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Zhao J, Ma M, Zeng Z, Wan D, Yan X, Xia J, Yu P, Gong D. Production, purification, properties and current perspectives for modification and application of microbial lipases. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 54:1001-1016. [PMID: 38445829 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2024.2323196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
With the industrialization and development of modern science, the application of enzymes as green and environmentally friendly biocatalysts in industry has been increased widely. Among them, lipase (EC. 3.1.1.3) is a very prominent biocatalyst, which has the ability to catalyze the hydrolysis and synthesis of ester compounds. Many lipases have been isolated from various sources, such as animals, plants and microorganisms, among which microbial lipase is the enzyme with the most diverse enzymatic properties and great industrial application potential. It therefore has promising applications in many industries, such as food and beverages, waste treatment, biofuels, leather, textiles, detergent formulations, ester synthesis, pharmaceuticals and medicine. Although many microbial lipases have been isolated and characterized, only some of them have been commercially exploited. In order to cope with the growing industrial demands and overcome these shortcomings to replace traditional chemical catalysts, the preparation of new lipases with thermal/acid-base stability, regioselectivity, organic solvent tolerance, high activity and yield, and reusability through excavation and modification has become a hot research topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Maomao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zheling Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- School of Resource and Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Dongman Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xianghui Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- School of Resource and Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiaheng Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- School of Resource and Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Ping Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- School of Resource and Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Deming Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal Resources Exploitation, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- New Zealand Institute of Natural Medicine Research, Auckland, New Zealand
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Fanai A, Bohia B, Lalremruati F, Lalhriatpuii N, Lalrokimi, Lalmuanpuii R, Singh PK, Zothanpuia. Plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB)-induced plant adaptations to stresses: an updated review. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17882. [PMID: 39184384 PMCID: PMC11344539 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants and bacteria are co-evolving and interact with one another in a continuous process. This interaction enables the plant to assimilate the nutrients and acquire protection with the help of beneficial bacteria known as plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). These beneficial bacteria naturally produce bioactive compounds that can assist plants' stress tolerance. Moreover, they employ various direct and indirect processes to induce plant growth and protect plants against pathogens. The direct mechanisms involve phytohormone production, phosphate solubilization, zinc solubilization, potassium solubilization, ammonia production, and nitrogen fixation while, the production of siderophores, lytic enzymes, hydrogen cyanide, and antibiotics are included under indirect mechanisms. This property can be exploited to prepare bioformulants for biofertilizers, biopesticides, and biofungicides, which are convenient alternatives for chemical-based products to achieve sustainable agricultural practices. However, the application and importance of PGPB in sustainable agriculture are still debatable despite its immense diversity and plant growth-supporting activities. Moreover, the performance of PGPB varies greatly and is dictated by the environmental factors affecting plant growth and development. This review emphasizes the role of PGPB in plant growth-promoting activities (stress tolerance, production of bioactive compounds and phytohormones) and summarises new formulations and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awmpuizeli Fanai
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | | | | | - Nancy Lalhriatpuii
- Department of Biotechnology/Life Sciences, Pachhunga University College, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - Lalrokimi
- Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | | | - Prashant Kumar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology/Life Sciences, Pachhunga University College, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
| | - Zothanpuia
- Department of Biotechnology/Life Sciences, Pachhunga University College, Aizawl, Mizoram, India
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3
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Olmeda I, Paredes-Martínez F, Sendra R, Casino P, Pardo I, Ferrer S. Biochemical and Structural Characterization of a Novel Psychrophilic Laccase (Multicopper Oxidase) Discovered from Oenococcus oeni 229 (ENOLAB 4002). Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8521. [PMID: 39126090 PMCID: PMC11312515 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, prokaryotic laccases from lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which can degrade biogenic amines, were discovered. A laccase enzyme has been cloned from Oenococcus oeni, a very important LAB in winemaking, and it has been expressed in Escherichia coli. This enzyme has similar characteristics to those previously isolated from LAB as the ability to oxidize canonical substrates such as 2,2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (2,6-DMP), and potassium ferrocyanide K4[Fe(CN6)], and non-conventional substrates as biogenic amines. However, it presents some distinctiveness, the most characteristic being its psychrophilic behaviour, not seen before among these enzymes. Psychrophilic enzymes capable of efficient catalysis at low temperatures are of great interest due to their potential applications in various biotechnological processes. In this study, we report the discovery and characterization of a new psychrophilic laccase, a multicopper oxidase (MCO), from the bacterium Oenococcus oeni. The psychrophilic laccase gene, designated as LcOe 229, was identified through the genomic analysis of O. oeni, a Gram-positive bacterium commonly found in wine fermentation. The gene was successfully cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli, and the recombinant enzyme was purified to homogeneity. Biochemical characterization of the psychrophilic laccase revealed its optimal activity at low temperatures, with a peak at 10 °C. To our knowledge, this is the lowest optimum temperature described so far for laccases. Furthermore, the psychrophilic laccase demonstrated remarkable stability and activity at low pH (optimum pH 2.5 for ABTS), suggesting its potential for diverse biotechnological applications. The kinetic properties of LcOe 229 were determined, revealing a high catalytic efficiency (kcat/Km) for several substrates at low temperatures. This exceptional cold adaptation of LcOe 229 indicates its potential as a biocatalyst in cold environments or applications requiring low-temperature processes. The crystal structure of the psychrophilic laccase was determined using X-ray crystallography demonstrating structural features similar to other LAB laccases, such as an extended N-terminal and an extended C-terminal end, with the latter containing a disulphide bond. Also, the structure shows two Met residues at the entrance of the T1Cu site, common in LAB laccases, which we suggest could be involved in substrate binding, thus expanding the substrate-binding pocket for laccases. A structural comparison of LcOe 229 with Antarctic laccases has not revealed specific features assigned to cold-active laccases versus mesophilic. Thus, further investigation of this psychrophilic laccase and its engineering could lead to enhanced cold-active enzymes with improved properties for future biotechnological applications. Overall, the discovery of this novel psychrophilic laccase from O. oeni expands our understanding of cold-adapted enzymes and presents new opportunities for their industrial applications in cold environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isidoro Olmeda
- Enolab, Departament de Microbiologia i Ecologia, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; (I.O.); (S.F.)
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain;
| | - Francisco Paredes-Martínez
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain;
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain;
| | - Ramón Sendra
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain;
| | - Patricia Casino
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain;
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain;
- Group 739 of the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER) del Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Pardo
- Enolab, Departament de Microbiologia i Ecologia, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; (I.O.); (S.F.)
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain;
| | - Sergi Ferrer
- Enolab, Departament de Microbiologia i Ecologia, Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; (I.O.); (S.F.)
- Institut de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain;
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Naim M, Mohammat MF, Mohd Ariff PNA, Uzir MH. Biocatalytic approach for the synthesis of chiral alcohols for the development of pharmaceutical intermediates and other industrial applications: A review. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 180:110483. [PMID: 39033578 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2024.110483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Biocatalysis has emerged as a strong tool for the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). In the early twentieth century, whole cell biocatalysis was used to develop the first industrial biocatalytic processes, and the precise work of enzymes was unknown. Biocatalysis has evolved over the years into an essential tool for modern, cost-effective, and sustainable pharmaceutical manufacturing. Meanwhile, advances in directed evolution enable the rapid production of process-stable enzymes with broad substrate scope and high selectivity. Large-scale synthetic pathways incorporating biocatalytic critical steps towards >130 APIs of authorized pharmaceuticals and drug prospects are compared in terms of steps, reaction conditions, and scale with the corresponding chemical procedures. This review is designed on the functional group developed during the reaction forming alcohol functional groups. Some important biocatalyst sources, techniques, and challenges are described. A few APIs and their utilization in pharmaceutical drugs are explained here in this review. Biocatalysis has provided shorter, more efficient, and more sustainable alternative pathways toward existing small molecule APIs. Furthermore, non-pharmaceutical applications of biocatalysts are also mentioned and discussed. Finally, this review includes the future outlook and challenges of biocatalysis. In conclusion, Further research and development of promising enzymes are required before they can be used in industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Naim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang 14300, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd Fazli Mohammat
- Centre for Chemical Synthesis & Polymer Technology, Institute of Science (IoS), Kompleks Inspirasi, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan 40450, Malaysia.
| | - Putri Nur Arina Mohd Ariff
- Department of Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan.
| | - Mohamad Hekarl Uzir
- School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang 14300, Malaysia.
