divakar PK. Modulation of Cellular Circadian Rhythms by Secondary Metabolites of Lichens. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:907308. [PMID: 35813500 PMCID: PMC9260025 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.907308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most mammalian cells harbor molecular circadian clocks that synchronize physiological functions with the 24-h day-night cycle. Disruption of circadian rhythms, through genetic or environmental changes, promotes the development of disorders like obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. At the cellular level, circadian, mitotic, and redox cycles are functionally coupled. Evernic (EA) and usnic acid (UA), two lichen secondary metabolites, show various pharmacological activities including anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective action. All these effects have likewise been associated with a functional circadian clock. Hypothesis/Purpose To test, if the lichen compounds EA and UA modulate circadian clock function at the cellular level. Methods We used three different cell lines and two circadian luminescence reporter systems for evaluating dose- and time-dependent effects of EA/UA treatment on cellular clock regulation at high temporal resolution. Output parameters studied were circadian luminescence rhythm period, amplitude, phase, and dampening rate. Results Both compounds had marked effects on clock rhythm amplitudes and dampening independent of cell type, with UA generally showing a higher efficiency than EA. Only in fibroblast cells, significant effects on clock period were observed for UA treated cells showing shorter and EA treated cells showing longer period lengths. Transient treatment of mouse embryonic fibroblasts at different phases had only minor clock resetting effects for both compounds. Conclusion Secondary metabolites of lichen alter cellular circadian clocks through amplitude reduction and increased rhythm dampening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumi Srimani
- Institute of Neurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior & Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cosima Xenia Schmidt
- Institute of Neurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior & Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Maria Pilar Gómez-Serranillos
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Henrik Oster
- Institute of Neurobiology, Center of Brain, Behavior & Metabolism (CBBM), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Pradeep K. Divakar
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Kocovic A, Jeremic J, Bradic J, Sovrlic M, Tomovic J, Vasiljevic P, Andjic M, Draginic N, Grujovic M, Mladenovic K, Baskic D, Popovic S, Matic S, Zivkovic V, Jeremic N, Jakovljevic V, Manojlovic N. Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Cytotoxic Activity of Different Extracts of Xanthoparmelia stenophylla Lichen from Stara Planina, Serbia. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1624. [PMID: 35807576 PMCID: PMC9269301 DOI: 10.3390/plants11131624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify some of the secondary metabolites present in acetonic, methanolic, and hexanic extracts of lichen Xanthoparmelia stenophylla and to examine their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activity. Compounds of the depsid structure of lecanoric acid, obtusic acid, and atranorin as well as usnic acid with a dibenzofuran structure were identified in the extracts by HPLC. The acetone extract was shown to have the highest total phenolic (167.03 ± 1.12 mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid content (178.84 ± 0.93 mg QE/g) as well as the best antioxidant activity (DPPH IC50 = 81.22 ± 0.54). However, the antimicrobial and antibiofilm tests showed the best activity of hexanic extract, especially against strains of B. cereus, B. subtilis, and S. aureus (MIC < 0.08, and 0.3125 mg/mL, respectively). Additionally, by using the MTT method, the acetonic extract was reported to exhibit a strong cytotoxic effect on the HeLa and HCT-116 cell lines, especially after 72 h (IC50 = 21.17 ± 1.85 and IC50 = 21.48 ± 3.55, respectively). The promising antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic effects of Xanthoparmelia stenophylla extracts shown in the current study should be further investigated in vivo and under clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Kocovic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (A.K.); (J.B.); (M.S.); (J.T.); (M.A.); (N.D.); (S.M.); (N.J.); (N.M.)
| | - Jovana Jeremic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (A.K.); (J.B.); (M.S.); (J.T.); (M.A.); (N.D.); (S.M.); (N.J.); (N.M.)
| | - Jovana Bradic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (A.K.); (J.B.); (M.S.); (J.T.); (M.A.); (N.D.); (S.M.); (N.J.); (N.M.)
| | - Miroslav Sovrlic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (A.K.); (J.B.); (M.S.); (J.T.); (M.A.); (N.D.); (S.M.); (N.J.); (N.M.)
| | - Jovica Tomovic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (A.K.); (J.B.); (M.S.); (J.T.); (M.A.); (N.D.); (S.M.); (N.J.); (N.M.)
| | - Perica Vasiljevic
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences and Mathematics, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia;
| | - Marijana Andjic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (A.K.); (J.B.); (M.S.); (J.T.); (M.A.); (N.D.); (S.M.); (N.J.); (N.M.)
| | - Nevena Draginic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (A.K.); (J.B.); (M.S.); (J.T.); (M.A.); (N.D.); (S.M.); (N.J.); (N.M.)
- Department of Human Pathology, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Mirjana Grujovic
- Department of Science, Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.G.); (K.M.)
| | - Katarina Mladenovic
- Department of Science, Institute for Information Technologies, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (M.G.); (K.M.)
| | - Dejan Baskic
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (D.B.); (S.P.)
- Institute of Public Health Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Suzana Popovic
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (D.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Sanja Matic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (A.K.); (J.B.); (M.S.); (J.T.); (M.A.); (N.D.); (S.M.); (N.J.); (N.M.)
| | - Vladimir Zivkovic
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Nevena Jeremic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (A.K.); (J.B.); (M.S.); (J.T.); (M.A.); (N.D.); (S.M.); (N.J.); (N.M.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Jakovljevic
- Department of Human Pathology, IM Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia;
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia;
| | - Nedeljko Manojlovic
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, 34000 Kragujevac, Serbia; (A.K.); (J.B.); (M.S.); (J.T.); (M.A.); (N.D.); (S.M.); (N.J.); (N.M.)
