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Bai CC, Lang JY, Wang XY, Zhao JM, Dong LY, Liu JJ, Wang XH. Fabrication of natural enzyme-covered / amino-modified Pd-Pt bimetallic-doped zeolitic imidazolate framework for ultrasensitive detection of metabolites. ANAL SCI 2024:10.1007/s44211-024-00670-z. [PMID: 39363137 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-024-00670-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/08/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
The present article introduced an natural enzyme-covered/amino-modified Pd-Pt bimetallic-doped zeolitic imidazolate framework (NAPPZ) for ultrasensitive and specific detection of glucose. The dodecahedral nanomaterial zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8)-loaded Pd-Pt bimetallic nanoparticles endowed the composite with peroxidase-like activity. The modification with glucose oxidase (GOx) facilitated the rapid access of H2O2 produced through glucose oxidation to the Pd-Pt nanoparticles vicinity reducing diffusion. GOx specifically catalyzes the transformation of glucose into H2O2, which then H2O2 rapidly migrates to the Pd-Pt nanoparticles, catalyzing the oxidation of colorless o-phenylenediamine into the orange-yellow product 2,3-diaminophenazine. Based on the aforementioned cascade reaction, the NAPPZ and NAPPZ based on ChOx were utilized for detecting glucose in human urine samples and cholesterol in milk, respectively. The NAPPZ strategy presented a broad detection range (20-1100 μmol L-1) and a low detection limit (15.9 μmol L-1) for glucose, and the NAPPZ based on ChOx strategy approach offered a broad detection range (10-500 μmol L-1) and low detection limit (6.4 μmol L-1) for cholesterol. Therefore, this novel method holds significant potential in the areas of clinical diagnostics and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chen Bai
- Pharmacy Department of Tianjin Baodi Hospital, Tianjin Medical University Baodi Hospital, Tianjin, 301800, China
| | - Jin-Ye Lang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory On Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, Building B for School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xin-Yu Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory On Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, Building B for School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Jia-Meng Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory On Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, Building B for School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Lin-Yi Dong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory On Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, Building B for School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Jun-Jie Liu
- Pharmacy Department of Tianjin Baodi Hospital, Tianjin Medical University Baodi Hospital, Tianjin, 301800, China.
| | - Xian-Hua Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory On Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, Building B for School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300070, China.
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Naim M, Mohammat MF, Mohd Ariff PNA, Uzir MH. Biocatalytic approach for the synthesis of chiral alcohols for the development of pharmaceutical intermediates and other industrial applications: A review. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 180:110483. [PMID: 39033578 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2024.110483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has emerged as a strong tool for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). In the early twentieth century, whole cell biocatalysis was used to develop the first industrial biocatalytic processes, and the precise work of enzymes was unknown. Biocatalysis has evolved over the years into an essential tool for modern, cost-effective, and sustainable pharmaceutical manufacturing. Meanwhile, advances in directed evolution enable the rapid production of process-stable enzymes with broad substrate scope and high selectivity. Large-scale synthetic pathways incorporating biocatalytic critical steps towards >130 APIs of authorized pharmaceuticals and drug prospects are compared in terms of steps, reaction conditions, and scale with the corresponding chemical procedures. This review is designed on the functional group developed during the reaction forming alcohol functional groups. Some important biocatalyst sources, techniques, and challenges are described. A few APIs and their utilization in pharmaceutical drugs are explained here in this review. Biocatalysis has provided shorter, more efficient, and more sustainable alternative pathways toward existing small molecule APIs. Furthermore, non-pharmaceutical applications of biocatalysts are also mentioned and discussed. Finally, this review includes the future outlook and challenges of biocatalysis. In conclusion, Further research and development of promising enzymes are required before they can be used in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Naim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang 14300, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Fazli Mohammat
- Centre for Chemical Synthesis & Polymer Technology, Institute of Science (IoS), Kompleks Inspirasi, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan 40450, Malaysia.
| | - Putri Nur Arina Mohd Ariff
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.
| | - Mohamad Hekarl Uzir
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang 14300, Malaysia.
