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Kakavandi S, Hajikhani B, Azizi P, Aziziyan F, Nabi-Afjadi M, Farani MR, Zalpoor H, Azarian M, Saadi MI, Gharesi-Fard B, Terpos E, Zare I, Motamedifar M. COVID-19 in patients with anemia and haematological malignancies: risk factors, clinical guidelines, and emerging therapeutic approaches. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:126. [PMID: 38360719 PMCID: PMC10868124 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01316-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Extensive research in countries with high sociodemographic indices (SDIs) to date has shown that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may be directly associated with more severe outcomes among patients living with haematological disorders and malignancies (HDMs). Because individuals with moderate to severe immunodeficiency are likely to undergo persistent infections, shed virus particles for prolonged periods, and lack an inflammatory or abortive phase, this represents an overall risk of morbidity and mortality from COVID-19. In cases suffering from HDMs, further investigation is needed to achieve a better understanding of triviruses and a group of related variants in patients with anemia and HDMs, as well as their treatment through vaccines, drugs, and other methods. Against this background, the present study aimed to delineate the relationship between HDMs and the novel COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Besides, effective treatment options for HDM cases were further explored to address this epidemic and its variants. Therefore, learning about how COVID-19 manifests in these patients, along with exploiting the most appropriate treatments, may lead to the development of treatment and care strategies by clinicians and researchers to help patients recover faster. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareh Kakavandi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahareh Hajikhani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paniz Azizi
- Psychological and Brain Science Departments, Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Fatemeh Aziziyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nabi-Afjadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Ramezani Farani
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Nano Bio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hamidreza Zalpoor
- Student Research Committee, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy & Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Azarian
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Evangelos Terpos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Iman Zare
- Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies Co., Ltd., Shiraz, 7178795844, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Motamedifar
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Yang Y, Yang Y, Shen Y, Liu J, Zeng Y, Wei C, Liu C, Pan Y, Guo Q, Zhong F, Guo L, Liu W. Exploring the pharmacological mechanisms of Shuanghuanglian against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia through network pharmacology combined with molecular docking and experimental validation. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2023; 61:259-270. [PMID: 36656546 PMCID: PMC9858418 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2023.2168703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Due to the poor prognosis of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (T-ALL), there is an urgent need to identify safer and more cost-effective drugs. OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the antitumour activity of Shuanghuanglian (SHL) on T-ALL cells and elucidated the mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Jurkat and Molt4 cells were treated with SHL (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg/mL) for 24 and 48 h. The controls were treated with RPMI 1640 containing 10% foetal bovine serum. Cell viability was evaluated through Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Patterns of death and signalling pathway alterations caused by SHL were identified by network pharmacology combined with GO enrichment analysis and then were verified by Hoechst 33342 staining, Annexin V-FITC/PI staining and Western blotting. Interactions of the active ingredients with targets were analysed by molecular docking. RESULTS The IC50 values of SHL in Jurkat and Molt4 cells were 0.30 ± 0.10 and 0.48 ± 0.07 mg/mL, respectively, at 24 h and 0.27 ± 0.05 and 0.30 ± 0.03 mg/mL at 48 h. In T-ALL, 117 target genes of SHL were mainly enriched in the apoptosis and NOTCH signalling pathways. SHL induced apoptosis was confirmed by Hoechst 33342 staining and flow cytometry. The protein levels of cleaved caspase-7 and cleaved PARP were significantly increased but those of cleaved NOTCH1 and MYC were reduced. The active ingredients of SHL can interact with γ-secretase.Discussion and conclusions: SHL induces apoptosis in T-ALL cells via the NOTCH1-MYC pathway and may be a potential drug for the treatment of T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Yang
- Department of Pediatrics (Children Hematological Oncology), Birth Defects and Childhood Hematological Oncology Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Pediatrics (Children Hematological Oncology), Birth Defects and Childhood Hematological Oncology Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yunfu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Pediatrics (Children Hematological Oncology), Birth Defects and Childhood Hematological Oncology Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Department of Pediatrics (Children Hematological Oncology), Birth Defects and Childhood Hematological Oncology Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Chengming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Department of Pediatrics (Children Hematological Oncology), Birth Defects and Childhood Hematological Oncology Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Yansha Pan
- Department of Pediatrics (Children Hematological Oncology), Birth Defects and Childhood Hematological Oncology Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Qulian Guo
- Department of Pediatrics (Children Hematological Oncology), Birth Defects and Childhood Hematological Oncology Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Fangfang Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics (Children Hematological Oncology), Birth Defects and Childhood Hematological Oncology Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Ling Guo
- Department of Pediatrics (Children Hematological Oncology), Birth Defects and Childhood Hematological Oncology Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- Department of Pediatrics (Children Hematological Oncology), Birth Defects and Childhood Hematological Oncology Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Sichuan Clinical Research Center for Birth Defects, Luzhou, Sichuan, China
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Chen Z, Xin Q, Wei W, Wu Y. The pathogenesis and development of targeted drugs in acute T lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:1017-1037. [PMID: 36623836 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is mainly classified into acute T- and B-lymphoblastic leukaemia according to the source of its lymphocytes, thymus and bone. Among them, the incidence of adult T-cell accounts for about 25% of adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, but the degree of malignancy is high and the treatment rate and prognosis are poor. At this stage, there are few targeted drugs and the commonly used broad-spectrum chemotherapeutic drugs have poor efficacy and many adverse drug reactions. Understanding and investigating the pathogenesis of T-acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is very important for further developing new targeting drugs and improving existing drugs. Dysregulated signalling pathways are the main aetiological factors of T-acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. They play crucial roles in promoting tumour initiation, progression, drug design and therapy responses. This is primarily because signalling pathways are indispensable for many cellular biological processes, including tumour growth, migration, invasion, metastasis and others. As a result, small molecule inhibitors targeting the major kinase components of the signalling pathway have received a lot of attention and have been developed and evaluated in preclinical models and clinical trials. Already marketed drugs are also being repurposed in combination therapies to further improve efficacy and overcome tumour cell resistance. In this review, we have aimed to examine the latest and most classical signalling pathways in the aetiology of T-acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and shed light on potential targets for novel therapeutic agents to act on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoying Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Qianling Xin
