1
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Nguyen E, Sosa JA, Cassidy KC, Berman AJ. Comparative analysis of the LARP1 C-terminal DM15 region through Coelomate evolution. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0308574. [PMID: 39190712 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0308574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
TOR (target of rapamycin), a ubiquitous protein kinase central to cellular homeostasis maintenance, fundamentally regulates ribosome biogenesis in part by its target La-related protein 1 (LARP1). Among other target transcripts, LARP1 specifically binds TOP (terminal oligopyrimidine) mRNAs encoding all 80 ribosomal proteins in a TOR-dependent manner through its C-terminal region containing the DM15 module. Though the functional implications of the LARP1 interaction with target mRNAs is controversial, it is clear that the TOP-LARP1-TOR axis is critical to cellular health in humans. Its existence and role in evolutionarily divergent animals remain less understood. We focused our work on expanding our knowledge of the first arm of the axis: the connection between LARP1-DM15 and the 5' TOP motif. We show that the overall DM15 architecture observed in humans is conserved in fruit fly and zebrafish. Both adopt familiar curved arrangements of HEAT-like repeats that bind 5' TOP mRNAs on the same conserved surface, although molecular dynamics simulations suggest that the N-terminal fold of the fruit fly DM15 is predicted to be unstable and unfold. We demonstrate that each ortholog interacts with TOP sequences with varying affinities. Importantly, we determine that the ability of the DM15 region to bind some TOP sequences but not others might amount to the context of the RNA structure, rather than the ability of the module to recognize some sequences but not others. We propose that TOP mRNAs may retain similar secondary structures to regulate LARP1 DM15 recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Nguyen
- Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Jahree A Sosa
- Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | - Kevin C Cassidy
- BIOVIA, Dassault Systèmes, Waltham, MA, United States of America
| | - Andrea J Berman
- Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
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2
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Chen PK, Chang YJ, Chou YW, Chen MY. Dysfunction of Avo3, an essential component of target of rapamycin complex 2, induces ubiquitin-proteasome-dependent downregulation of Avo2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 717:150045. [PMID: 38718572 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays a key role in maintaining cellular protein homeostasis and participates in modulating various cellular functions. Target of rapamycin (TOR), a highly conserved Ser/Thr kinase found across species from yeasts to humans, forms two multi-protein complexes, TORC1 and TORC2, to orchestrate cellular processes crucial for optimal growth, survival, and stress responses. While UPS-mediated regulation of mammalian TOR complexes has been documented, the ubiquitination of yeast TOR complexes remains largely unexplored. Here we report a functional interplay between the UPS and TORC2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using avo3-2ts, a temperature-sensitive mutant of the essential TORC2 component Avo3 exhibiting TORC2 defects at restrictive temperatures, we obtained evidence for UPS-dependent protein degradation and downregulation of the TORC2 component Avo2. Our results established the involvement of the E3 ubiquitin ligase Ubr1 and its catalytic activity in mediating Avo2 degradation in cells with defective Avo3. Coimmunoprecipitation revealed the interaction between Avo2 and Ubr1, indicating Avo2 as a potential substrate of Ubr1. Furthermore, depleting Ubr1 rescued the growth of avo3-2ts cells at restrictive temperatures, suggesting an essential role of Avo2 in sustaining cell viability under heat stress and/or TORC2 dysfunction. This study uncovers a role of UPS in yeast TORC2 regulation, highlighting the impact of protein degradation control on cellular signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pao-Kuang Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112304, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jung Chang
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112304, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Wen Chou
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112304, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Yu Chen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112304, Taiwan; Faculty of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112304, Taiwan; Cancer and Immunology Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, 112304, Taiwan.
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3
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Li G, Cao X, Tumukunde E, Zeng Q, Wang S. The target of rapamycin signaling pathway regulates vegetative development, aflatoxin biosynthesis, and pathogenicity in Aspergillus flavus. eLife 2024; 12:RP89478. [PMID: 38990939 PMCID: PMC11239180 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway is highly conserved and plays a crucial role in diverse biological processes in eukaryotes. Despite its significance, the underlying mechanism of the TOR pathway in Aspergillus flavus remains elusive. In this study, we comprehensively analyzed the TOR signaling pathway in A. flavus by identifying and characterizing nine genes that encode distinct components of this pathway. The FK506-binding protein Fkbp3 and its lysine succinylation are important for aflatoxin production and rapamycin resistance. The TorA kinase plays a pivotal role in the regulation of growth, spore production, aflatoxin biosynthesis, and responses to rapamycin and cell membrane stress. As a significant downstream effector molecule of the TorA kinase, the Sch9 kinase regulates aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) synthesis, osmotic and calcium stress response in A. flavus, and this regulation is mediated through its S_TKc, S_TK_X domains, and the ATP-binding site at K340. We also showed that the Sch9 kinase may have a regulatory impact on the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) signaling pathway. TapA and TipA, the other downstream components of the TorA kinase, play a significant role in regulating cell wall stress response in A. flavus. Moreover, the members of the TapA-phosphatase complexes, SitA and Ppg1, are important for various biological processes in A. flavus, including vegetative growth, sclerotia formation, AFB1 biosynthesis, and pathogenicity. We also demonstrated that SitA and Ppg1 are involved in regulating lipid droplets (LDs) biogenesis and cell wall integrity (CWI) signaling pathways. In addition, another phosphatase complex, Nem1/Spo7, plays critical roles in hyphal development, conidiation, aflatoxin production, and LDs biogenesis. Collectively, our study has provided important insight into the regulatory network of the TOR signaling pathway and has elucidated the underlying molecular mechanisms of aflatoxin biosynthesis in A. flavus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic, Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Xiaohong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic, Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Elisabeth Tumukunde
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic, Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Qianhua Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic, Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Shihua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Key Laboratory of Pathogenic, Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
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4
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Nomura W, Inoue Y. Activation of the cell wall integrity pathway negatively regulates TORC2-Ypk1/2 signaling through blocking eisosome disassembly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Commun Biol 2024; 7:722. [PMID: 38862688 PMCID: PMC11166964 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06411-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The target of rapamycin complex 2 (TORC2) signaling is associated with plasma membrane (PM) integrity. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, TORC2-Ypk1/2 signaling controls sphingolipid biosynthesis, and Ypk1/2 phosphorylation by TORC2 under PM stress conditions is increased in a Slm1/2-dependent manner, under which Slm1 is known to be released from an eisosome, a furrow-like invagination PM structure. However, it remains unsolved how the activation machinery of TORC2-Ypk1/2 signaling is regulated. Here we show that edelfosine, a synthetic lysophospholipid analog, inhibits the activation of TORC2-Ypk1/2 signaling, and the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway is involved in this inhibitory effect. The activation of CWI pathway blocked the eisosome disassembly promoted by PM stress and the release of Slm1 from eisosomes. Constitutive activation of TORC2-Ypk1/2 signaling exhibited increased sensitivity to cell wall stress. We propose that the CWI pathway negatively regulates the TORC2-Ypk1/2 signaling, which is involved in the regulatory mechanism to ensure the proper stress response to cell wall damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Nomura
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
- Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, the Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan.
| | - Yoshiharu Inoue
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan.
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5
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Rabeh K, Oubohssaine M, Hnini M. TOR in plants: Multidimensional regulators of plant growth and signaling pathways. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 294:154186. [PMID: 38330538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Target Of Rapamycin (TOR) represents a ubiquitous kinase complex that has emerged as a central regulator of cell growth and metabolism in nearly all eukaryotic organisms. TOR is an evolutionarily conserved protein kinase, functioning as a central signaling hub that integrates diverse internal and external cues to regulate a multitude of biological processes. These processes collectively exert significant influence on plant growth, development, nutrient assimilation, photosynthesis, fruit ripening, and interactions with microorganisms. Within the plant domain, the TOR complex comprises three integral components: TOR, RAPTOR, and LST8. This comprehensive review provides insights into various facets of the TOR protein, encompassing its origin, structure, function, and the regulatory and signaling pathways operative in photosynthetic organisms. Additionally, we explore future perspectives related to this pivotal protein kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Rabeh
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Team, Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnologies, Biodiversity and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco.