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Silvianti F, Maniar D, Agostinho B, de Leeuw TC, Woortman AJJ, van Dijken J, Thiyagarajan S, Sousa AF, Loos K. Enzymatic Synthesis of Copolyesters with the Heteroaromatic Diol 3,4-Bis(hydroxymethyl)furan and Isomeric Dimethyl Furandicarboxylate Substitutions. Biomacromolecules 2024; 25:2792-2802. [PMID: 38602263 PMCID: PMC11094730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Polyesters from furandicarboxylic acid derivatives, i.e., dimethyl 2,5-furandicarboxylate (2,5-DMFDCA) and 2,4-DMFDCA, show interesting properties among bio-based polymers. Another potential heteroaromatic monomer, 3,4-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan (3,4-BHMF), is often overlooked but holds promise for biopolymer synthesis. Cleaning and greening synthetic procedures, i.e., enzymatic polymerization, offer sustainable pathways. This study explores the Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB)-catalyzed copolymerization of 3,4-BHMF with furan dicarboxylate isomers and aliphatic diols. The furanic copolyesters (co-FPEs) with higher polymerization degrees are obtained using 2,4-isomer, indicating CALB's preference. Material analysis revealed semicrystalline properties in all synthesized 2,5-FDCA-based co-FPEs, with multiple melting temperatures (Tm) from 53 to 124 °C and a glass-transition temperature (Tg) of 9-10 °C. 2,4-FDCA-based co-FPEs showed multiple Tm from 43 to 61 °C and Tg of -14 to 12 °C; one of them was amorphous. In addition, all co-FPEs showed a two-step decomposition profile, indicating aliphatic and semiaromatic segments in the polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fitrilia Silvianti
- Macromolecular
Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Dina Maniar
- Macromolecular
Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Beatriz Agostinho
- CICECO—Aveiro
Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
| | | | - Albert Jan Jacob Woortman
- Macromolecular
Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Jur van Dijken
- Macromolecular
Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Shanmugam Thiyagarajan
- Wageningen
Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen
University and Research, P.O. Box 17, Wageningen 6700 AA, The Netherlands
| | - Andreia F. Sousa
- CICECO—Aveiro
Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro 3810-193, Portugal
- Centre
for Mechanical Engineering, Materials and Processes, Department of
Chemical Engineering, University of Coimbra
Rua Sílvio Lima—Polo II, Coimbra 3030-790, Portugal
| | - Katja Loos
- Macromolecular
Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced
Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands
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Rekadwad BN, Shouche YS, Jangid K. A culture-independent approach, supervised machine learning, and the characterization of the microbial community composition of coastal areas across the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:162. [PMID: 38730339 PMCID: PMC11084130 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03295-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coastal areas are subject to various anthropogenic and natural influences. In this study, we investigated and compared the characteristics of two coastal regions, Andhra Pradesh (AP) and Goa (GA), focusing on pollution, anthropogenic activities, and recreational impacts. We explored three main factors influencing the differences between these coastlines: The Bay of Bengal's shallower depth and lower salinity; upwelling phenomena due to the thermocline in the Arabian Sea; and high tides that can cause strong currents that transport pollutants and debris. RESULTS The microbial diversity in GA was significantly higher than that in AP, which might be attributed to differences in temperature, soil type, and vegetation cover. 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and bioinformatics analysis indicated the presence of diverse microbial phyla, including candidate phyla radiation (CPR). Statistical analysis, random forest regression, and supervised machine learning models classification confirm the diversity of the microbiome accurately. Furthermore, we have identified 450 cultures of heterotrophic, biotechnologically important bacteria. Some strains were identified as novel taxa based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing, showing promising potential for further study. CONCLUSION Thus, our study provides valuable insights into the microbial diversity and pollution levels of coastal areas in AP and GA. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the impact of anthropogenic activities and climate variations on biology of coastal ecosystems and biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagwan Narayan Rekadwad
- National Centre for Microbial Resource, DBT - National Centre for Cell Science (DBT-NCCS), NCCS-Complex, Savitribai Phule Pune University (SPPU) Campus, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411007, India.
- MicrobeAI Lab, Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India.
| | - Yogesh Shreepad Shouche
- MicrobeAI Lab, Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), University Road, Deralakatte, Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India
- Gut Microbiology Research Division, SKAN Research Trust, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560034, India
| | - Kamlesh Jangid
- Bioenergy Group, DST-Agharkar Research Institute, Gopal Ganesh Agarkar Road, Pune, Maharashtra, 411 004, India
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Kholousi Adab F, Mehdi Yaghoobi M, Gharechahi J. Enhanced crystalline cellulose degradation by a novel metagenome-derived cellulase enzyme. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8560. [PMID: 38609443 PMCID: PMC11014956 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59256-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Metagenomics has revolutionized access to genomic information of microorganisms inhabiting the gut of herbivorous animals, circumventing the need for their isolation and cultivation. Exploring these microorganisms for novel hydrolytic enzymes becomes unattainable without utilizing metagenome sequencing. In this study, we harnessed a suite of bioinformatic analyses to discover a novel cellulase-degrading enzyme from the camel rumen metagenome. Among the protein-coding sequences containing cellulase-encoding domains, we identified and subsequently cloned and purified a promising candidate cellulase enzyme, Celcm05-2, to a state of homogeneity. The enzyme belonged to GH5 subfamily 4 and exhibited robust enzymatic activity under acidic pH conditions. It maintained hydrolytic activity under various environmental conditions, including the presence of metal ions, non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100, organic solvents, and varying temperatures. With an optimal temperature of 40 °C, Celcm05-2 showcased remarkable efficiency when deployed on crystalline cellulose (> 3.6 IU/mL), specifically Avicel, thereby positioning it as an attractive candidate for a myriad of biotechnological applications spanning biofuel production, paper and pulp processing, and textile manufacturing. Efficient biodegradation of waste paper pulp residues and the evidence of biopolishing suggested that Celcm05-2 can be used in the bioprocessing of cellulosic craft fabrics in the textile industry. Our findings suggest that the camel rumen microbiome can be mined for novel cellulase enzymes that can find potential applications across diverse biotechnological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Kholousi Adab
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Yaghoobi
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Science and High Technology and Environmental Sciences, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Javad Gharechahi
- Human Genetic Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Mandal M, Roy A, Das S, Rakwal R, Agrawal GK, Singh P, Awasthi A, Sarkar A. Food waste-based bio-fertilizers production by bio-based fermenters and their potential impact on the environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 353:141539. [PMID: 38417498 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Increasing food waste is creating a global waste (and management) crisis. Globally, ∼1.6 billion tons of food is wasted annually, worth ∼$1.2 trillion. By reducing this waste or by turning it into valuable products, numerous economic advantages can be realized, including improved food security, lower production costs, biodegradable products, environmental sustainability, and cleaner solutions to the growing world's waste and garbage management. The appropriate handling of these detrimental materials can significantly reduce the risks to human health. Food waste is available in biodegradable forms and, with the potential to speed up microbial metabolism effectively, has immense potential in improving bio-based fertilizer generation. Synthetic inorganic fertilizers severely affect human health, the environment, and soil fertility, thus requiring immediate consideration. To address these problems, agricultural farming is moving towards manufacturing bio-based fertilizers via utilizing natural bioresources. Food waste-based bio-fertilizers could help increase yields, nutrients, and organic matter and mitigate synthetic fertilizers' adverse effects. These are presented and discussed in the review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamun Mandal
- Laboratory of Applied Stress Biology, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732 103, West Bengal, India
| | - Anamika Roy
- Laboratory of Applied Stress Biology, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732 103, West Bengal, India
| | - Sujit Das
- Laboratory of Applied Stress Biology, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732 103, West Bengal, India
| | - Randeep Rakwal
- Institute of Health and Sport Sciences, Global Sport Innovation Bldg., Room 403, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8574, Japan; GRADE Academy (Pvt.) Ltd., Birgunj, Nepal
| | | | - Pardeep Singh
- Department of Environmental Studies, PGDAV College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110065, India
| | - Amit Awasthi
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
| | - Abhijit Sarkar
- Laboratory of Applied Stress Biology, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga, Malda, 732 103, West Bengal, India.
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Singh B, Soni SK, Vaish S, Mathur P, Garg N. Immobilization of microbial multienzyme preparation on calcium alginate beads as well as lyophilization with mosambi peel matrix improved its shelf-life and stability. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024; 69:383-393. [PMID: 37498405 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-023-01079-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the functional activity and storage viability (at 4 °C and 35 °C) of an immobilized as well as lyophilized multienzyme, viz., pectinase, cellulase, and amylase (PCA) that was produced by Bacillus subtilis NG105 under solid state fermentation (SSF) at 35 ℃ for 10 days using mosambi peel as a substrate. After SSF, the culture media was divided into two aliquots. From the first aliquot, the produced ME was extracted, precipitated, and further immobilized on calcium alginate beads (MEICA). In order to immobilize on mosambi peel matrix, the second aliquot was mixed with acetone and subsequently lyophilized (MELMP). Thus, ready MEICA and MELMP extracted 87.5 and 91.5% juice from mango pulp, respectively. In the reusability study, after 5 cycles, MEICA exhibited 23.8%, 24.4%, and 36.5% PCA activity, respectively. The PCA activity of MEICA and MELMP was examined after 60 days of storage at 4 ℃. The result revealed that the PCA for MEICA declined from 100 to 66%, 58.2%, and 64.5%, respectively, while for MELMP, it dropped from 100 to 84.2%, 82.1%, and 69.7%, respectively. Further, after 60 days of storage, the reduction of total protein content (TPC) in free multienzyme (FME), MEICA, and MELMP was 92.2%, 91.5%, and 36.3% observed, respectively. In the localization study, the maximum levels of multienzyme activity were found in cell exudates. This study demonstrated that immobilizing of multienzyme through lyophilization on waste substrates like mosambi peel boosted its stability and shelf-life along with greatly reducing the cost of products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balvindra Singh
- Division of Post Harvest Management, ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, P.O. Kakori, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226101, India
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, 227105, India
| | - Sumit K Soni
- Crop Improvement and Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, P.O. Kakori, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226101, India.
| | - Supriya Vaish
- Division of Post Harvest Management, ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, P.O. Kakori, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226101, India
| | - Priti Mathur
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Lucknow Campus, Lucknow, 227105, India
| | - Neelima Garg
- Division of Post Harvest Management, ICAR-Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture, Rehmankhera, P.O. Kakori, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226101, India.