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yujing Wu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei, China
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Górecki M, Kozioł I, Kopystecka A, Budzyńska J, Zawitkowska J, Lejman M. Updates in KMT2A Gene Rearrangement in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030821. [PMID: 36979800 PMCID: PMC10045821 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The KMT2A (formerly MLL) encodes the histone lysine-specific N-methyltransferase 2A and is mapped on chromosome 11q23. KMT2A is a frequent target for recurrent translocations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), or mixed lineage (biphenotypic) leukemia (MLL). Over 90 KMT2A fusion partners have been identified until now, including the most recurring ones—AFF1, MLLT1, and MLLT3—which encode proteins regulating epigenetic mechanisms. The presence of distinct KMT2A rearrangements is an independent dismal prognostic factor, while very few KMT2A rearrangements display either a good or intermediate outcome. KMT2A-rearranged (KMT2A-r) ALL affects more than 70% of new ALL diagnoses in infants (<1 year of age), 5–6% of pediatric cases, and 15% of adult cases. KMT2A-rearranged (KMT2A-r) ALL is characterized by hyperleukocytosis, a relatively high incidence of central nervous system (CNS) involvement, an aggressive course with early relapse, and early relapses resulting in poor prognosis. The exact pathways of fusions and the effects on the final phenotypic activity of the disease are still subjects of much research. Future trials could consider the inclusion of targeted immunotherapeutic agents and prioritize the identification of prognostic factors, allowing for the less intensive treatment of some infants with KMT2A ALL. The aim of this review is to summarize our knowledge and present current insight into the mechanisms of KMT2A-r ALL, portray their characteristics, discuss the clinical outcome along with risk stratification, and present novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Górecki
- Student Scientific Society of Independent Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ilona Kozioł
- Student Scientific Society of the Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Kopystecka
- Student Scientific Society of the Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Julia Budzyńska
- Student Scientific Society of the Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Zawitkowska
- Department of Paediatric Haematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Lejman
- Independent Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Ivanov AV, Alecsa MS, Popescu R, Starcea MI, Mocanu AM, Rusu C, Miron IC. Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Emerging Therapies-From Pathway to Target. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054661. [PMID: 36902091 PMCID: PMC10003692 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past 40 years, the 5-years-overall survival rate of pediatric cancer reached 75-80%, and for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), exceeded 90%. Leukemia continues to be a major cause of mortality and morbidity for specific patient populations, including infants, adolescents, and patients with high-risk genetic abnormalities. The future of leukemia treatment needs to count better on molecular therapies as well as immune and cellular therapy. Advances in the scientific interface have led naturally to advances in the treatment of childhood cancer. These discoveries have involved the recognition of the importance of chromosomal abnormalities, the amplification of the oncogenes, the aberration of tumor suppressor genes, as well as the dysregulation of cellular signaling and cell cycle control. Lately, novel therapies that have already proven efficient on relapsed/refractory ALL in adults are being evaluated in clinical trials for young patients. Tirosine kinase inhibitors are, by now, part of the standardized treatment of Ph+ALL pediatric patients, and Blinatumomab, with promising results in clinical trials, received both FDA and EMA approval for use in children. Moreover, other targeted therapies such as aurora-kinase inhibitors, MEK-inhibitors, and proteasome-inhibitors are involved in clinical trials that include pediatric patients. This is an overview of the novel leukemia therapies that have been developed starting from the molecular discoveries and those that have been applied in pediatric populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Viorica Ivanov
- Pediatrics Department, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mirabela Smaranda Alecsa
- Pediatrics Department, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (M.S.A.); (R.P.)
| | - Roxana Popescu
- Medical Genetics Department, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (M.S.A.); (R.P.)
| | - Magdalena Iuliana Starcea
- Pediatrics Department, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Adriana Maria Mocanu
- Pediatrics Department, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristina Rusu
- Medical Genetics Department, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ingrith Crenguta Miron
- Pediatrics Department, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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Expression analysis of circulating miR-22, miR-122, miR-217 and miR-367 as promising biomarkers of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:255-265. [PMID: 36327023 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of serum-based biomarkers such as microRNAs in cancer diagnosis has been extensively established. This study aimed to determine the expression levels of bioinformatically selected miRNAs and whether they can be used as biomarkers or a new therapeutic target in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression levels of serum miR-22, miR-122, miR-217, and miR-367 in 21 ALL patients and 21 healthy controls were measured using quantitative real-time PCR. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the associated area under the curve (AUC) was used to assess candidate miRNAs' diagnostic value as a biomarker. RESULTS The results showed that miR-217 was markedly decreased in patients with ALL compared to controls. Moreover, miR-22, miR-122, and miR-367 were found to be upregulated. Furthermore, ROC analysis showed that serum miR-217 and miR-367 could differentiate ALL patients from healthy individuals, while miR-22 has approximate discriminatory power that requires further investigation. CONCLUSION These results provide promising preliminary evidence that circulating miR-217 and miR-367 could be considered potent diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic goals in this disease.
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Mutational Analysis of the VPREB1 Gene of Pre-BCR Complex in a Cohort of Sporadic Pediatric Patients With B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2022; 44:210-219. [PMID: 35398858 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000002456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During bone marrow B-cell development, the pre-B-cell receptor is formed by the association of the immunoglobulin heavy chain with a surrogate light chain, which is encoded by the VPREB1, and λ5 genes. It is known that pre-BCR signaling signifies a critical checkpoint at the pre-B-cell stage. Thus, failure pre-BCR signaling is proposed as a critical factor for the development of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). B‑ALL is the most common pediatric cancer and is one of the leading causes of death in children. Until now, several molecular analyses were performed for genomic alterations in B-ALL, but for genomic analysis of the VPREB1 gene and its rare variations, limited studies have been conducted. In this study, using polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing of 88 pediatric patients with B-ALL, we investigated the genomic region of the VPREB1 gene to find sequence variations of this gene. Our study presented ten homozygous and heterozygous point mutations and heterozygous nucleotide deletions, in the VPREB1 gene in 36 boys and 32 girls' patients. Our Bioinformatics assay results presented that these variations may alter the RNA folding, protein structure, and therefore probable effect on the protein function. These results propose that nucleotide changes probably contribute to B-ALL pathogenesis.