| | - Malika Oubohssaine
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Team, Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnologies, Biodiversity and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohamed Hnini
- Microbiology and Molecular Biology Team, Center of Plant and Microbial Biotechnologies, Biodiversity and Environment, Faculty of Sciences, Mohammed V University, Rabat, Morocco
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6
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Myburgh E, Geoghegan V, Alves-Ferreira EV, Nievas YR, Grewal JS, Brown E, McLuskey K, Mottram JC. TORC1 is an essential regulator of nutrient-controlled proliferation and differentiation in Leishmania. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:1075-1105. [PMID: 38396206 PMCID: PMC10933368 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-024-00084-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites undergo differentiation between various proliferating and non-dividing forms to adapt to changing host environments. The mechanisms that link environmental cues with the parasite's developmental changes remain elusive. Here, we report that Leishmania TORC1 is a key environmental sensor for parasite proliferation and differentiation in the sand fly-stage promastigotes and for replication of mammalian-stage amastigotes. We show that Leishmania RPTOR1, interacts with TOR1 and LST8, and identify new parasite-specific proteins that interact in this complex. We investigate TORC1 function by conditional deletion of RPTOR1, where under nutrient-rich conditions RPTOR1 depletion results in decreased protein synthesis and growth, G1 cell cycle arrest and premature differentiation from proliferative promastigotes to non-dividing mammalian-infective metacyclic forms. These parasites are unable to respond to nutrients to differentiate into proliferative retroleptomonads, which are required for their blood-meal induced amplification in sand flies and enhanced mammalian infectivity. We additionally show that RPTOR1-/- metacyclic promastigotes develop into amastigotes but do not proliferate in the mammalian host to cause pathology. RPTOR1-dependent TORC1 functionality represents a critical mechanism for driving parasite growth and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmarie Myburgh
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Vincent Geoghegan
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Eliza Vc Alves-Ferreira
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Y Romina Nievas
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Jaspreet S Grewal
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Elaine Brown
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Karen McLuskey
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Jeremy C Mottram
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, York, YO10 5DD, UK
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7
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Mudunuri A, Chandrakanth M, Khan S, Sura C, Kumar N, Tung S. Diet-induced plasticity of life-history traits and gene expression in outbred Drosophila melanogaster population. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e10976. [PMID: 38343564 PMCID: PMC10857930 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Food is fundamental for the survival of organisms, governing growth, maintenance, and reproduction through the provision of essential macronutrients. However, access to food with optimum macronutrient composition, which will maximize the evolutionary fitness of an organism, is not always guaranteed. This leads to dietary mismatches with potential impacts on organismal performance. To understand the consequences of such dietary mismatches, we examined the effects of isocaloric diets varying in macronutrient composition on eight key organismal traits spanning across the lifespan of a large outbred Drosophila melanogaster population (n ~ 2500). Our findings reveal that carbohydrate-reduced isocaloric diets correlates to accelerated pre-adult development and boosts reproductive output without impacting pre-adult viability and body size. Conversely, an elevated dietary carbohydrate content correlated to reduced lifespan in flies, evidenced by accelerated functional senescence including compromised locomotor activity and deteriorating gut integrity. Furthermore, transcriptomic analysis indicated a substantial difference in gene regulatory landscapes between flies subject to high-carbohydrate versus high-protein diet, with elevated protein levels indicating transcriptomes primed for reduced synthesis of fatty acids. Taken together, our study helps advance our understanding of the effect of macronutrient composition on life history traits and their interrelations, offering critical insights into potential adaptive strategies that organisms might adopt against the continual dietary imbalances prevalent in the rapidly evolving environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhila Mudunuri
- Integrated Genetics and Evolution Laboratory (IGEL), Department of BiologyAshoka UniversitySonipatHaryanaIndia
- Present address:
Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective BehaviorUniversity of KonstanzKonstanzGermany
- Present address:
International Max Planck Research School for Quantitative Behavior, Ecology and EvolutionKonstanzGermany
- Present address:
Department of BiologyUniversity of KonstanzKonstanzGermany
| | - Mohankumar Chandrakanth
- Integrated Genetics and Evolution Laboratory (IGEL), Department of BiologyAshoka UniversitySonipatHaryanaIndia
| | - Soumen Khan
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) PunePuneMaharashtraIndia
- Present address:
Soumen Khan, Epigenetics DepartmentThe Babraham InstituteCambridgeUK
| | - Chand Sura
- Integrated Genetics and Evolution Laboratory (IGEL), Department of BiologyAshoka UniversitySonipatHaryanaIndia
| | - Nishant Kumar
- Integrated Genetics and Evolution Laboratory (IGEL), Department of BiologyAshoka UniversitySonipatHaryanaIndia
| | - Sudipta Tung
- Integrated Genetics and Evolution Laboratory (IGEL), Department of BiologyAshoka UniversitySonipatHaryanaIndia
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8
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Piro F, Masci S, Kannan G, Focaia R, Schultz TL, Carruthers VB, Di Cristina M. A Toxoplasma gondii putative arginine transporter localizes to the plant-like vacuolar compartment and controls parasite extracellular survival and stage differentiation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.31.555807. [PMID: 37693549 PMCID: PMC10491228 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.31.555807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that infects a broad spectrum of hosts and can colonize many organs and cell types. The ability to reside within a wide range of different niches requires substantial adaptability to diverse microenvironments. Very little is known about how this parasite senses various milieus and adapts its metabolism to survive, replicate during the acute stage, and then differentiate to the chronic stage. Most eukaryotes, from yeast to mammals, rely on a nutrient sensing machinery involving the TORC complex as master regulator of cell growth and cell cycle progression. The lysosome functions as a signaling hub where TORC complex assembles and is activated by transceptors, which both sense and transport amino acids, including the arginine transceptor SLC38A9. While most of the TORC components are lost in T. gondii , indicating the evolution of a distinct nutrient sensing mechanism, the parasite's lysosomal plant-like vacuolar compartment (PLVAC) may still serve as a sensory platform for controlling parasite growth and differentiation. Using SLC38A9 to query the T. gondii proteome, we identified four putative amino acid transporters, termed TgAAT1-4, that structurally resemble the SLC38A9 arginine transceptor. Assessing their expression and sub-cellular localization, we found that one of them, TgAAT1, localized to the PLVAC and is necessary for normal parasite extracellular survival and bradyzoite differentiation. Moreover, we show that TgAAT1 is involved in the PLVAC efflux of arginine, an amino acid playing a key role in T. gondii differentiation, further supporting the hypothesis that TgAAT1 might play a role in nutrient sensing. IMPORTANCE T. gondii is a highly successful parasite infecting a broad range of warm-blood organisms including about one third of all humans. Although Toxoplasma infections rarely result in symptomatic disease in individuals with a healthy immune system, the incredibly high number of persons infected along with the risk of severe infection in immunocompromised patients and the potential link of chronic infection to mental disorders make this infection a significant public health concern. As a result, there is a pressing need for new treatment approaches that are both effective and well-tolerated. The limitations in understanding how Toxoplasma gondii manages its metabolism to adapt to changing environments and triggers its transformation into bradyzoites have hindered the discovery of vulnerabilities in its metabolic pathways or nutrient acquisition mechanisms to identify new therapeutic targets. In this work, we have shown that the lysosome-like organelle PLVAC, acting through the putative arginine transporter TgAAT1, plays a pivotal role in regulating the parasite's extracellular survival and differentiation into bradyzoites.
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9
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Nagy L, Vonk P, Künzler M, Földi C, Virágh M, Ohm R, Hennicke F, Bálint B, Csernetics Á, Hegedüs B, Hou Z, Liu X, Nan S, Pareek M, Sahu N, Szathmári B, Varga T, Wu H, Yang X, Merényi Z. Lessons on fruiting body morphogenesis from genomes and transcriptomes of Agaricomycetes. Stud Mycol 2023; 104:1-85. [PMID: 37351542 PMCID: PMC10282164 DOI: 10.3114/sim.2022.104.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Fruiting bodies (sporocarps, sporophores or basidiomata) of mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes) are among the most complex structures produced by fungi. Unlike vegetative hyphae, fruiting bodies grow determinately and follow a genetically encoded developmental program that orchestrates their growth, tissue differentiation and sexual sporulation. In spite of more than a century of research, our understanding of the molecular details of fruiting body morphogenesis is still limited and a general synthesis on the genetics of this complex process is lacking. In this paper, we aim at a comprehensive identification of conserved genes related to fruiting body morphogenesis and distil novel functional hypotheses for functionally poorly characterised ones. As a result of this analysis, we report 921 conserved developmentally expressed gene families, only a few dozens of which have previously been reported to be involved in fruiting body development. Based on literature data, conserved expression patterns and functional annotations, we provide hypotheses on the potential role of these gene families in fruiting body development, yielding the most complete description of molecular processes in fruiting body morphogenesis to date. We discuss genes related to the initiation of fruiting, differentiation, growth, cell surface and cell wall, defence, transcriptional regulation as well as signal transduction. Based on these data we derive a general model of fruiting body development, which includes an early, proliferative phase that is mostly concerned with laying out the mushroom body plan (via cell division and differentiation), and a second phase of growth via cell expansion as well as meiotic events and sporulation. Altogether, our discussions cover 1 480 genes of Coprinopsis cinerea, and their orthologs in Agaricus bisporus, Cyclocybe aegerita, Armillaria ostoyae, Auriculariopsis ampla, Laccaria bicolor, Lentinula edodes, Lentinus tigrinus, Mycena kentingensis, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pleurotus ostreatus, and Schizophyllum commune, providing functional hypotheses for ~10 % of genes in the genomes of these species. Although experimental evidence for the role of these genes will need to be established in the future, our data provide a roadmap for guiding functional analyses of fruiting related genes in the Agaricomycetes. We anticipate that the gene compendium presented here, combined with developments in functional genomics approaches will contribute to uncovering the genetic bases of one of the most spectacular multicellular developmental processes in fungi. Citation: Nagy LG, Vonk PJ, Künzler M, Földi C, Virágh M, Ohm RA, Hennicke F, Bálint B, Csernetics Á, Hegedüs B, Hou Z, Liu XB, Nan S, M. Pareek M, Sahu N, Szathmári B, Varga T, Wu W, Yang X, Merényi Z (2023). Lessons on fruiting body morphogenesis from genomes and transcriptomes of Agaricomycetes. Studies in Mycology 104: 1-85. doi: 10.3114/sim.2022.104.01.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.G. Nagy
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - P.J. Vonk
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - M. Künzler
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - C. Földi
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - M. Virágh
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - R.A. Ohm
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - F. Hennicke
- Project Group Genetics and Genomics of Fungi, Chair Evolution of Plants and Fungi, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44780, Bochum, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany;
| | - B. Bálint
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - Á. Csernetics
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - B. Hegedüs
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - Z. Hou
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - X.B. Liu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - S. Nan
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Hubei Province, PR China
| | - M. Pareek
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - N. Sahu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - B. Szathmári
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - T. Varga
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - H. Wu
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
| | - X. Yang
- Institute of Applied Mycology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070 Hubei Province, PR China
| | - Z. Merényi
- Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Biological Research Center, Szeged, 6726, Hungary;
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10
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Hoeflich A, Galow AM, Brenmoehl J, Hadlich F. Growth and development of the mammary gland in mice-control of the insulin-like growth factor system by hormones and metalloproteases, and putative interference with micro RNAs. Anim Front 2023; 13:77-85. [PMID: 37324202 PMCID: PMC10266761 DOI: 10.1093/af/vfad024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne-Marie Galow
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Julia Brenmoehl
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Frieder Hadlich
- Institute of Genome Biology, Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
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11
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Tang J, Yang L, Guan F, Miller H, Camara NOS, James LK, Benlagha K, Kubo M, Heegaard S, Lee P, Lei J, Zeng H, He C, Zhai Z, Liu C. The role of Raptor in lymphocytes differentiation and function. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1146628. [PMID: 37283744 PMCID: PMC10239924 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1146628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Raptor, a key component of mTORC1, is required for recruiting substrates to mTORC1 and contributing to its subcellular localization. Raptor has a highly conserved N-terminus domain and seven WD40 repeats, which interact with mTOR and other mTORC1-related proteins. mTORC1 participates in various cellular events and mediates differentiation and metabolism. Directly or indirectly, many factors mediate the differentiation and function of lymphocytes that is essential for immunity. In this review, we summarize the role of Raptor in lymphocytes differentiation and function, whereby Raptor mediates the secretion of cytokines to induce early lymphocyte metabolism, development, proliferation and migration. Additionally, Raptor regulates the function of lymphocytes by regulating their steady-state maintenance and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Tang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Lu Yang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Fei Guan
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Heather Miller
- Cytek Biosciences, R&D Clinical Reagents, Fremont, CA, United States
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Louisa K. James
- Centre for Immunobiology, Bizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kamel Benlagha
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, EMiLy, Paris, France
| | - Masato Kubo
