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Zhao J, Zhu J, Wang W, Qian Z, Fan S. CRISPR/Cas12a cleavage triggered nanoflower for fluorescence-free and target amplification-free biosensing of ctDNA in the terahertz frequencies. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 15:5400-5410. [PMID: 39296404 PMCID: PMC11407253 DOI: 10.1364/boe.534511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2024] [Revised: 08/13/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
The detection of tumor biomarkers in liquid biopsies requires high sensitivity and low-cost biosensing strategies. However, few traditional techniques can satisfy the requirements of target amplification-free and fluorescence-free at the same time. In this study, we have proposed a novel strategy for ctDNA detection with the combination of terahertz spectroscopy and the CRISPR/Cas12 system. The CRISPR/Cas12a system is activated by the target ctDNA, resulting in a series of reactions leading to the formation of an Au-Fe complex. This complex is easily extracted with magnets and when dropped onto the terahertz metamaterial sensor, it can enhance the frequency shift, providing sensitive and selective sensing of the target ctDNA. Results show that the proposed terahertz biosensor exhibits a relatively low detection limit of 0.8 fM and a good selectivity over interference species. This detection limit is improved by three orders of magnitude compared with traditional biosensing methods using terahertz waves. Furthermore, a ctDNA concentration of 100 fM has been successfully detected in bovine serum (corresponding to 50 fM in the final reaction system) without amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jianfang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Weiqiang Wang
- Institute of Health Sciences and Technology, Institutes of Material Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Zhengfang Qian
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Shuting Fan
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060, China
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2
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Fu Z, Chen J, Chen X, Sun Y, Wang F, Yang J. Exploring the Application of Terahertz Metamaterials Based on Metallic Strip Structures in Detection of Reverse Micelles. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:338. [PMID: 39056614 PMCID: PMC11275120 DOI: 10.3390/bios14070338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Terahertz spectroscopy has unique advantages in the study of biological molecules in aqueous solutions. However, water has a strong absorption capability in the terahertz region. Reducing the amount of liquid could decrease interference with the terahertz wave, which may, however, affect the measurement accuracy. Therefore, it is particularly important to balance the amount and water content of liquid samples. In this work, a terahertz metamaterial sensor based on metallic strips is designed, fabricated, and used to detect reverse micelles. An aqueous confinement environment in reverse micelles can improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the terahertz response. Due to "water pool" trapped in reverse micelles, the DOPC (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine) solution and DOPC emulsion can successfully be identified in intensity by terahertz spectroscopy. Combined with the metamaterial sensor, an obvious frequency shift of 30 GHz can be achieved to distinguish the DOPC emulsion (5%) from the DOPC solution. This approach may provide a potential way for improving the sensitivity of detecting trace elements in a buffer solution, thus offering a valuable toolkit toward bioanalytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jing Yang
- College of Science, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai 201418, China; (Z.F.); (J.C.); (X.C.); (Y.S.); (F.W.)
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3
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Hasan MM, Wang C, Pala N, Shur M. Diamond for High-Power, High-Frequency, and Terahertz Plasma Wave Electronics. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:460. [PMID: 38470789 DOI: 10.3390/nano14050460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
High thermal conductivity and a high breakdown field make diamond a promising candidate for high-power and high-temperature semiconductor devices. Diamond also has a higher radiation hardness than silicon. Recent studies show that diamond has exceptionally large electron and hole momentum relaxation times, facilitating compact THz and sub-THz plasmonic sources and detectors working at room temperature and elevated temperatures. The plasmonic resonance quality factor in diamond TeraFETs could be larger than unity for the 240-600 GHz atmospheric window, which could make them viable for 6G communications applications. This paper reviews the potential and challenges of diamond technology, showing that diamond might augment silicon for high-power and high-frequency compact devices with special advantages for extreme environments and high-frequency applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chunlei Wang