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A Review of Twenty Years of Research on the Regulation of Signaling Pathways by Natural Products in Breast Cancer. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113412. [PMID: 35684353 PMCID: PMC9182524 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the second leading cause of death among women, and it has become a global health issue due to the increasing number of cases. Different treatment options, including radiotherapy, surgery, chemotherapy and anti-estrogen therapy, aromatase inhibitors, anti-angiogenesis drugs, and anthracyclines, are available for BC treatment. However, due to its high occurrence and disease progression, effective therapeutic options for metastatic BC are still lacking. Considering this scenario, there is an urgent need for an effective therapeutic strategy to meet the current challenges of BC. Natural products have been screened as anticancer agents as they are cost-effective, possess low toxicity and fewer side effects, and are considered alternative therapeutic options for BC therapy. Natural products showed anticancer activities against BC through the inhibition of angiogenesis, cell migrations, proliferations, and tumor growth; cell cycle arrest by inducing apoptosis and cell death, the downstream regulation of signaling pathways (such as Notch, NF-κB, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, MAPK/ERK, and NFAT-MDM2), and the regulation of EMT processes. Natural products also acted synergistically to overcome the drug resistance issue, thus improving their efficacy as an emerging therapeutic option for BC therapy. This review focused on the emerging roles of novel natural products and derived bioactive compounds as therapeutic agents against BC. The present review also discussed the mechanism of action through signaling pathways and the synergistic approach of natural compounds to improve their efficacy. We discussed the recent in vivo and in vitro studies for exploring the overexpression of oncogenes in the case of BC and the current status of newly discovered natural products in clinical investigations.
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Majchrzak-Celińska A, Kleszcz R, Studzińska-Sroka E, Łukaszyk A, Szoszkiewicz A, Stelcer E, Jopek K, Rucinski M, Cielecka-Piontek J, Krajka-Kuźniak V. Lichen Secondary Metabolites Inhibit the Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway in Glioblastoma Cells and Improve the Anticancer Effects of Temozolomide. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071084. [PMID: 35406647 PMCID: PMC8997913 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Lichens are a source of secondary metabolites with significant pharmacological potential. Data regarding their possible application in glioblastoma (GBM) treatment are, however, scarce. The study aimed at analyzing the mechanism of action of six lichen secondary metabolites: atranorin, caperatic acid, physodic acid, squamatic acid, salazinic acid, and lecanoric acid using two- and three-dimensional GBM cell line models. The parallel artificial membrane permeation assay was used to predict the blood-brain barrier penetration ability of the tested compounds. Their cytotoxicity was analyzed using the MTT test on A-172, T98G, and U-138 MG cells. Flow cytometry was applied to the analysis of oxidative stress, cell cycle distribution, and apoptosis, whereas qPCR and microarrays detected the induced transcriptomic changes. Our data confirm the ability of lichen secondary metabolites to cross the blood-brain barrier and exert cytotoxicity against GBM cells. Moreover, the compounds generated oxidative stress, interfered with the cell cycle, and induced apoptosis in T98G cells. They also inhibited the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, and this effect was even stronger in case of a co-treatment with temozolomide. Transcriptomic changes in cancer related genes induced by caperatic acid and temozolomide were the most pronounced. Lichen secondary metabolites, caperatic acid in particular, should be further analyzed as potential anti-GBM agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Majchrzak-Celińska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcicki 4 Str., 60-781 Poznań, Poland; (R.K.); (A.Ł.); (A.S.); (V.K.-K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-618546625
| | - Robert Kleszcz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcicki 4 Str., 60-781 Poznań, Poland; (R.K.); (A.Ł.); (A.S.); (V.K.-K.)
| | - Elżbieta Studzińska-Sroka
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3 Str., 60-806 Poznań, Poland; (E.S.-S.); (J.C.-P.)
| | - Agnieszka Łukaszyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcicki 4 Str., 60-781 Poznań, Poland; (R.K.); (A.Ł.); (A.S.); (V.K.-K.)
| | - Anna Szoszkiewicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcicki 4 Str., 60-781 Poznań, Poland; (R.K.); (A.Ł.); (A.S.); (V.K.-K.)
| | - Ewelina Stelcer
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcicki 6 Str., 60-781 Poznań, Poland; (E.S.); (K.J.); (M.R.)
| | - Karol Jopek
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcicki 6 Str., 60-781 Poznań, Poland; (E.S.); (K.J.); (M.R.)
| | - Marcin Rucinski
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcicki 6 Str., 60-781 Poznań, Poland; (E.S.); (K.J.); (M.R.)
| | - Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Rokietnicka 3 Str., 60-806 Poznań, Poland; (E.S.-S.); (J.C.-P.)
| | - Violetta Krajka-Kuźniak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcicki 4 Str., 60-781 Poznań, Poland; (R.K.); (A.Ł.); (A.S.); (V.K.-K.)