- Laboratory for Cytokine Regulation, Center for Integrative Medical Science (IMS), Rikagaku Kenkyusho, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) Yokohama Institute, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Steffen Heegaard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pamela Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jiahui Lei
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hu Zeng
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Chengwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, China
| | - Zhimin Zhai
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chaohong Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College and State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonostic Infectious Disease, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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12
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Pacheco JM, Song L, Kuběnová L, Ovečka M, Berdion Gabarain V, Peralta JM, Lehuedé TU, Ibeas MA, Ricardi MM, Zhu S, Shen Y, Schepetilnikov M, Ryabova LA, Alvarez JM, Gutierrez RA, Grossmann G, Šamaj J, Yu F, Estevez JM. Cell surface receptor kinase FERONIA linked to nutrient sensor TORC signaling controls root hair growth at low temperature linked to low nitrate in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:169-185. [PMID: 36716782 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Root hairs (RH) are excellent model systems for studying cell size and polarity since they elongate several hundred-fold their original size. Their tip growth is determined both by intrinsic and environmental signals. Although nutrient availability and temperature are key factors for a sustained plant growth, the molecular mechanisms underlying their sensing and downstream signaling pathways remain unclear. We use genetics to address the roles of the cell surface receptor kinase FERONIA (FER) and the nutrient sensing TOR Complex 1 (TORC) in RH growth. We identified that low temperature (10°C) triggers a strong RH elongation response in Arabidopsis thaliana involving FER and TORC. We found that FER is required to perceive limited nutrient availability caused by low temperature. FERONIA interacts with and activates TORC-downstream components to trigger RH growth. In addition, the small GTPase Rho of plants 2 (ROP2) is also involved in this RH growth response linking FER and TOR. We also found that limited nitrogen nutrient availability can mimic the RH growth response at 10°C in a NRT1.1-dependent manner. These results uncover a molecular mechanism by which a central hub composed by FER-ROP2-TORC is involved in the control of RH elongation under low temperature and nitrogen deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Martínez Pacheco
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Av Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Limei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, and Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
- Laborarory of Species Interaction and Biological Invasion, School of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071002, China
| | - Lenka Kuběnová
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Ovečka
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Victoria Berdion Gabarain
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Av Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Juan Manuel Peralta
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Av Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, C1405BWE, Argentina
| | - Tomás Urzúa Lehuedé
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370186, Santiago, Chile
- ANID - Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel Angel Ibeas
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370186, Santiago, Chile
- ANID - Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Martiniano M Ricardi
- Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET) and Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sirui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, and Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Yanan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, and Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Mikhail Schepetilnikov
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - Lyubov A Ryabova
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, CNRS, UPR 2357, Université de Strasbourg, 67084, Strasbourg, France
| | - José M Alvarez
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370186, Santiago, Chile
- ANID - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), 7500000, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Gutierrez
- ANID - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), 7500000, Santiago, Chile
- Millennium Institute Center for Genome Regulation, 6904411, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Guido Grossmann
- Institute of Cell and Interaction Biology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence in Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jozef Šamaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Feng Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, and Hunan Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - José M Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Av Patricias Argentinas 435, Buenos Aires, C1405BWE, Argentina
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370186, Santiago, Chile
- ANID - Millennium Nucleus for the Development of Super Adaptable Plants (MN-SAP), 8331150, Santiago, Chile
- ANID - Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), 7500000, Santiago, Chile
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13
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Ibrahim YH, Pantelios S, Mutvei AP. An affinity tool for the isolation of endogenous active mTORC1 from various cellular sources. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104644. [PMID: 36965617 PMCID: PMC10164890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is a central regulator of mammalian cell growth that is dysregulated in a number of human diseases, including metabolic syndromes, aging and cancer. Structural, biochemical and pharmacological studies that have increased our understanding of how mTORC1 executes growth control often relied upon purified mTORC1 protein. However, current immunoaffinity-based purification methods are expensive, inefficient, and do not necessarily isolate endogenous mTORC1, hampering their overall utility in research. Here we present a simple tool to isolate endogenous mTORC1 from various cellular sources. By recombinantly expressing and isolating mTORC1-binding Rag GTPases from E. Coli and using them as affinity probes, we demonstrate that mTORC1 can be isolated from mouse, bovine and human sources. Our results indicate that mTORC1 isolated by this relatively inexpensive method is catalytically active and amenable to scaling. Collectively, this tool may be utilized to isolate mTORC1 from various cellular sources, organs, and disease contexts, aiding mTORC1-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Spyridon Pantelios
- Department of Immunology, Pathology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anders P Mutvei
- Department of Immunology, Pathology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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14
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Prouteau M, Bourgoint C, Felix J, Bonadei L, Sadian Y, Gabus C, Savvides SN, Gutsche I, Desfosses A, Loewith R. EGOC inhibits TOROID polymerization by structurally activating TORC1. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2023; 30:273-285. [PMID: 36702972 PMCID: PMC10023571 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-022-00912-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) is a protein kinase controlling cell homeostasis and growth in response to nutrients and stresses. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, glucose depletion triggers a redistribution of TORC1 from a dispersed localization over the vacuole surface into a large, inactive condensate called TOROID (TORC1 organized in inhibited domains). However, the mechanisms governing this transition have been unclear. Here, we show that acute depletion and repletion of EGO complex (EGOC) activity is sufficient to control TOROID distribution, independently of other nutrient-signaling pathways. The 3.9-Å-resolution structure of TORC1 from TOROID cryo-EM data together with interrogation of key interactions in vivo provide structural insights into TORC1-TORC1' and TORC1-EGOC interaction interfaces. These data support a model in which glucose-dependent activation of EGOC triggers binding to TORC1 at an interface required for TOROID assembly, preventing TORC1 polymerization and promoting release of active TORC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoël Prouteau
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Clélia Bourgoint
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jan Felix
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Lenny Bonadei
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yashar Sadian
- CryoGEnic facility (DCI Geneva), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Gabus
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Savvas N Savvides
- Unit for Structural Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Irina Gutsche
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Ambroise Desfosses
- Institut de Biologie Structurale, Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Robbie Loewith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
- Swiss National Centre for Competence in Research Chemical Biology, Geneva, Switzerland.
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15
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Panigrahi L, Anjum S, Ahmed S. Critical role of Wat1/Pop3 in regulating the TORC1 signalling pathway in fission yeast S. pombe. Fungal Genet Biol 2023; 164:103764. [PMID: 36481249 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2022.103764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The target of rapamycin (TOR), a major pathway for the regulation of cell growth and proliferation is conserved from yeast to humans. Fission yeast contains two tor complexes, TORC1 is crucial for cell growth while TORC2 gets activated under stress conditions. Pop3/Wat1, a mammalian Lst8 ortholog is an important component of both TOR complexes and has been implicated in the oxidative stress response pathway. Here in this study, the genetic interaction analysis revealed a synthetic lethal interaction of wat1 with tor2-287 mutant cells. Co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed Wat1 interacts with TORC1 components Tor2, Mip1, and Tco89 while wat1-17 mutant protein fails to interact with these proteins. In the absence of Wat1, the cells arrest at G1 phase with reduced cell size at non-permissive temperature reminiscent of tor2-287 mutant phenotype. Similarly, inactivation of Wat1 results in the failure of TORC1 mediated phosphorylation of Psk1 and Rps602, leading to dysregulation of amino acid permeases and delocalization of Gaf1, a DNA binding transcription factor. Overall, we have hypothesized that Wat1/Pop3 is required to execute the function of TORC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalita Panigrahi
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Division, CSIR- Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Simmi Anjum
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Shakil Ahmed
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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16
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Schoonover MG, Chilson EC, Strome ED. Heterozygous Mutations in Aromatic Amino Acid Synthesis Genes Trigger TOR Pathway Activation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2022; 2022:10.17912/micropub.biology.000685. [PMID: 36468155 PMCID: PMC9713580 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The highly conserved complexes of Target of Rapamycin (TORC1 and TORC2) are central regulators to many vital cellular processes including growth and autophagy in response to nutrient availability. Previous research has extensively elucidated exogenous nutrient control on TORC1/TORC2; however, little is known about the potential alteration of nutrient pools from mutations in biosynthesis pathways and their impact on Tor pathway activity. Here, we analyze the impacts of heterozygous mutations in aromatic amino acid biosynthesis genes on TOR signaling via differential expression of genes downstream of TORC1 and autophagy induction for TORC1 and TORC2 activity.
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17
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Mallén-Ponce MJ, Pérez-Pérez ME, Crespo JL. Deciphering the function and evolution of the target of rapamycin signaling pathway in microalgae. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:6993-7005. [PMID: 35710309 PMCID: PMC9664231 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae constitute a highly diverse group of photosynthetic microorganisms that are widely distributed on Earth. The rich diversity of microalgae arose from endosymbiotic events that took place early in the evolution of eukaryotes and gave rise to multiple lineages including green algae, the ancestors of land plants. In addition to their fundamental role as the primary source of marine and freshwater food chains, microalgae are essential producers of oxygen on the planet and a major biotechnological target for sustainable biofuel production and CO2 mitigation. Microalgae integrate light and nutrient signals to regulate cell growth. Recent studies identified the target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase as a central regulator of cell growth and a nutrient sensor in microalgae. TOR promotes protein synthesis and regulates processes that are induced under nutrient stress such as autophagy and the accumulation of triacylglycerol and starch. A detailed analysis of representative genomes from the entire microalgal lineage revealed that the highly conserved central components of the TOR pathway are likely to have been present in the last eukaryotic common ancestor, and the loss of specific TOR signaling elements at an early stage in the evolution of microalgae. Here we examine the evolutionary conservation of TOR signaling components in diverse microalgae and discuss recent progress of this signaling pathway in these organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel J Mallén-Ponce
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - María Esther Pérez-Pérez
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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18
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The TOR complex controls ATP levels to regulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122969119. [PMID: 36095209 PMCID: PMC9499549 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122969119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells must overcome energy shortage, and the ability to do so determines their fate. The ability of cells to coordinate their cellular activities and energy status is therefore important for all living organisms. One of the major energy drains in eukaryotic cells is the constant turnover of the actin cytoskeleton, which consumes ATP during the cycle of polymerization and depolymerization. We report that the TOR complex, a master regulatory hub that integrates cellular energy information to coordinate cell growth and metabolism, controls cellular ATP levels in plant cells. We further elucidate that low ATP levels cause reduced actin dynamics in plant cells. These findings provide insight into how plant cells handle low energy situations. Energy is essential for all cellular functions in a living organism. How cells coordinate their physiological processes with energy status and availability is thus an important question. The turnover of actin cytoskeleton between its monomeric and filamentous forms is a major energy drain in eukaryotic cells. However, how actin dynamics are regulated by ATP levels remain largely unknown in plant cells. Here, we observed that seedlings with impaired functions of target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1), either by mutation of the key component, RAPTOR1B, or inhibition of TOR activity by specific inhibitors, displayed reduced sensitivity to actin cytoskeleton disruptors compared to their controls. Consistently, actin filament dynamics, but not organization, were suppressed in TORC1-impaired cells. Subcellular localization analysis and quantification of ATP concentration demonstrated that RAPTOR1B localized at cytoplasm and mitochondria and that ATP levels were significantly reduced in TORC1-impaired plants. Further pharmacologic experiments showed that the inhibition of mitochondrial functions led to phenotypes mimicking those observed in raptor1b mutants at the level of both plant growth and actin dynamics. Exogenous feeding of adenine could partially restore ATP levels and actin dynamics in TORC1-deficient plants. Thus, these data support an important role for TORC1 in coordinating ATP homeostasis and actin dynamics in plant cells.