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33146, USA
| | - Nezih Pala
- Electrical & Computer Engineering, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33174, USA
| | - Michael Shur
- Electrical, Computer and Systems Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
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4
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Yari P, Liang S, Chugh VK, Rezaei B, Mostufa S, Krishna VD, Saha R, Cheeran MCJ, Wang JP, Gómez-Pastora J, Wu K. Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 and Future Epidemics. Anal Chem 2023; 95:15419-15449. [PMID: 37826859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Parsa Yari
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Shuang Liang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Vinit Kumar Chugh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Bahareh Rezaei
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Shahriar Mostufa
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Venkatramana Divana Krishna
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Renata Saha
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Maxim C-J Cheeran
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Jian-Ping Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Jenifer Gómez-Pastora
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
| | - Kai Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, United States
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Rohrbach D, Kang BJ, Zyaee E, Feurer T. Wideband dispersion-free THz waveguide platform. Sci Rep 2023; 13:15228. [PMID: 37709825 PMCID: PMC10502044 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41843-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a versatile THz waveguide platform for frequencies between 0.1 THz and 1.5 THz, designed to exhibit vacuum-like dispersion and electric as well as magnetic field enhancement. While linear THz spectroscopy benefits from the extended interaction length in combination with moderate losses, nonlinear THz spectroscopy profits from the field enhancement and zero dispersion, with the associated reshaping-free propagation of broadband single- to few-cycle THz pulses. Moreover, the vacuum-like dispersion allows for velocity matching in mixed THz and visible to infrared pump-probe experiments. The platform is based on the motif of a metallic double ridged waveguide. We experimentally characterize essential waveguide properties, for instance, propagation and bending losses, but also demonstrate a junction and an interferometer, essentially because those elements are prerequisites for THz waveform synthesis, and hence, for coherently controlled linear and nonlinear THz interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Rohrbach
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Bong Joo Kang
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elnaz Zyaee
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Feurer
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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Wang Q, Chen Y, Mao J, Yang F, Wang N. Metasurface-Assisted Terahertz Sensing. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:5902. [PMID: 37447747 DOI: 10.3390/s23135902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) waves, which fall between microwaves and infrared bands, possess intriguing electromagnetic properties of non-ionizing radiation, low photon energy, being highly sensitive to weak resonances, and non-polar material penetrability. Therefore, THz waves are extremely suitable for sensing and detecting chemical, pharmaceutical, and biological molecules. However, the relatively long wavelength of THz waves (30~3000 μm) compared to the size of analytes (1~100 nm for biomolecules, <10 μm for microorganisms) constrains the development of THz-based sensors. To circumvent this problem, metasurface technology, by engineering subwavelength periodic resonators, has gained a great deal of attention to enhance the resonance response of THz waves. Those metasurface-based THz sensors exhibit high sensitivity for label-free sensing, making them appealing for a variety of applications in security, medical applications, and detection. The performance of metasurface-based THz sensors is controlled by geometric structure and material parameters. The operating mechanism is divided into two main categories, passive and active. To have a profound understanding of these metasurface-assisted THz sensing technologies, we review and categorize those THz sensors, based on their operating mechanisms, including resonators for frequency shift sensing, nanogaps for enhanced field confinement, chirality for handedness detection, and active elements (such as graphene and MEMS) for advanced tunable sensing. This comprehensive review can serve as a guideline for future metasurfaces design to assist THz sensing and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Yuzi Chen
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Jinxian Mao
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Fengyuan Yang