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Šeklić DS, Jovanović MM, Virijević KD, Grujić JN, Živanović MN, Marković SD. Pseudevernia furfuracea inhibits migration and invasion of colorectal carcinoma cell lines. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 284:114758. [PMID: 34688797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf is common lichen species, traditionally used worldwide in treating various medical conditions, among which are intestinal issues and cancer. Most studies are focused mainly on cytotoxic potential of lichens, whilst their antimigratory and antiinvasive properties are often disregarded. Migration and invasion of cancer cells are pivotal processes in cancer metastasis, wherein cancer cells are able to migrate individually or in form of a coherent mass. One of successful strategies in anticancer treatments is targeting Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway, that is aberrantly activated in colorectal carcinoma, as well as lowering level of migratory/invasive markers. AIM OF THE STUDY Present study aimed to show antimigratory/invasive potential of Pseudevernia furfuracea methanol extract on HCT-116 and SW-480 colorectal carcinoma cell lines and to elucidate possible mechanism of its action. MATERIALS AND METHODS Collective cell migration was assessed by Wound healing assay and single cell migration in real time by RTCA method. Analysis of anti- and promigratory protein expression was performed using immunofluorescent staining. Additionally, gene expression of antimigratory/promigratory and invasive (E-cadherin, β-catenin, N-cadherin, Vimentin, Snail and MMP-9) markers were investigated by qRT-PCR method. Concentration of MMP-9 was determined colorimetrically by ELISA test. RESULTS P. furfuracea extract was able to suppress both collective and single cancer cell migration, by inhibiting expression of promigratory/invasive markers and possibly re-establishing cell-cell adhesions. The present study indicates at P. furfuracea as effective antimigratory treatment, and HCT-116 cells were proved to be a more sensitive cell line to applied treatment. CONCLUSIONS This lichen species is a promising candidate for application in treatment of cancer in order to prevent metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana S Šeklić
- Department of Natural Sciences, Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, University of Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Milena M Jovanović
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Katarina D Virijević
- Department of Natural Sciences, Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, University of Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Jelena N Grujić
- Department of Natural Sciences, Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, University of Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Marko N Živanović
- Department of Natural Sciences, Institute for Information Technologies Kragujevac, University of Kragujevac, Serbia.
| | - Snežana D Marković
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.
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(S)-5-Methylmellein Isolated from an Endogenous Lichen Fungus Rosellinia corticium as a Potent Inhibitor of Human Monoamine Oxidase A. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10010166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the inhibitory activities against human monoamine oxidases (hMAOs) were evaluated using a library of 195 endogenous lichen fungi from Ukraine. Among them, the extract ELF68 of the endogenous fungus Rosellinia corticium from the lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf. exhibited the strongest inhibitory activity against hMAO-A. Using the activity-guided method, (S)-5-methylmellein (5MM) was isolated from the extract and had an IC50 value of 5.31 µM for hMAO-A with a lower potency for hMAO-B (IC50 = 9.15 µM). Compound 5MM also moderately inhibited acetylcholinesterase (IC50 = 27.07 µM) but very weakly inhibited butyrylcholinesterase and β-secretase. Compound 5MM had a Ki value of 2.45 μM and was a reversible competitive inhibitor of hMAO-A. A molecular docking study predicted that (S)-5MM showed higher binding affinity for hMAO-A (−6.8 kcal/mol) than hMAO-B (−6.4 kcal/mol). Its isomer, (R)-5MM, exhibited lower binding affinities for hMAO-A (−6.6 kcal/mol) and hMAO-B (−5.2 kcal/mol), compared to (S)-5MM. The S-form interacted with hMAO-A through hydrogen bonding with the Phe208 residue (distance: 1.972 Å), while the R-form interacted with the Asn181 residue (2.375 Å). The results of an in silico pharmacokinetic analysis indicated that 5MM did not violate Lipinski’s five rules and showed high gastrointestinal absorption and blood–brain barrier permeability. These results suggest that 5MM can be considered a candidate in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression and cardiovascular disease.
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Maulidiyah M, Darmawan A, Wahyu W, Musdalifah A, Salim LOA, Nurdin M. Potential of Usnic Acid Compound from Lichen Genus Usnea sp. as Antidiabetic Agents. J Oleo Sci 2022; 71:127-134. [PMID: 35013035 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lichen Usnea sp. is potential as a new natural medicine. This study report isolation of secondary metabolites from lichen Usnea sp. and α-glucosidase inhibitory, which is potential as an antidiabetic agent. Lichen powder was macerated using methanol, separated using column chromatography gravity and thin-layer chromatography. The crystalline was isolated and purified by the recrystallization process for obtaining pure compound. The isolated compound was determined using FTIR and NMR spectroscopy (1H and 13C). The results showed that the isolated compound was yellow needle crystals. Based on the spectra data interpretation, it was obtained usnic acid compound with the molecular formula of C18H16O7. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity test showed that the usnic acid had activity in inhibiting the α-glucosidase enzyme with an IC50 value of 106.78 µg/mL. The usnic acid from Usnea sp. has a very good impact on the source of natural compounds as an antidiabetic drug in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maulidiyah Maulidiyah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Halu Oleo
| | - Akhmad Darmawan
- Research Center for Chemistry, Indonesian Institute of Sciences
| | - Wahyu Wahyu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Halu Oleo
| | - Andi Musdalifah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Halu Oleo
| | - La Ode Agus Salim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Halu Oleo
| | - Muhammad Nurdin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Halu Oleo
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The effect of lichen secondary metabolites on Aspergillus fungi. Arch Microbiol 2021; 204:100. [PMID: 34964912 PMCID: PMC8716355 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02649-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A systematic review of literature data on the antifungal potential of extracted lichen compounds and individual secondary metabolites against mold species of the genus Aspergillus is provided. Crude extracts from 49 epiphytic, 16 epigeic and 22 epilithic species of lichens and 44 secondary metabolites against 10 species, Aspergillus candidus, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. nidulans, A. niger, A. ochraceus, A. parasiticus, A. restrictus, A. stellatus and A. ustus, were analysed. Several measuring techniques were employed for such analyses. Lichen substances were extracted with alcoholic and other organic solvents mainly using the Soxhlet apparatus. Among the three most-studied mold species, the results showed that the crude extracts from the thalli of the lichens Cladonia foliacea, Hypotrachyna cirrhata, Leucodermia leucomelos, Platismatia glauca and Pseudevernia furfuracea against Aspergillus flavus, from C. foliacea, Nephroma arcticum and Parmelia sulcata against A. fumigatus and from Evernia prunastri, Hypogymnia physodes, Umbilicaria cylindrica and Variospora dolomiticola against A. niger have the greatest antifungal potential. The lichen secondary metabolites showed a higher inhibitory potential, e.g. protolichesterinic acid against A. flavus, lecanoric acid against A. fumigatus and orsellinic acid against A. niger; the other seven species of Aspergillus have been poorly studied and require further investigation. A comparison of the inhibitory potential of the tested mixtures of lichen substances and their secondary metabolites shows that they can compete with commonly used antifungal substances, such as ketoconazole and clotrimazole against A. flavus, A. nidulans, A. niger and A. parasiticus and fluconazole in the case of A. fumigatus.
