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Armoon B, Ghadipasha A, Mohammadi R, Lesage A, Harooni J, Griffiths MD. The global prevalence of mental health disorders among runaway and homeless youth: A meta-analysis. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024:10.1007/s00787-024-02519-2. [PMID: 38995408 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-024-02519-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
A meta-analysis was performed to identify the pooled prevalence of mental health disorders (MHDs) among runaway and homeless youth (RHY). Relevant studies published between December 1, 1985, and October 1, 2023, were identified in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases. A preliminary screening of 11,266 papers resulted in the inclusion of 101 studies. The pooled-prevalence estimates were obtained using a random-effects model. The findings showed varying lifetime prevalence rates of MHDs: 47% (conduct disorders and psychological distress), 43% (depression), 34% (major depressive disorders), 33% (post-traumatic stress disorder), 27% (personality disorders), 25% (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder), 23% (bipolar disorders), 22% (anxiety), 21% (oppositional defiant disorders), 15% (anorexia), 15% (adjustment disorders), 14% (dysthymia), 11% (schizophrenia), 9% (obsessive-compulsive disorders), and 8% (gambling disorder). The current prevalence rates were: 31% (depression), 23% (major depressive disorder), 23% (anxiety), 21% (post-traumatic stress disorder), 16% (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder), 15% (bipolar disorder), 13% (personality disorders), 13% (oppositional defiant disorders), 8% (schizophrenia), and 6% (obsessive-compulsive disorders). Regular screening and the implementation of evidence-based treatments and the promotion of integration and coordination between mental health services for adolescent minors and young adults with other service systems are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Armoon
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh, Iran
| | - Amir Ghadipasha
- Firoozabadi Hospital, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rasool Mohammadi
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Alain Lesage
- Centre de Recherche de L'Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Javad Harooni
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran.
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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Spychala KM, Friedman NP, Gizer IR. Executive Function as an Underlying Mechanism of Alcohol Use, Aggression, and ADHD. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.06.10.24308620. [PMID: 38946945 PMCID: PMC11213049 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.10.24308620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Background Executive functioning (EF) has been proposed as a transdiagnostic risk factor for externalizing disorders and behavior more broadly, including attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), aggression, and alcohol use. Previous research has demonstrated both phenotypic and genetic overlap among these behaviors, but has yet to examine EF as a common causal mechanism. The current study examined reciprocal causal associations between EF and several externalizing behaviors using a Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. Methods Two-sample MR was conducted to test causal associations between EF and externalizing behaviors. Summary statistics from several genome-wide association studies (GWASs) were used in these analyses, including GWASs of EF, ADHD diagnostic status, drinks per week, aggressive behavior, and alcohol use disorder (AUD) diagnostic status. Multiple estimation methods were employed to account for horizontal pleiotropy (e.g., inverse variance weighted, MR-PRESSO, MR-MIX). Results EF demonstrated significant causal relationships with ADHD (P < 0.01), AUD (P < 0.03), and alcohol consumption (P < 0.01) across several estimation methods. Reciprocally, ADHD showed a significant causal influence on EF (P < 0.03). Nonetheless, caution should be used when interpreting these findings as there was some evidence for horizontal pleiotropy in the effect of EF on ADHD and significant heterogeneity in variant effects in the other relations tested. There were no significant findings for aggression. Conclusions Findings suggest that EF may be a causal mechanism underlying some externalizing behaviors, including ADHD and alcohol use, and that ADHD may also lead to lower performance on EF tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellyn M Spychala
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
| | - Naomi P Friedman
- Institute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Ian R Gizer
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211
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Froude AM, Fawcett EJ, Coles A, Drakes DH, Harris N, Fawcett JM. The prevalence of cannabis use disorder in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A clinical epidemiological meta-analysis. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 172:391-401. [PMID: 38452637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Studies have shown that individuals with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) pose an increased risk for developing substance use disorders. Increased cannabis product accessibility and recent legislative changes have led to increased cannabis consumption, thereby increasing the risk of cannabis use disorder (CUD). The present meta-analysis explored the lifetime and current prevalence of CUD in ADHD. A systematic review was conducted using the following databases: PubMed, PsycINFO and Web of Science. A total of 14 articles were included and used to estimate the aggregate lifetime and current prevalence of CUD in ADHD alongside risk ratios comparing increased risk of CUD in ADHD versus control samples. Mixed and random-effects models indicated that lifetime and current prevalence rates of CUD in ADHD populations were 26.9% and 19.2%, respectively (although prediction intervals ranged from 12.4% to 48.8% and 5.5%-39.1%, respectively). Analysis of the risk ratios indicated that those with ADHD were at 2.85- and 2.91-times greater risk of a lifetime or current diagnosis of CUD, respectively, than those in the general population. Our findings support the need for additional research on the prevalence of CUD in those with ADHD, as well as the inclusion of CUD screening in the treatment of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Froude
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.