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chips and Systems for Intelligent Connected Vehicle, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Nan Wang
- School of Microelectronics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200000, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chips and Systems for Intelligent Connected Vehicle, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200000, China
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7
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EL-Wasif Z, Ismail T, Hamdy O. Design and optimization of highly sensitive multi-band terahertz metamaterial biosensor for coronaviruses detection. OPTICAL AND QUANTUM ELECTRONICS 2023; 55:604. [PMID: 37215398 PMCID: PMC10183105 DOI: 10.1007/s11082-023-04906-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the design and characterization of a highly Q-Factor and ultrasensitive THz refractive-index-based metamaterial biosensor for detecting coronaviruses at electronic infusion device (EID) concentrations 0.01 and 1000. The proposed biosensor is constructed using a gold plane perforated by a star shape. Moreover, the developed structure is polarization insensitive due to the rotatory symmetry and is angularly stable up to 90°. The proposed biosensor achieves near-perfect absorption at 1.9656 THz and 3.3692 THz. The full width at half-maximum is 5.276% and 0.641% comparative to the absorption frequency. In addition, the estimated free space absorptivity is 97.2% and 99.1% with a Q-Factor of 19.08 and 155.98 at 1.9656 THz and 3.3692 THz, respectively, when transverse electromagnetic mode (TEM) was selected. The perforated star-shaped was evaluated for IBV (Family of COVID-19) regarding frequency deviation, sensitivity, and figure of merit. Results show that at 1.9656 THz, the proposed design gives 30.8 GHz, 940.49 GHz/RIU, and 8.6, respectively, for 0.01 (EID/5 µL concentration) and 4.4 GHz, 2200 × 103 GHz/RIU, and 20,215.014, respectively at 1.9612 THz for 1000 (EID/5 µL concentration). Although the obtained results demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed THz metamaterial biosensor in coronavirus detection, it has also been extended for other types of viruses, including H5N1, H5N2, H9N2, H4N6, and FAdV, based on the slight variations in their refractive indices. Additionally, the influence of the design parameters is optimized in order to achieve better performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zienab EL-Wasif
- National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, 12613 Egypt
| | - Tawfik Ismail
- National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, 12613 Egypt
- Wireless Intelligent Networks Center (WINC), Nile University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Omnia Hamdy
- National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences, Cairo University, Giza, 12613 Egypt
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8
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van Raaij BFM, Veltman JD, Hameete JF, Stöger JL, Geelhoed JJM. Diagnostic performance of eNose technology in COVID-19 patients after hospitalization. BMC Pulm Med 2023; 23:134. [PMID: 37081422 PMCID: PMC10117233 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-023-02407-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by human cells reflect metabolic and pathophysiological processes which can be detected with the use of electronic nose (eNose) technology. Analysis of exhaled breath may potentially play an important role in diagnosing COVID-19 and stratification of patients based on pulmonary function or chest CT. METHODS Breath profiles of COVID-19 patients were collected with an eNose device (SpiroNose) 3 months after discharge from the Leiden University Medical Centre and matched with breath profiles from healthy individuals for analysis. Principal component analysis was performed with leave-one-out cross validation and visualised with receiver operating characteristics. COVID-19 patients were stratified in subgroups with a normal pulmonary diffusion capacity versus patients with an impaired pulmonary diffusion capacity (DLCOc < 80% of predicted) and in subgroups with a normal chest CT versus patients with COVID-19 related chest CT abnormalities. RESULTS The breath profiles of 135 COVID-19 patients were analysed and matched with 174 healthy controls. The SpiroNose differentiated between COVID-19 after hospitalization and healthy controls with an AUC of 0.893 (95-CI, 0.851-0.934). There was no difference in VOCs patterns in subgroups of COVID-19 patients based on diffusion capacity or chest CT. CONCLUSIONS COVID-19 patients have a breath profile distinguishable from healthy individuals shortly after hospitalization which can be detected using eNose technology. This may suggest ongoing inflammation or a common repair mechanism. The eNose could not differentiate between subgroups of COVID-19 patients based on pulmonary diffusion capacity or chest CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- B F M van Raaij
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Albinusdreef 2, 2333ZA, Leiden, Netherlands.