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19
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Wallace RL, Lu E, Luo X, Capaldi AP. Ait1 regulates TORC1 signaling and localization in budding yeast. eLife 2022; 11:68773. [PMID: 36047762 PMCID: PMC9499541 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The target of rapamycin complex I (TORC1) regulates cell growth and metabolism in eukaryotes. Previous studies have shown that nitrogen and amino acid signals activate TORC1 via the highly conserved small GTPases, Gtr1/2 (RagA/C in humans), and the GTPase activating complex SEAC/GATOR. However, it remains unclear if, and how, other proteins/pathways regulate TORC1 in simple eukaryotes like yeast. Here, we report that the previously unstudied GPCR-like protein, Ait1, binds to TORC1-Gtr1/2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and holds TORC1 around the vacuole during log-phase growth. Then, during amino acid starvation, Ait1 inhibits TORC1 via Gtr1/2 using a loop that resembles the RagA/C-binding domain in the human protein SLC38A9. Importantly, Ait1 is only found in the Saccharomycetaceae/codaceae, two closely related families of yeast that have lost the ancient TORC1 regulators Rheb and TSC1/2. Thus, the TORC1 circuit found in the Saccharomycetaceae/codaceae, and likely other simple eukaryotes, has undergone significant rewiring during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Wallace
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States
| | - Eric Lu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States
| | - Xiangxia Luo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States
| | - Andrew P Capaldi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, United States
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20
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Nomura W, Ng SP, Takahara T, Maeda T, Kawada T, Goto T, Inoue Y. Roles of phosphatidylserine and phospholipase C in the activation of TOR complex 2 signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:276172. [PMID: 35912799 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The target of rapamycin (TOR) forms two distinct complexes, TORC1 and TORC2, to exert its functions essential for cellular growth and homeostasis. TORC1 signaling is regulated in response to nutrients such as amino acids and glucose; however, the mechanisms underlying the activation of TORC2 signaling are still poorly understood compared to TORC1 signaling. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, TORC2 targets protein kinases Ypk1, Ypk2, and Pkc1 for phosphorylation. Plasma membrane stress is known to activate the TORC2-Ypk1/2 signaling. We have previously reported that methylglyoxal (MG), a metabolite derived from glycolysis, activates TORC2-Pkc1 signaling. In this study, we found that MG activates the TORC2-Ypk1/2 and TORC2-Pkc1 signaling, and that phosphatidylserine is involved in the activation of both signaling pathways. We also demonstrated that the Rho-family GTPase Cdc42 contributes to the plasma membrane stress-induced activation of TORC2-Ypk1/2 signaling. Furthermore, we revealed that phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C, Plc1, contributes to the activation of both TORC2-Ypk1/2 and TORC2-Pkc1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Nomura
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Su-Ping Ng
- Laboratory of Molecular Functions of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Terunao Takahara
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Maeda
- Department of Biology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Teruo Kawada
- Laboratory of Molecular Functions of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Goto
- Laboratory of Molecular Functions of Food, Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Inoue
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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21
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Lemon LD, Kannan S, Mo KW, Adams M, Choi HG, Gulka AOD, Withers ES, Nurelegne HT, Gomez V, Ambrocio RE, Tumminkatti R, Lee RS, Wan M, Fasken MB, Spangle JM, Corbett AH. A Saccharomyces cerevisiae model and screen to define the functional consequences of oncogenic histone missense mutations. G3 GENES|GENOMES|GENETICS 2022; 12:6585874. [PMID: 35567477 PMCID: PMC9258546 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Somatic missense mutations in histone genes turn these essential proteins into oncohistones, which can drive oncogenesis. Understanding how missense mutations alter histone function is challenging in mammals as mutations occur in a single histone gene. For example, described oncohistone mutations predominantly occur in the histone H3.3 gene, despite the human genome encoding 15 H3 genes. To understand how oncogenic histone missense mutations alter histone function, we leveraged the budding yeast model, which contains only 2 H3 genes, to explore the functional consequences of oncohistones H3K36M, H3G34W, H3G34L, H3G34R, and H3G34V. Analysis of cells that express each of these variants as the sole copy of H3 reveals that H3K36 mutants show different drug sensitivities compared to H3G34 mutants. This finding suggests that changes to proximal amino acids in the H3 N-terminal tail alter distinct biological pathways. We exploited the caffeine-sensitive growth of H3K36-mutant cells to perform a high copy suppressor screen. This screen identified genes linked to histone function and transcriptional regulation, including Esa1, a histone H4/H2A acetyltransferase; Tos4, a forkhead-associated domain-containing gene expression regulator; Pho92, an N6-methyladenosine RNA-binding protein; and Sgv1/Bur1, a cyclin-dependent kinase. We show that the Esa1 lysine acetyltransferase activity is critical for suppression of the caffeine-sensitive growth of H3K36R-mutant cells while the previously characterized binding interactions of Tos4 and Pho92 are not required for suppression. This screen identifies pathways that could be altered by oncohistone mutations and highlights the value of yeast genetics to identify pathways altered by such mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laramie D Lemon
- Department of Biology, Emory University , Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Sneha Kannan
- Department of Biology, Emory University , Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kim Wai Mo
- Department of Biology, Emory University , Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Miranda Adams
- Department of Biology, Emory University , Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University , Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Emory University , Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Haley G Choi
- Department of Biology, Emory University , Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University , Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Alexander O D Gulka
- Department of Biology, Emory University , Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Emory University , Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Elise S Withers
- Department of Biology, Emory University , Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Valeria Gomez
- Department of Biology, Emory University , Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Reina E Ambrocio
- Department of Biology, Emory University , Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Rhea Tumminkatti
- Department of Biology, Emory University , Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Richard S Lee
- Department of Biology, Emory University , Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University , Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Morris Wan
- Department of Biology, Emory University , Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Milo B Fasken
- Department of Biology, Emory University , Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jennifer M Spangle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Emory University , Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Anita H Corbett
- Department of Biology, Emory University , Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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22
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Dentel B, Angeles-Perez L, Ren C, Jakkamsetti V, Holley AJ, Caballero D, Oh E, Gibson J, Pascual JM, Huber KM, Tu BP, Tsai PT. Increased glycine contributes to synaptic dysfunction and early mortality in Nprl2 seizure model. iScience 2022; 25:104334. [PMID: 35602938 PMCID: PMC9118754 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted therapies for epilepsies associated with the mTORC1 signaling negative regulator GATOR1 are lacking. NPRL2 is a subunit of the GATOR1 complex and mutations in GATOR1 subunits, including NPRL2, are associated with epilepsy. To delineate the mechanisms underlying NPRL2-related epilepsies, we created a mouse (Mus musculus) model with neocortical loss of Nprl2. Mutant mice have increased mTORC1 signaling and exhibit spontaneous seizures. They also display abnormal synaptic function characterized by increased evoked and spontaneous EPSC and decreased evoked and spontaneous IPSC frequencies, respectively. Proteomic and metabolomics studies of Nprl2 mutants revealed alterations in known epilepsy-implicated proteins and metabolic pathways, including increases in the neurotransmitter, glycine. Furthermore, glycine actions on the NMDA receptor contribute to the electrophysiological and survival phenotypes of these mice. Taken together, in this neuronal Nprl2 model, we delineate underlying molecular, metabolic, and electrophysiological mechanisms contributing to mTORC1-related epilepsy, providing potential therapeutic targets for epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne Dentel
- Department of Neurology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | | | - Chongyu Ren
- Department of Neurology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Vikram Jakkamsetti
- Department of Neurology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Andrew J. Holley
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Daniel Caballero
- Department of Neurology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Emily Oh
- Department of Neurology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Jay Gibson
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Juan M. Pascual
- Department of Neurology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Kimberly M. Huber
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Benjamin P. Tu
- Department of Biochemistry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
| | - Peter T. Tsai
- Department of Neurology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
- Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA
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23
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de la Torre A, Jurca M, Hoffmann K, Schmitz L, Heimel K, Kämper J, Pérez-Martín J. Robust Cre recombinase activity in the biotrophic smut fungus Ustilago maydis enables efficient conditional null mutants in planta. Genetics 2022; 220:iyab152. [PMID: 34849846 PMCID: PMC8733456 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Site-specific recombinases have been used in higher eukaryotes, especially in animals, for a broad range of applications, including chromosomal translocations, large deletions, site-specific integration, and tissue-specific as well as conditional knock-outs. The application of site-specific recombination has also been demonstrated in simple eukaryotes like fungi and protozoa. However, its use in fungal research, especially in phytopathogenic fungi, has often been limited to "recycle" the marker genes used in transformation experiments. We show that Cre recombinase can be used for conditional gene deletions in the phytopathogenic fungus Ustilago maydis. Conditional gene knock-outs can be generated via the transcriptional control of the recombinase by U. maydis promoters specifically activated during the biotrophic phase of fungal growth, enabling gene deletions at defined developmental stages inside the plant tissue. Also, we show that a tamoxifen-activated Cre-recombinase allows the tight control necessary for the induced deletion of essential genes by the addition of tamoxifen. These tools will be helpful to address the function of genes under both axenic and in planta conditions for the U. maydis-maize pathosystem and should pave the way for similar approaches in other plant pathosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matteo Jurca
- Department of Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kai Hoffmann
- Department of Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Lara Schmitz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Kai Heimel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37073, Germany
| | - Jörg Kämper
- Department of Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - José Pérez-Martín
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (CSIC), Salamanca 37007, Spain
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24
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Segreto R, Bazafkan H, Millinger J, Schenk M, Atanasova L, Doppler M, Büschl C, Boeckstaens M, Soto Diaz S, Schreiner U, Sillo F, Balestrini R, Schuhmacher R, Zeilinger S. The TOR kinase pathway is relevant for nitrogen signaling and antagonism of the mycoparasite Trichoderma atroviride. PLoS One 2022; 16:e0262180. [PMID: 34972198 PMCID: PMC8719763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma atroviride (Ascomycota, Sordariomycetes) is a well-known mycoparasite applied for protecting plants against fungal pathogens. Its mycoparasitic activity involves processes shared with plant and human pathogenic fungi such as the production of cell wall degrading enzymes and secondary metabolites and is tightly regulated by environmental cues. In eukaryotes, the conserved Target of Rapamycin (TOR) kinase serves as a central regulator of cellular growth in response to nutrient availability. Here we describe how alteration of the activity of TOR1, the single and essential TOR kinase of T. atroviride, by treatment with chemical TOR inhibitors or by genetic manipulation of selected TOR pathway components affected various cellular functions. Loss of TSC1 and TSC2, that are negative regulators of TOR complex 1 (TORC1) in mammalian cells, resulted in altered nitrogen source-dependent growth of T. atroviride, reduced mycoparasitic overgrowth and, in the case of Δtsc1, a diminished production of numerous secondary metabolites. Deletion of the gene encoding the GTPase RHE2, whose mammalian orthologue activates mTORC1, led to rapamycin hypersensitivity and altered secondary metabolism, but had an only minor effect on vegetative growth and mycoparasitic overgrowth. The latter also applied to mutants missing the npr1-1 gene that encodes a fungus-specific kinase known as TOR target in yeast. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis confirmed TOR1 as a regulatory hub that governs T. atroviride metabolism and processes associated to ribosome biogenesis, gene expression and translation. In addition, mycoparasitism-relevant genes encoding terpenoid and polyketide synthases, peptidases, glycoside hydrolases, small secreted cysteine-rich proteins, and G protein coupled receptors emerged as TOR1 targets. Our results provide the first in-depth insights into TOR signaling in a fungal mycoparasite and emphasize its importance in the regulation of processes that critically contribute to the antagonistic activity of T. atroviride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Segreto