| | - Emily J Fawcett
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Ashlee Coles
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Dalainey H Drakes
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Nick Harris
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
| | - Jonathan M Fawcett
- Department of Psychology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
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Güney E, Aydemir AF, Iyit N, Alkan Ö. Gender differences in psychological help-seeking attitudes: a case in Türkiye. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1289435. [PMID: 38515972 PMCID: PMC10954894 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1289435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/aim Mental disorders pose a substantial public health challenge within the overall disease burden. This study aims to determine the factors associated with seeking psychological help among individuals experiencing depression according to gender differences in Türkiye. Methods The study utilized microdata from Türkiye Health Survey conducted by the Turkish Statistical Institute in 2016, 2019, and 2022. Binary logistic regression analysis was employed to determine the factors associated with seeking psychological help. Results The study's findings reveal that variables such as survey year, age, education level, employment status, general health status, disease status, depression status, day service status in the hospital, daily activity status, tobacco use status, and alcohol use status are associated with the status of receiving psychological help. Conclusion Gender-specific analysis indicated variations in the significance and impact of these variables among individuals seeking psychological help. In the development of preventive strategies for mental health protection, special attention should be given to factors associated with the psychological help-seeking behavior of both women and men. Prioritizing and addressing these factors will contribute to more effective mental health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Güney
- Department of Econometrics, Faculty of Political Sciences, Sakarya University, Sakarya, Türkiye
| | - Ahmet Fatih Aydemir
- Department of International Trade and Logistics, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Neslihan Iyit
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Selçuk University, Konya, Türkiye
| | - Ömer Alkan
- Department of Econometrics, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Türkiye
- Master Araştırma Eğitim ve Danışmanlık Hizmetleri Ltd. Şti., Erzurum, Türkiye
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Cénat JM, Kogan CS, Kebedom P, Ukwu G, Moshirian Farahi SMM, Darius WP, Mulopo Bakombo S, Dalexis RD, Ndengeyingoma A, Noorishad PG, Labelle PR. Prevalence and risk factors associated with psychostimulant use among Black individuals: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Addict Behav 2023; 138:107567. [PMID: 36521424 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychostimulants (e.g., cocaine, amphetamine) are among the most widely used drugs globally with detrimental short and long-term physical, psychological and social consequences. There is limited data on psychostimulant use for various racial and ethnic groups, including Black people, and the challenges they face living as minorities overcoming historical challenges including increased incarceration associated with drug possession. METHODS Peer-reviewed articles were identified in five databases (APA PsycInfo, CINAHL, Cochrane CENTRAL, Embase, MEDLINE). Eligible studies were published in French or English, provided empiral data on psychostimulant use in Black individuals living in a minority context. The PRISMA guideline was used for structuring the review. Random-effects meta-analyses were generated to estimate the pooled prevalence of lifetime and periodic psychostimulant use among Black individuals using STATA 16. RESULTS Sixty-three studies published from 1991 to 2022 with a sample size of 139,683 Black individuals were included in the current meta-analysis. Results indicate a pooled prevalence estimate of 11.4% for any form of psychostimulant use among Black individuals. The pooled prevalence estimates were 12.4% (95% CI, 8.4% - 16.4%) for cocaine, 8.3% (95% CI, 0% - 19.1%) for amphetamines, and 11.4% (95% CI, 4.6% - 18.1%) for other stimulants. Prediction intervals for all psychostimulant types were highly heterogenous ranging from 0% to as high as 51.2% for amphetamine suggesting prevalence of use in some studies of Black people could be found to be as low as zero. Subgroup analyses were conducted to examine differences between age groups, gender, reference period, and type of assessment. CONCLUSIONS High prevalence rates of psychostimulant use among Black people argues for greater access to evidence-based treatments. However, current psychosocial interventions are suboptimal, warranting further study. Consideration needs to be given to the challenges of the large range of prediction intervals, living in urban areas, racial discrimination experiences, race-based stress, and sociodemographic characteristics, including poverty, education level, age, gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude Mary Cénat
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Interdisciplinary Centre for Black Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; University of Ottawa Research Chair on Black Health, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Cary S Kogan