| | - J D Veltman
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J F Hameete
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - J L Stöger
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - J J M Geelhoed
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
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Trinh KTL, Do HDK, Lee NY. Recent Advances in Molecular and Immunological Diagnostic Platform for Virus Detection: A Review. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:490. [PMID: 37185566 PMCID: PMC10137144 DOI: 10.3390/bios13040490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused an ongoing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak and a rising demand for the development of accurate, timely, and cost-effective diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2 as well as other viral infections in general. Currently, traditional virus screening methods such as plate culturing and real-time PCR are considered the gold standard with accurate and sensitive results. However, these methods still require sophisticated equipment, trained personnel, and a long analysis time. Alternatively, with the integration of microfluidic and biosensor technologies, microfluidic-based biosensors offer the ability to perform sample preparation and simultaneous detection of many analyses in one platform. High sensitivity, accuracy, portability, low cost, high throughput, and real-time detection can be achieved using a single platform. This review presents recent advances in microfluidic-based biosensors from many works to demonstrate the advantages of merging the two technologies for sensing viruses. Different platforms for virus detection are classified into two main sections: immunoassays and molecular assays. Moreover, available commercial sensing tests are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieu The Loan Trinh
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoang Dang Khoa Do
- NTT Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ward 13, District 04, Ho Chi Minh City 70000, Vietnam
| | - Nae Yoon Lee
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si 13120, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Tan C, Wang S, Yang H, Huang Q, Li S, Liu X, Ye H, Zhang G. Hydrogenated Boron Phosphide THz-Metamaterial-Based Biosensor for Diagnosing COVID-19: A DFT Coupled FEM Study. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4024. [PMID: 36432307 PMCID: PMC9697324 DOI: 10.3390/nano12224024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent reports focus on the hydrogenation engineering of monolayer boron phosphide and simultaneously explore its promising applications in nanoelectronics. Coupling density functional theory and finite element method, we investigate the bowtie triangle ring microstructure composed of boron phosphide with hydrogenation based on structural and performance analysis. We determine the carrier mobility of hydrogenated boron phosphide, reveal the effect of structural and material parameters on resonance frequencies, and discuss the variation of the electric field at the two tips. The results suggest that the mobilities of electrons for hydrogenated BP monolayer in the armchair and zigzag directions are 0.51 and 94.4 cm2·V-1·s-1, whereas for holes, the values are 136.8 and 175.15 cm2·V-1·s-1. Meanwhile, the transmission spectra of the bowtie triangle ring microstructure can be controlled by adjusting the length of the bowtie triangle ring microstructure and carrier density of hydrogenated BP. With the increasing length, the transmission spectrum has a red-shift and the electric field at the tips of equilateral triangle rings is significantly weakened. Furthermore, the theoretical sensitivity of the BTR structure reaches 100 GHz/RIU, which is sufficient to determine healthy and COVID-19-infected individuals. Our findings may open up new avenues for promising applications in the rapid diagnosis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjian Tan
- Electronic Components, Technology and Materials, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
- Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next-Generation Communications, Ministry of Education, School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shaogang Wang
- Electronic Components, Technology and Materials, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
- Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next-Generation Communications, Ministry of Education, School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huiru Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next-Generation Communications, Ministry of Education, School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qianming Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next-Generation Communications, Ministry of Education, School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Shizhen Li
- Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next-Generation Communications, Ministry of Education, School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Electronic Components, Technology and Materials, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
- Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next-Generation Communications, Ministry of Education, School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huaiyu Ye
- Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next-Generation Communications, Ministry of Education, School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Guoqi Zhang
- Electronic Components, Technology and Materials, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
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Hardt E, Chavarin CA, Gruessing S, Flesch J, Skibitzki O, Spirito D, Vita GM, Simone GD, Masi AD, You C, Witzigmann B, Piehler J, Capellini G. Quantitative protein sensing with germanium THz-antennas manufactured using CMOS processes. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:40265-40276. [PMID: 36298962 DOI: 10.1364/oe.469496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of a CMOS manufactured THz sensing platform could enable the integration of state-of-the-art sensing principles with the mixed signal electronics ecosystem in small footprint, low-cost devices. To this aim, in this work we demonstrate a label-free protein sensing platform using highly doped germanium plasmonic antennas realized on Si and SOI substrates and operating in the THz range of the electromagnetic spectrum. The antenna response to different concentrations of BSA shows in both cases a linear response with saturation above 20 mg/mL. Ge antennas on SOI substrates feature a two-fold sensitivity as compared to conventional Si substrates, reaching a value of 6 GHz/(mg/mL), which is four-fold what reported using metal-based metamaterials. We believe that this result could pave the way to a low-cost lab-on-a-chip biosensing platform.