- Department of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hoda Bazafkan
- Department of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Julia Millinger
- Department of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martina Schenk
- Department of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lea Atanasova
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Doppler
- Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural, Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Christoph Büschl
- Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural, Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Mélanie Boeckstaens
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Laboratory of Biology of Membrane Transport, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Silvia Soto Diaz
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire, Laboratory of Biology of Membrane Transport, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Ulrike Schreiner
- Department of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | - Rainer Schuhmacher
- Department of Agrobiotechnology IFA-Tulln, Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural, Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna (BOKU), Tulln, Austria
| | - Susanne Zeilinger
- Department of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- * E-mail:
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25
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Hernandez SJ, Fote G, Reyes-Ortiz AM, Steffan JS, Thompson LM. Cooperation of cell adhesion and autophagy in the brain: Functional roles in development and neurodegenerative disease. Matrix Biol Plus 2021; 12:100089. [PMID: 34786551 PMCID: PMC8579148 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbplus.2021.100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular adhesive connections directed by the extracellular matrix (ECM) and maintenance of cellular homeostasis by autophagy are seemingly disparate functions that are molecularly intertwined, each regulating the other. This is an emerging field in the brain where the interplay between adhesion and autophagy functions at the intersection of neuroprotection and neurodegeneration. The ECM and adhesion proteins regulate autophagic responses to direct protein clearance and guide regenerative programs that go awry in brain disorders. Concomitantly, autophagic flux acts to regulate adhesion dynamics to mediate neurite outgrowth and synaptic plasticity with functional disruption contributed by neurodegenerative disease. This review highlights the cooperative exchange between cellular adhesion and autophagy in the brain during health and disease. As the mechanistic alliance between adhesion and autophagy has been leveraged therapeutically for metastatic disease, understanding overlapping molecular functions that direct the interplay between adhesion and autophagy might uncover therapeutic strategies to correct or compensate for neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Hernandez
- Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Gianna Fote
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Andrea M. Reyes-Ortiz
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Joan S. Steffan
- Psychaitry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Institute of Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
| | - Leslie M. Thompson
- Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Psychaitry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Institute of Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
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26
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Shen W, Cao S, Liu J, Zhang W, Chen J, Li JF. Overexpression of an Osa-miR162a Derivative in Rice Confers Cross-Kingdom RNA Interference-Mediated Brown Planthopper Resistance without Perturbing Host Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312652. [PMID: 34884461 PMCID: PMC8657652 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice is a main food crop for more than half of the global population. The brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens) is one of the most destructive insect pests of rice. Currently, repeated overuse of chemical insecticides represents a common practice in agriculture for BPH control, which can induce insect tolerance and provoke environmental concerns. This situation calls for innovative and widely applicable strategies for rice protection against BPH. Here we report that the rice osa-miR162a can mediate cross-kingdom RNA interference (RNAi) by targeting the NlTOR (Target of rapamycin) gene of BPH that regulates the reproduction process. Through artificial diet or injection, osa-miR162a mimics repressed the NlTOR expression and impaired the oviposition of BPH adults. Consistently, overproduced osa-miR162a in transgenic rice plants compromised the fecundity of BPH adults fed with these plants, but meanwhile perturbed root and grain development. To circumvent this issue, we generated osa-miR162a-m1, a sequence-optimized osa-miR162a, by decreasing base complementarity to rice endogenous target genes while increasing base complementarity to NlTOR. Transgenic overexpression of osa-miR162a-m1 conferred rice resistance to BPH without detectable developmental penalty. This work reveals the first cross-kingdom RNAi mechanism in rice-BPH interactions and inspires a potentially useful approach for improving rice resistance to BPH. We also introduce an effective strategy to uncouple unwanted host developmental perturbation from desirable cross-kingdom RNAi benefits for overexpressed plant miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (W.S.); (S.C.); (J.L.); (W.Z.)
| | - Shanni Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (W.S.); (S.C.); (J.L.); (W.Z.)
| | - Jinhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (W.S.); (S.C.); (J.L.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wenqing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (W.S.); (S.C.); (J.L.); (W.Z.)
| | - Jie Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection, Plant Protection Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (J.-F.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-20-39943513 (J.-F.L.)
| | - Jian-Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (W.S.); (S.C.); (J.L.); (W.Z.)
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (J.-F.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-20-39943513 (J.-F.L.)
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27
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Calvo IA, Sharma S, Paulo JA, Gulka AO, Boeszoermenyi A, Zhang J, Lombana JM, Palmieri CM, Laviolette LA, Arthanari H, Iliopoulos O, Gygi SP, Motamedi M. The fission yeast FLCN/FNIP complex augments TORC1 repression or activation in response to amino acid (AA) availability. iScience 2021; 24:103338. [PMID: 34805795 PMCID: PMC8590082 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The target of Rapamycin complex1 (TORC1) senses and integrates several environmental signals, including amino acid (AA) availability, to regulate cell growth. Folliculin (FLCN) is a tumor suppressor (TS) protein in renal cell carcinoma, which paradoxically activates TORC1 in response to AA supplementation. Few tractable systems for modeling FLCN as a TS are available. Here, we characterize the FLCN-containing complex in Schizosaccharomyces pombe (called BFC) and show that BFC augments TORC1 repression and activation in response to AA starvation and supplementation, respectively. BFC co-immunoprecipitates V-ATPase, a TORC1 modulator, and regulates its activity in an AA-dependent manner. BFC genetic and proteomic networks identify the conserved peptide transmembrane transporter Ptr2 and the phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase Ade3 as new AA-dependent regulators of TORC1. Overall, these data ascribe an additional repressive function to Folliculin in TORC1 regulation and reveal S. pombe as an excellent system for modeling the AA-dependent, FLCN-mediated repression of TORC1 in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel A. Calvo
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Shalini Sharma
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Joao A. Paulo
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Alexander O.D. Gulka
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Andras Boeszoermenyi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Jose M. Lombana
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Christina M. Palmieri
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Laura A. Laviolette
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Haribabu Arthanari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Othon Iliopoulos
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Steven P. Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mo Motamedi
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research and Department of Medicine Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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28
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Cadena Sandoval M, Heberle AM, Rehbein U, Barile C, Ramos Pittol JM, Thedieck K. mTORC1 Crosstalk With Stress Granules in Aging and Age-Related Diseases. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2021; 2:761333. [PMID: 35822040 PMCID: PMC9261333 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.761333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) kinase is a master regulator of metabolism and aging. A complex signaling network converges on mTORC1 and integrates growth factor, nutrient and stress signals. Aging is a dynamic process characterized by declining cellular survival, renewal, and fertility. Stressors elicited by aging hallmarks such as mitochondrial malfunction, loss of proteostasis, genomic instability and telomere shortening impinge on mTORC1 thereby contributing to age-related processes. Stress granules (SGs) constitute a cytoplasmic non-membranous compartment formed by RNA-protein aggregates, which control RNA metabolism, signaling, and survival under stress. Increasing evidence reveals complex crosstalk between the mTORC1 network and SGs. In this review, we cover stressors elicited by aging hallmarks that impinge on mTORC1 and SGs. We discuss their interplay, and we highlight possible links in the context of aging and age-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marti Cadena Sandoval
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Section Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Alexander Martin Heberle
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Section Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ulrike Rehbein
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cecilia Barile
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - José Miguel Ramos Pittol
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kathrin Thedieck
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, Section Systems Medicine of Metabolism and Signaling, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
- Department for Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Kathrin Thedieck, , ,
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29
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Hatakeyama R. Pib2 as an Emerging Master Regulator of Yeast TORC1. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101489. [PMID: 34680122 PMCID: PMC8533233 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell growth is dynamically regulated in response to external cues such as nutrient availability, growth factor signals, and stresses. Central to this adaptation process is the Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 (TORC1), an evolutionarily conserved kinase complex that fine-tunes an enormous number of cellular events. How upstream signals are sensed and transmitted to TORC1 has been intensively studied in major model organisms including the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This field recently saw a breakthrough: the identification of yeast phosphatidylInositol(3)-phosphate binding protein 2 (Pib2) protein as a critical regulator of TORC1. Although the study of Pib2 is still in its early days, multiple groups have provided important mechanistic insights on how Pib2 relays nutrient signals to TORC1. There remain, on the other hand, significant gaps in our knowledge and mysteries that warrant further investigations. This is the first dedicated review on Pib2 that summarizes major findings and outstanding questions around this emerging key player in cell growth regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riko Hatakeyama
- Institute of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
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30
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Fission Yeast TORC2 Signaling Pathway Ensures Cell Proliferation under Glucose-Limited, Nitrogen-Replete Conditions. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101465. [PMID: 34680098 PMCID: PMC8533292 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Target of rapamycin (TOR) kinases form two distinct complexes, TORC1 and TORC2, which are evolutionarily conserved among eukaryotes. These complexes control intracellular biochemical processes in response to changes in extracellular nutrient conditions. Previous studies using the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, showed that the TORC2 signaling pathway, which is essential for cell proliferation under glucose-limited conditions, ensures cell-surface localization of a high-affinity hexose transporter, Ght5, by downregulating its endocytosis. The TORC2 signaling pathway retains Ght5 on the cell surface, depending on the presence of nitrogen sources in medium. Ght5 is transported to vacuoles upon nitrogen starvation. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying this regulation to cope with nutritional stress, a response which may be conserved from yeasts to mammals.