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Salmanizadeh H, Beheshti-Maal K, Nayeri H, Torabi LR. Optimization of xylanase production by Pichia kudriavzevii and Candida tropicalis isolated from the wood product workshop. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:155-168. [PMID: 37957443 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-01171-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic compounds can be found abundantly and provide numerous advantages in microbial organisms. Xylanases are used in various pharmaceutical, food, livestock, poultry, and paper industries. This study aimed to investigate xylanase-producing yeasts, xylose concentration curve and their enzymatic activity under various factors including carbon and nitrogen sources, temperature, and pH. Enzyme activity was evaluated under different conditions before, during, and after purification. The yeast strains were obtained from the wood product workshop and were subsequently cultivated on YPD (yeast extract peptone dextrose) medium. Additionally, the growth curve of the yeast and its molecular identification were conducted. The optimization and design process of xylan isolated from corn wood involved the use of Taguchi software to test different parameters like carbon and nitrogen sources, temperature, and pH, with the goal of determining the most optimal conditions for enzyme production. In addition, the Taguchi method was utilized to conduct a multifactorial optimization of xylanase enzyme activity. The isolated species were partially purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation and dialysis bag techniques. The results indicated that 3 species (8S, 18S, and 16W) after molecular identification based on 18S rRNA gene sequencing were identified as Candida tropicalis SBN-IAUF-1, Candida tropicalis SBN-IAUF-3, and Pichia kudriavzevii SBN-IAUF-2, respectively. The optimal parameters for wheat carbon source and peptone nitrogen source were found at 50 °C and pH 9.0 through single-factor optimization. By using the Taguchi approach, the best combination for highest activity was rice-derived carbon source and peptone nitrogen source at 50 °C and pH 6.0. The best conditions for xylanase enzyme production in single-factor optimization of wheat bran were 2135.6 U/mL, peptone 4475.25 U/mL, temperature 50 °C 1868 U/mL, and pH 9.0 2002.4 U/mL. Among the tested yeast, Candida tropicalis strain SBN-IAUF-1 to the access number MZ816946.1 in NCBI was found to be the best xylanase product. The highest ratio of enzyme production at the end of the delayed phase and the beginning of the logarithmic phase was concluded by comparing the growth ratio of 8S, 16W, and 18S yeasts with the level of enzymatic activity. This is the first report on the production of xylan polymer with a relative purity of 80% in Iran. The extracellular xylanases purified from the yeast species of C. tropicalis were introduced as a desirable biocatalyst due to their high enzymatic activity for the degradation of xylan polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Salmanizadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Keivan Beheshti-Maal
- Department of Microbiology, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Hashem Nayeri
- Department of Biochemistry, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ladan Rahimzadeh Torabi
- Department of Microbiology, Falavarjan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Falavarjan, Isfahan, Iran
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11
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Singh S, Kumar Sharma P, Chaturvedi S, Kumar P, Deepak Nannaware A, Kalra A, Kumar Rout P. Biocatalyst for the synthesis of natural flavouring compounds as food additives: Bridging the gap for a more sustainable industrial future. Food Chem 2024; 435:137217. [PMID: 37832337 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.137217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysis entails the use of purified enzymes in the manufacturing of flavouring chemicals food industry as well as at the laboratory level. These biocatalysts can significantly accelerate organic chemical processes and improve product stereospecificity. The unique characteristics of biocatalyst helpful in synthesizing the environmentally friendly flavour and aroma compounds used as a food additive in foodstuffs. With methods like enzyme engineering on biotechnological interventions the efficient tuning of produce will fulfil the needs of food industry. This review summarizes the biosynthesis of different flavour and aroma component through microbial catalysts and using advanced techniques which are available for enzyme improvement. Also pointing out their benefits and drawbacks for specific technological processes necessary for successful industrial application of biocatalysts. The article covers the market scenario, cost economics, environmental safety and regulatory framework for the production of food flavoured chemicals by the bioprocess engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Singh
- Phytochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015, India
| | - Praveen Kumar Sharma
- Phytochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015, India
| | - Shivani Chaturvedi
- Phytochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015, India
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Phytochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ashween Deepak Nannaware
- Phytochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Alok Kalra
- Crop Production and Protection Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015, India
| | - Prasant Kumar Rout
- Phytochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226015, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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12
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Nam K, Shao Y, Major DT, Wolf-Watz M. Perspectives on Computational Enzyme Modeling: From Mechanisms to Design and Drug Development. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:7393-7412. [PMID: 38405524 PMCID: PMC10883025 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c09084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Understanding enzyme mechanisms is essential for unraveling the complex molecular machinery of life. In this review, we survey the field of computational enzymology, highlighting key principles governing enzyme mechanisms and discussing ongoing challenges and promising advances. Over the years, computer simulations have become indispensable in the study of enzyme mechanisms, with the integration of experimental and computational exploration now established as a holistic approach to gain deep insights into enzymatic catalysis. Numerous studies have demonstrated the power of computer simulations in characterizing reaction pathways, transition states, substrate selectivity, product distribution, and dynamic conformational changes for various enzymes. Nevertheless, significant challenges remain in investigating the mechanisms of complex multistep reactions, large-scale conformational changes, and allosteric regulation. Beyond mechanistic studies, computational enzyme modeling has emerged as an essential tool for computer-aided enzyme design and the rational discovery of covalent drugs for targeted therapies. Overall, enzyme design/engineering and covalent drug development can greatly benefit from our understanding of the detailed mechanisms of enzymes, such as protein dynamics, entropy contributions, and allostery, as revealed by computational studies. Such a convergence of different research approaches is expected to continue, creating synergies in enzyme research. This review, by outlining the ever-expanding field of enzyme research, aims to provide guidance for future research directions and facilitate new developments in this important and evolving field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangho Nam
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Yihan Shao
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019-5251, United States
| | - Dan T. Major
- Department
of Chemistry and Institute for Nanotechnology & Advanced Materials, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
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13
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Umar A, Abid I, Antar M, Dufossé L, Hajji-Hedfi L, Elshikh MS, Shahawy AE, Abdel-Azeem AM. Electricity generation and oxidoreductase potential during dye discoloration by laccase-producing Ganoderma gibbosum in fungal fuel cell. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:258. [PMID: 38098010 PMCID: PMC10720082 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Color chemicals contaminate pure water constantly discharged from different points and non-point sources. Physical and chemical techniques have certain limitations and complexities for bioenergy production, which motivated the search for a novel sustainable production approaches during dye wastewater treatment. The emerging environmental problem of dye decolorization has attracted scientist's attention to a new, cheap, and economical way to treat dye wastewater and power production via fungal fuel cells. Ganoderma gibbosum was fitted in the cathodic region with laccase secretion in the fuel cell. At the same time, dye water was placed in the anodic region to move electrons and produce power. This study treated wastewater using the oxidoreductase enzymes released extracellularly from Ganoderma gibbosum for dye Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) degradation via fungal-based fuel cell. The maximum power density of 14.18 mW/m2 and the maximum current density of 35 mA/m2 were shown by the concentration of 5 ppm during maximum laccase activity and decolorization of RBBR. The laccase catalysts have gained considerable attention because of eco-friendly and alternative easy handling approaches to chemical methods. Fungal Fuel Cells (FFCs) are efficiently used in dye treatment and electricity production. This article also highlighted the construction of fungal catalytic cells and the enzymatic performance of fungal species in energy production during dye water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha Umar
- Institute of Botany, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
| | - Islem Abid
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Antar
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Montreal, Quebec, H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Laurent Dufossé
- Laboratoire CHEMBIOPRO (Chimie et Biotechnologie des Produits Naturels), Université de La Réunion, ESIROI Département Agroalimentaire, 15 Avenue René Cassin, 97490, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Lobna Hajji-Hedfi
- Regional Centre of Agricultural Research of Sidi Bouzid, CRRA, Gafsa Road Km 6, 357, 9100, Sidi Bouzid, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed S Elshikh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, 2455, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abeer El Shahawy
- Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Suez Canal University, 41522, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Abdel-Azeem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, 41522, Ismailia, Egypt
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300, Republic of South Africa
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14
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Saggu SK, Bala R, Hora R, Mishra PC. Purification and characterization of a high molecular weight serine protease from Microbacterium paraoxydans sp. SKS10. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2023; 70:1741-1753. [PMID: 37183365 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Alkaline proteases from microbial sources have been found suitable for diverse industrial applications, with serine proteases being the most common enzymes used in the detergent industry. In the present study, we have purified and characterized an extracellular alkaline serine protease from Microbacterium paraoxydans sp. SKS10. The protease was purified using ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by different chromatography techniques (fold purification 6.919). Km and Vmax for the protease were determined to be 0.183 mg/mL and 4.904 U/mL, respectively. This enzyme is a thermostable high molecular weight (∼109.4 kDa) protease which has maximal activity at 60°C, and above pH 10. Inhibitor assays revealed the enzyme to be a serine protease whose activity increased by 2.5-fold in the presence of EDTA. This enzyme remained active in the presence of various metal salts and organic solvents and was compatible with commercially available laundry detergents highlighting its potential for use in the detergent industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kaur Saggu
- Department of Biotechnology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Kanya Maha Vidyalaya, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Renu Bala
- Department of Biotechnology, Kanya Maha Vidyalaya, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
| | - Rachna Hora
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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15
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Yadav N, Chahar D, Bisht M, Venkatesu P. Assessing the compatibility of choline-based deep eutectic solvents for the structural stability and activity of cellulase: Enzyme sustain at high temperature. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 249:125988. [PMID: 37499720 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
As a new generation of 'green solvents' deep eutectic solvents (DESs) represents a promising alternative to the conventional solvents. Their environmental-benign nature and designer properties promote their utility in biocatalysis. Enzymes are marginally stable when exposed to physical/chemical disturbances. One such enzyme is cellulase which is a propitious catalyst for the depolymerization of cellulose under mild conditions. Therefore, their stability is a prerequisite condition to match demands of biorefineries. To address this issue of low stability, activity and thermal denaturation of cellulase, there is a need to find a sustainable and suitable co-solvent that is biocompatible with enzymes ultimately to facilitate their application in bio-industries. In this regard, we synthesized three choline-based DESs, choline chloride (ChCl)-glycerol, ChCl-ethylene glycol and ChCl-lactic acid and employed them to analyze their suitability for cellulase. The present study systematically evaluates the influence of the mentioned DESs on stability, activity and thermal stability of cellulase with the help of various spectroscopic techniques. The spectroscopic analysis revealed that the structural stability and activity of the enzyme were improved in presence of ChCl-glycerol and ChCl-ethylene glycol. The thermal stability was also very well maintained in both the DESs. Interestingly, the relative activity of cellulase was >80 % even after incubation at 50 °C after 48 h for both the DESs. This activity preservation behaviour was more pronounced for ChCl-ethylene glycol than ChCl-glycerol. Moreover, temperature variations studies also reveal promising results by maintain conformational intactness. On the other side, ChCl-lactic acid showed a deleterious effect on the enzyme both structurally as well as thermally. The dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis provides more specific information about the negative influence of ChCl-lactic acid towards cellulase native structure. This DES induces unavoidable alterations in the enzyme structure which leads to the unfolding of enzyme, ultimately, destabilizing it. Overall, our results present a physical insight into how the enzyme stability and activity depend on the nature of DES. Also, the findings will help to facilitate the development and application of DESs as biocatalytic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niketa Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Deepak Chahar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
| | - Meena Bisht
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110 007, India
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16
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Vasić K, Knez Ž, Leitgeb M. Transglutaminase in Foods and Biotechnology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12402. [PMID: 37569776 PMCID: PMC10419021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Stabilization and reusability of enzyme transglutaminase (TGM) are important goals for the enzymatic process since immobilizing TGM plays an important role in different technologies and industries. TGM can be used in many applications. In the food industry, it plays a role as a protein-modifying enzyme, while, in biotechnology and pharmaceutical applications, it is used in mediated bioconjugation due to its extraordinary crosslinking ability. TGMs (EC 2.3.2.13) are enzymes that catalyze the formation of a covalent bond between a free amino group of protein-bound or peptide-bound lysine, which acts as an acyl acceptor, and the γ-carboxamide group of protein-bound or peptide-bound glutamine, which acts as an acyl donor. This results in the modification of proteins through either intramolecular or intermolecular crosslinking, which improves the use of the respective proteins significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Vasić
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (K.V.); (Ž.K.)