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Castañeda-Partida L, Ocadiz-Delgado R, Sánchez-López JM, García-Villa E, Peñaloza-González JG, Velázquez-Aviña MM, Torres-Nava JR, Martín-Trejo JA, Solís-Labastida K, Guerra-Castillo FX, Bekker-Méndez VC, Rosales-García VH, Romero-Rodríguez D, Mojica-Espinoza R, Mendez-Tenorio A, Ramírez-Calzada CA, Álvarez-Ríos E, Mejía-Aranguré JM, Gariglio P. Global expression profiling of CD10 + /CD19 + pre-B lymphoblasts from Hispanic B-ALL patients correlates with comparative TARGET database analysis. Discov Oncol 2022; 13:28. [PMID: 35445848 PMCID: PMC9023642 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-022-00480-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mexico City has one of the highest incidences of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) globally, with patients showing low survival, and high relapse rates. To gain more insight into the molecular features of B-ALL in Mexican children, we isolated CD10 + /CD19 + precursor B lymphoblasts from four bone marrow and nine peripheral blood samples of B-ALL patients using a fluorescence-activated cell sorting protocol. The global gene expression profile (BM vs PB) revealed 136 differentially expressed genes; 62 were upregulated (45.6%) and 74 were downregulated (54.4%). Pearson's correlation coefficient was calculated to determine the similarity between pre-B lymphoblast populations. We selected 26 highly significant genes and validated 21 by RT-qPCR (CNN3, STON2, CALN1, RUNX2, GADD45A, CDC45, CDC20, PLK1, AIDA, HCK, LY86, GPR65, PIK3CG, LILRB2, IL7R, TCL1A, DOCK1, HIST1H3G, PTPN14, CD72, and NT5E). The gene set enrichment analysis of the total expression matrix and the ingenuity pathway analysis of the 136 differentially expressed genes showed that the cell cycle was altered in the bone marrow with four overexpressed genes (PLK1, CDC20, CDC45, and GADD45A) and a low expression of IL7R and PIK3CG, which are involved in B cell differentiation. A comparative bioinformatics analysis of 15 bone marrow and 10 peripheral blood samples from Hispanic B-ALL patients collected by the TARGET program, corroborated the genes observed, except for PIK3CG. We conclude the Mexican and the Hispanic B-ALL patients studied present common driver alterations and histotype-specific mutations that could facilitate risk stratification and diagnostic accuracy and serve as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Castañeda-Partida
- Laboratorio de Genética Toxicológica, Biología. Facultad de Estudios Profesionales Iztacala (FESI), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Tlalnepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Rodolfo Ocadiz-Delgado
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular. Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | - Enrique García-Villa
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular. Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Jorge Alfonso Martín-Trejo
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital de Pediatría. Centro Médico Nacional (CMN), "Siglo XXI" , Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karina Solís-Labastida
- Servicio de Hematología, Hospital de Pediatría. Centro Médico Nacional (CMN), "Siglo XXI" , Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Francisco Xavier Guerra-Castillo
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología e Infectología, Hospital de Infectología ''Dr. Daniel Mendez Hernández'', ''La Raza'', IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Vilma Carolina Bekker-Méndez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología e Infectología, Hospital de Infectología ''Dr. Daniel Mendez Hernández'', ''La Raza'', IMSS, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Víctor Hugo Rosales-García
- Laboratorio de Citometría de Flujo, Laboratorios Nacionales de Servicios Experimentales, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Dámaris Romero-Rodríguez
- Unidad de Citometría, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias (INER), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Raúl Mojica-Espinoza
- Unidad de Genotipificación y Análisis de Expresión, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Mendez-Tenorio
- Laboratorio Biotecnología y Bioinformática Genómica, Departamento de Bioquímica. Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. MX, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Crystel A Ramírez-Calzada
- Laboratorio Biotecnología y Bioinformática Genómica, Departamento de Bioquímica. Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. MX, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elízabeth Álvarez-Ríos
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular. Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Juan Manuel Mejía-Aranguré
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica, UMAE Hospital de Pediatría. Centro Medico Nacional (CMN) ''Siglo XXI'', Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
- Coordinación de Investigación en Salud, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
- Laboratorio de Genómica del Cáncer, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Patricio Gariglio
- Laboratorio de Oncología Molecular, Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular. Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Kośmider K, Karska K, Kozakiewicz A, Lejman M, Zawitkowska J. Overcoming Steroid Resistance in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia-The State-of-the-Art Knowledge and Future Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073795. [PMID: 35409154 PMCID: PMC8999045 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common malignancy among children. Despite the enormous progress in ALL therapy, resulting in achieving a 5-year survival rate of up to 90%, the ambitious goal of reaching a 100% survival rate is still being pursued. A typical ALL treatment includes three phases: remission induction and consolidation and maintenance, preceded by a prednisone prephase. Poor prednisone response (PPR) is defined as the presence of ≥1.0 × 109 blasts/L in the peripheral blood on day eight of therapy and results in significantly frequent relapses and worse outcomes. Hence, identifying risk factors of steroid resistance and finding methods of overcoming that resistance may significantly improve patients' outcomes. A mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK-ERK) pathway seems to be a particularly attractive target, as its activation leads to steroid resistance via a phosphorylating Bcl-2-interacting mediator of cell death (BIM), which is crucial in the steroid-induced cell death. Several mutations causing activation of MAPK-ERK were discovered, notably the interleukin-7 receptor (IL-7R) pathway mutations in T-cell ALL and rat sarcoma virus (Ras) pathway mutations in precursor B-cell ALL. MAPK-ERK pathway inhibitors were demonstrated to enhance the results of dexamethasone therapy in preclinical ALL studies. This report summarizes steroids' mechanism of action, resistance to treatment, and prospects of steroids therapy in pediatric ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Kośmider
- Student Scientific Society, Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, Gębali 6, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (K.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Katarzyna Karska
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, Gębali 6, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Agata Kozakiewicz
- Student Scientific Society, Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, Gębali 6, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (K.K.); (A.K.)
| | - Monika Lejman
- Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, Gębali 6, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Joanna Zawitkowska
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, Gębali 6, 20-093 Lublin, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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10
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Abstract
Despite the therapeutic progress, relapse remains a major problem in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Most leukemia cells that survive chemotherapy are found in the bone marrow (BM), thus resistance to chemotherapy and other treatments may be partially attributed to pro-survival signaling to leukemic cells mediated by leukemia cell-microenvironment interactions. Adhesion of leukemia cells to BM stromal cells may lead to cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance (CAM-DR) mediating intracellular signaling changes that support survival of leukemia cells. In ALL and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), adhesion-mediated activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway has been shown to be critical in CAM-DR. PI3K targeting inhibitors have been approved for CLL and have been evaluated preclinically in ALL. However, PI3K inhibition has yet to be approved for clinical use in ALL. Here, we review the role of PI3K signaling for normal hematopoietic and leukemia cells and summarize preclinical inhibitors of PI3K in ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Na Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Heather Ogana