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Morozumi Y, Hishinuma A, Furusawa S, Sofyantoro F, Tatebe H, Shiozaki K. Fission yeast TOR complex 1 phosphorylates Psk1 through an evolutionarily conserved interaction mediated by the TOS motif. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:272450. [PMID: 34499159 PMCID: PMC8542387 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
TOR complex 1 (TORC1) is a multi-subunit protein kinase complex that controls cellular growth in response to environmental cues. The regulatory subunits of mammalian TORC1 (mTORC1) include RAPTOR (also known as RPTOR), which recruits mTORC1 substrates, such as S6K1 (also known as RPS6KB1) and 4EBP1 (EIF4EBP1), by interacting with their TOR signaling (TOS) motif. Despite the evolutionary conservation of TORC1, no TOS motif has been described in lower eukaryotes. In the present study, we show that the fission yeast S6 kinase Psk1 contains a TOS motif that interacts with Mip1, a RAPTOR ortholog. The TOS motif in Psk1 resembles those in mammals, including the conserved phenylalanine and aspartic acid residues essential for the Mip1 interaction and TORC1-dependent phosphorylation of Psk1. The binding of the TOS motif to Mip1 is dependent on Mip1 Tyr-533, whose equivalent in RAPTOR is known to interact with the TOS motif in their co-crystals. Furthermore, we utilized the mip1-Y533A mutation to screen the known TORC1 substrates in fission yeast and successfully identified Atg13 as a novel TOS-motif-containing substrate. These results strongly suggest that the TOS motif represents an evolutionarily conserved mechanism of the substrate recognition by TORC1. Summary: By analyzing S6 kinase in fission yeast, we have demonstrated that the TOR signaling (TOS) motif-mediated substrate recognition by TOR complex 1 is conserved from yeast to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Morozumi
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ai Hishinuma
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.,Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Daisen, Akita 019-2112, Japan
| | - Suguru Furusawa
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Fajar Sofyantoro
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.,Department of Animal Physiology, Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
| | - Hisashi Tatebe
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Shiozaki
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Soberanes-Gutiérrez CV, León-Ramírez C, Sánchez-Segura L, Cordero-Martínez E, Vega-Arreguín JC, Ruiz-Herrera J. Cell death in Ustilago maydis: comparison with other fungi and the effect of metformin and curcumin on its chronological lifespan. FEMS Yeast Res 2021; 20:5908381. [PMID: 32945857 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foaa051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ustilago maydis is a Basidiomycota fungus, in which very little is known about its mechanisms of cell survival and death. To date, only the role of metacaspase1, acetate and hydrogen peroxide as inducers of cell death has been investigated. In the present work, we analyzed the lifespan of U. maydis compared with other species like Sporisorium reilianum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Yarrowia lipolytica, and we observed that U. maydis has a minor lifespan. We probe the addition of low concentrations metformin and curcumin to the culture media, and we observed that both prolonged the lifespan of U. maydis, a result observed for the first time in a phytopathogen fungus. However, higher concentrations of curcumin were toxic for the cells, and interestingly induced the yeast-to-mycelium dimorphic transition. The positive effect of metformin and curcumin appears to be related to an inhibition of the mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, increase expression of autophagy genes and reducing of reactive oxygen species. These data indicate that U. maydis may be a eukaryotic model organism to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying apoptotic and necrosis pathways, and the lifespan increase caused by metformin and curcumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia V Soberanes-Gutiérrez
- Laboratorio de Ciencias Agrogenómicas, de la Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Blv. UNAM 2011, Col. Predio el Saucillo y El Potrero, Comunidad de Los Tepetates, 37684, León Gto., México.,Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León 36824 Irapuato Gto., México
| | - Claudia León-Ramírez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León 36824 Irapuato Gto., México
| | - Lino Sánchez-Segura
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León 36824 Irapuato Gto., México
| | - Emmanuel Cordero-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Ciencias Agrogenómicas, de la Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Blv. UNAM 2011, Col. Predio el Saucillo y El Potrero, Comunidad de Los Tepetates, 37684, León Gto., México
| | - Julio C Vega-Arreguín
- Laboratorio de Ciencias Agrogenómicas, de la Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad León, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Blv. UNAM 2011, Col. Predio el Saucillo y El Potrero, Comunidad de Los Tepetates, 37684, León Gto., México
| | - José Ruiz-Herrera
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Km. 9.6 Libramiento Norte Carr. Irapuato-León 36824 Irapuato Gto., México
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Makkos A, Ágg B, Varga ZV, Giricz Z, Gyöngyösi M, Lukovic D, Schulz R, Barteková M, Görbe A, Ferdinandy P. Molecular Network Approach Reveals Rictor as a Central Target of Cardiac ProtectomiRs. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179539. [PMID: 34502448 PMCID: PMC8430799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardioprotective medications are still unmet clinical needs. We have previously identified several cardioprotective microRNAs (termed ProtectomiRs), the mRNA targets of which may reveal new drug targets for cardioprotection. Here we aimed to identify key molecular targets of ProtectomiRs and confirm their association with cardioprotection in a translational pig model of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). By using a network theoretical approach, we identified 882 potential target genes of 18 previously identified protectomiRs. The Rictor gene was the most central and it was ranked first in the protectomiR-target mRNA molecular network with the highest node degree of 5. Therefore, Rictor and its targeting microRNAs were further validated in heart samples obtained from a translational pig model of AMI and cardioprotection induced by pre- or postconditioning. Three out of five Rictor-targeting pig homologue of rat ProtectomiRs showed significant upregulation in postconditioned but not in preconditioned pig hearts. Rictor was downregulated at the mRNA and protein level in ischemic postconditioning but not in ischemic preconditioning. This is the first demonstration that Rictor is the central molecular target of ProtectomiRs and that decreased Rictor expression may regulate ischemic postconditioning-, but not preconditioning-induced acute cardioprotection. We conclude that Rictor is a potential novel drug target for acute cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Makkos
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.); (B.Á.); (Z.V.V.); (Z.G.); (P.F.)
- MTA-SE System Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Ágg
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.); (B.Á.); (Z.V.V.); (Z.G.); (P.F.)
- MTA-SE System Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Pharmahungary Group, 6722 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltán V. Varga
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.); (B.Á.); (Z.V.V.); (Z.G.); (P.F.)
- HCEMM-SU Cardiometabolic Immunology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Giricz
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.); (B.Á.); (Z.V.V.); (Z.G.); (P.F.)
| | - Mariann Gyöngyösi
- Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.G.); (D.L.)
| | - Dominika Lukovic
- Division of Cardiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.G.); (D.L.)
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Monika Barteková
- Institute for Heart Research, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 84104 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Institute of Physiology, Comenius University in Bratislava, 81108 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Anikó Görbe
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.); (B.Á.); (Z.V.V.); (Z.G.); (P.F.)
- MTA-SE System Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Pharmahungary Group, 6722 Szeged, Hungary
- Correspondence:
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary; (A.M.); (B.Á.); (Z.V.V.); (Z.G.); (P.F.)
- MTA-SE System Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
- Pharmahungary Group, 6722 Szeged, Hungary
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34
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Song Y, Alyafei MS, Masmoudi K, Jaleel A, Ren M. Contributions of TOR Signaling on Photosynthesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168959. [PMID: 34445664 PMCID: PMC8396432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The target of rapamycin (TOR) protein kinase is an atypical Ser/Thr protein kinase and evolutionally conserved among yeasts, plants, and mammals. TOR has been established as a central hub for integrating nutrient, energy, hormone, and environmental signals in all the eukaryotes. Despite the conserved functions across eukaryotes, recent research has shed light on the multifaceted roles of TOR signaling in plant-specific functional and mechanistic features. One of the most specific features is the involvement of TOR in plant photosynthesis. The recent development of tools for the functional analysis of plant TOR has helped to uncover the involvement of TOR signaling in several steps preceding photoautotrophy and maintenance of photosynthesis. Here, we present recent novel findings relating to TOR signaling and its roles in regulating plant photosynthesis, including carbon nutrient sense, light absorptions, and leaf and chloroplast development. We also provide some gaps in our understanding of TOR function in photosynthesis that need to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Song
- School of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China;
| | - Mohammed Salem Alyafei
- Department of Integrative Agriculture, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; (M.S.A.); (K.M.); (A.J.)
| | - Khaled Masmoudi
- Department of Integrative Agriculture, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; (M.S.A.); (K.M.); (A.J.)
| | - Abdul Jaleel
- Department of Integrative Agriculture, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates; (M.S.A.); (K.M.); (A.J.)
| | - Maozhi Ren
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-13527313471
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35
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Castel P, Dharmaiah S, Sale MJ, Messing S, Rizzuto G, Cuevas-Navarro A, Cheng A, Trnka MJ, Urisman A, Esposito D, Simanshu DK, McCormick F. RAS interaction with Sin1 is dispensable for mTORC2 assembly and activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2103261118. [PMID: 34380736 PMCID: PMC8379911 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2103261118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS proteins are molecular switches that interact with effector proteins when bound to guanosine triphosphate, stimulating downstream signaling in response to multiple stimuli. Although several canonical downstream effectors have been extensively studied and tested as potential targets for RAS-driven cancers, many of these remain poorly characterized. In this study, we undertook a biochemical and structural approach to further study the role of Sin1 as a RAS effector. Sin1 interacted predominantly with KRAS isoform 4A in cells through an atypical RAS-binding domain that we have characterized by X-ray crystallography. Despite the essential role of Sin1 in the assembly and activity of mTORC2, we find that the interaction with RAS is not required for these functions. Cells and mice expressing a mutant of Sin1 that is unable to bind RAS are proficient for activation and assembly of mTORC2. Our results suggest that Sin1 is a bona fide RAS effector that regulates downstream signaling in an mTORC2-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pau Castel
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Srisathiyanarayanan Dharmaiah
- National Cancer Institute (NCI) RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Matthew J Sale
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Simon Messing
- National Cancer Institute (NCI) RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Gabrielle Rizzuto
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Antonio Cuevas-Navarro
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Alice Cheng
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Michael J Trnka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Anatoly Urisman
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Dominic Esposito
- National Cancer Institute (NCI) RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Dhirendra K Simanshu
- National Cancer Institute (NCI) RAS Initiative, Cancer Research Technology Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21702;
| | - Frank McCormick
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158;
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36
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Muñoz-Muñoz PLA, Mares-Alejandre RE, Meléndez-López SG, Ramos-Ibarra MA. Bioinformatic Analysis of Two TOR (Target of Rapamycin)-Like Proteins Encoded by Entamoeba histolytica Revealed Structural Similarities with Functional Homologs. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081139. [PMID: 34440318 PMCID: PMC8391992 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The target of rapamycin (TOR), also known as FKBP-rapamycin associated protein (FRAP), is a protein kinase belonging to the PIKK (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-related kinases) family. TOR kinases are involved in several signaling pathways that control cell growth and proliferation. Entamoeba histolytica, the protozoan parasite that causes human amoebiasis, contains two genes encoding TOR-like proteins: EhFRAP and EhTOR2. To assess their potential as drug targets to control the cell proliferation of E. histolytica, we studied the structural features of EhFRAP and EhTOR2 using a biocomputational approach. The overall results confirmed that both TOR amoebic homologs share structural similarities with functional TOR kinases, and show inherent abilities to form TORC complexes and participate in protein-protein interaction networks. To our knowledge, this study represents the first in silico characterization of the structure-function relationships of EhFRAP and EhTOR2.