| | - Željko Knez
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (K.V.); (Ž.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Maja Leitgeb
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (K.V.); (Ž.K.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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17
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Lopes W, Deolindo P, de Souza Costa AA, Gomes da Silva MT, de Miranda OP, Pacheco GJ. Optimization of a medium composition for the heterologous production of Alcaligenes faecalis penicillin G acylase in Bacillus megaterium. Protein Expr Purif 2023:106327. [PMID: 37348663 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2023.106327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Penicillin G acylase (PGA) is a strategic enzyme in the production processes of beta-lactam antibiotics. High demand for β-lactam semisynthetic antibiotics explain the genetic and biochemical engineering strategies devoted towards novel ways for PGA production and application. This work presents a fermentation process for the heterologous production of PGA from Alcaligenes faecalis in Bacillus megaterium with optimization. The thermal stability from A. faecalis PGA is considerably higher than other described PGA and the recombinant enzyme is secreted to the culture medium by B. megaterium, which facilitates the separation and purification steps. Media optimization using fractional factorial design experiments was used to identify factors related to PGA activity detection in supernatant and cell lysates. The optimized medium resulted in almost 6-fold increased activity in the supernatant samples when compared with the basal medium. Maximum enzyme activity in optimized medium composition achieves values between 135 and 140 IU/ml. The results suggest a promising model for recombinant production of PGA in B. megaterium with possible extracellular expression of the active enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagner Lopes
- Institute of Drug Technology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Poliana Deolindo
- Institute of Drug Technology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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18
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Kroll A, Ranjan S, Engqvist MKM, Lercher MJ. A general model to predict small molecule substrates of enzymes based on machine and deep learning. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2787. [PMID: 37188731 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38347-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
For most proteins annotated as enzymes, it is unknown which primary and/or secondary reactions they catalyze. Experimental characterizations of potential substrates are time-consuming and costly. Machine learning predictions could provide an efficient alternative, but are hampered by a lack of information regarding enzyme non-substrates, as available training data comprises mainly positive examples. Here, we present ESP, a general machine-learning model for the prediction of enzyme-substrate pairs with an accuracy of over 91% on independent and diverse test data. ESP can be applied successfully across widely different enzymes and a broad range of metabolites included in the training data, outperforming models designed for individual, well-studied enzyme families. ESP represents enzymes through a modified transformer model, and is trained on data augmented with randomly sampled small molecules assigned as non-substrates. By facilitating easy in silico testing of potential substrates, the ESP web server may support both basic and applied science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kroll
- Institute for Computer Science and Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sahasra Ranjan
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Martin K M Engqvist
- Department of Biology and Bioengineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- EnginZyme AB, Tomtebodevägen 6, 17165, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin J Lercher
- Institute for Computer Science and Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, D-40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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19
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Gao H, Feng Y, Jiang Y, Zhang W, Jiang W, Xin F, Chen M, Jiang M. Report of genome sequence of Rhodococcus biphenylivorans strain GA1, an isolate capable of efficiently degrading lignin and its derivates. 3 Biotech 2023; 13:124. [PMID: 37038439 PMCID: PMC10082139 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-023-03544-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhodococcus biphenylivorans GA1 was successfully isolated, which can efficiently degrade alkali lignin and a variety of lignin-derived aromatic compounds as the sole carbon source. Whole genome sequencing of strain GA1 showed that it possessed G + C content of 68% with the size of 6.0 Mb and 4319 putative open reading frames (ORFs). Four replicons consisting of one circular chromosome (ChrA1) and three circular plasmids (pGA1, pGA2, pGA3) were found. Among these annotated proteins, lignin depolymerizing peroxidases (Dyp) and two lignin-derived aromatic compounds cleavage dioxygenases, protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase(P34D) and catechol-1,2-dioxygenase (C12D) play key roles in the catabolism of lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Road 30#, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yifan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Road 30#, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yujia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Road 30#, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Road 30#, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Ational Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wankui Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Road 30#, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fengxue Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Road 30#, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Ational Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Minjiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Road 30#, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu South Road 30#, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Ational Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211800 People’s Republic of China
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20
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Fahmy NM, El-Deeb B. Optimization, partial purification, and characterization of a novel high molecular weight alkaline protease produced by Halobacillus sp. HAL1 using fish wastes as a substrate. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2023; 21:48. [PMID: 37121925 PMCID: PMC10149429 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-023-00509-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrolytic enzymes from halophilic microorganisms have a wide range of industrial applications. Herein, we report the isolation of Halobacillus sp. HAL1, a moderately halophilic bacterium that produces a novel high molecular weight extracellular alkaline protease when grown in fish processing wastes as a substrate. RESULTS Results showed that the isolated strain belonged to the genus Halobacillus, and it was designated as Halobacillus sp. HAL1 with the GenBank accession number OK001470. The strain secreted an extracellular alkaline protease, and the highest yield was obtained when it was grown in a medium with fish wastes substrate as the sole nutritional source (10 g/L) and incubated at 25 °C under shaking conditions. The enzyme was partially purified by Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. Zymographic analysis showed two casein degrading bands of about 190 and 250 KDa. The optimum enzyme activity was at a temperature of 50 °C at pH 8. The proteolytic activity was enhanced in the presence of metal ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, and Mn2+), surfactants (Tween 80, SDS, and Triton-X100), H2O2, and EDTA. CONCLUSION Our study indicates that Haobacillus sp. HAL1 is a moderately halophilic strain and secrets a novel high molecular wight alkaline protease that is suitable for detergent formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayer M Fahmy
- Marine Microbiology Laboratory, National Institute of Oceanography & Fisheries, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Bahig El-Deeb
- Faculty of Science, Botany and Microbiology Department, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
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21
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Calvanese M, Balestra C, Colarusso A, Lauro C, Riccardi C, Fondi M, Parrilli E, Tutino ML. Development of high-copy number plasmids in Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC125. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:2469-2481. [PMID: 36912903 PMCID: PMC10033558 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12448-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The Antarctic bacterium Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC125 (PhTAC125) is considered an interesting alternative host for the recombinant protein production, that can be explored when the conventional bacterial expression systems fail. Indeed, the manufacture of all the difficult-to-express proteins produced so far in this bacterial platform gave back soluble and active products. Despite these promising results, the low yield of recombinant protein production achieved is hampering the wider and industrial exploitation of this psychrophilic cell factory. All the expression plasmids developed so far in PhTAC125 are based on the origin of replication of the endogenous pMtBL plasmid and are maintained at a very low copy number. In this work, we set up an experimental strategy to select mutated OriR sequences endowed with the ability to establish recombinant plasmids at higher multiplicity per cell. The solution to this major production bottleneck was achieved by the construction of a library of psychrophilic vectors, each containing a randomly mutated version of pMtBL OriR, and its screening by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). The selected clones allowed the identification of mutated OriR sequences effective in enhancing the plasmid copy number of approximately two orders of magnitude, and the production of the recombinant green fluorescent protein was increased up to twenty times approximately. Moreover, the molecular characterization of the different mutant OriR sequences allowed us to suggest some preliminary clues on the pMtBL replication mechanism that deserve to be further investigated in the future. KEY POINTS: • Setup of an electroporation procedure for Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis TAC125. • Two order of magnitude improvement of OriR-derived psychrophilic expression systems. • Almost twenty times enhancement in Green fluorescent protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Calvanese
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Complesso Universitario Monte S.- Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Cecilia Balestra
- Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale, Oceanography Division - OGS, Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrea Colarusso
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Complesso Universitario Monte S.- Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126, Naples, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi I.N.B.B, Viale Medaglie d'Oro, 305-00136, Rome, Italy
| | - Concetta Lauro
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Complesso Universitario Monte S.- Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126, Naples, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi I.N.B.B, Viale Medaglie d'Oro, 305-00136, Rome, Italy
| | - Christopher Riccardi
- Department of Biology, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50018, Florence, Italy
| | - Marco Fondi
- Department of Biology, Via Madonna del Piano 6, Sesto Fiorentino, 50018, Florence, Italy
| | - Ermenegilda Parrilli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Complesso Universitario Monte S.- Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Tutino
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Complesso Universitario Monte S.- Angelo, Via Cintia, 80126, Naples, Italy.