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Interdisciplinary Centre for Black Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philmona Kebedom
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gloria Ukwu
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Wina Paul Darius
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Rose Darly Dalexis
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Assumpta Ndengeyingoma
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Black Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Nursing, Université du Québec en Outaouais, Quebec, Canada
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Prevalence of Dual Diagnoses among Children and Adolescents with Mental Health Conditions. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10020293. [PMID: 36832422 PMCID: PMC9955022 DOI: 10.3390/children10020293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organisation defines dual diagnosis as the co-occurrence in the same individual of a psychoactive substance use disorder and another psychiatric disorder. Children and adolescents with dual diagnoses represent a significant public health burden in social and financial terms. AIMS The objective of the present paper is to provide a review of studies dealing with dual diagnoses and their prevalence among children and adolescents whose primary treatment involves psychiatric conditions. METHODS The PRISMA was used to conduct a systematic search. Articles published between January 2010 and May 2022 were searched for analysis. RESULTS Eight articles were eventually found eligible for the final content analysis. The analysis of the articles identified the prevalence of dual diagnoses among children and adolescents treated primarily for psychiatric conditions, the gender-specific occurrence of dual diagnoses, methods used to diagnose psychiatric and substance use disorders, types of psychiatric diagnoses involved in dual diagnoses, and prevalence differences contingent on the type of service provision as the main thematic areas. The prevalence of dual diagnoses among the target population ranged from 18.3% to 54% (mean 32.7%). Boys were more likely to experience dual diagnoses and affective disorders were the most frequent psychiatric diagnoses. CONCLUSION The importance of the issue and the high prevalence of dual diagnoses make it imperative that this type of research is pursued.
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Ivanov I, Bjork JM, Blair J, Newcorn JH. Sensitization-based risk for substance abuse in vulnerable individuals with ADHD: Review and re-examination of evidence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 135:104575. [PMID: 35151770 PMCID: PMC9893468 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Evidence of sensitization following stimulants administration in humans is just emerging, which prevents reaching more definitive conclusions in favor or against a purported protective role of stimulant treatments for ADHD for the development of substance use disorders. Existing evidence from both animal and human research suggest that stimulants produce neurophysiological changes in the brain reward system, some of which could be persistent. This could be relevant in choosing optimal treatments for young patients with ADHD who have additional clinical risk factors for substance abuse (e.g. conduct disorder (CD) and/or familial addictions). Here we stipulate that, while the majority of youth with ADHD greatly benefit from treatments with stimulants, there might be a subpopulation of individuals whose neurobiological profiles may confer risk for heightened vulnerability to the effects of stimulants on the responsiveness of the brain reward system. We propose that focused human research is needed to elucidate the unknown effects of prolonged stimulant exposure on the neurophysiology of the brain reward system in young patients with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliyan Ivanov
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | - James Blair
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Centre, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Montgomery L, Dixon S, Mantey DS. Racial and Ethnic Differences in Cannabis Use and Cannabis Use Disorder: Implications for Researchers. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2022; 9:14-22. [PMID: 35251891 PMCID: PMC8896813 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-021-00404-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Heavy and prolonged use of cannabis is associated with several adverse health, legal and social consequences. Although cannabis use impacts all U.S. racial/ethnic groups, studies have revealed racial/ethnic disparities in the initiation, prevalence, prevention and treatment of cannabis use and Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD). This review provides an overview of recent studies on cannabis and CUD by race/ethnicity and a discussion of implications for cannabis researchers. FINDINGS The majority of studies focused on cannabis use and CUD among African American/Black individuals, with the smallest number of studies found among Native Hawaiians/Pacific Islanders. The limited number of studies highlight unique risk and protective factors for each racial/ethnic group, such as gender, mental health status, polysubstance use and cultural identity. SUMMARY Future cannabis studies should aim to provide a deeper foundational understanding of factors that promote the initiation, maintenance, prevention and treatment of cannabis use and CUD among racial/ethnic groups. Cannabis studies should be unique to each racial/ethnic group and move beyond racial comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- LaTrice Montgomery