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37
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Badrock AP, Hurlstone A. Dissecting Oncogenic RAS Signaling in Melanoma Development in Genetically Engineered Zebrafish Models. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2262:411-422. [PMID: 33977492 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1190-6_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hyper-activation of RAS signaling pathways causes cancer, including melanoma, and RAS signaling pathways have been successfully targeted using drugs for patient benefit. The available drugs alone cannot cure cancer, however, and so investigation continues into RAS signaling pathways, with the goal of identifying further actionable targets. The zebrafish can be used to model human malignancies, and genetic modification of zebrafish to incorporate selective disease-associated genetic alterations is practicable. The following article describes the methods we are using to genetically modify zebrafish in order to dissect oncogenic RAS signaling in melanoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Badrock
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Adam Hurlstone
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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Pacheco JM, Canal MV, Pereyra CM, Welchen E, Martínez-Noël GMA, Estevez JM. The tip of the iceberg: emerging roles of TORC1, and its regulatory functions in plant cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2021; 72:4085-4101. [PMID: 33462577 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Target of Rapamycin (TOR) is an evolutionarily conserved protein kinase that plays a central role in coordinating cell growth with light availability, the diurnal cycle, energy availability, and hormonal pathways. TOR Complex 1 (TORC1) controls cell proliferation, growth, metabolism, and defense in plants. Sugar availability is the main signal for activation of TOR in plants, as it also is in mammals and yeast. Specific regulators of the TOR kinase pathway in plants are inorganic compounds in the form of major nutrients in the soils, and light inputs via their impact on autotrophic metabolism. The lack of TOR is embryo-lethal in plants, whilst dysregulation of TOR signaling causes major alterations in growth and development. TOR exerts control as a regulator of protein translation via the action of proteins such as S6K, RPS6, and TAP46. Phytohormones are central players in the downstream systemic physiological TOR effects. TOR has recently been attributed to have roles in the control of DNA methylation, in the abundance of mRNA splicing variants, and in the variety of regulatory lncRNAs and miRNAs. In this review, we summarize recent discoveries in the plant TOR signaling pathway in the context of our current knowledge of mammalian and yeast cells, and highlight the most important gaps in our understanding of plants that need to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Victoria Canal
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas,, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Cintia M Pereyra
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC-CONICET) and Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (FIBA), Vieytes, Mar Del Plata, Argentina
| | - Elina Welchen
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET-UNL), Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas,, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Giselle M A Martínez-Noël
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología (INBIOTEC-CONICET) and Fundación para Investigaciones Biológicas Aplicadas (FIBA), Vieytes, Mar Del Plata, Argentina
| | - José M Estevez
- Fundación Instituto Leloir and IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires CP, Argentina
- Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal (CBV), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida (FCsV), Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile and Millennium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile
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39
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Zhang S, Khalid AR, Guo D, Zhang J, Xiong F, Ren M. TOR Inhibitors Synergistically Suppress the Growth and Development of Phytophthora infestans, a Highly Destructive Pathogenic Oomycete. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:596874. [PMID: 33935983 PMCID: PMC8086431 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.596874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans, one of most famous pathogenic oomycetes, triggered the Great Irish Famine from 1845 to 1852. The target of rapamycin (TOR) is well known as a key gene in eukaryotes that controls cell growth, survival and development. However, it is unclear about its function in controlling the mycelial growth, sporulation capacity, spore germination and virulence of Phytophthora infestans. In this study, key components of the TOR signaling pathway are analyzed in detail. TOR inhibitors, including rapamycin (RAP), AZD8055 (AZD), KU-0063794 (KU), and Torin1, inhibit the mycelial growth, sporulation capacity, spore germination, and virulence of Phytophthora infestans with AZD showing the best inhibitory effects on Phytophthora infestans. Importantly, compared with a combination of RAP + KU or RAP + Torin1, the co-application of RAP and AZD show the best synergistic inhibitory effects on P. infestans, resulting in the reduced dosage and increased efficacy of drugs. Transcriptome analysis supports the synergistic effects of the combination of RAP and AZD on gene expression, functions and pathways related to the TOR signaling pathway. Thus, TOR is an important target for controlling Phytophthora infestans, and synergism based on the application of TOR inhibitors exhibit the potential for controlling the growth of Phytophthora infestans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Zhang
- School of Preclinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China.,Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China.,School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - A Rehman Khalid
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Poonch Rawalakot, Rawalkot, Pakistan
| | - Dongmei Guo
- School of Preclinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Jingping Zhang
- School of Preclinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Fangjie Xiong
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Maozhi Ren
- School of Preclinical Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China.,Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, China
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40
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Fairweather SJ, Okada S, Gauthier-Coles G, Javed K, Bröer A, Bröer S. A GC-MS/Single-Cell Method to Evaluate Membrane Transporter Substrate Specificity and Signaling. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:646574. [PMID: 33928121 PMCID: PMC8076599 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.646574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid transporters play a vital role in metabolism and nutrient signaling pathways. Typically, transport activity is investigated using single substrates and competing amounts of other amino acids. We used GC-MS and LC-MS for metabolic screening of Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing various human amino acid transporters incubated in complex media to establish their comprehensive substrate profiles. For most transporters, amino acid selectivity matched reported substrate profiles. However, we could not detect substantial accumulation of cationic amino acids by SNAT4 and ATB0,+ in contrast to previous reports. In addition, comparative substrate profiles of two related sodium neutral amino acid transporters known as SNAT1 and SNAT2, revealed the latter as a significant leucine accumulator. As a consequence, SNAT2, but not SNAT1, was shown to be an effective activator of the eukaryotic cellular growth regulator mTORC1. We propose, that metabolomic profiling of membrane transporters in Xe nopus laevis oocytes can be used to test their substrate specificity and role in intracellular signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Fairweather
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Shoko Okada
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Institute (CSIRO) Land and Water, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Kiran Javed
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Angelika Bröer
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Stefan Bröer
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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41
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Baffi TR, Lordén G, Wozniak JM, Feichtner A, Yeung W, Kornev AP, King CC, Del Rio JC, Limaye AJ, Bogomolovas J, Gould CM, Chen J, Kennedy EJ, Kannan N, Gonzalez DJ, Stefan E, Taylor SS, Newton AC. mTORC2 controls the activity of PKC and Akt by phosphorylating a conserved TOR interaction motif. Sci Signal 2021; 14:eabe4509. [PMID: 33850054 PMCID: PMC8208635 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abe4509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The complex mTORC2 is accepted to be the kinase that controls the phosphorylation of the hydrophobic motif, a key regulatory switch for AGC kinases, although whether mTOR directly phosphorylates this motif remains controversial. Here, we identified an mTOR-mediated phosphorylation site that we termed the TOR interaction motif (TIM; F-x3-F-pT), which controls the phosphorylation of the hydrophobic motif of PKC and Akt and the activity of these kinases. The TIM is invariant in mTORC2-dependent AGC kinases, is evolutionarily conserved, and coevolved with mTORC2 components. Mutation of this motif in Akt1 and PKCβII abolished cellular kinase activity by impairing activation loop and hydrophobic motif phosphorylation. mTORC2 directly phosphorylated the PKC TIM in vitro, and this phosphorylation event was detected in mouse brain. Overexpression of PDK1 in mTORC2-deficient cells rescued hydrophobic motif phosphorylation of PKC and Akt by a mechanism dependent on their intrinsic catalytic activity, revealing that mTORC2 facilitates the PDK1 phosphorylation step, which, in turn, enables autophosphorylation. Structural analysis revealed that PKC homodimerization is driven by a TIM-containing helix, and biophysical proximity assays showed that newly synthesized, unphosphorylated PKC dimerizes in cells. Furthermore, disruption of the dimer interface by stapled peptides promoted hydrophobic motif phosphorylation. Our data support a model in which mTORC2 relieves nascent PKC dimerization through TIM phosphorylation, recruiting PDK1 to phosphorylate the activation loop and triggering intramolecular hydrophobic motif autophosphorylation. Identification of TIM phosphorylation and its role in the regulation of PKC provides the basis for AGC kinase regulation by mTORC2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Baffi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Gema Lordén
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jacob M Wozniak
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andreas Feichtner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Wayland Yeung
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Alexandr P Kornev
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Charles C King
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jason C Del Rio
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ameya J Limaye
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Julius Bogomolovas
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Christine M Gould
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ju Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eileen J Kennedy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Natarajan Kannan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - David J Gonzalez
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eduard Stefan
- Institute of Biochemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck A-6020, Austria
| | - Susan S Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alexandra C Newton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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42
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Stępień Ł, Lalak-Kańczugowska J. Signaling pathways involved in virulence and stress response of plant-pathogenic Fusarium species. FUNGAL BIOL REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbr.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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43
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Han DY, Han PJ, Rumbold K, Koricha AD, Duan SF, Song L, Shi JY, Li K, Wang QM, Bai FY. Adaptive Gene Content and Allele Distribution Variations in the Wild and Domesticated Populations of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:631250. [PMID: 33679656 PMCID: PMC7925643 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.631250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies on population genomics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have substantially improved our understanding of the genetic diversity and domestication history of the yeast. However, the origin of the domesticated population of S. cerevisiae and the genomic changes responsible for ecological adaption of different populations and lineages remain to be fully revealed. Here we sequenced 64 African strains from various indigenous fermented foods and forests in different African countries and performed a population genomic analysis on them combined with a set of previously sequenced worldwide S. cerevisiae strains representing the maximum genetic diversity of the species documented so far. The result supports the previous observations that the wild and domesticated populations of S. cerevisiae are clearly separated and that the domesticated population diverges into two distinct groups associated with solid- and liquid-state fermentations from a single ancestor. African strains are mostly located in basal lineages of the two domesticated groups, implying a long domestication history of yeast in Africa. We identified genes that mainly or exclusively occur in specific groups or lineages and genes that exhibit evident group or lineage specific allele distribution patterns. Notably, we show that the homing endonuclease VDE is generally absent in the wild but commonly present in the domesticated lineages of S. cerevisiae. The genes with group specific allele distribution patterns are mostly enriched in functionally similar or related fundamental metabolism processes, including the evolutionary conserved TOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Yong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pei-Jie Han
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Karl Rumbold
- School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Anbessa Dabassa Koricha
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Shou-Fu Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Song
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Yan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Feng-Yan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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44
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Analysis of Fox genes in Schmidtea mediterranea reveals new families and a conserved role of Smed-foxO in controlling cell death. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2947. [PMID: 33536473 PMCID: PMC7859237 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80627-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The forkhead box (Fox) genes encode transcription factors that control several key aspects of development. Present in the ancestor of all eukaryotes, Fox genes underwent several duplications followed by loss and diversification events that gave rise to the current 25 families. However, few Fox members have been identified from the Lophotrochozoa clade, and specifically from planarians, which are a unique model for understanding development, due to the striking plasticity of the adult. The aim of this study was to identify and perform evolutionary and functional studies of the Fox genes of lophotrochozoan species and, specifically, of the planarian Schmidtea mediterranea. Generating a pipeline for identifying Forkhead domains and using phylogenetics allowed us the phylogenetic reconstruction of Fox genes. We corrected the annotation for misannotated genes and uncovered a new family, the QD, present in all metazoans. According to the new phylogeny, the 27 Fox genes found in Schmidtea mediterranea were classified into 12 families. In Platyhelminthes, family losses were accompanied by extensive gene diversification and the appearance of specific families, the A(P) and N(P). Among the newly identified planarian Fox genes, we found a single copy of foxO, which shows an evolutionary conserved role in controlling cell death.