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Vanessa Sanchez
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cydney Nichols
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yong-Mi Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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11
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Wang W, Lyu C, Wang F, Wang C, Wu F, Li X, Gan S. Identification of Potential Signatures and Their Functions for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: A Study Based on the Cancer Genome Atlas. Front Genet 2021; 12:656042. [PMID: 34295352 PMCID: PMC8290159 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.656042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a malignant disease most commonly diagnosed in adolescents and young adults. This study aimed to explore potential signatures and their functions for ALL. Methods Differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) and differentially expressed long non-coding RNAs (DElncRNAs) were identified for ALL from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and normal control from Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx). DElncRNA-microRNA (miRNA) and miRNA-DEmRNA pairs were predicted using online databases. Then, a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network was constructed. Functional enrichment analysis of DEmRNAs in the ceRNA network was performed. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was then constructed. Hub genes were identified. DElncRNAs in the ceRNA network were validated using Real-time qPCR. Results A total of 2,903 up- and 3,228 downregulated mRNAs and 469 up- and 286 downregulated lncRNAs were identified for ALL. A ceRNA network was constructed for ALL, consisting of 845 lncRNA-miRNA and 395 miRNA-mRNA pairs. These DEmRNAs in the ceRNA network were mainly enriched in ALL-related biological processes and pathways. Ten hub genes were identified, including SMAD3, SMAD7, SMAD5, ZFYVE9, FKBP1A, FZD6, FZD7, LRP6, WNT1, and SFRP1. According to Real-time qPCR, eight lncRNAs including ATP11A-AS1, ITPK1-AS1, ANO1-AS2, CRNDE, MALAT1, CACNA1C-IT3, PWRN1, and WT1-AS were significantly upregulated in ALL bone marrow samples compared to normal samples. Conclusion Our results showed the lncRNA expression profiles and constructed ceRNA network in ALL. Furthermore, eight lncRNAs including ATP11A-AS1, ITPK1-AS1, ANO1-AS2, CRNDE, MALAT1, CACNA1C-IT3, PWRN1, and WT1-AS were identified. These results could provide a novel insight into the study of ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chunhui Lyu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Congcong Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Feifei Wu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Silin Gan
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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12
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Moreno Lorenzana D, Juárez Velázquez MDR, Reyes León A, Martínez Anaya D, Hernández Monterde A, Salas Labadía C, Navarrete Meneses MDP, Zapata Tarrés M, Juárez Villegas L, Jarquín Ramírez B, Cárdenas Cardós R, Herrera Almanza M, Paredes Aguilera R, Pérez Vera P. CRLF2 and IKZF1 abnormalities in Mexican children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and recurrent gene fusions: exploring surrogate markers of signaling pathways. J Pathol Clin Res 2021; 7:410-421. [PMID: 33890726 PMCID: PMC8185361 DOI: 10.1002/cjp2.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The gene fusions BCR-ABL1, TCF3-PBX1, and ETV6-RUNX1 are recurrent in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and are found with low frequency in coexistence with CRLF2 (cytokine receptor-like factor 2) rearrangements and overexpression. There is limited information regarding the CRLF2 abnormalities and dominant-negative IKZF1 isoforms associated with surrogate markers of Jak2, ABL, and Ras signaling pathways. To assess this, we evaluated 24 Mexican children with B-ALL positive for recurrent gene fusions at diagnosis. We found CRLF2 rearrangements and/or overexpression, dominant-negative IKZF1 isoforms, and surrogate phosphorylated markers of signaling pathways coexisting with recurrent gene fusions. All the BCR-ABL1 patients expressed CRLF2 and were positive for pCrkl (ABL); most of them were also positive for pStat5 (Jak2/Stat5) and negative for pErk (Ras). TCF3-PBX1 patients with CRLF2 abnormalities were positive for pStat5, most of them were also positive for pCrkl, and two patients were also positive for pErk. One patient with ETV6-RUNX1 and intracellular CRLF2 protein expressed pCrkl. In some cases, the activated signaling pathways were reverted in vitro by specific inhibitors. We further analyzed a TCF3-PBX1 patient at relapse, identifying a clone with the recurrent gene fusion, P2RY8-CRLF2, rearrangement, and phosphorylation of the three surrogate markers that we studied. These results agree with the previous reports regarding resistance to treatment observed in patients with recurrent gene fusions and coexisting CRLF2 gene abnormalities. A marker phosphorylation signature was identified in BCR-ABL1 and TCF3-PBX1 patients. To obtain useful information for the assessment of treatment in B-ALL patients with recurrent gene fusions, we suggest that they should be evaluated at diagnosis for CRLF2 gene abnormalities and dominant-negative IKZF1 isoforms, in addition to the analyses of activation and inhibition of signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafné Moreno Lorenzana
- Laboratorio de Genética y CáncerInstituto Nacional de PediatríaMexico CityMexico
- Cátedra CONACYT‐Instituto Nacional de PediatríaMexico CityMexico
| | | | - Adriana Reyes León
- Laboratorio de Genética y CáncerInstituto Nacional de PediatríaMexico CityMexico
| | - Daniel Martínez Anaya
- Laboratorio de Genética y CáncerInstituto Nacional de PediatríaMexico CityMexico
- Posgrado en Ciencias BiológicasUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoMexico CityMexico
| | | | | | | | | | - Luis Juárez Villegas
- Servicio de Hemato‐OncologíaHospital Infantil de México Federico GómezMexico CityMexico
| | | | | | - Martha Herrera Almanza
- Laboratorio de Genética y CáncerInstituto Nacional de PediatríaMexico CityMexico
- Becaria de la Dirección General de Calidad y Educación en SaludSecretaría de Salud MéxicoMexico CityMexico
| | | | - Patricia Pérez Vera
- Laboratorio de Genética y CáncerInstituto Nacional de PediatríaMexico CityMexico
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13
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Recurrent somatic mutations and low germline predisposition mutations in Korean ALL patients. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8893. [PMID: 33903686 PMCID: PMC8076247 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88449-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to somatic mutations, germline genetic predisposition to hematologic malignancies is currently emerging as an area attracting high research interest. In this study, we investigated genetic alterations in Korean acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (ALL) patients using targeted gene panel sequencing. To this end, a gene panel consisting of 81 genes that are known to be associated with 23 predisposition syndromes was investigated. In addition to sequence variants, gene-level copy number variations (CNVs) were investigated as well. We identified 197 somatic sequence variants and 223 somatic CNVs. The IKZF1 alteration was found to have an adverse effect on overall survival (OS) and relapse-free survival (RFS) in childhood ALL. We found recurrent somatic alterations in Korean ALL patients similar to previous studies on both prevalence and prognostic impact. Six patients were found to be carriers of variants in six genes associated with primary immunodeficiency disorder (PID). Of the 81 genes associated with 23 predisposition syndromes, this study found only one predisposition germline mutation (TP53) (1.1%). Altogether, our study demonstrated a low probability of germline mutation predisposition to ALL in Korean ALL patients.