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Center for Addiction Research/Addiction Sciences Division, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Corresponding Author: LaTrice Montgomery, Ph.D., University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Center for Addiction Research/Addiction Sciences Division, 3131 Harvey Avenue, Suite 204, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229; ; Phone: 513-585-8286
| | - Shapree Dixon
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Center for Addiction Research/Addiction Sciences Division, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Dale S. Mantey
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
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Rates of Dual Diagnosis in Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatients: A Scoping Review. J Addict Med 2021; 16:101-109. [PMID: 33534276 DOI: 10.1097/adm.0000000000000818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Child and adolescent psychiatric (CAP) inpatient admissions have increased since 2009 and the clinical profile of these patients has become more complex. Unrecognized dual diagnosis, that is, comorbid substance use or substance use disorder (SUD) may contribute to this problem, but the prevalence of dual diagnosis in this population is inadequately understood. The goal of this scoping review was to summarize the range and content of research on this topic. METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, and PsychINFO databases were systematically searched for studies published from 2008 to 2019 containing information on rates of comorbid substance use or SUD in CAP inpatients. RESULTS A total of 23,326 abstracts were located. After removing duplicates, screening abstracts and full-text papers, and extracting data with full-text reviews, fourteen studies meeting our criteria remained. Rates of substance use or SUD ranged from 0.9% to 54.8%, differing on the basis of: (1) type of outcome; (2) type of data source; and (3) whether samples had a specific diagnostic focus or not. Rates of any type of SUD were reported in approximately 25% of samples from administrative databases, in 17.7% to 38.5% of chart reviews, and in 55% of studies with data from clinical research examinations. The highest rates of substance-specific substance use or SUD were for alcohol, cannabis, and nicotine. CONCLUSIONS We located 14 studies, but methodologic heterogeneity precluded quantitative calculation of a single estimate for the prevalence of dual diagnosis. However, most of the rates suggest that this is an important problem in CAP inpatients, meriting further research. We suggest ways to improve future studies.
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Carney R, Firth J, Pedley R, Law H, Parker S, Lovell K. The clinical and behavioral cardiometabolic risk of children and young people on mental health inpatient units: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2021; 70:80-97. [PMID: 33773375 PMCID: PMC8135692 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Serious mental illness is associated with physical health comorbidities, however most research has focused on adults. We aimed to synthesise existing literature on clinical and behavioral cardiometabolic risk factors of young people on mental health inpatient units. METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted, using electronic searches of PsycINFO, EMBASE, AMED, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Ovid MEDLINE. Eligible studies included child/adolescent mental health inpatient units for <25 years, reporting clinical/behavioral cardiometabolic risk factors. Studies containing adult samples, case-studies, or eating disorder populations were excluded. The main clinical outcome was weight, and main behavioral outcome was tobacco use. RESULTS Thirty-nine studies were identified (n = 809,185). Pooled prevalence rates of young people who were overweight (BMI > 25) was 32.4% (95% CI 26.1%-39.5%; n = 2789), and who were obese (BMI > 30) was 15.5% (95% CI 4.5%-41.6%; n = 2612). Pooled prevalence rates for tobacco use was 51.5% (95% CI 32.2-70.2; N = 804,018). Early signs of metabolic risk were observed; elevated blood cholesterol, presence of physical health conditions, and behavioral risk factors (e.g. physical inactivity). CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the vulnerability of young people admitted to inpatient units and emphasises the opportunity to efficiently monitor, treat and intervene to target physical and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Carney
- Youth Mental Health Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK; Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Joseph Firth
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK,NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, Australia
| | - Rebecca Pedley
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Heather Law
- Youth Mental Health Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Sophie Parker
- Youth Mental Health Research Unit, Greater Manchester Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Karina Lovell
- Division of Nursing, Midwifery and Social Work, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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