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22
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García-Latorre C, Rodrigo S, Santamaría O. Potential of Fungal Endophytes Isolated from Pasture Species in Spanish Dehesas to Produce Enzymes under Salt Conditions. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040908. [PMID: 37110331 PMCID: PMC10141469 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Endophytic fungi have been found to produce a wide range of extracellular enzymes, which are increasingly in demand for their industrial applications. Different by-products from the agrifood industry could be used as fungal growth substrates for the massive production of these enzymes, specifically as a way to revalorize them. However, such by-products often present unfavorable conditions for the microorganism’s growth, such as high salt concentrations. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the potential of eleven endophytic fungi—which were isolated from plants growing in a harsh environment, specifically, from the Spanish dehesas—for the purposes of the in vitro production of six enzymes (i.e., amylase, lipase, protease, cellulase, pectinase and laccase) under both standard and salt-amended conditions. Under standard conditions, the studied endophytes produced between two and four of the six enzymes evaluated. In most of the producer fungal species, this enzymatic activity was relatively maintained when NaCl was added to the medium. Among the isolates evaluated, Sarocladium terricola (E025), Acremonium implicatum (E178), Microdiplodia hawaiiensis (E198), and an unidentified species (E586) were the most suitable candidates for the massive production of enzymes by using growth substrates with saline properties (such as those found in the many by-products from the agrifood industry). This study should be considered an initial approach by which to further study the identification of these compounds as well as to develop the optimization of their production by directly using those residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos García-Latorre
- School of Agricultural Engineering, University of Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Sara Rodrigo
- Indehesa Research Institute, Campus de Badajoz, University of Extremadura, Avda. de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Oscar Santamaría
- Department of Plant Production and Forest Resources, University Institute for Research in Sustainable Forest Management (iuFOR), University of Valladolid, Avda. Madrid 57, 34004 Palencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
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23
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Switzer HJ, Howard CA, Halonski JF, Peairs EM, Smith N, Zamecnik MP, Verma S, Young DD. Employing non-canonical amino acids towards the immobilization of a hyperthermophilic enzyme to increase protein stability. RSC Adv 2023; 13:8496-8501. [PMID: 36926306 PMCID: PMC10012417 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra00392b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A carboxylesterase derived from Sulfolobus solfataricus P1 was immobilized onto an epoxy-activated Sepharose resin via non-canonical amino acids. The immobilized enzyme exhibited heightened performance in organic solvents, recyclability, and stability at room temperature for over two years. The incorporation of a non-canonical amino acid afforded a high degree of control over the bioorthogonal immobilization reaction. These results indicate that the specificity conferred by genetic code expansion produces advantages in protein immobilization and broadens the utility of such proteins to non-biological settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emily M Peairs
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary Williamsburg VA USA
| | - Nolan Smith
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary Williamsburg VA USA
| | | | - Sanjana Verma
- Department of Chemistry, William & Mary Williamsburg VA USA
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24
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Gonzalez JM. Special Issue: “New Methods in Microbial Research 2.0”: Editorial. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030718. [PMID: 36985291 PMCID: PMC10057640 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Today, it is definitively accepted that microorganisms play a central role in the functioning and maintenance of our planet and the organisms thriving on it [...]
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Gonzalez
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Sevilla (IRNAS-CSIC), E-41012 Sevilla, Spain
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25
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Dhanasekaran S, Selvadoss PP, Manoharan SS. Anti-Fungal Potential of Structurally Diverse FDA-Approved Therapeutics Targeting Secreted Aspartyl Proteinase (SAP) of Candida albicans: an In Silico Drug Repurposing Approach. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:1983-1998. [PMID: 36401722 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-022-04207-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, candidiasis attains major clinical importance due to its unique pathogenic strategy, which distinguishes it from other nosocomial infections. Secreted aspartyl proteinases (SAPs) is a hydrolytic enzyme secreted by Candida species that mediate versatile biological activity including hyphal formation, adherence, biofilm formation, phenotypic adaptation, etc. Emerging clinical evidence strongly suggested that conventional anti-fungal agent's are often prone to high level of resistance upon repeated exposure. Drug repurposing is an ideal strategy that shall impose the additional clinical benefits of the already approved molecules. Hence, through this realistic pathway, the potential of the suitable lead candidates will be explored in order to prolong the life span of existing molecules thereby need for newer therapeutics shall be avoided. The main aim of the present investigation is to determine the enzyme inhibitory potential of certain FDA-approved antibiotics and to validate its efficacy against the virulent enzyme secreted aspartyl proteinase (SAP) of Candida albicans via the AutoDock simulation program. The outcome of in silico dynamic simulations depicts that the drugs such as gentamicin, clindamycin, meropenem, metronidazole, and aztreonam emphasize superior binding affinity in terms of demonstrating considerable interaction with the core catalytic residues (Asp 32, Asp86, Asp 218, Gly220, Thr 221, and Thr 222). Data further indicates that the drug gentamicin exhibited best binding affinity of - 14.16 kcal/mol followed by meropenem (- 9.20 kcal/mol), clindamycin (- 9.00 kcal/mol), ciprofloxacin (- 8.95 kcal/mol), and imipenem (- 8.00 kcal/mol). In conclusion, repurposed antibiotics like gentamicin, clindamycin, meropenem, metronidazole, and aztreonam shall be considered an alternate drug of choice for the clinical management of drug resistant candida infections in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivaraman Dhanasekaran
- Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Knowledge Corridor, Raisan Village, PDPU Road, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382426, India.
| | - Pradeep Pushparaj Selvadoss
- Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Knowledge Corridor, Raisan Village, PDPU Road, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382426, India
| | - Solomon Sundar Manoharan
- Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Knowledge Corridor, Raisan Village, PDPU Road, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, 382426, India
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26
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Ghattavi S, Homaei A. Marine enzymes: Classification and application in various industries. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123136. [PMID: 36621739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Oceans are regarded as a plentiful and sustainable source of biological compounds. Enzymes are a group of marine biomaterials that have recently drawn more attention because they are produced in harsh environmental conditions such as high salinity, extensive pH, a wide temperature range, and high pressure. Hence, marine-derived enzymes are capable of exhibiting remarkable properties due to their unique composition. In this review, we overviewed and discussed characteristics of marine enzymes as well as the sources of marine enzymes, ranging from primitive organisms to vertebrates, and presented the importance, advantages, and challenges of using marine enzymes with a summary of their applications in a variety of industries. Current biotechnological advancements need the study of novel marine enzymes that could be applied in a variety of ways. Resources of marine enzyme can benefit greatly for biotechnological applications duo to their biocompatible, ecofriendly and high effectiveness. It is beneficial to use the unique characteristics offered by marine enzymes to either develop new processes and products or improve existing ones. As a result, marine-derived enzymes have promising potential and are an excellent candidate for a variety of biotechnology applications and a future rise in the use of marine enzymes is to be anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Ghattavi
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Ahmad Homaei
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
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27
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Ölçücü G, Krauss U, Jaeger KE, Pietruszka J. Carrier‐Free Enzyme Immobilizates for Flow Chemistry. CHEM-ING-TECH 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202200167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Ölçücü
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Ulrich Krauss
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Jörg Pietruszka
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
- Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Biorganic Chemistry Wilhelm Johnen Straße 52425 Jülich Germany
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28
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Sukhavattanakul P, Pisitsak P, Ummartyotin S, Narain R. Polysaccharides for Medical Technology: Properties and Applications. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2200372. [PMID: 36353915 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202200372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the use of polysaccharides has gained tremendous attention in the field of medical technology. They have been applied in various sectors such as tissue engineering, drug delivery system, face mask, and bio-sensing. This review article provides an overview and background of polysaccharides for biomedical uses. Different types of polysaccharides, for example, cellulose and its derivatives, chitin and chitosan, hyaluronic acid, alginate, and pectin are presented. They are fabricated in various forms such as hydrogels, nanoparticles, membranes, and as porous mediums. Successful development and improvement of polysaccharide-based materials will effectively help users to enhance their quality of personal health, decrease cost, and eventually increase the quality of life with respect to sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pongpat Sukhavattanakul
- Department of Materials and Textile Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Pathum, Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Penwisa Pisitsak
- Department of Materials and Textile Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Pathum, Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Sarute Ummartyotin
- Department of Materials and Textile Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Pathum, Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Ravin Narain
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G1H9, Canada
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29
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Chakraborty D, Chatterjee S, Althuri A, Palani SG, Venkata Mohan S. Sustainable enzymatic treatment of organic waste in a framework of circular economy. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 370:128487. [PMID: 36528180 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.128487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic treatment of food and vegetable waste (FVW) is an eco-friendly approach for producing industrially relevant value-added products. This review describes the sources, activities and potential applications of crucial enzymes in FVW valorization. The specific roles of amylase, cellulase, xylanase, ligninase, protease, pectinase, tannase, lipase and zymase enzymes were explained. The exhaustive list of value-added products that could be produced from FVW is presented. FVW valorization through enzymatic and whole-cell enzymatic valorization was compared. The note on global firms specialized in enzyme production reiterates the economic importance of enzymatic treatment. This review provides information on choosing an efficient enzymatic FVW treatment strategy, such as nanoenzyme and cross-linked based enzyme immobilization, to make the process viable, sustainable and cheaper. Finally, the importance of life cycle assessment of enzymatic valorization of FVW was impressed to prove this approach is a better option to shift from a linear to a circular economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debkumar Chakraborty
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Sulogna Chatterjee
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Avanthi Althuri
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India; Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy-502284, Telangana, India
| | - Sankar Ganesh Palani
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Hyderabad Campus 500078, India
| | - S Venkata Mohan
- Bioengineering and Environmental Sciences Lab, Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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30
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Elmi F, Etemadifar Z, Emtiazi G. Biosynthesis of Calcite Nanocrystal by a Novel Polyextremophile Bhargavaea cecembensis-Related Strain Isolated from Sandy Soil. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2023; 85:698-707. [PMID: 35190857 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-022-01977-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Urease-producing bacteria are abundant in soils, which can precipitate calcium carbonate nanocrystals by enzymatic hydrolysis of urea in the presence of calcium ions. This process is known as microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP), and it has received much attention in recent years as an eco-friendly technology. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to isolate local extremophile bacterial strains capable of producing calcium carbonate. Among a total of 44 isolated urease-producing strains from sandy soils, one strain with a high level of urease activity (8.16 U/ml) and production of a large amount of calcium carbonate (410 mg/100 ml) was selected for further investigation. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed that this strain had 99.66% sequence identity to Bhargavaea cecembensis. The SEM-EDX and XRD analyses indicated that irregular vaterite and aggregated nanocalcite were the dominant polymorphs produced by this strain. The size of these nanocalcite crystals ranged between 25 and 42 nm. The selected strain showed high levels of tolerance to different conditions of temperature, pH, and salinity. This strain grows at high temperatures up to 50 °C, alkaline pH (9-11), and high concentrations of NaCl (20-25% w/v). Flow cytometry analysis demonstrated 96% cell viability of the isolated strain after desiccation stress. Bhargavaea was first reported in 2009 as a new genus, and it belongs to the Firmicutes. So far, there has been no report on its MICP potential. The present study is the first one to report nanocrystal calcium carbonate precipitation in polyextremophile Bhargavaea cecembensis, which makes it a suitable candidate for bio-cementation under extreme circumstances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Elmi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, 8174673441, Iran
| | - Zahra Etemadifar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, 8174673441, Iran.