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14
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Fang-Fang Z, You Y, Wen-Jun L. Progress in research on childhood T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia, Notch1 signaling pathway, and its inhibitors: A review. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2021; 21:136-144. [PMID: 32415821 PMCID: PMC7982061 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2020.4687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Childhood leukemia is cancer that seriously threatens the life of children in China. Poor sensitivity to chemotherapy and susceptibility to drug resistance are the reasons for the treatment of T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia (T-ALL) being extremely difficult. Moreover, traditional intensive chemotherapy regimens cause great damage to children. Therefore, it is highly important to search for targeted drugs and develop a precise individualized treatment for child patients. There are activating mutations in the NOTCH1 gene in more than 50% of human T-ALLs and the Notch signaling pathway is involved in the pathogenesis of T-ALL. In this review, we summarize the progress in research on T-ALL and Notch1 signaling pathway inhibitors to provide a theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Fang-Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China; Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Birth Defects Clinical Medical Research Center of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China
| | - Yang You
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China; Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Birth Defects Clinical Medical Research Center of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China
| | - Liu Wen-Jun
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China; Department of Pediatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Birth Defects Clinical Medical Research Center of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China
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15
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Mshaik R, Simonet J, Georgievski A, Jamal L, Bechoua S, Ballerini P, Bellaye PS, Mlamla Z, Pais de Barros JP, Geissler A, Francin PJ, Girodon F, Garrido C, Quéré R. HSP90 inhibitor NVP-BEP800 affects stability of SRC kinases and growth of T-cell and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias. Blood Cancer J 2021; 11:61. [PMID: 33737511 PMCID: PMC7973815 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-021-00450-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (T-ALL, B-ALL) are aggressive hematological malignancies characterized by an accumulation of immature T- or B-cells. Although patient outcomes have improved, novel targeted therapies are needed to reduce the intensity of chemotherapy and improve the prognosis of high-risk patients. Using cell lines, primary cells and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models, we demonstrate that ALL cells viability is sensitive to NVP-BEP800, an ATP-competitive inhibitor of Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90). Furthermore, we reveal that lymphocyte-specific SRC family kinases (SFK) are important clients of the HSP90 chaperone in ALL. When PDX mice are treated with NVP-BEP800, we found that there is a decrease in ALL progression. Together, these results demonstrate that the chaperoning of SFK by HSP90 is involved in the growth of ALL. These novel findings provide an alternative approach to target SRC kinases and could be used for the development of new treatment strategies for ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rony Mshaik
- UMR1231, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - John Simonet
- UMR1231, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | | | - Layla Jamal
- UMR1231, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Shaliha Bechoua
- Centre de Ressources Biologiques Ferdinand Cabanne, Hôpital Universitaire François Mitterrand, Dijon, France
| | - Paola Ballerini
- Laboratoire d'Hématologie, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Pierre-Simon Bellaye
- UMR1231, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Zandile Mlamla
- UMR1231, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Plateforme de Lipidomique, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Paul Pais de Barros
- UMR1231, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Plateforme de Lipidomique, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Audrey Geissler
- Plateforme d'Imagerie Cellulaire, CellImaP, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Pierre-Jean Francin
- Laboratoire de Génétique Chromosomique et Moléculaire, Plateau Technique de Biologie, Hôpital Universitaire François Mitterrand, Dijon, France
| | - François Girodon
- UMR1231, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Service d'Hématologie Biologique, Hôpital Universitaire François Mitterrand, Dijon, France
| | - Carmen Garrido
- UMR1231, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Centre Georges-François Leclerc, Dijon, France
| | - Ronan Quéré
- UMR1231, Inserm, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.
- LipSTIC LabEx, Fondation de Coopération Scientifique de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.
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16
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Olivas-Aguirre M, Torres-López L, Pottosin I, Dobrovinskaya O. Overcoming Glucocorticoid Resistance in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Repurposed Drugs Can Improve the Protocol. Front Oncol 2021; 11:617937. [PMID: 33777761 PMCID: PMC7991804 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.617937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are a central component of multi-drug treatment protocols against T and B acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), which are used intensively during the remission induction to rapidly eliminate the leukemic blasts. The primary response to GCs predicts the overall response to treatment and clinical outcome. In this review, we have critically analyzed the available data on the effects of GCs on sensitive and resistant leukemic cells, in order to reveal the mechanisms of GC resistance and how these mechanisms may determine a poor outcome in ALL. Apart of the GC resistance, associated with a decreased expression of receptors to GCs, there are several additional mechanisms, triggered by alterations of different signaling pathways, which cause the metabolic reprogramming, with an enhanced level of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation, apoptosis resistance, and multidrug resistance. Due to all this, the GC-resistant ALL show a poor sensitivity to conventional chemotherapeutic protocols. We propose pharmacological strategies that can trigger alternative intracellular pathways to revert or overcome GC resistance. Specifically, we focused our search on drugs, which are already approved for treatment of other diseases and demonstrated anti-ALL effects in experimental pre-clinical models. Among them are some “truly” re-purposed drugs, which have different targets in ALL as compared to other diseases: cannabidiol, which targets mitochondria and causes the mitochondrial permeability transition-driven necrosis, tamoxifen, which induces autophagy and cell death, and reverts GC resistance through the mechanisms independent of nuclear estrogen receptors (“off-target effects”), antibiotic tigecycline, which inhibits mitochondrial respiration, causing energy crisis and cell death, and some anthelmintic drugs. Additionally, we have listed compounds that show a classical mechanism of action in ALL but are not used still in treatment protocols: the BH3 mimetic venetoclax, which inhibits the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, the hypomethylating agent 5-azacytidine, which restores the expression of the pro-apoptotic BIM, and compounds targeting the PI3K-Akt-mTOR axis. Accordingly, these drugs may be considered for the inclusion into chemotherapeutic protocols for GC-resistant ALL treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Olivas-Aguirre
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Ionic Transport Regulation, University Center for Biomedical Research, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - Liliana Torres-López
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Ionic Transport Regulation, University Center for Biomedical Research, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - Igor Pottosin
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Ionic Transport Regulation, University Center for Biomedical Research, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico
| | - Oxana Dobrovinskaya
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Ionic Transport Regulation, University Center for Biomedical Research, University of Colima, Colima, Mexico
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17
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Mroczek A, Zawitkowska J, Kowalczyk J, Lejman M. Comprehensive Overview of Gene Rearrangements in Childhood T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E808. [PMID: 33467425 PMCID: PMC7829804 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is a relevant form of childhood neoplasm, as it accounts for over 80% of all leukaemia cases. T-cell ALL constitutes a genetically heterogeneous cancer derived from T-lymphoid progenitors. The diagnosis of T-ALL is based on morphologic, immunophenotypic, cytogenetic, and molecular features, thus the results are used for patient stratification. Due to the expression of surface and intracellular antigens, several subtypes of T-ALL can be distinguished. Although the aetiology of T-ALL remains unclear, a wide spectrum of rearrangements and mutations affecting crucial signalling pathways has been described so far. Due to intensive chemotherapy regimens and supportive care, overall cure rates of more than 80% in paediatric T-ALL patients have been accomplished. However, improved knowledge of the mechanisms of relapse, drug resistance, and determination of risk factors are crucial for patients in the high-risk group. Even though some residual disease studies have allowed the optimization of therapy, the identification of novel diagnostic and prognostic markers is required to individualize therapy. The following review summarizes our current knowledge about genetic abnormalities in paediatric patients with T-ALL. As molecular biology techniques provide insights into the biology of cancer, our study focuses on new potential therapeutic targets and predictive factors which may improve the outcome of young patients with T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mroczek
- Department of Paediatric Haematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.M.); (J.Z.); (J.K.)
| | - Joanna Zawitkowska
- Department of Paediatric Haematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.M.); (J.Z.); (J.K.)
| | - Jerzy Kowalczyk
- Department of Paediatric Haematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (A.M.); (J.Z.); (J.K.)