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Kello M, Kuruc T, Petrova K, Goga M, Michalova Z, Coma M, Rucova D, Mojzis J. Pro-Apoptotic Potential of Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf Extract and Isolated Physodic Acid in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Model In Vitro. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13122173. [PMID: 34959454 PMCID: PMC8703293 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most frequently diagnosed type of leukemia among children. Although chemotherapy is a common treatment for cancer, it has a wide range of serious side effects, including myelo- and immunosuppression, hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity. Combination therapies using natural substances are widely recommended to attenuate the adverse effects of chemotherapy. The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-leukemic potential of extract from the lichen Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf (PSE) and isolated physodic acid (Phy) in an in vitro ALL model. A screening assay, flow cytometry and Western blotting were used to analyze apoptosis occurrence, oxidative stress, DNA damage and stress/survival/apoptotic pathway modulation induced by the tested substances in Jurkat cells. We demonstrate for the first time that PSE and Phy treatment-induced intrinsic caspase-dependent cell death was associated with increased oxidative stress, DNA damage and cell cycle arrest with the activation of cell cycle checkpoint proteins p53, p21 and p27 and stress/survival kinases p38 MAPK, JNK and PI3K/Akt. Moreover, using peripheral T lymphocytes, we confirmed that PSE and Phy treatment caused minimal cytotoxicity in normal cells, and therefore, these naturally occurring lichen secondary metabolites could be promising substances for ALL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kello
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (T.K.); (K.P.); (Z.M.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Tomas Kuruc
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (T.K.); (K.P.); (Z.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Klaudia Petrova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (T.K.); (K.P.); (Z.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Michal Goga
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 041 67 Košice, Slovakia; (M.G.); (D.R.)
| | - Zuzana Michalova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (T.K.); (K.P.); (Z.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Matus Coma
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (T.K.); (K.P.); (Z.M.); (M.C.)
| | - Dajana Rucova
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 041 67 Košice, Slovakia; (M.G.); (D.R.)
| | - Jan Mojzis
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Šafárik University, 040 01 Košice, Slovakia; (T.K.); (K.P.); (Z.M.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: (M.K.); (J.M.)
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Studzińska-Sroka E, Majchrzak-Celińska A, Zalewski P, Szwajgier D, Baranowska-Wójcik E, Kaproń B, Plech T, Żarowski M, Cielecka-Piontek J. Lichen-Derived Compounds and Extracts as Biologically Active Substances with Anticancer and Neuroprotective Properties. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14121293. [PMID: 34959693 PMCID: PMC8704315 DOI: 10.3390/ph14121293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Lichens are a source of chemical compounds with valuable biological properties, structurally predisposed to penetration into the central nervous system (CNS). Hence, our research aimed to examine the biological potential of lipophilic extracts of Parmelia sulcata, Evernia prunastri, Cladonia uncialis, and their major secondary metabolites, in the context of searching for new therapies for CNS diseases, mainly glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The extracts selected for the study were standardized for their content of salazinic acid, evernic acid, and (−)-usnic acid, respectively. The extracts and lichen metabolites were evaluated in terms of their anti-tumor activity, i.e., cytotoxicity against A-172 and T98G cell lines and anti-IDO1, IDO2, TDO activity, their anti-inflammatory properties exerted by anti-COX-2 and anti-hyaluronidase activity, antioxidant activity, and anti-acetylcholinesterase and anti-butyrylcholinesterase activity. The results of this study indicate that lichen-derived compounds and extracts exert significant cytotoxicity against GBM cells, inhibit the kynurenine pathway enzymes, and have anti-inflammatory properties and weak antioxidant and anti-cholinesterase properties. Moreover, evernic acid and (−)-usnic acid were shown to be able to cross the blood-brain barrier. These results demonstrate that lichen-derived extracts and compounds, especially (−)-usnic acid, can be regarded as prototypes of pharmacologically active compounds within the CNS, especially suitable for the treatment of GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Studzińska-Sroka
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 4, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (P.Z.); (J.C.-P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Aleksandra Majchrzak-Celińska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 4, 60-781 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Przemysław Zalewski
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 4, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (P.Z.); (J.C.-P.)