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Zhao J, Li X, He R, Wang Y, Wang Z. Construction and Application of a Multienzyme System for Synthesis of L-malate. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12010-024-05026-x. [PMID: 39088025 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-024-05026-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop a multienzymatic system for synthesis of L-malate. First, recombinant Escherichia coli strains were constructed expressing maleic acid cis-trans isomerase (MaiA) or fumarase C (FumC) from different sources. Serratia marcescens MaiA (SMaiA) and E. coli FumC (ECFumC) showed good catalytic performance. Next, six co-expression systems for SMaiA and ECFumC were constructed. E. coli BL21 (DE3)-pRSFDuet-1-ecfumC-smaiA (named strain pFM2) had the highest L-malate catalytic activity. In 7-L fed-batch fermentation, the SMaiA and ECFumC activities of strain pFM2 wet cells were 43.4 and 154.5 U/g, respectively, 2.4- and 10.7-fold the values that were obtained in shaken flasks. Finally, a whole-cell catalytic process was established for the production of L-malate by strain pFM2 with maleate as the substrate. When the dose of pFM2 wet cells was 0.5 g/100 mL and 1 mol/L maleate was the substrate, the catalytic process was completed within 4 h. Notably, the intermediate fumarate was almost absent during the conversion process. The concentration of L-malate reached 143.8 g/L with a yield of 0.60 g/(L·min). The molar conversion rate of the substrate was 98.4%. These findings lay a foundation for the industrial application of multienzymatic synthesis of L-malate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jielin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- College of Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery (Chinese Academy of Sciences), Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xiaolian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery (Chinese Academy of Sciences), Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ranfeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery (Chinese Academy of Sciences), Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yunshan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery (Chinese Academy of Sciences), Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Ziqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biopharmaceutical Preparation and Delivery (Chinese Academy of Sciences), Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
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Kulkarni R, Maranholkar V, Nguyen N, Cirino PC, Willson RC, Varadarajan N. The efficient synthesis and purification of 2'3'- cGAMP from Escherichia coli. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1345617. [PMID: 38525075 PMCID: PMC10957790 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1345617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Agonists of the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway are being explored as potential immunotherapeutics for the treatment of cancer and as vaccine adjuvants for infectious diseases. Although chemical synthesis of 2'3' - cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate-Adenosine Monophosphate (cGAMP) is commercially feasible, the process results in low yields and utilizes organic solvents. To pursue an efficient and environmentally friendly process for the production of cGAMP, we focused on the recombinant production of cGAMP via a whole-cell biocatalysis platform utilizing the murine cyclic Guanosine monophosphate-Adenosine monophosphate synthase (mcGAS). In E. coli BL21(DE3) cells, recombinant expression of mcGAS, a DNA-dependent enzyme, led to the secretion of cGAMP to the supernatants. By evaluating the: (1) media composition, (2) supplementation of divalent cations, (3) temperature of protein expression, and (4) amino acid substitutions pertaining to DNA binding; we showed that the maximum yield of cGAMP in the supernatants was improved by 30% from 146 mg/L to 186 ± 7 mg/mL under optimized conditions. To simplify the downstream processing, we developed and validated a single-step purification process for cGAMP using anion exchange chromatography. The method does not require protein affinity chromatography and it achieved a yield of 60 ± 2 mg/L cGAMP, with <20 EU/mL (<0.3 EU/μg) of endotoxin. Unlike chemical synthesis, our method provides a route for the recombinant production of cGAMP without the need for organic solvents and supports the goal of moving toward shorter, more sustainable, and more environmentally friendly processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan Kulkarni
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Vijay Maranholkar
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nam Nguyen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Patrick C. Cirino
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Richard C. Willson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Navin Varadarajan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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Lang JY, Zhao JM, Ren MJ, Wang XY, Chen LP, Zhang XC, Wang XH, Dong LY. Bioconjugation of nanozyme and natural enzyme to enable a one-step cascade reaction for the detection of metabolites. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04720-9. [PMID: 37140675 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04720-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanozyme, with enzyme-mimicking activity and excellent stability, has attracted extensive attention. However, some inherent disadvantages, including poor dispersion, low selectivity, and insufficient peroxidase-like activity, still limit its further development. Therefore, an innovative bioconjugation of a nanozyme and natural enzyme was conducted. In the presence of graphene oxide (GO), histidine magnetic nanoparticles (H-Fe3O4) were first synthesized by a solvothermal method. The GO-supported H-Fe3O4 (GO@H-Fe3O4) exhibited superior dispersity and biocompatibility because GO was the carrier and possessed outstanding peroxidase-like activity because of the introduction of histidine. Furthermore, the mechanism of the peroxidase-like activity of GO@H-Fe3O4 was the generation of •OH. Uric acid oxidase (UAO) was selected as the model natural enzyme and covalently linked to GO@H-Fe3O4 with hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) as a linker. UAO could specifically catalyze the oxidation of uric acid (UA) to generate H2O2, and subsequently, the newly produced H2O2 oxidized the colorless 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) to blue ox-TMB under the catalysis of GO@H-Fe3O4. Based on the above cascade reaction, the GO@H-Fe3O4-linked UAO (GHFU) and GO@H-Fe3O4-linked ChOx (GHFC) were used for the detection of UA in serum samples and cholesterol (CS) in milk, respectively. The method based on GHFU exhibited a wide detection range (5-800 μM) and a low detection limit (1.5 μM) for UA, and the method based on GHFC exhibited a wide detection range (4-400 μM) and a low detection limit (1.13 μM) for CS. These results demonstrated that the proposed strategy had great potential in the field of clinical detection and food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ye Lang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory On Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Building B for School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jia-Meng Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory On Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Building B for School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Ming-Jin Ren
- Tianjin Key Laboratory On Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Building B for School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xin-Yu Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory On Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Building B for School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Le-Ping Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory On Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Building B for School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xin-Chi Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory On Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Building B for School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Xian-Hua Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory On Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Building B for School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300072, China.
| | - Lin-Yi Dong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory On Technologies Enabling Development of Clinical Therapeutics and Diagnostics, School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Building B for School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, 22 Qixiangtai Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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6
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Teng F, Wang L, Hu M, Tao Y. Cell-free regeneration of ATP based on polyphosphate kinase 2 facilitates cytidine 5'-monophosphate production. Enzyme Microb Technol 2023; 165:110211. [PMID: 36804179 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Cytidine 5'-monophosphate (5'-CMP), a key intermediate for the production of nucleotide derivatives, has been extensively used in food, agriculture, and medicine industries. Compared to RNA degradation and chemical synthesis, the biosynthesis of 5'-CMP has attracted wide attention due to its relatively low cost and eco-friendliness. In this study, we developed a cell-free regeneration of ATP based on polyphosphate kinase 2 (PPK2) to manufacture 5'-CMP from cytidine (CR). McPPK2 from Meiothermus cerbereus exhibited high specific activity (128.5 U/mg) and was used to accomplish ATP regeneration. McPPK2 and LhUCK (a uridine-cytidine kinase from Lactobacillus helveticus) were combined to convert CR to 5'-CMP. Further, the degradation of CR was inhibited by knocking out cdd from the Escherichia coli genome to enhance 5'-CMP production. Finally, the cell-free system based on ATP regeneration maximized the titer of 5'-CMP up to 143.5 mM. The wider applicability of this cell-free system was demonstrated in the synthesis of deoxycytidine 5'-monophosphate (5'-dCMP) from deoxycytidine (dCR) by incorporating McPPK2 and BsdCK (a deoxycytidine kinase from Bacillus subtilis). This study suggests that the cell-free regeneration of ATP based on PPK2 has the advantage of great flexibility for producing 5'-(d)CMP and other (deoxy)nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Teng
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Meirong Hu
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Tao
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Microbial Physiological and Metabolic Engineering, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Bayesian Optimization for an ATP-Regenerating In Vitro Enzyme Cascade. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13030468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzyme cascades are an emerging synthetic tool for the synthesis of various molecules, combining the advantages of biocatalysis and of one-pot multi-step reactions. However, the more complex the enzyme cascade is, the more difficult it is to achieve adequate productivities and product concentrations. Therefore, the whole process must be optimized to account for synergistic effects. One way to deal with this challenge involves data-driven models in combination with experimental validation. Here, Bayesian optimization was applied to an ATP-producing and -regenerating enzyme cascade consisting of polyphosphate kinases. The enzyme and co-substrate concentrations were adjusted for an ATP-dependent reaction, catalyzed by mevalonate kinase (MVK). With a total of 16 experiments, we were able to iteratively optimize the initial concentrations of the components used in the one-pot synthesis to improve the specific activity of MVK with 10.2 U mg−1. The specific activity even exceeded the results of the reference reaction with stoichiometrically added ATP amounts, with which a specific activity of 8.8 U mg−1 was reached. At the same time, the product concentrations were also improved so that complete yields were achieved.