| | - Monika Lejman
- Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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18
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Lejman M, Włodarczyk M, Styka B, Pastorczak A, Zawitkowska J, Taha J, Sędek Ł, Skonieczka K, Braun M, Haus O, Szczepański T, Młynarski W, Kowalczyk JR. Advantages and Limitations of SNP Array in the Molecular Characterization of Pediatric T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1184. [PMID: 32766158 PMCID: PMC7379740 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a highly heterogeneous disease, and numerous genetic aberrations in the leukemic genome are responsible for the biological and clinical differences among particular ALL subtypes. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the association of whole-genome copy number abnormalities (CNAs) in childhood T-ALL with the course of leukemia and its outcome. The aim of this study was to identify the pattern of whole-genome CNAs in 86 newly diagnosed childhood T-ALL cases using a high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism array. We analyzed the presence of whole-genome CNAs with respect to immunophenotype, clinical features, and treatment outcomes. A total of 769 CNAs, including trisomies, duplications, deletions, and segmental loss of heterozygosity, were detected in 86 analyzed samples. Gain or loss of chromosomal regions exceeding 10 Mb occurred in 46 cases (53%), including six cases (7%) with complex chromosomal alterations. We observed that microdeletions in selected genes (e.g., FIP1L1 and PDGFRB) were related to the clinical features. Interestingly, 13% of samples have a duplication of the two loci (MYB and AIH1—6q23.3), which never occurred alone. Single-nucleotide polymorphism array significantly improved the molecular characterization of pediatric T-ALL. Further studies with larger cohorts of patients may contribute to the selection of prognostic CNAs in this group of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Lejman
- Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Włodarczyk
- Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, University Children's Hospital, Lublin, Poland
| | - Borys Styka
- Laboratory of Genetic Diagnostics, University Children's Hospital, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agata Pastorczak
- Department of Pediatric, Oncology, Hematology and Diabetology, Medical University of Łódz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Joanna Zawitkowska
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Taha
- Department of Pediatric, Oncology, Hematology and Diabetology, Medical University of Łódz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Łukasz Sędek
- Department of Microbiology and Oncology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Skonieczka
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marcin Braun
- Department of Pathology, Chair of Oncology, Medical University of Łódz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Olga Haus
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Szczepański
- Department of Microbiology and Oncology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Wojciech Młynarski
- Department of Pediatric, Oncology, Hematology and Diabetology, Medical University of Łódz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Jerzy R Kowalczyk
- Department of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Transplantology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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19
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Park KJ, Kim IS, Yang EJ, Lim YT, Cho SH. Mutation analysis in Korean patients with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2020; 37:129-139. [PMID: 31852326 DOI: 10.1080/08880018.2019.1701160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Genomic studies have illuminated the alterations in pathways underlying T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) pathogenesis, but detailed mutation data by next-generation sequencing have not been reported in Korean patients. We aimed to investigate mutation frequency, spectrum, and pattern in the Korean patients with T-ALL. We designed a multigene panel targeting 101 genes and validated it using 10 reference materials. The mutation analysis was done in a total of 10 patients with T-ALL. Clinical data and laboratory tests including immunophenotyping, cytogenetics, and molecular genetic tests were also investigated. All of the 10 patients harbored at least one mutation (range 1-6 per patient). A total of 34 clinically significant mutations including 15 novel mutations were identified in 23 genes. The median of variant allelic frequencies (VAFs) and blasts were counted upto 33% (range 5-91%) and 79% (range 38-90%), respectively. Recurrent mutations were involved in epigenetic regulators (60%), NOTCH1 signaling (40%), PI3K-AKT (40%), JAK-STAT (30%), and transcription factors (30%). We found that both NOTCH signaling and JAK-STAT signaling were positively associated with epigenetic regulators, while showed mutually exclusive patterns with PI3K-AKT pathway. This study showed that the frequency of mutations in epigenetic regulators in Korean patients was significantly higher than expected. Distribution of VAF as well as mutation spectrum is considerably heterogeneous in Korean patients with T-ALL. Although from a limited number of patients, this study provides the first detailed mutational portrait of T-ALL of Korean patients, and gives additional insight into molecular pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Jin Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Myongji Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Suk Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eu Jeen Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Children's Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Tak Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, Pusan National University Children's Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hee Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan, Republic of Korea
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20
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Movafagh A, Naji P, Sheikhpour M. Gene mutation of childhood B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A systematic review. CLINICAL CANCER INVESTIGATION JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/ccij.ccij_48_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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21
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Izzo B, Gottardi EM, Errichiello S, Daraio F, Baratè C, Galimberti S. Monitoring Chronic Myeloid Leukemia: How Molecular Tools May Drive Therapeutic Approaches. Front Oncol 2019; 9:833. [PMID: 31555590 PMCID: PMC6742705 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
More than 15 years ago, imatinib entered into the clinical practice as a "magic bullet"; from that point on, the prognosis of patients affected by chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) became comparable to that of aged-matched healthy subjects. The aims of treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are for complete hematological response after 3 months of treatment, complete cytogenetic response after 6 months, and a reduction of the molecular disease of at least 3 logs after 12 months. Patients who do not reach their goal can switch to another TKI. Thus, the molecular monitoring of response is the main consideration of management of CML patients. Moreover, cases in deep and persistent molecular response can tempt the physician to interrupt treatment, and this "dream" is possible due to the quantitative PCR. After great international effort, today the BCR-ABL1 expression obtained in each laboratory is standardized and expressed as "international scale." This aim has been reached after the establishment of the EUTOS program (in Europe) and the LabNet network (in Italy), the platforms where biologists meet clinicians. In the field of quantitative PCR, the digital PCR is now a new and promising, sensitive and accurate tool. Some authors reported that digital PCR is able to better classify patients in precise "molecular classes," which could lead to a better identification of those cases that will benefit from the interruption of therapy. In addition, digital PCR can be used to identify a point mutation in the ABL1 domain, mutations that are often responsible for the TKI resistance. In the field of resistance, a prominent role is played by the NGS that enables identification of any mutation in ABL1 domain, even at sub-clonal levels. This manuscript reviews how the molecular tools can lead the management of CML patients, focusing on the more recent technical advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Izzo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Molecular Biology, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Santa Errichiello
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Molecular Biology, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Filomena Daraio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Claudia Baratè
- Section of Hematology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Galimberti
- Section of Hematology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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22
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Ross J, Rashkovan M, Fraszczak J, Joly-Beauparlant C, Vadnais C, Winkler R, Droit A, Kosan C, Möröy T. Deletion of the Miz-1 POZ Domain Increases Efficacy of Cytarabine Treatment in T- and B-ALL/Lymphoma Mouse Models. Cancer Res 2019; 79:4184-4195. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-3038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Notch/CXCR4 Partnership in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Progression. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:5601396. [PMID: 31346528 PMCID: PMC6620846 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5601396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common cancer among children. Recent advances in chemotherapy have made ALL a curable hematological malignancy. In children, there is 25% chance of disease relapse, typically in the central nervous system. While in adults, there is a higher chance of relapse. ALL may affect B-cell or T-cell lineages. Different genetic alterations characterize the two ALL forms. Deregulated Notch, either Notch1 or Notch3, and CXCR4 receptor signaling are involved in ALL disease development and progression. By analyzing their relevant roles in the pathogenesis of the two ALL forms, new molecular mechanisms able to modulate cancer cell invasion may be visualized. Notably, the partnership between Notch and CXCR4 may have considerable implications in understanding the complexity of T- and B-ALL. These two receptor pathways intersect other critical signals in the proliferative, differentiation, and metabolic programs of lymphocyte transformation. Also, the identification of the crosstalks in leukemia-stroma interaction within the tumor microenvironment may unveil new targetable mechanisms in disease relapse. Further studies are required to identify new challenges and opportunities to develop more selective and safer therapeutic strategies in ALL progression, possibly contributing to improve conventional hematological cancer therapy.