| | - Dominik Szwajgier
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland; (D.S.); (E.B.-W.)
| | - Ewa Baranowska-Wójcik
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna 8, 20-704 Lublin, Poland; (D.S.); (E.B.-W.)
| | - Barbara Kaproń
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwiłłowska 11, 20-080 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Plech
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Marcin Żarowski
- Department of Developmental Neurology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Przybyszewski 49, 60-355 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Judyta Cielecka-Piontek
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Święcickiego 4, 60-781 Poznan, Poland; (P.Z.); (J.C.-P.)
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Samuel SM, Kubatka P, Büsselberg D. Treating Cancers Using Nature's Medicine: Significance and Challenges. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1698. [PMID: 34827696 PMCID: PMC8615517 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There was a time when plant-derived natural formulations were the cornerstone of ancient therapeutic approaches for treating many illnesses [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson Mathews Samuel
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar;
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia;
| | - Dietrich Büsselberg
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine-Qatar, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha 24144, Qatar;
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Cansaran-Duman D, Yangın S, Çolak B. The role of vulpinic acid as a natural compound in the regulation of breast cancer-associated miRNAs. Biol Res 2021; 54:37. [PMID: 34743742 PMCID: PMC8574026 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-021-00360-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer, and no effective treatment solution has yet been found. The number of studies based on the research of novel natural compounds in the treatment of breast cancer has been increasing in recent years. The anticancer properties of natural compounds are related to the regulation of microRNA (miRNA) expression. Therefore, changing the profile of miRNAs with the use of natural products is very important in cancer treatment. However, the role of vulpinic acid and related miRNAs in breast cancer progression remains unknown. Vulpinic acid, methyl (as2E)-2-(3-hydroxy-5-oxo-4-phenylfuran-2-ylidene)-2 phenylacetate, is a natural product extracted from the lichen species and shows an anticancer effect on different cancer cells. Methods This study examines the effects of vulpinic acid on the miRNA levels of breast cancer (MCF-7) cells and its relationship with cell proliferation and apoptosis levels. The antiproliferative effect of vulpinic acid was screened against MCF-7 breast cancer cells and MCF-12A breast epithelial cells using the xCELLigence real-time cell analysis system. We analyzed the altered miRNA expression profile in MCF-7 breast cancer cells versus MCF-12A cells following their response to vulpinic acid through microarray analysis. The microarray analysis results were confirmed through quantitative real-time PCR and bioinformatics analysis. Results The results of the miRNA array and bioinformatic analyses demonstrated that 12 miRNAs were specifically responsive to vulpinic acid in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. This is the first study to reveal that vulpinic acid inhibits the expression of 12 miRNAs and suppresses breast cancer cell proliferation. The study also revealed that vulpinic acid may downregulate the expression of 12 miRNAs by repressing the FOXO-3 gene. The miRNA targets were mainly found to play a role in the apoptosis, cell cycle and MAPK pathways. Moreover, Bcl-2, Bax, procaspase-3 and procaspase-9 protein levels were assessed by western blot analysis for validation of apoptosis at the protein level. Conclusion This study revealed the molecular mechanisms of vulpinic acid on breast cancer and showed that vulpinic acid regulates apoptosis signaling pathways by decreasing the expression of miRNAs. The miRNA expression patterns illuminate the underlying effect of vulpinic acid in breast cancer treatment. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40659-021-00360-4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sevcan Yangın
- Ankara University, Biotechnology Institute, Keçiören, Ankara, 06135, Turkey
| | - Betül Çolak
- Ankara University, Biotechnology Institute, Keçiören, Ankara, 06135, Turkey
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41
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Ślusarczyk J, Adamska E, Czerwik-Marcinkowska J. Fungi and Algae as Sources of Medicinal and Other Biologically Active Compounds: A Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:3178. [PMID: 34579055 PMCID: PMC8464797 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many species of fungi including lichenized fungi (lichens) and algae have the ability to biosynthesize biologically active compounds. They produce, among others, polysaccharides with anticancer and immunostimulatory properties: (1) Background: This paper presents the characteristics of the most important bioactive compounds produced by fungi and algae; (2) Methods: Based on the example of the selected species of mushrooms, lichens and algae, the therapeutic properties of the secondary metabolites that they produce and the possibilities of their use are presented; (3) Results: The importance of fungi, especially large-fruited mushrooms, lichens and algae, in nature and human life is discussed, in particular, with regard to their use in the pharmaceutical industry and their nutritional value; (4) Conclusions: The natural organisms, such as fungi, lichenized fungi and algae, could be used as supplementary medicine, in the form of pharmaceutical preparations and food sources. Further advanced studies are required on the pharmacological properties and bioactive compounds of these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Ślusarczyk
- Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-420 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Edyta Adamska
- Department of Geobotany and Landscape Planning, Faculty of Biology and Veterinary Sciences, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