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Abstract
The discovery of cGAMP in 2012 filled an important gap in our understanding of innate immune signaling. It has been known for over a century that DNA can induce immune responses, but the underlying mechanism was not clear. With the identification of STING as a key player in interferon induction, the DNA detector that activates STING was the last missing link in TBK1-IRF3 signaling. Somewhat unexpectedly, it turns out that nature relays the DNA danger signal through a small molecule. cGAMP is a cyclic dinucleotide produced from cyclodimerization of ATP and GTP upon detection of cytosolic DNA by cGAS, a previously uncharacterized protein, to promote the assembly of the STING signalosome. This article covers a personal account of the discovery of cGAMP, a short history of the relevant nucleotide chemistry, and a summary of the latest development in this field of research in chemistry. It is the author's hope that, with a historic perspective, the readers can better appreciate the synergy between chemistry and biology in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuo Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-9038, USA
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Siedentop R, Dziennus M, Lütz S, Rosenthal K. Debottlenecking of an In Vitro Enzyme Cascade Using a Combined Model‐ and Experiment‐Based Approach. CHEM-ING-TECH 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202200170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Regine Siedentop
- TU Dortmund University Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Marlon Dziennus
- TU Dortmund University Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- TU Dortmund University Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering Emil-Figge-Straße 66 44227 Dortmund Germany
| | - Katrin Rosenthal
- Constructor University Department of Life Sciences and Chemistry Campus Ring 1 28759 Bremen Germany
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Cui X, Du X, Zhao Q, Hu Y, Tian C, Song W. Efficient synthesis of Ala-Tyr by L-amino acid ligase coupled with ATP regeneration system. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12010-023-04365-5. [PMID: 36689158 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04365-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The multi-enzyme coupling reaction system has become a promising biomanufacturing platform for biochemical production. Tyr is an essential amino acid, but the limited solubility restricts its use. Tyrosyl dipeptide has been paid more attention due to its higher solubility. In this study, an efficient enzymatic cascade of Ala-Tyr synthesis was developed by a L-amino acid ligase together with polyphosphate kinase (PPK). Two L-amino acid ligases from Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus pumilus were selected and applied for Ala-Tyr synthesis. The L-amino acid ligase from B. subtilis (Bs) was selected and coupled with the PPK from Sulfurovum lithotrophicum (PPKSL) for regenerating ATP to produce Ala-Tyr in one pot. In the optimization system, 40.1 mM Ala-Tyr was produced within 3 h due to efficient ATP regeneration with hexametaphosphate (PolyP(6)) as the phosphate donor. The molar yield was 0.89 mol/mol based on the substrates added, while the productivity of Ala-Tyr achieved 13.4 mM/h, which were the highest yield and productivity ever reported about Ala-Tyr synthesis with L-amino acid ligase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwei Cui
- School of Life Science and Bioengineering, Jining University, Jining, 273155, China
| | - Xinxin Du
- School of Life Science and Bioengineering, Jining University, Jining, 273155, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- School of Life Science and Bioengineering, Jining University, Jining, 273155, China
| | - Yanying Hu
- School of Life Science and Bioengineering, Jining University, Jining, 273155, China
| | - Caihong Tian
- School of Life Science and Bioengineering, Jining University, Jining, 273155, China
| | - Wenlu Song
- School of Engineering, Jining University, Jining, 273155, China.