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24
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Morales-Martinez M, Valencia-Hipolito A, Vega GG, Neri N, Nambo MJ, Alvarado I, Cuadra I, Duran-Padilla MA, Martinez-Maza O, Huerta-Yepez S, Vega MI. Regulation of Krüppel-Like Factor 4 (KLF4) expression through the transcription factor Yin-Yang 1 (YY1) in non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphoma. Oncotarget 2019; 10:2173-2188. [PMID: 31040909 PMCID: PMC6481341 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Krüppel-Like Factor 4 (KLF4) is a member of the KLF transcription factor family, and evidence suggests that KLF4 is either an oncogene or a tumor suppressor. The regulatory mechanism underlying KLF4 expression in cancer, and specifically in lymphoma, is still not understood. Bioinformatics analysis revealed two YY1 putative binding sites in the KLF4 promoter region (-950 bp and -105 bp). Here, the potential regulation of KLF4 by YY1 in NHL was analyzed. Mutation of the putative YY1 binding sites in a previously reported system containing the KLF4 promoter region and CHIP analysis confirmed that these binding sites are important for KLF4 regulation. B-NHL cell lines showed that both KLF4 and YY1 are co-expressed, and transfection with siRNA-YY1 resulted in significant inhibition of KLF4. The clinical implications of YY1 in the transcriptional regulation of KLF4 were investigated by IHC in a TMA with 43 samples of subtypes DLBCL and FL, and all tumor tissues expressing YY1 demonstrated a correlation with KLF4 expression, which was consistent with bioinformatics analyses in several databases. Our findings demonstrated that KLF4 can be transcriptionally regulated by YY1 in B-NHL, and a correlation between YY1 expression and KLF4 was found in clinical samples. Hence, both YY1 and KLF4 may be possible therapeutic biomarkers of NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Morales-Martinez
- Molecular Signal Pathway in Cancer Laboratory, UIMEO, Oncology Hospital, Siglo XXI National Medical Center, IMSS, México City, México.,Unidad de Posgrado, Facultad de Medicina Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Alberto Valencia-Hipolito
- Molecular Signal Pathway in Cancer Laboratory, UIMEO, Oncology Hospital, Siglo XXI National Medical Center, IMSS, México City, México
| | - Gabriel G Vega
- Molecular Signal Pathway in Cancer Laboratory, UIMEO, Oncology Hospital, Siglo XXI National Medical Center, IMSS, México City, México.,Unidad de Posgrado, Facultad de Medicina Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
| | - Natividad Neri
- Department of Hematology, Oncology Hospital, National Medical Center, IMSS, México City, México
| | - Maria J Nambo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology Hospital, National Medical Center, IMSS, México City, México
| | - Isabel Alvarado
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital de Oncología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, México City, México
| | - Ivonne Cuadra
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital de Oncología, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, IMSS, México City, México
| | - Marco A Duran-Padilla
- Servicio de Patología, Hospital General de México "Eduardo Liceaga", Facultad de Medicina de la UNAM, México City, México
| | - Otoniel Martinez-Maza
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA AIDS Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Sara Huerta-Yepez
- Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Oncológicas, Hospital Infantil de México "Federico Gómez" S.S.A, México City, México
| | - Mario I Vega
- Molecular Signal Pathway in Cancer Laboratory, UIMEO, Oncology Hospital, Siglo XXI National Medical Center, IMSS, México City, México.,Department of Medicine, Hematology-Oncology Division, Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, UCLA Medical Center, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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25
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Pavlovic S, Kotur N, Stankovic B, Zukic B, Gasic V, Dokmanovic L. Pharmacogenomic and Pharmacotranscriptomic Profiling of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: Paving the Way to Personalized Treatment. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:E191. [PMID: 30832275 PMCID: PMC6471971 DOI: 10.3390/genes10030191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Personalized medicine is focused on research disciplines which contribute to the individualization of therapy, like pharmacogenomics and pharmacotranscriptomics. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common malignancy of childhood. It is one of the pediatric malignancies with the highest cure rate, but still a lethal outcome due to therapy accounts for 1%⁻3% of deaths. Further improvement of treatment protocols is needed through the implementation of pharmacogenomics and pharmacotranscriptomics. Emerging high-throughput technologies, including microarrays and next-generation sequencing, have provided an enormous amount of molecular data with the potential to be implemented in childhood ALL treatment protocols. In the current review, we summarized the contribution of these novel technologies to the pharmacogenomics and pharmacotranscriptomics of childhood ALL. We have presented data on molecular markers responsible for the efficacy, side effects, and toxicity of the drugs commonly used for childhood ALL treatment, i.e., glucocorticoids, vincristine, asparaginase, anthracyclines, thiopurines, and methotrexate. Big data was generated using high-throughput technologies, but their implementation in clinical practice is poor. Research efforts should be focused on data analysis and designing prediction models using machine learning algorithms. Bioinformatics tools and the implementation of artificial i Lack of association of the CEP72 rs924607 TT genotype with intelligence are expected to open the door wide for personalized medicine in the clinical practice of childhood ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Pavlovic
- Laboratory for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Nikola Kotur
- Laboratory for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Biljana Stankovic
- Laboratory for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Branka Zukic
- Laboratory for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Vladimir Gasic
- Laboratory for Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Lidija Dokmanovic
- University Children's Hospital, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Medicine, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
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26
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Targeting mTOR in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020190. [PMID: 30795552 PMCID: PMC6406494 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) is an aggressive hematologic disorder and constitutes approximately 25% of cancer diagnoses among children and teenagers. Pediatric patients have a favourable prognosis, with 5-years overall survival rates near 90%, while adult ALL still correlates with poorer survival. However, during the past few decades, the therapeutic outcome of adult ALL was significantly ameliorated, mainly due to intensive pediatric-based protocols of chemotherapy. Mammalian (or mechanistic) target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a conserved serine/threonine kinase belonging to the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-related kinase family (PIKK) and resides in two distinct signalling complexes named mTORC1, involved in mRNA translation and protein synthesis and mTORC2 that controls cell survival and migration. Moreover, both complexes are remarkably involved in metabolism regulation. Growing evidence reports that mTOR dysregulation is related to metastatic potential, cell proliferation and angiogenesis and given that PI3K/Akt/mTOR network activation is often associated with poor prognosis and chemoresistance in ALL, there is a constant need to discover novel inhibitors for ALL treatment. Here, the current knowledge of mTOR signalling and the development of anti-mTOR compounds are documented, reporting the most relevant results from both preclinical and clinical studies in ALL that have contributed significantly into their efficacy or failure.