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45
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Fukuda T, Sofyantoro F, Tai YT, Chia KH, Matsuda T, Murase T, Morozumi Y, Tatebe H, Kanki T, Shiozaki K. Tripartite suppression of fission yeast TORC1 signaling by the GATOR1-Sea3 complex, the TSC complex, and Gcn2 kinase. eLife 2021; 10:60969. [PMID: 33534698 PMCID: PMC7857730 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) is controlled by the GATOR complex composed of the GATOR1 subcomplex and its inhibitor, the GATOR2 subcomplex, sensitive to amino acid starvation. Previously, we identified fission yeast GATOR1 that prevents deregulated activation of TORC1 (Chia et al., 2017). Here, we report identification and characterization of GATOR2 in fission yeast. Unexpectedly, the GATOR2 subunit Sea3, an ortholog of mammalian WDR59, is physically and functionally proximal to GATOR1, rather than GATOR2, attenuating TORC1 activity. The fission yeast GATOR complex is dispensable for TORC1 regulation in response to amino acid starvation, which instead activates the Gcn2 pathway to inhibit TORC1 and induce autophagy. On the other hand, nitrogen starvation suppresses TORC1 through the combined actions of the GATOR1-Sea3 complex, the Gcn2 pathway, and the TSC complex, another conserved TORC1 inhibitor. Thus, multiple, parallel signaling pathways implement negative regulation of TORC1 to ensure proper cellular starvation responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Fukuda
- Department of Cellular Physiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Fajar Sofyantoro
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan.,Faculty of Biology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yen Teng Tai
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Kim Hou Chia
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Takato Matsuda
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Takaaki Murase
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Yuichi Morozumi
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Hisashi Tatebe
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan
| | - Tomotake Kanki
- Department of Cellular Physiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Shiozaki
- Division of Biological Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
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46
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Aydin E, Faehling S, Saleh M, Llaó Cid L, Seiffert M, Roessner PM. Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment: What Do We Need to Consider When Treating Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia With PI3K Inhibitors? Front Immunol 2021; 11:595818. [PMID: 33552053 PMCID: PMC7857022 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.595818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) and their downstream proteins constitute a signaling pathway that is involved in both normal cell growth and malignant transformation of cells. Under physiological conditions, PI3K signaling regulates various cellular functions such as apoptosis, survival, proliferation, and growth, depending on the extracellular signals. A deterioration of these extracellular signals caused by mutational damage in oncogenes or growth factor receptors may result in hyperactivation of this signaling cascade, which is recognized as a hallmark of cancer. Although higher activation of PI3K pathway is common in many types of cancer, it has been therapeutically targeted for the first time in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), demonstrating its significance in B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling and malignant B-cell expansion. The biological activity of the PI3K pathway is not only limited to cancer cells but is also crucial for many components of the tumor microenvironment, as PI3K signaling regulates cytokine responses, and ensures the development and function of immune cells. Therefore, the success or failure of the PI3K inhibition is strongly related to microenvironmental stimuli. In this review, we outline the impacts of PI3K inhibition on the tumor microenvironment with a specific focus on CLL. Acknowledging the effects of PI3K inhibitor-based therapies on the tumor microenvironment in CLL can serve as a rationale for improved drug development, explain treatment-associated adverse events, and suggest novel combinatory treatment strategies in CLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebru Aydin
- Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Faehling
- Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Mariam Saleh
- Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Molecular Medicine, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Laura Llaó Cid
- Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Bioscience, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Martina Seiffert
- Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp M Roessner
- Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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47
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Jiang H, Rao Y, Mei L, Wang Y. Antifungal activity of rapamycin on Botryosphaeria dothidea and its effect against Chinese hickory canker. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:425-431. [PMID: 32767646 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The trunk canker caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea is a devastating disease for Chinese hickory (Carya cathayensis) in China. Chemical fungicides are commonly and repeatedly applied to control the disease; however, fungicide application raises major environmental and food safety issues. Ecofriendly biocontrol alternatives were urgently needed. Herein, the antifungal activity of a natural secondary metabolite, rapamycin, against B. dothidea and the effect of a rapamycin-producing Streptomyces hygroscopicus on C. cathayensis canker were investigated. RESULTS The 50% effective concentrations (EC50 ) of rapamycin against mycelial growth and spore germination on the potato dextrose agar were 5.1 × 10-3 and 5.5× 10-2 μg mL-1 , respectively, which were much lower than the EC50 values of thiophanate-methyl. The hyphae of B. dothidea exhibited premature aging and wrinkling after treatment with rapamycin at 5.0 × 10-3 μg mL-1 . A rapamycin-producing bacterium S. hygroscopicus LYJ637 was batch produced and formulated in a carboxymethylcellulose/poly (vinyl alcohol) (CMC/PVA) blend and used for testing the efficiency of the bacterium in controlling Botryosphaeria canker in C. cathayensis. S. hygroscopicus exhibited high stability in the CMC/PVA blend. Results of a 3-year field experiment suggested that rapamycin formation reduced the occurrence of both developed cankers and new cankers, with an efficacy comparable to the treatment with thiophanate-methyl. CONCLUSION The rapamycin-producing S. hygroscopicus LYJ637 carried in a CMC/PVA blend prevented effectively Botryosphaeria canker on Chinese hickory, which provides an alternative approach to chemical control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxin Rao
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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48
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A Tour of TOR Complex Signaling in Plants. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 46:417-428. [PMID: 33309324 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
To identify the appropriate times for growth and development, organisms must sense and process information about the availability of nutrients, energy status, and environmental cues. For sessile eukaryotes such as plants, integrating such information can be critical in life or death decisions. For nearly 30 years, the conserved phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related protein kinases (PIKKs) target of rapamycin (TOR) has been established as a central hub for integrating external and internal metabolic cues. Despite the functional conservation across eukaryotes, the TOR complex has evolved specific functional and mechanistic features in plants. Here, we present recent findings on the plant TOR complex that highlight the conserved and unique nature of this critical growth regulator and its role in multiple aspects of plant life.
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49
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Mugume Y, Kazibwe Z, Bassham DC. Target of Rapamycin in Control of Autophagy: Puppet Master and Signal Integrator. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218259. [PMID: 33158137 PMCID: PMC7672647 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The target of rapamycin (TOR) is an evolutionarily-conserved serine/threonine kinase that senses and integrates signals from the environment to coordinate developmental and metabolic processes. TOR senses nutrients, hormones, metabolites, and stress signals to promote cell and organ growth when conditions are favorable. However, TOR is inhibited when conditions are unfavorable, promoting catabolic processes such as autophagy. Autophagy is a macromolecular degradation pathway by which cells degrade and recycle cytoplasmic materials. TOR negatively regulates autophagy through phosphorylation of ATG13, preventing activation of the autophagy-initiating ATG1-ATG13 kinase complex. Here we review TOR complex composition and function in photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organisms. We also review recent developments in the identification of upstream TOR activators and downstream effectors of TOR. Finally, we discuss recent developments in our understanding of the regulation of autophagy by TOR in photosynthetic organisms.
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50
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Ingargiola C, Turqueto Duarte G, Robaglia C, Leprince AS, Meyer C. The Plant Target of Rapamycin: A Conduc TOR of Nutrition and Metabolism in Photosynthetic Organisms. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11111285. [PMID: 33138108 PMCID: PMC7694126 DOI: 10.3390/genes11111285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Living organisms possess many mechanisms to sense nutrients and favorable conditions, which allow them to grow and develop. Photosynthetic organisms are very diverse, from green unicellular algae to multicellular flowering plants, but most of them are sessile and thus unable to escape from the biotic and abiotic stresses they experience. The Target of Rapamycin (TOR) signaling pathway is conserved in all eukaryotes and acts as a central regulatory hub between growth and extrinsic factors, such as nutrients or stress. However, relatively little is known about the regulations and roles of this pathway in plants and algae. Although some features of the TOR pathway seem to have been highly conserved throughout evolution, others clearly differ in plants, perhaps reflecting adaptations to different lifestyles and the rewiring of this primordial signaling module to adapt to specific requirements. Indeed, TOR is involved in plant responses to a vast array of signals including nutrients, hormones, light, stresses or pathogens. In this review, we will summarize recent studies that address the regulations of TOR by nutrients in photosynthetic organisms, and the roles of TOR in controlling important metabolic pathways, highlighting similarities and differences with the other eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Ingargiola
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France; (C.I.); (G.T.D.); (A.-S.L.)
| | - Gustavo Turqueto Duarte
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France; (C.I.); (G.T.D.); (A.-S.L.)
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christophe Robaglia
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Biophysique des Plantes, Faculté des Sciences de Luminy, UMR 7265, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, Aix Marseille Université, 13009 Marseille, France;
| | - Anne-Sophie Leprince
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France; (C.I.); (G.T.D.); (A.-S.L.)
- Faculté des Sciences et d’Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, UFR 927, 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Christian Meyer
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France; (C.I.); (G.T.D.); (A.-S.L.)
- Correspondence:
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