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Kciuk M, Gielecińska A, Kałuzińska-Kołat Ż, Yahya EB, Kontek R. Ferroptosis and cuproptosis: Metal-dependent cell death pathways activated in response to classical chemotherapy - Significance for cancer treatment? Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2024; 1879:189124. [PMID: 38801962 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2024.189124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Apoptosis has traditionally been regarded as the desired cell death pathway activated by chemotherapeutic drugs due to its controlled and non-inflammatory nature. However, recent discoveries of alternative cell death pathways have paved the way for immune-stimulatory treatment approaches in cancer. Ferroptosis (dependent on iron) and cuproptosis (dependent on copper) hold promise for selective cancer cell targeting and overcoming drug resistance. Copper ionophores and iron-bearing nano-drugs show potential for clinical therapy as single agents and as adjuvant treatments. Here we review up-to-date evidence for the involvement of metal ion-dependent cell death pathways in the cytotoxicity of classical chemotherapeutic agents (alkylating agents, topoisomerase inhibitors, antimetabolites, and mitotic spindle inhibitors) and their combinations with cuproptosis and ferroptosis inducers, indicating the prospects, advantages, and obstacles of their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kciuk
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Banacha St. 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland.
| | - A Gielecińska
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Banacha St. 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland; University of Lodz, Doctoral School of Exact and Natural Sciences, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ż Kałuzińska-Kołat
- Department of Biomedicine and Experimental Surgery, Medical University of Lodz, Narutowicza 60, 90-136 Lodz, Poland
| | - E B Yahya
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - R Kontek
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Banacha St. 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
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2
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Li L, Zhou H, Zhang C. Cuproptosis in cancer: biological implications and therapeutic opportunities. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2024; 29:91. [PMID: 38918694 PMCID: PMC11201306 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-024-00608-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Cuproptosis, a newly identified copper (Cu)-dependent form of cell death, stands out due to its distinct mechanism that sets it apart from other known cell death pathways. The molecular underpinnings of cuproptosis involve the binding of Cu to lipoylated enzymes in the tricarboxylic acid cycle. This interaction triggers enzyme aggregation and proteotoxic stress, culminating in cell death. The specific mechanism of cuproptosis has yet to be fully elucidated. This newly recognized form of cell death has sparked numerous investigations into its role in tumorigenesis and cancer therapy. In this review, we summarized the current knowledge on Cu metabolism and its link to cancer. Furthermore, we delineated the molecular mechanisms of cuproptosis and summarized the roles of cuproptosis-related genes in cancer. Finally, we offered a comprehensive discussion of the most recent advancements in Cu ionophores and nanoparticle delivery systems that utilize cuproptosis as a cutting-edge strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Houfeng Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenliang Zhang
- Division of Abdominal Cancer, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Molecular Targeted Therapy in Oncology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Li Q, Wang T, Zhou Y, Shi J. Cuproptosis in lung cancer: mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:1487-1499. [PMID: 37480450 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04815-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
Cuproptosis, a recently identified form of cell death that differs from other forms, is induced by the disruption of the binding of copper to mitochondrial respiratory acylation components. Inducing cell cuproptosis and targeting cell copper death pathways are considered potential directions for treating tumor diseases. We have provided a detailed introduction to the metabolic process of copper. In addition, this study attempts to clarify and summarize the relationships between cuproptosis and therapeutic targets and signaling pathways of lung cancer. This review aims to summarize the theoretical achievements for translating the results of lung cancer and cuproptosis experiments into clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixuan Li
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Cardiothoracic Diseases, and Research Institution of Translational Medicine in Cardiothoracic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Cardiothoracic Diseases, and Research Institution of Translational Medicine in Cardiothoracic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Youlang Zhou
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiahai Shi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine in Cardiothoracic Diseases, and Research Institution of Translational Medicine in Cardiothoracic Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
- School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China.
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4
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Jawed R, Bhatti H. Cuproptosis in lung cancer: therapeutic options and prognostic models. Apoptosis 2024:10.1007/s10495-024-01978-x. [PMID: 38735011 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-024-01978-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Lung cancer (LC) is a serious threat to mankind. The survival of LC patients is still poor despite the enormous efforts that have been made to develop novel treatments. A copper-dependent cell death termed cuproptosis is distinct from known programmed cell death (PCD). Cuproptosis is induced by the disruption of the binding of copper to lipoylated tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle proteins of mitochondrial respiratory chains. Potential approaches for treating LC are inducing cell cuproptosis and targeting cell copper death mechanisms. Thus, in this review, we summarize the systemic and cellular metabolic processes of copper. We highlight the possible therapeutic options of employing copper ionophores and chelators for inducing cuproptosis. Moreover, we summarize the prognostic models based on cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs) to identify promising biomarkers for tumor diagnosis and therapy. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of CRGs-based prognostic models and promising therapeutic options for cuproptosis induction in LC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohil Jawed
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China.