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Gandhi AD, Miraclin PA, Abilash D, Sathiyaraj S, Velmurugan R, Zhang Y, Soontarapa K, Sen P, Sridharan TB. Nanosilver reinforced Parmelia sulcata extract efficiently induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferative signalling in MCF-7 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 199:111375. [PMID: 34048745 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Lichen, Parmelia sulcata synthesizes various secondary metabolites, in which phenolic based compounds received much attention due to their importance in biomedical application. Especially the phenolic compound was effective against the cancer treatment. An effective administration of such plant natural product can represent a significant conventional management of cancer in terms of chemoprevention. The nanomedicines are group of agents that selectively interfere the cancer cells which leads to reduction of side effect thereby reducing the doses. Silver nanoparticles is a promising antitumor agent, however, the conventional production of silver nanoparticles have many drawbacks which led to increase in need of eco-friendly biological production methods. In this study, we made an attempt to synthesise a nano silver (Ps-AgNPs) from phenolic extract of lichen Parmelia sulcata extract. The Ps-AgNps was applied for anticancer activity using MCF-7 cells and the effect was characterised by western blotting method. The FTIR, XRD, UV and TEM results confirms the presence of silver nanoparticles in phenolic extract of lichen Parmelia sulcata. The cytotoxicity assay shows that the Ps-AgNPs is toxic against cancer cells (MCF-7) but not to normal cells (NIH3T3), which confirm the selective induction of cell death (apoptosis) against cancer cells. The Western blot analysis also clearly indicates the down regulation of inflammatory genes (TNF-alpha and IL-6) and cell cycle genes (PCNA and Cyclin-D1) thus promoting intrinsic apoptotic pathway. The results suggest that Ps-AgNPs can effectively kill cancer cells and can be used as an alternative therapeutic agent for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arumugam Dhanesh Gandhi
- Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Prasanna A Miraclin
- Centre for Bio Separation Technology (CBST), School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Doraiah Abilash
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Sivaji Sathiyaraj
- Nano and Energy Biosciences Laboratory, Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore, India
| | - Rajendran Velmurugan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Yang Zhang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Khantong Soontarapa
- Department of Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Priyankar Sen
- Centre for Bio Separation Technology (CBST), School of Biosciences and Technology, VIT, Vellore, 632014, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - T B Sridharan
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
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Vulpinic acid as a natural compound inhibits the proliferation of metastatic prostate cancer cells by inducing apoptosis. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:6025-6034. [PMID: 34331181 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06605-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lichen secondary metabolites have drawn considerable attention in recent years due to the limitations of current treatment options. Vulpinic acid (VA) obtained from Letharia vulpina lichen species exerts a remarkable cytotoxic effect on different cancer types. However, the therapeutic efficacy of VA in metastatic prostate cancer (mPC) cells has not been investigated. In the present study, we aimed to identify VA-mediated cytotoxicity in PC-3 mPC cells compared with control cells. METHODS AND RESULTS After identifying the cytotoxic concentrations of VA, VA induced apoptosis was analyzed by Annexin V, cell cycle, acridine orange and propidium iodide staining and RT-PCR analysis. Our findings showed that VA significantly decreased the viability of PC-3 cells (p < 0.01) and caused a considerable early apoptotic effects through G0/G1 arrest, nuclear blebbing and the activation of particularly initiator caspases. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, VA may be a potential treatment option for mPC patients. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of VA-induced apoptosis with advanced analysis should be further investigated.
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Usnic Acid and Usnea barbata (L.) F.H. Wigg. Dry Extracts Promote Apoptosis and DNA Damage in Human Blood Cells through Enhancing ROS Levels. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081171. [PMID: 34439420 PMCID: PMC8388874 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, numerous biomedical studies performed on natural compounds and plant extracts aim to obtain highly selective pharmacological activities without unwanted toxic effects. In the big world of medicinal plants, Usnea barbata (L) F.H. Wigg (U. barbata) and usnic acid (UA) are well-known for their therapeutical properties. One of the most studied properties is their cytotoxicity on various tumor cells. This work aims to evaluate their cytotoxic potential on normal blood cells. Three dry U. barbata extracts in various solvents: ethyl acetate (UBEA), acetone (UBA), and ethanol (UBE) were prepared. From UBEA we isolated usnic acid with high purity by semipreparative chromatography. Then, UA, UBA, and UBE dissolved in 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and diluted in four concentrations were tested for their toxicity on human blood cells. The blood samples were collected from a healthy non-smoker donor; the obtained blood cell cultures were treated with the tested samples. After 24 h, the cytotoxic effect was analyzed through the mechanisms that can cause cell death: early and late apoptosis, caspase 3/7 activity, nuclear apoptosis, autophagy, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and DNA damage. Generally, the cytotoxic effect was directly proportional to the increase of concentrations, usnic acid inducing the most significant response. At high concentrations, usnic acid and U. barbata extracts induced apoptosis and DNA damage in human blood cells, increasing ROS levels. Our study reveals the importance of prior natural products toxicity evaluation on normal cells to anticipate their limits and benefits as potential anticancer drugs.