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12
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De Almeida MB, Aharonov-Nadborny R, Gabbai E, Palka AP, Schiavo L, Esmanhoto E, Riediger I, Rocha J, Margulis A, Loureiro M, Pettan-Brewer C, Kmetiuk LB, De Barros-Filho IR, Biondo AW. Clinical trial and detection of SARS-CoV-2 by a commercial breath analysis test based on Terahertz technology. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273506. [PMID: 36126048 PMCID: PMC9488804 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Public health threats such as the current COVID-19 pandemics have required prompt action by the local, national, and international authorities. Rapid and noninvasive diagnostic methods may provide on-site detection and immediate social isolation, used as tools to rapidly control virus spreading. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to evaluate a commercial breath analysis test (TERA.Bio®) and deterministic algorithm for detecting the SARS-CoV-2 spectral signature of Volatile Organic Compounds present in exhaled air samples of suspicious persons from southern Brazil. A casuistic total of 70 infected and 500 non-infected patients were sampled, tested, and results later compared to RT-qPCR as gold standard. Overall, the test showed 92.6% sensitivity and 96.0% specificity. No statistical correlation was observed between SARS-CoV-2 positivity and infection by other respiratory diseases. Further studies should focus on infection monitoring among asymptomatic persons. In conclusion, the breath analysis test herein may be used as a fast, on-site, and easy-to-apply screening method for diagnosing COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eran Gabbai
- TeraGroup Terahertz Ltd, Herzliya, Tel Aviv District, Israel
| | - Ana Paula Palka
- Paraná Institute of Technology—TECPAR, Curitiba, Paraná State, Brazil
| | - Leticia Schiavo
- Paraná Institute of Technology—TECPAR, Curitiba, Paraná State, Brazil
| | - Elis Esmanhoto
- Paraná Institute of Technology—TECPAR, Curitiba, Paraná State, Brazil
| | - Irina Riediger
- Paraná State Reference Laboratory, São Jose dos Pinhais, Paraná State, Brazil
| | - Jaime Rocha
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Pontifical Catholic University, Curitiba, Paraná State, Brazil
| | - Ariel Margulis
- TeraGroup Terahertz Ltd, Herzliya, Tel Aviv District, Israel
| | - Marcelo Loureiro
- Paraná Institute of Technology—TECPAR, Curitiba, Paraná State, Brazil
| | - Christina Pettan-Brewer
- Department of Comparative Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Louise Bach Kmetiuk
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba, Paraná State, Brazil
| | | | - Alexander Welker Biondo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba, Paraná State, Brazil
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13
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Zhang T, Fan F, Cheng J, Wang X, Chang S. Terahertz polarization sensing for protein concentration and a crystallization process on a reflective metasurface. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:6391-6397. [PMID: 36256255 DOI: 10.1364/ao.463924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) waves have attracted much attention in the field of biosensing due to advantages including non-destructiveness, being label-free, and high-sensitivity detection. Here we have experimentally demonstrated a THz polarization sensing method based on reflective metasurface sensors for detecting concentrations of protein solutions and their crystallization process. The protein with varying concentrations has been detected by five different polarization parameters, which show different spectral responses and sensing sensitivities. The sensing accuracy can reach the order of ng/mm2. Furthermore, the crystallization process of the protein sample from the dissolved state to the crystalline has been dynamically measured by polarization sensing, of which the highest sensitivity can reach 0.67 °/%. Therefore, this new sensing platform can have broad development prospects in the trace matter detection of the biological sample.
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14
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Sensitivity Characterization of Multi-Band THz Metamaterial Sensor for Possible Virus Detection. ELECTRONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/electronics11050699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The recent COVID-19 pandemic has shown that there is a substantial need for high-precision reliable diagnostic tests able to detect extremely low virus concentrations nearly instantaneously. Since conventional methods are fairly limited, there is a need for an alternative method such as THz spectroscopy with the utilization of THz metamaterials. This paper proposes a method for sensitivity characterization, which is demonstrated on two chosen multi-band THz metamaterial sensors and samples of three different subtypes of the influenza A virus. Sensor models have been simulated in WIPL-D software in order to analyze their sensitivity both graphically and numerically around all resonant peaks in the presence of virus samples. The sensor with a sandwiched structure is shown to be more suitable for detecting extremely thin virus layers. The distribution of the electric field for this sensor suggests a possibility of controlling the two resonant modes independently. The sensor with cross-shaped patches achieves significantly better Q-factors and refractive sensitivities for both resonant peaks. The reasoning can be found in the wave–sample interaction enhancement due to the better electromagnetic field confinement. A high Q-factor of around 400 at the second resonant frequency makes the sensor with cross-shaped patches a promising candidate for potential applications in THz sensing.
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