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27
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Targeting PI3K Signaling in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020412. [PMID: 30669372 PMCID: PMC6358886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells to bone marrow stroma cells triggers intracellular signals regulating cell-adhesion-mediated drug resistance (CAM-DR). Stromal cell protection of ALL cells has been shown to require active AKT. In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), adhesion-mediated activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway is reported. A novel FDA-approved PI3Kδ inhibitor, CAL-101/idelalisib, leads to downregulation of p-AKT and increased apoptosis of CLL cells. Recently, two additional PI3K inhibitors have received FDA approval. As the PI3K/AKT pathway is also implicated in adhesion-mediated survival of ALL cells, PI3K inhibitors have been evaluated preclinically in ALL. However, PI3K inhibition has yet to be approved for clinical use in ALL. Here, we review the role of PI3K in normal hematopoietic cells, and in ALL. We focus on summarizing targeting strategies of PI3K in ALL.
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28
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Li J, Ma X, Liu C, Li H, Zhuang J, Gao C, Zhou C, Liu L, Wang K, Sun C. Exploring the Mechanism of Danshen against Myelofibrosis by Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2018; 2018:8363295. [PMID: 30622613 PMCID: PMC6304517 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8363295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge), a natural powerful drug for various conditions treatment, has traditionally been used in Asian countries for centuries as anticancer agent, anti-inflammatory agent, and antioxidant. More recently, it is explored in combination with other herbs for skeletal diseases therapy; bone-targeting compounds with pharmacological activities have been isolated from various sources of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), including Danshen. In this case, some evidence supports that Danshen may treat myelofibrosis (MF) by exerting its antitumor effect. To study the specific mechanism of Danshen in the treatment of MF, we used bioinformatics databases to determine its active ingredients. Then, identification of target proteins related to MF was made using a network pharmacology analysis platform. In our results, 20 key active compounds and 457 key targets of Danshen were identified. In-depth network analysis of the top diseases, functions, and pathways suggested that a common underlying mechanism linked Danshen involvement with MF. Finally, 5 potential targets were confirmed by the analysis; these 5 targets, as well as 20 previously identified compounds, were subjected to molecular docking experiments. The results indicated that cryptotanshinone of Danshen may affect MF by acting on the key genes in the JAK-STAT signalling pathway and the TGF-β signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoran Ma
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Cun Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Huayao Li
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Zhuang
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang 261041, Shandong, China
| | - Chundi Gao
- College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, Shandong, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang 261041, Shandong, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang 261041, Shandong, China
| | - Kejia Wang
- College of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, Shandong, China
| | - Changgang Sun
- Department of Oncology, Weifang Traditional Chinese Hospital, Weifang 261041, Shandong, China
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29
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Nitulescu GM, Van De Venter M, Nitulescu G, Ungurianu A, Juzenas P, Peng Q, Olaru OT, Grădinaru D, Tsatsakis A, Tsoukalas D, Spandidos DA, Margina D. The Akt pathway in oncology therapy and beyond (Review). Int J Oncol 2018; 53:2319-2331. [PMID: 30334567 PMCID: PMC6203150 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein kinase B (Akt), similar to many other protein kinases, is at the crossroads of cell death and survival, playing a pivotal role in multiple interconnected cell signaling mechanisms implicated in cell metabolism, growth and division, apoptosis suppression and angiogenesis. Akt protein kinase displays important metabolic effects, among which are glucose uptake in muscle and fat cells or the suppression of neuronal cell death. Disruptions in the Akt-regulated pathways are associated with cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular and neurological diseases. The regulation of the Akt signaling pathway renders Akt a valuable therapeutic target. The discovery process of Akt inhibitors using various strategies has led to the identification of inhibitors with great selectivity, low side-effects and toxicity. The usefulness of Akt emerges beyond cancer therapy and extends to other major diseases, such as diabetes, heart diseases, or neurodegeneration. This review presents key features of Akt structure and functions, and presents the progress of Akt inhibitors in regards to drug development, and their preclinical and clinical activity in regards to therapeutic efficacy and safety for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Mihai Nitulescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maryna Van De Venter
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth 6031, South Africa
| | - Georgiana Nitulescu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Ungurianu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Petras Juzenas
- Department of Pathology, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Qian Peng
- Department of Pathology, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo University Hospital, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Octavian Tudorel Olaru
- Faculty of Pharmacy, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela Grădinaru
- Faculty of Pharmacy, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Aristides Tsatsakis
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dimitris Tsoukalas
- Department of Forensic Sciences and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Demetrios A Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Denisa Margina
- Faculty of Pharmacy, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020956 Bucharest, Romania
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30
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G9a Correlates with VLA-4 Integrin and Influences the Migration of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10090325. [PMID: 30213075 PMCID: PMC6162492 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10090325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common pediatric cancer. As ALL progresses, leukemic cells cross the endothelial barrier and infiltrate other tissues. Epigenetic enzymes represent novel therapeutic targets in hematological malignancies, and might contribute to cells' capacity to migrate across physical barriers. Although many molecules drive this process, the role of the nucleus and its components remain unclear. We report here, for the first time, that the expression of G9a (a histone methyltransferase related with gene silencing) correlates with the expression of the integrin subunit α4 in children with ALL. We have demonstrated that G9a depletion or its inhibition with BIX01294 abrogated the ability of ALL cells to migrate through an endothelial monolayer. Moreover, G9a-depleted and BIX01294-treated cells presented bigger nuclei and more adherent phenotype than control cells on endothelial monolayers. Blocking G9a did not affect the cell cytoskeleton or integrin expression of ALL cell lines, and only its depletion reduced slightly F-actin polymerization. Similarly to the transendothelial migration, G9a inhibition impaired the cell migration induced by the integrin VLA-4 (α4β1) of primary cells and ALL cell lines through narrow spaces in vitro. Our results suggest a cellular connection between G9a and VLA-4, which underlies novel functions of G9a during ALL cell migration.
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31
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Therapeutic Targeting of mTOR in T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia: An Update. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071878. [PMID: 29949919 PMCID: PMC6073309 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is an aggressive blood malignancy that arises from the clonal expansion of transformed T-cell precursors. Although T-ALL prognosis has significantly improved due to the development of intensive chemotherapeutic protocols, primary drug-resistant and relapsed patients still display a dismal outcome. In addition, lifelong irreversible late effects from conventional therapy are a growing problem for leukemia survivors. Therefore, novel targeted therapies are required to improve the prognosis of high-risk patients. The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is the kinase subunit of two structurally and functionally distinct multiprotein complexes, which are referred to as mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) and mTORC2. These two complexes regulate a variety of physiological cellular processes including protein, lipid, and nucleotide synthesis, as well as autophagy in response to external cues. However, mTOR activity is frequently deregulated in cancer, where it plays a key oncogenetic role driving tumor cell proliferation, survival, metabolic transformation, and metastatic potential. Promising preclinical studies using mTOR inhibitors have demonstrated efficacy in many human cancer types, including T-ALL. Here, we highlight our current knowledge of mTOR signaling and inhibitors in T-ALL, with an emphasis on emerging evidence of the superior efficacy of combinations consisting of mTOR inhibitors and either traditional or targeted therapeutics.
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