| | - Giti Emtiazi
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, 8174673441, Iran
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31
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Aftab M, Ejaz U, Pashameah RA, Fatima A, Syed J, Ansari I, Sohail M, AlSubhi SA, Alzahrani E, El-Bahy ZM. Utilization of Corncob as an Immobilization Matrix for a Xylanolytic Yeast Strain. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:683. [PMID: 36771985 PMCID: PMC9920909 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Immobilization of microbial cells for the production of industrially important enzymes has been reported to offer the advantages of recyclability, higher yields and cost effectiveness. The search for an appropriate matrix that is affordable and easy to prepare is a significant topic in microbial biotechnology. Here, an abundant type of agro-industrial waste-corncob-was utilized as an immobilization matrix for the production of xylanase from an indigenous yeast strain, Saccharomyces cerevisiae MK-157. This is the first report describing xylanase production from immobilized S. cerevisiae. To render the corncob matrix more porous, alkaline pretreatment was undertaken and yeast cells were immobilized on the matrix by cultivating at 30 °C for 48 h in Sabouraud dextrose broth. After incubation, the immobilized matrix was transferred to mineral salt medium containing 1% xylan and incubated at 30 °C for 24 h. Xylanase production was determined in cell-free culture supernatant and the matrix was recycled for up to seven cycles. Moreover, xylanase-mediated saccharification was carried out using sugarcane bagasse as a substrate and the release of reducing sugars was monitored. The results showed that the immobilized yeast produced 4.97 IU mL-1 xylanase in the first production cycle, indicating a >tenfold increase compared to the free cells. Xylanase production further increased to its maximum levels (9.23 IU mL-1) in the fourth production cycle. Nonetheless, the cells retained 100% productivity for up to seven cycles. The volumetric and specific productivity of xylanase were also the highest in the fourth cycle. Scanning electron microscopy images revealed the rough surface of the untreated corncob, which became more porous after alkaline pretreatment. Immobilized yeast cells were also visible on the corncob pieces. The saccharification of a natural resource-sugarcane bagasse-using xylanase preparation yielded 26 mg L-1 of reducing sugars. Therefore, it can be concluded that yeast strains can yield sufficient quantities of xylanase, allowing possible biotechnological applications. Moreover, corncob can serve as a cost-effective matrix for industrially important yeast strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maham Aftab
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology (SZABIST), Karachi 75600, Pakistan
| | - Uroosa Ejaz
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology (SZABIST), Karachi 75600, Pakistan
| | - Rami Adel Pashameah
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24230, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aimen Fatima
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology (SZABIST), Karachi 75600, Pakistan
| | - Jaweria Syed
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology (SZABIST), Karachi 75600, Pakistan
| | - Immad Ansari
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Pakistan
| | - Samah A. AlSubhi
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 24230, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman Alzahrani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeinhom M. El-Bahy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City 11884, Egypt
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32
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Adegoke TV, Yang B, Xing F, Tian X, Wang G, Tai B, Si P, Hussain S, Jahan I. Microbial Enzymes Involved in the Biotransformation of Major Mycotoxins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:35-51. [PMID: 36573671 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c06195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins, the most researched biological toxins, can contaminate food and feed, resulting in severe health implications for humans and animals. Physical, chemical, and biological techniques are used to mitigate mycotoxin contamination. The biotransformation method using whole microbial cells or isolated enzymes is the best choice to mitigate mycotoxins. Using specific enzymes may avoid the disadvantages of utilizing a full microbe, such as accidental harm to the product's organoleptic characteristics and hazardous safety features. Moreover, the degradation rates of the isolated enzymes are higher than those of the whole-cell reactions, and they are substrate-specific. Their specificity is comprehensive and is shown at the positional and/or chiral center in many circumstances. Currently, only a few enzymes of microbial origin are commercially available. Therefore, there is a need to identify more novel enzymes of microbial origin that can mitigate mycotoxins. In this review, we conducted an in-depth summary of the microbial enzymes involved in the biotransformation of mycotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tosin Victor Adegoke
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bolei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Fuguo Xing
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bowen Tai
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peidong Si
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sarfaraz Hussain
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Israt Jahan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Agarbati A, Ciani M, Esin S, Agnolucci M, Marcheggiani F, Tiano L, Comitini F. Comparative Zymocidial Effect of Three Different Killer Toxins against Brettanomyces bruxellensis Spoilage Yeasts. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021309. [PMID: 36674823 PMCID: PMC9866123 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Three killer toxins that were previously investigated, one excreted by Kluyveromyces wickerhamii and two by different strains of Wickerhamomyces anomalus, were produced at the pilot scale, lyophilized and characterized, and the formulates were assessed for their zymocidial effect against Brettanomyces bruxellensis spoilage yeast. A comparative analysis allowed the evaluation of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against a sensitive strain. Fungicidal and fungistatic concentrations were used to evaluate the cytocidal effect using a cytofluorimetric approach that confirmed the lethal effect of all lyophilized formulates against B. bruxellensis spoilage yeasts. Moreover, the potential killer toxins' cytotoxicity against human intestinal cells (Caco-2) were evaluated to exclude any possible negative effect on the consumers. Finally, the effective lethal effect of all three lyophilized killer toxins toward B. bruxellensis sensitive strain were tested. The results indicated that all of them acted without dangerous effects on the human epithelial cells, opening the way for their possible commercial application. In particular, D15 showed the lowest MIC and the highest activity, was evaluated also in wine, revealing a strong reduction of Brettamonyces yeast growth and, at the same time, a control of ethyl phenols production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Agarbati
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Maurizio Ciani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Semih Esin
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 37, 56123 Pisa, Italy
| | - Monica Agnolucci
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Marcheggiani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Comitini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.C.); (F.C.)
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Copper radical oxidases: galactose oxidase, glyoxal oxidase, and beyond! Essays Biochem 2022; 67:597-613. [PMID: 36562172 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The copper radical oxidases (CROs) are an evolutionary and functionally diverse group of enzymes established by the historically significant galactose 6-oxidase and glyoxal oxidase from fungi. Inducted in 2013, CROs now constitute Auxiliary Activity Family 5 (AA5) in the Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes (CAZy) classification. CROs catalyse the two-electron oxidation of their substrates using oxygen as the final electron acceptor and are particularly distinguished by a cross-linked tyrosine-cysteine co-factor that is integral to radical stabilization. Recently, there has been a significant increase in the biochemically and structurally characterized CROs, which has revealed an expanded natural diversity of catalytic activities in the family. This review provides a brief historical introduction to CRO biochemistry and structural biology as a foundation for an update on current advances in CRO enzymology, biotechnology, and biology across kingdoms of life.