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In Vitro Anticancer Activity and Oxidative Stress Biomarkers Status Determined by Usnea barbata (L.) F.H. Wigg. Dry Extracts. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071141. [PMID: 34356377 PMCID: PMC8301184 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lichens represent an important resource for common traditional medicines due to their numerous metabolites that can exert diverse pharmacological activities including anticancer effects. To find new anticancer compounds with fewer side effects and low tumor resistance, a bioprospective study of Usnea barbata (L.) F.H. Wigg. (U. barbata), a lichen from the Călimani Mountains (Suceava county, Romania) was performed. The aim of this research was to investigate the anticancer potential, morphologic changes, wound healing property, clonogenesis, and oxidative stress biomarker status of four extracts of U. barbata in different solvents (methanol, ethanol, acetone, and ethyl acetate), and also of usnic acid (UA) as a positive control on the CAL-27 (ATCC® CRL-2095™) oral squamous carcinoma (OSCC) cell line and V79 (ATCC® CCL-93™) lung fibroblasts as normal cells. Using the MTT assay and according to IC50 values, it was found that the most potent anticancer property was displayed by acetone and ethyl acetate extracts. All U. barbata extracts determined morphological modifications (losing adhesion capacity, membrane shrinkage, formation of abnormal cellular wrinkles, and vacuolization) with higher intensity in tumor cells than in normal ones. The most intense anti-migration effect was established in the acetone extract treatment. The clonogenic assay showed that some U. barbata extracts decreased the ability of cancer cells to form colonies compared to untreated cells, suggesting a potential anti-tumorigenic property of the tested extracts. Therefore, all the U. barbata extracts manifest anticancer activity of different intensity, based, at least partially, on an imbalance in antioxidant defense mechanisms, causing oxidative stress.
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Chae HJ, Kim GJ, Deshar B, Kim HJ, Shin MJ, Kwon H, Youn UJ, Nam JW, Kim SH, Choi H, Suh SS. Anticancer Activity of 2- O-caffeoyl Alphitolic Acid Extracted from the Lichen, Usnea barbata 2017-KL-10. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133937. [PMID: 34203232 PMCID: PMC8271524 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the life-threatening ailments causing high mortality and morbidity worldwide. Despite the innovation in medical genetics, the prognosis for metastatic colorectal cancer in patients remains unsatisfactory. Recently, lichens have attracted the attention of researchers in the search for targets to fight against cancer. Lichens are considered mines of thousands of metabolites. Researchers have reported that lichen-derived metabolites demonstrated biological effects, such as anticancer, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, analgesic, antipyretic, antiproliferative, and cytotoxic, on various cell lines. However, the exploration of the biological activities of lichens' metabolites is limited. Thus, the main objective of our study was to evaluate the anticancer effect of secondary metabolites isolated from lichen (Usnea barbata 2017-KL-10) on the human colorectal cancer cell line HCT116. In this study, 2OCAA exhibited concentration-dependent anticancer activities by suppressing antiapoptotic genes, such as MCL-1, and inducing apoptotic genes, such as BAX, TP53, and CDKN1A(p21). Moreover, 2OCAA inhibited the migration and invasion of colorectal cancer cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Taken together, these data suggest that 2OCAA is a better therapeutic candidate for colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae-Jung Chae
- Department of Bioscience, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Joennam 58554, Korea; (H.-J.C.); (B.D.); (M.-J.S.)
| | - Geum-Jin Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbukdo 38541, Korea; (G.-J.K.); (H.K.); (J.-W.N.)
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbukdo 38541, Korea
| | - Barsha Deshar
- Department of Bioscience, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Joennam 58554, Korea; (H.-J.C.); (B.D.); (M.-J.S.)
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (H.-J.K.); (S.-H.K.)
| | - Min-Ji Shin
- Department of Bioscience, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Joennam 58554, Korea; (H.-J.C.); (B.D.); (M.-J.S.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Science, BK21 Four, Mokpo National University, Joennam 58554, Korea
| | - Hyukbean Kwon
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbukdo 38541, Korea; (G.-J.K.); (H.K.); (J.-W.N.)
| | - Ui-Joung Youn
- Division of Life Sciences, Korean Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon 21990, Korea;
- Department of Polar Sciences, University of Science and Technology, Incheon 21990, Korea
| | - Joo-Won Nam
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbukdo 38541, Korea; (G.-J.K.); (H.K.); (J.-W.N.)
| | - Sung-Hak Kim
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (H.-J.K.); (S.-H.K.)
| | - Hyukjae Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbukdo 38541, Korea; (G.-J.K.); (H.K.); (J.-W.N.)
- Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbukdo 38541, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (S.-S.S.); Tel.: +82-53-810-2824 (H.C.); +82-61-450-2346 (S.-S.S.)
| | - Sung-Suk Suh
- Department of Bioscience, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Joennam 58554, Korea; (H.-J.C.); (B.D.); (M.-J.S.)
- Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Science, BK21 Four, Mokpo National University, Joennam 58554, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.C.); (S.-S.S.); Tel.: +82-53-810-2824 (H.C.); +82-61-450-2346 (S.-S.S.)
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Dar TUH, Dar SA, Islam SU, Mangral ZA, Dar R, Singh BP, Verma P, Haque S. Lichens as a repository of bioactive compounds: an open window for green therapy against diverse cancers. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 86:1120-1137. [PMID: 34052413 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2021.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lichens, algae and fungi-based symbiotic associations, are sources of many important secondary metabolites, such as antibiotics, anti-inflammatory, antioxidants, and anticancer agents. Wide range of experiments based on in vivo and in vitro studies revealed that lichens are a rich treasure of anti-cancer compounds. Lichen extracts and isolated lichen compounds can interact with all biological entities currently identified to be responsible for tumor development. The critical ways to control the cancer development include induction of cell cycle arrests, blocking communication of growth factors, activation of anti-tumor immunity, inhibition of tumor-friendly inflammation, inhibition of tumor metastasis, and suppressing chromosome dysfunction. Also, lichen-based compounds induce the killing of cells by the process of apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis, that inturn positively modulates metabolic networks of cells against uncontrolled cell division. Many lichen-based compounds have proven to possess potential anti-cancer activity against a wide range of cancer cells, either alone or in conjunction with other anti-cancer compounds. This review primarily emphasizes on an updated account of the repository of secondary metabolites reported in lichens. Besides, we discuss the anti-cancer potential and possible mechanism of the most frequently reported secondary metabolites derived from lichens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvir Ul Hassan Dar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, BGSB University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir, India.