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11
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Kinner A, Nerke P, Siedentop R, Steinmetz T, Classen T, Rosenthal K, Nett M, Pietruszka J, Lütz S. Recent Advances in Biocatalysis for Drug Synthesis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:964. [PMID: 35625702 PMCID: PMC9138302 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10050964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biocatalysis is constantly providing novel options for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). In addition to drug development and manufacturing, biocatalysis also plays a role in drug discovery and can support many active ingredient syntheses at an early stage to build up entire scaffolds in a targeted and preparative manner. Recent progress in recruiting new enzymes by genome mining and screening or adapting their substrate, as well as product scope, by protein engineering has made biocatalysts a competitive tool applied in academic and industrial spheres. This is especially true for the advances in the field of nonribosomal peptide synthesis and enzyme cascades that are expanding the capabilities for the discovery and synthesis of new bioactive compounds via biotransformation. Here we highlight some of the most recent developments to add to the portfolio of biocatalysis with special relevance for the synthesis and late-stage functionalization of APIs, in order to bypass pure chemical processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Kinner
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; (A.K.); (P.N.); (R.S.); (K.R.)
| | - Philipp Nerke
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; (A.K.); (P.N.); (R.S.); (K.R.)
| | - Regine Siedentop
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; (A.K.); (P.N.); (R.S.); (K.R.)
| | - Till Steinmetz
- Laboratory for Technical Biology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; (T.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Thomas Classen
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Biotechnology (IBG-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (T.C.); (J.P.)
| | - Katrin Rosenthal
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; (A.K.); (P.N.); (R.S.); (K.R.)
| | - Markus Nett
- Laboratory for Technical Biology, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; (T.S.); (M.N.)
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences: Biotechnology (IBG-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany; (T.C.); (J.P.)
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf Located at Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52426 Jülich, Germany
| | - Stephan Lütz
- Chair for Bioprocess Engineering, Department of Biochemical and Chemical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, 44227 Dortmund, Germany; (A.K.); (P.N.); (R.S.); (K.R.)
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12
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Industrially Relevant Enzyme Cascades for Drug Synthesis and Their Ecological Assessment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073605. [PMID: 35408960 PMCID: PMC8998672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmentally friendly and sustainable processes for the production of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) gain increasing attention. Biocatalytic synthesis routes with enzyme cascades support many stated green production principles, for example, the reduced need for solvents or the biodegradability of enzymes. Multi-enzyme reactions have even more advantages such as the shift of the equilibrium towards the product side, no intermediate isolation, and the synthesis of complex molecules in one reaction pot. Despite the intriguing benefits, only a few enzyme cascades have been applied in the pharmaceutical industry so far. However, several new enzyme cascades are currently being developed in research that could be of great importance to the pharmaceutical industry. Here, we present multi-enzymatic reactions for API synthesis that are close to an industrial application. Their performances are comparable or exceed their chemical counterparts. A few enzyme cascades that are still in development are also introduced in this review. Economic and ecological considerations are made for some example cascades to assess their environmental friendliness and applicability.
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Benkovics T, Peng F, Phillips EM, An C, Bade RS, Chung CK, Dance ZEX, Fier PS, Forstater JH, Liu Z, Liu Z, Maligres PE, Marshall NM, Salehi Marzijarani N, McIntosh JA, Miller SP, Moore JC, Neel AJ, Obligacion JV, Pan W, Pirnot MT, Poirier M, Reibarkh M, Sherry BD, Song ZJ, Tan L, Turnbull BWH, Verma D, Waldman JH, Wang L, Wang T, Winston MS, Xu F. Diverse Catalytic Reactions for the Stereoselective Synthesis of Cyclic Dinucleotide MK-1454. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:5855-5863. [PMID: 35333525 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As practitioners of organic chemistry strive to deliver efficient syntheses of the most complex natural products and drug candidates, further innovations in synthetic strategies are required to facilitate their efficient construction. These aspirational breakthroughs often go hand-in-hand with considerable reductions in cost and environmental impact. Enzyme-catalyzed reactions have become an impressive and necessary tool that offers benefits such as increased selectivity and waste limitation. These benefits are amplified when enzymatic processes are conducted in a cascade in combination with novel bond-forming strategies. In this article, we report a highly diastereoselective synthesis of MK-1454, a potent agonist of the stimulator of interferon gene (STING) signaling pathway. The synthesis begins with the asymmetric construction of two fluoride-bearing deoxynucleotides. The routes were designed for maximum convergency and selectivity, relying on the same benign electrophilic fluorinating reagent. From these complex subunits, four enzymes are used to construct the two bridging thiophosphates in a highly selective, high yielding cascade process. Critical to the success of this reaction was a thorough understanding of the role transition metals play in bond formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Benkovics
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Feng Peng
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Eric M Phillips
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Chihui An