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Mehta T, Meena M, Nagda A. Bioactive compounds of Curvularia species as a source of various biological activities and biotechnological applications. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1069095. [PMID: 36569099 PMCID: PMC9777749 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1069095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many filamentous fungi are known to produce several secondary metabolites or bioactive compounds during their growth and reproduction with sort of various biological activities. Genus Curvularia (Pleosporaceae) is a dematiaceous filamentous fungus that exhibits a facultative pathogenic and endophytic lifestyle. It contains ~213 species among which Curvularia lunata, C. geniculata, C. clavata, C. pallescens, and C. andropogonis are well-known. Among them, C. lunata is a major pathogenic species of various economical important crops especially cereals of tropical regions while other species like C. geniculata is of endophytic nature with numerous bioactive compounds. Curvularia species contain several diverse groups of secondary metabolites including alkaloids, terpenes, polyketides, and quinones. Which possess various biological activities including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, and phytotoxicity. Several genes and gene factors are involved to carry and regulate the expression of these activities which are influenced by environmental signals. Some species of Curvularia also show negative impacts on humans and animals. Apart from their negative effects, there are some beneficial implications like production of enzymes of industrial value, bioherbicides, and source of nanoparticles is reported. Many researchers are working on these aspects all over the world but there is no review in literature which provides significant understanding about these all aspects. Thus, this review will provide significant information about secondary metabolic diversity, their biological activities and biotechnological implications of Curvularia species.
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Leonardo IC, Barreto Crespo MT, Gaspar FB. Unveiling the complete genome sequence of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris DSM 3922T, a taint-producing strain. G3 GENES|GENOMES|GENETICS 2022; 12:6761305. [DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Several species from the Alicyclobacillus genus have received much attention from the food and beverages industries. Their presence has been co-related with spoilage events of acidic food matrices, namely fruit juices and other fruit-based products, the majority attributed to Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris. In this work, a combination of short and long reads enabled the assembly of the complete genome of A. acidoterrestris DSM 3922T, perfecting the draft genome already available (AURB00000000), and revealing the presence of one chromosome (4,222,202 bp; GC content 52.3%) as well as one plasmid (124,737 bp; GC content 46.6%). From the 4,288 genes identified, 4,004 sequences were attributed to coding sequences with proteins, with more than 80% being functionally annotated. This allowed the identification of metabolic pathways and networks and the interpretation of high-level functions with significant reliability. Furthermore, the additional genes of interest related to spore germination, off-flavor production, namely the vdc cluster, and CRISPR arrays, were identified. More importantly, this is the first complete and closed genome sequence for a taint-producing Alicyclobacillus species and thus represents a valuable reference for further comparative and functional genomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Carvalho Leonardo
- Food & Health Division, iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica , Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
- ITQB-NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República , 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Maria Teresa Barreto Crespo
- Food & Health Division, iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica , Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
- ITQB-NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República , 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Frédéric Bustos Gaspar
- Food & Health Division, iBET, Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica , Apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal
- ITQB-NOVA, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República , 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
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Rabapane KJ, Ijoma GN, Matambo TS. Insufficiency in functional genomics studies, data, and applications: A case study of bio-prospecting research in ruminant microbiome. Front Genet 2022; 13:946449. [PMID: 36118848 PMCID: PMC9472250 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.946449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades, biotechnology has advanced at a rapid pace, propelled by the incorporation of bio-products into various aspects of pharmaceuticals, industry, and the environment. These developments have sparked interest in the bioprospecting of microorganisms and their products in a variety of niche environments. Furthermore, the use of omics technologies has greatly aided our analyses of environmental samples by elucidating the microbial ecological framework, biochemical pathways, and bio-products. However, the more often overemphasis on taxonomic identification in most research publications, as well as the data associated with such studies, is detrimental to immediate industrial and commercial applications. This review identifies several factors that contribute to the complexity of sequence data analysis as potential barriers to the pragmatic application of functional genomics, utilizing recent research on ruminants to demonstrate these limitations in the hopes of broadening our horizons and drawing attention to this gap in bioprospecting studies for other niche environments as well. The review also aims to emphasize the importance of routinely incorporating functional genomics into environmental metagenomics analyses in order to improve solutions that drive rapid industrial biocatalysis developments from derived outputs with the aim of achieving potential benefits in energy-use reduction and environmental considerations for current and future applications.
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Sukmarini L. Marine Bacterial Ribosomal Peptides: Recent Genomics- and Synthetic Biology-Based Discoveries and Biosynthetic Studies. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20090544. [PMID: 36135733 PMCID: PMC9505594 DOI: 10.3390/md20090544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine biodiversity is represented by an exceptional and ample array of intriguing natural product chemistries. Due to their extensive post-translational modifications, ribosomal peptides—also known as ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs)—exemplify a widely diverse class of natural products, endowing a broad range of pharmaceutically and biotechnologically relevant properties for therapeutic or industrial applications. Most RiPPs are of bacterial origin, yet their marine derivatives have been quite rarely investigated. Given the rapid advancement engaged in a more powerful genomics approach, more biosynthetic gene clusters and pathways for these ribosomal peptides continue to be increasingly characterized. Moreover, the genome-mining approach in integration with synthetic biology techniques has markedly led to a revolution of RiPP natural product discovery. Therefore, this present short review article focuses on the recent discovery of RiPPs from marine bacteria based on genome mining and synthetic biology approaches during the past decade. Their biosynthetic studies are discussed herein, particularly the organization of targeted biosynthetic gene clusters linked to the encoded RiPPs with potential bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Sukmarini
- Research Center for Applied Microbiology, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl. Raya Bogor, Km. 46, Cibinong 16911, West Java, Indonesia
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Direct utilization of peach wastes for enhancements of lignocellulolytic enzymes productions by Pleurotus eryngii under solid-state fermentation conditions. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02356-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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40
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Abstract
Natural microbial communities are phylogenetically and metabolically diverse. In addition to underexplored organismal groups1, this diversity encompasses a rich discovery potential for ecologically and biotechnologically relevant enzymes and biochemical compounds2,3. However, studying this diversity to identify genomic pathways for the synthesis of such compounds4 and assigning them to their respective hosts remains challenging. The biosynthetic potential of microorganisms in the open ocean remains largely uncharted owing to limitations in the analysis of genome-resolved data at the global scale. Here we investigated the diversity and novelty of biosynthetic gene clusters in the ocean by integrating around 10,000 microbial genomes from cultivated and single cells with more than 25,000 newly reconstructed draft genomes from more than 1,000 seawater samples. These efforts revealed approximately 40,000 putative mostly new biosynthetic gene clusters, several of which were found in previously unsuspected phylogenetic groups. Among these groups, we identified a lineage rich in biosynthetic gene clusters (‘Candidatus Eudoremicrobiaceae’) that belongs to an uncultivated bacterial phylum and includes some of the most biosynthetically diverse microorganisms in this environment. From these, we characterized the phospeptin and pythonamide pathways, revealing cases of unusual bioactive compound structure and enzymology, respectively. Together, this research demonstrates how microbiomics-driven strategies can enable the investigation of previously undescribed enzymes and natural products in underexplored microbial groups and environments. Global ocean microbiome survey reveals the bacterial family ‘Candidatus Eudoremicrobiaceae’, which includes some of the most biosynthetically diverse microorganisms in the ocean environment.
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Akram F, Haq IU, Shah FI, Aqeel A, Ahmed Z, Mir AS, Qureshi SS, Raja SI. Genus Thermotoga: A valuable home of multifunctional glycoside hydrolases (GHs) for industrial sustainability. Bioorg Chem 2022; 127:105942. [PMID: 35709577 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.105942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nature is a dexterous and prolific chemist for cataloging a number of hostile niches that are the ideal residence of various thermophiles. Apart from having other species, these subsurface environments are considered a throne of bacterial genus Thermotoga. The genome sequence of Thermotogales encodes complex and incongruent clusters of glycoside hydrolases (GHs), which are superior to their mesophilic counterparts and play a prominent role in various applications due to their extreme intrinsic stability. They have a tremendous capacity to use a wide variety of simple and multifaceted carbohydrates through GHs, formulate fermentative hydrogen and bioethanol at extraordinary yield, and catalyze high-temperature reactions for various biotechnological applications. Nevertheless, no stringent rules exist for the thermo-stabilization of biocatalysts present in the genus Thermotoga. These enzymes endure immense attraction in fundamental aspects of how these polypeptides attain and stabilize their distinctive three-dimensional (3D) structures to accomplish their physiological roles. Moreover, numerous genome sequences from Thermotoga species have revealed a significant fraction of genes most closely related to those of archaeal species, thus firming a staunch belief of lateral gene transfer mechanism. However, the question of its magnitude is still in its infancy. In addition to GHs, this genus is a paragon of encapsulins which carry pharmacological and industrial significance in the field of life sciences. This review highlights an intricate balance between the genomic organizations, factors inducing the thermostability, and pharmacological and industrial applications of GHs isolated from genus Thermotoga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Akram
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Ikram Ul Haq
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan; Pakistan Academy of Science, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Iftikhar Shah
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Amna Aqeel
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Ahmed
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Azka Shahzad Mir
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Sumbal Sajid Qureshi
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Saleha Ibadat Raja
- Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
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Yadav N, Venkatesu P. Current understanding and insights towards protein stabilization and activation in deep eutectic solvents as sustainable solvent media. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:13474-13509. [PMID: 35640592 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00084a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have emerged as a new class of green, designer and biocompatible solvents, an alternative to conventional organic solvents and ionic liquids (ILs) which are comparatively toxic and non-biodegradable. DESs are eutectic mixtures that are formed when a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) is mixed with a hydrogen bond donor (HBD) at particular molar ratios by mechanical grinding or under mild heating conditions. Very recently, these solvents have been the center of attention for researchers in biotechnology, biomedicine and various scientific applications. These environmentally benign solvents have a close analogy with ILs; however, they offer certain unique merits over traditional ILs. DESs display remarkable properties such as easy preparation, tunable composition, biodegradability, recyclability, inherently low toxicity, sustainability and biocompatibility; these special features validate DESs as new potential solvents/co-solvents for biomolecules. Mechanistically, the biocompatibility and protein friendly nature of DESs depend on various factors, which include the composition of the DES, viscosity and hydration level. Therefore, it becomes an essential task to bring together all the studies related to protein behaviour in DESs to unlock their biomolecular proficiency. This review specifically highlights recent insights into the biomacromolecular functionality in DESs, including outlines of the solubilization and stabilization of proteins, long term protein packaging, different extraction methods and enzyme activation in the presence of DESs. A literature survey reveals that DESs act as green media in which the protein structure and activity are retained. In some cases, proteins refolded and enzymatic activity was enhanced several fold in the presence of DESs. Furthermore, we have reviewed the possible mechanistic behaviour behind protein stabilization, refolding and activation in DESs. Overall, the main objective of this review is to explicate the advantages of the introduction of DESs for biomolecules and to demonstrate the versatility of these eco-friendly solvents for future bio-based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niketa Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110 007, India.