| | - Sajad Ahmad Dar
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahid Ul Islam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, BGSB University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Zahid Ahmed Mangral
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, BGSB University, Rajouri, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Rubiya Dar
- Centre of Research for Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Bhim Pratap Singh
- Department of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship & Management (NIFTEM), Sonepat, Haryana, India
| | - Pradeep Verma
- Bioprocess and Bioenergy Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
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Zhao Y, Wang M, Xu B. A comprehensive review on secondary metabolites and health-promoting effects of edible lichen. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Wang D, Wang XH, Yu X, Cao F, Cai X, Chen P, Li M, Feng Y, Li H, Wang X. Pharmacokinetics of Anthraquinones from Medicinal Plants. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:638993. [PMID: 33935728 PMCID: PMC8082241 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.638993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthraquinones are bioactive natural products, some of which are active components in medicinal medicines, especially Chinese medicines. These compounds exert actions including purgation, anti-inflammation, immunoregulation, antihyperlipidemia, and anticancer effects. This study aimed to review the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of anthraquinones, which are importantly associated with their pharmacological and toxicological effects. Anthraquinones are absorbed mainly in intestines. The absorption rates of free anthraquinones are faster than those of their conjugated glycosides because of the higher liposolubility. A fluctuation in blood concentration and two absorption peaks of anthraquinones may result from the hepato-intestinal circulation, reabsorption, and transformation. Anthraquinones are widely distributed throughout the body, mainly in blood-flow rich organs and tissues, such as blood, intestines, stomach, liver, lung, kidney, and fat. The metabolic pathways of anthraquinones are hydrolysis, glycuronidation, sulfation, methylation/demethylation, hydroxylation/dehydroxylation, oxidation/reduction (hydrogenation), acetylation and esterification by intestinal flora and liver metabolic enzymes, among which hydrolysis, glycuronidation and sulfation are dominant. Of note, anthraquinones can be transformed into each other. The main excretion routes for anthraquinones are the kidney, recta, and gallbladder. Conclusion: Some anthraquinones and their glycosides, such as aloe-emodin, chrysophanol, emodin, physcion, rhein and sennosides, have attracted the most PK research interest due to their more biological activities and/or detectability. Anthraquinones are mainly absorbed in the intestines and are mostly distributed in blood flow-rich tissues and organs. Transformation into another anthraquinone may increase the blood concentration of the latter, leading to an increased pharmacological and/or toxicological effect. Drug-drug interactions influencing PK may provide insights into drug compatibility theory to enhance or reduce pharmacological/toxicological effects in Chinese medicine formulae and deserve deep investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongpeng Wang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research and School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xian-He Wang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xiongjie Yu
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Fengjun Cao
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xiaojun Cai
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Minglun Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research and School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Xuanbin Wang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research and School of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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Hamida RS, Ali MA, Abdelmeguid NE, Al-Zaban MI, Baz L, Bin-Meferij MM. Lichens-A Potential Source for Nanoparticles Fabrication: A Review on Nanoparticles Biosynthesis and Their Prospective Applications. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:291. [PMID: 33921411 PMCID: PMC8069866 DOI: 10.3390/jof7040291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) is a safe, eco-friendly, and relatively inexpensive alternative to conventional routes of NPs production. These methods require natural resources such as cyanobacteria, algae, plants, fungi, lichens, and naturally extracted biomolecules such as pigments, vitamins, polysaccharides, proteins, and enzymes to reduce bulk materials (the target metal salts) into a nanoscale product. Synthesis of nanomaterials (NMs) using lichen extracts is a promising eco-friendly, simple, low-cost biological synthesis process. Lichens are groups of organisms including multiple types of fungi and algae that live in symbiosis. Until now, the fabrication of NPs using lichens has remained largely unexplored, although the role of lichens as natural factories for synthesizing NPs has been reported. Lichens have a potential reducible activity to fabricate different types of NMs, including metal and metal oxide NPs and bimetallic alloys and nanocomposites. These NPs exhibit promising catalytic and antidiabetic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. To the best of our knowledge, this review provides, for the first time, an overview of the main published studies concerning the use of lichen for nanofabrication and the applications of these NMs in different sectors. Moreover, the possible mechanisms of biosynthesis are discussed, together with the various optimization factors influencing the biological synthesis and toxicity of NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reham Samir Hamida
- Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt; (R.S.H.); (N.E.A.)
| | - Mohamed Abdelaal Ali
- Biotechnology Unit, Department of Plant Production, College of Food and Agriculture Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia;
- Plant Production Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute, City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - Nabila Elsayed Abdelmeguid
- Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21500, Egypt; (R.S.H.); (N.E.A.)
| | - Mayasar Ibrahim Al-Zaban
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Lina Baz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashael Mohammed Bin-Meferij
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11543, Saudi Arabia;
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