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Rachel S Bade
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Cheol K Chung
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zachary E X Dance
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Patrick S Fier
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jacob H Forstater
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zhijian Liu
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zhuqing Liu
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Peter E Maligres
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Nicholas M Marshall
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Nastaran Salehi Marzijarani
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - John A McIntosh
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Steven P Miller
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Moore
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Andrew J Neel
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jennifer V Obligacion
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Weilan Pan
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Michael T Pirnot
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Marc Poirier
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Mikhail Reibarkh
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Benjamin D Sherry
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Zhiguo Jake Song
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lushi Tan
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Ben W H Turnbull
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Deeptak Verma
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Jacob H Waldman
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Matthew S Winston
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 126 E. Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
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Chen H, Tang T, Malapit CA, Lee YS, Prater MB, Weliwatte NS, Minteer SD. One-Pot Bioelectrocatalytic Conversion of Chemically Inert Hydrocarbons to Imines. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4047-4056. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Tianhua Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Christian A. Malapit
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Yoo Seok Lee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Matthew B. Prater
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - N. Samali Weliwatte
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Shelley D. Minteer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, RM 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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Sun C, Li Z, Ning X, Xu W, Li Z. In vitro biosynthesis of ATP from adenosine and polyphosphate. BIORESOUR BIOPROCESS 2021; 8:117. [PMID: 38650279 PMCID: PMC10992290 DOI: 10.1186/s40643-021-00469-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) acts as a crucial energy currency in vivo, and it is a widely used energy and/or phosphate donor for enzyme-catalyzed reactions in vitro. In this study, we established an in vitro multi-enzyme cascade system for ATP production. Using adenosine and inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) as key substrates, we combined adenosine kinase and two functionally distinct polyphosphate kinases (PPKs) in a one-pot reaction to achieve chain-like ATP regeneration and production. Several sources of PPK were screened and characterized, and two suitable PPKs were selected to achieve high rates of ATP production. Among these, Sulfurovum lithotrophicum PPK (SlPPK) exhibited excellent activity over a wide pH range (pH 4.0-9.0) and synthesized ATP from ADP using short-chain polyP. Furthermore, it had a half-life > 155.6 h at 45 °C. After optimizing the reaction conditions, we finally carried out the coupling-catalyzed reaction with different initial adenosine concentrations of 10, 20, and 30 mM. The highest yields of ATP were 76.0, 70.5, and 61.3%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqi Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zonglin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Xiao Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wentian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zhimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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Yan G, Li X, Yang J, Li Z, Hou J, Rao B, Hu Y, Ma L, Wang Y. Cost-Effective Production of ATP and S-Adenosylmethionine Using Engineered Multidomain Scaffold Proteins. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1706. [PMID: 34827704 PMCID: PMC8616028 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) are important intermediates that are widely present in living organisms. Large-scale preparation and application of ATP or SAM is limited by expensive raw materials. To lower the production costs for ATP/SAM, in this study we used strategies applying engineered multidomain scaffold proteins to synthesize ATP and SAM. An artificial scaffold protein containing CBM3 domain, IM proteins and CL-labeled proteins was assembled to form complex 1 for catalytic reactions to increase ATP production. The ATP synthesis system produced approximately 25 g/L of ATP with approximately 15 g/L of ADP and 5 g/L of AMP using 12.5 g/L of adenosine and 40 g/L of sodium hexametaphosphate reaction at 35 °C and a pH of 8.5 for 6 h. Based on the above ATP synthesis system, two CL-labeled methionine adenosyltransferases (CL9-MAT4 and CL9-MAT5) were applied to construct scaffold protein complex 2 to achieve SAM synthesis. Approximately 25 μg of MAT4 in a reaction system with 0.3 M MgCl2 catalyzed at 20 °C and a pH of 8 catalyzed 0.5 g/L of l-Met to produce approximately 0.9 g/L of SAM. Approximately 25 μg of MAT5 in a reaction system with 0.7 M MgCl2 catalyzed at 35 °C and a pH of 8 catalyzed 0.5 g/L of l-Met to produce approximately 1.2 g/L of SAM. Here, we showed that low-cost substrates can be efficiently converted into high-value additional ATP and SAM via multi-enzyme catalytic reactions by engineered multidomain scaffold proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangbo Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme, Engineering Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Biology Faculty of Hubei University, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (G.Y.); (X.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.L.); (J.H.); (L.M.)
| | - Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme, Engineering Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Biology Faculty of Hubei University, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (G.Y.); (X.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.L.); (J.H.); (L.M.)
| | - Jun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme, Engineering Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Biology Faculty of Hubei University, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (G.Y.); (X.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.L.); (J.H.); (L.M.)
| | - Zhongchen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme, Engineering Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Biology Faculty of Hubei University, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (G.Y.); (X.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.L.); (J.H.); (L.M.)
| | - Jia Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme, Engineering Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Biology Faculty of Hubei University, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (G.Y.); (X.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.L.); (J.H.); (L.M.)
| | - Ben Rao
- National Biopesticide Engineering Technology Research Center, Hubei Biopesticide Engineering Research Center, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Biopesticide Branch of Hubei Innovation Centre of Agricultural Science and Technology, Wuhan 430064, China;
| | - Yong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering (Ministry of Education), Hubei Key Laboratoy of Industrial Microbiology, National “111” Center for Cellular Regulation and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Hubei Research Center of Food Fermentation Engineering and Technology, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan 430062, China;
| | - Lixin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme, Engineering Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Biology Faculty of Hubei University, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (G.Y.); (X.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.L.); (J.H.); (L.M.)
| | - Yaping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme, Engineering Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Biology Faculty of Hubei University, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; (G.Y.); (X.L.); (J.Y.); (Z.L.); (J.H.); (L.M.)
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Getting the Most Out of Enzyme Cascades: Strategies to Optimize In Vitro Multi-Enzymatic Reactions. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11101183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro enzyme cascades possess great benefits, such as their synthetic capabilities for complex molecules, no need for intermediate isolation, and the shift of unfavorable equilibria towards the products. Their performance, however, can be impaired by, for example, destabilizing or inhibitory interactions between the cascade components or incongruous reaction conditions. The optimization of such systems is therefore often inevitable but not an easy task. Many parameters such as the design of the synthesis route, the choice of enzymes, reaction conditions, or process design can alter the performance of an in vitro enzymatic cascade. Many strategies to tackle this complex task exist, ranging from experimental to in silico approaches and combinations of both. This review collates examples of various optimization strategies and their success. The feasibility of optimization goals, the influence of certain parameters and the usage of algorithm-based optimizations are discussed.
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Yan H, Chen W. The Promise and Challenges of Cyclic Dinucleotides as Molecular Adjuvants for Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:917. [PMID: 34452042 PMCID: PMC8402453 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9080917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs), originally discovered as bacterial second messengers, play critical roles in bacterial signal transduction, cellular processes, biofilm formation, and virulence. The finding that CDNs can trigger the innate immune response in eukaryotic cells through the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signalling pathway has prompted the extensive research and development of CDNs as potential immunostimulators and novel molecular adjuvants for induction of systemic and mucosal innate and adaptive immune responses. In this review, we summarize the chemical structure, biosynthesis regulation, and the role of CDNs in enhancing the crosstalk between host innate and adaptive immune responses. We also discuss the strategies to improve the efficient delivery of CDNs and the recent advance and future challenges in the development of CDNs as potential adjuvants in prophylactic vaccines against infectious diseases and in therapeutic vaccines against cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Wangxue Chen
- Human Health and Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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Biotechnological and Biomedical Applications of Enzymes Involved in the Synthesis of Nucleosides and Nucleotides. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11081147. [PMID: 34439813 PMCID: PMC8393877 DOI: 10.3390/biom11081147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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