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Areeshi MY. Microbial cellulase production using fruit wastes and its applications in biofuels production. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 378:109814. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Characterization of the enzymes involved in the diol synthase metabolic pathway in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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45
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Vidal P, Martínez-Martínez M, Fernandez-Lopez L, Roda S, Méndez-García C, Golyshina OV, Guallar V, Peláez AI, Ferrer M. Metagenomic Mining for Esterases in the Microbial Community of Los Rueldos Acid Mine Drainage Formation. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:868839. [PMID: 35663881 PMCID: PMC9162777 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.868839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Acid mine drainage (AMD) systems are extremely acidic and are metal-rich formations inhabited by relatively low-complexity communities of acidophiles whose enzymes remain mostly uncharacterized. Indeed, enzymes from only a few AMD sites have been studied. The low number of available cultured representatives and genome sequences of acidophiles inhabiting AMDs makes it difficult to assess the potential of these environments for enzyme bioprospecting. In this study, using naïve and in silico metagenomic approaches, we retrieved 16 esterases from the α/β-hydrolase fold superfamily with the closest match from uncultured acidophilic Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria (Acidithrix, Acidimicrobium, and Ferrimicrobium), Acidiphilium, and other Proteobacteria inhabiting the Los Rueldos site, which is a unique AMD formation in northwestern Spain with a pH of ∼2. Within this set, only two polypeptides showed high homology (99.4%), while for the rest, the pairwise identities ranged between 4 and 44.9%, suggesting that the diversity of active polypeptides was dominated not by a particular type of protein or highly similar clusters of proteins, but by diverse non-redundant sequences. The enzymes exhibited amino acid sequence identities ranging from 39 to 99% relative to homologous proteins in public databases, including those from other AMDs, thus indicating the potential novelty of proteins associated with a specialized acidophilic community. Ten of the 16 hydrolases were successfully expressed in Escherichia coli. The pH for optimal activity ranged from 7.0 to 9.0, with the enzymes retaining 33–68% of their activities at pH 5.5, which was consistent with the relative frequencies of acid residues (from 54 to 67%). The enzymes were the most active at 30–65°C, retaining 20–61% of their activity under the thermal conditions characterizing Los Rueldos (13.8 ± 0.6°C). The analysis of the substrate specificity revealed the capacity of six hydrolases to efficiently degrade (up to 1,652 ± 75 U/g at pH 8.0 and 30°C) acrylic- and terephthalic-like [including bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-terephthalate, BHET] esters, and these enzymes could potentially be of use for developing plastic degradation strategies yet to be explored. Our assessment uncovers the novelty and potential biotechnological interest of enzymes present in the microbial populations that inhibit the Los Rueldos AMD system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Vidal
- Institute of Catalysis, Department of Applied Biocatalysis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Martínez-Martínez
- Institute of Catalysis, Department of Applied Biocatalysis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Fernandez-Lopez
- Institute of Catalysis, Department of Applied Biocatalysis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergi Roda
- Department of Life Sciences, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Celia Méndez-García
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento Biología Funcional e Instituto de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Olga V. Golyshina
- Centre for Environmental Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Víctor Guallar
- Department of Life Sciences, Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana I. Peláez
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento Biología Funcional e Instituto de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Manuel Ferrer
- Institute of Catalysis, Department of Applied Biocatalysis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Manuel Ferrer,
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The changing face of SDS denaturation: Complexes of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase with SDS at pH 4.0, 6.0 and 8.0. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 614:214-232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.12.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Cui Z, Feng Y, Liu F, Jiang L, Yue J. 3D Bioprinting of Living Materials for Structure-Dependent Production of Hyaluronic Acid. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:452-459. [PMID: 35575323 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
3D bioprinting of living materials represents an interesting paradigm toward the efficacy enhancement for the biosynthesis of various functional compounds in microorganisms. Previous studies have shown the success of 3D-printed bioactive systems in the production of small molecular compounds. However, the feasibility of such a strategy in producing macromolecules and how the geometry of the 3D scaffold influences the productivity are still unknown. In this study, we printed a series of 3D gelatin-based hydrogels immobilized with fermentation bacteria that can secrete hyaluronic acid (HA), a very useful natural polysaccharide in the fields of biomedicine and tissue engineering. The 3D-printed bioreactor was capable of producing HA, and an elevated yield was obtained with the system bearing a grid structure compared to that either with a solid structure or in a scaffold-free fermentation condition. As for the grid structure, bioreactors with a 90° strut angel and a median interfilament distance displayed the highest HA yield. Our findings highlighted the significant role of 3D printing in the spatial control of microorganism-laden hydrogel structures for the enhancement of biosynthesis efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Cui
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P. R. China
| | - Yanwen Feng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P. R. China
| | - Fei Liu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P. R. China
| | - Lelun Jiang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yue
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangming District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Sensing Technology and Biomedical Instrument of Guangdong Province, Shenzhen Campus of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518107, P. R. China
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Nilpa P, Chintan K, Sayyed RZ, El Enshasy H, El Adawi H, Alhazmi A, Almalki AH, Haque S. Formation of recombinant bifunctional fusion protein: A newer approach to combine the activities of two enzymes in a single protein. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265969. [PMID: 35363796 PMCID: PMC8975109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The tissue of insects, pests, and fungi has a chitin layer followed by protein in the cell membrane. The complete biodegradation of chitin and protein-present in the waste requires the action of two enzymes, namely chitinase, and protease. Combining chitinase and protease in a single protein/enzyme will serve as a bifunctional enzyme that can efficiently degrade the chitin and protein-rich biomass. The present study was aimed to fuse these two enzymes to produce a single protein and study the kinetics of the recombinant fusion protein. A chitinase and alkaline protease genes were isolated, cloned, and expressed successfully as a fusion product in heterologous host Escherichia coli. The two native genes were successfully fused in E.coli by using flexible glycine–serine (G4S)2 linker (GGGGS, GS linker). The recombinant fusion protein in E.coli showed hydrolyzed chitin and protein on chitin and bovine serum albumin agar plates confirming the successful cloning and expression of chitinase and protease enzymes in a single fusion protein. The common pUC18-T7 mini vector with the ompA signal sequence helps the extracellular expression of fusion protein efficiently. The native gel electrophoresis revealed a molecular mass of purified protein as 92.0 kDa. The fusion protein’s maximal chitinase and protease activity occurred at pH 5.0 and 8.0 and 30 0C, respectively resembling the individual enzymes’. In the kinetic studies of the fusion protein, it was observed that the presence of metal ions such as Cu2+, Na2+, and Ca2+; significantly enhanced the enzyme activities while organic solvents oxidants and chemicals have drastically affected the activities of both the enzymes in the fusion protein. No such fusion protein has been produced in a heterologous host yet. The reports on fusion protein with biomass-degrading capacity are also scarce. This is probably the first report of a bifunctional chitinase/protease expressed in E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patel Nilpa
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India
| | - Kapadia Chintan
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, ASPEE College of Horticulture and Forestry, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India
- * E-mail: (KC); (RZS)
| | - R. Z. Sayyed
- Department of Microbiology, PSGVP Mandal’s S. I. Patil Arts, G B Patel Science & STKVS Commerce College, Shahada, Maharashtra, India
- Department of Entomology, Asian PGPR Society for Sustainable Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States of America
- * E-mail: (KC); (RZS)
| | - Hesham El Enshasy
- Institute of Bioproduct Development (IBD), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications (SRTA), New Burg Al Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Hala El Adawi
- City of Scientific Research and Technology Applications (SRTA), New Burg Al Arab, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Alaa Alhazmi
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- SMIRES for Consultation in Specialized Medical Laboratories, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Atiah H. Almalki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Addiction and Neuroscience Research Unit, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Al-Hawiah, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shafiul Haque
- Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Allied Health Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Bursa Uludağ University Faculty of Medicine, Görükle Campus, Nilüfer,Bursa, Turkey
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Abstract
The growing interest in innovations regarding the treatment of oily wastewater stems from the fact that the oil industry is the largest polluter of the environment. The harm caused by this industry is seen in all countries. Companies that produce such wastewater are responsible for its treatment prior to disposal or recycling into their production processes. As oil emulsions are difficult to manage and require different types of treatment or even combined methods, a range of environmental technologies have been proposed for oil-contaminated effluents, such as gravity separation, flotation, flocculation, biological treatment, advanced oxidation processes, and membranes. Natural materials, such as biopolymers, constitute a novel, sustainable solution with considerable potential for oily effluent separation. The present review offers an overview of the treatment of oily wastewater, describing current trends and the latest applications. This review also points to further research needs and major concerns, especially with regards to sustainability, and discusses potential biotechnological applications.
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50
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Microbial Peptidase in Food Processing: Current State of the Art and Future Trends. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-022-03965-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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