| | - Huma Bhatti
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
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5
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Wang Y, Chen Y, Zhang J, Yang Y, Fleishman JS, Wang Y, Wang J, Chen J, Li Y, Wang H. Cuproptosis: A novel therapeutic target for overcoming cancer drug resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2024; 72:101018. [PMID: 37979442 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2023.101018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Cuproptosis is a newly identified form of cell death driven by copper. Recently, the role of copper and copper triggered cell death in the pathogenesis of cancers have attracted attentions. Cuproptosis has garnered enormous interest in cancer research communities because of its great potential for cancer therapy. Copper-based treatment exerts an inhibiting role in tumor growth and may open the door for the treatment of chemotherapy-insensitive tumors. In this review, we provide a critical analysis on copper homeostasis and the role of copper dysregulation in the development and progression of cancers. Then the core molecular mechanisms of cuproptosis and its role in cancer is discussed, followed by summarizing the current understanding of copper-based agents (copper chelators, copper ionophores, and copper complexes-based dynamic therapy) for cancer treatment. Additionally, we summarize the emerging data on copper complexes-based agents and copper ionophores to subdue tumor chemotherapy resistance in different types of cancers. We also review the small-molecule compounds and nanoparticles (NPs) that may kill cancer cells by inducing cuproptosis, which will shed new light on the development of anticancer drugs through inducing cuproptosis in the future. Finally, the important concepts and pressing questions of cuproptosis in future research that should be focused on were discussed. This review article suggests that targeting cuproptosis could be a novel antitumor therapy and treatment strategy to overcome cancer drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumin Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100049, PR China.
| | - Yongming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Junjing Zhang
- Department of Hepato-Biliary Surgery, Department of Surgery, Huhhot First Hospital, Huhhot 010030, PR China
| | - Yihui Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Joshua S Fleishman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY 11439, USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research & Division of Hepato-Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, PR China
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Target and Screening Research, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Jichao Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yuanfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Hongquan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, PR China.
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6
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Xu L, Liu K, Wang F, Su Y. Cuproptosis and its application in different cancers: an overview. Mol Cell Biochem 2023; 478:2683-2693. [PMID: 36914880 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04693-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal ions are essential micronutrients for human health. They are also indispensable to maintaining health and regular operation of organs. Increasing or decreasing these metal ions will lead to cell death, such as ferroptosis. Tsvetkov et al. have recently proposed a novel cell death method called "Cuproptosis". Many researchers have linked this form of death to the diagnosis, prognosis, microenvironment infiltration, and prediction of immunotherapeutic efficacy of various tumors to better understand these tumors. Similarly, with the proposal of this mechanism, the killing effect of copper ionophores on cancer cells has come to our attention again. We introduced the mechanism of cuproptosis in detail and described the establishment of the corresponding prognostic model and risk score for uveal melanoma through cuproptosis. In addition, we describe the current progress in the study of cancer in other organs through cuproptosis and summarize the treatment of tumours by copper ionophore and its future research direction. With further research, the concept of cuproptosis may help us understand cancer and guide its clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyun Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Kexin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Ying Su
- Eye Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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7
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Gao J, Wu X, Huang S, Zhao Z, He W, Song M. Novel insights into anticancer mechanisms of elesclomol: More than a prooxidant drug. Redox Biol 2023; 67:102891. [PMID: 37734229 PMCID: PMC10518591 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2023.102891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
As an essential micronutrient for humans, the metabolism of copper is fine-tuned by evolutionarily conserved homeostatic mechanisms. Copper toxicity occurs when its concentration exceeds a certain threshold, which has been exploited in the development of copper ionophores, such as elesclomol, for anticancer treatment. Elesclomol has garnered recognition as a potent anticancer drug and has been evaluated in numerous clinical trials. However, the mechanisms underlying elesclomol-induced cell death remain obscure. The discovery of cuproptosis, a novel form of cell death triggered by the targeted accumulation of copper in mitochondria, redefines the significance of elesclomol in cancer therapy. Here, we provide an overview of copper homeostasis and its associated pathological disorders, especially copper metabolism in carcinogenesis. We summarize our current knowledge of the tumor suppressive mechanisms of elesclomol, with emphasis on cuproptosis. Finally, we discuss the strategies that may contribute to better application of elesclomol in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialing Gao
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Xiaoxue Wu
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Shuting Huang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Ziyi Zhao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China
| | - Weiling He
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China; Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361000, China.
| | - Mei Song
- Institute of Precision Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, China.
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8
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Zou X, Zhao D, Wen X, Chen F. NLG-919 combined with cisplatin to enhance inhibitory effect on cell migration and invasion via IDO1-Kyn-AhR pathway in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2023; 101:599-609. [PMID: 37459654 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2023-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
As a common aggressive head and neck cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) received cisplatin treatment as a first-line chemotherapy. Platinum-induced resistance is a major limitation of current treatment strategy in the advanced NPC. Increased indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) activities are found in cisplatin-resistant NPC cells versus cisplatin-sensitive NPC cells. As an IDO1 immunosuppressant, NLG-919 has entered clinical phase I to treat advanced solid tumors. To reverse cisplatin resistance, we investigated the combinatory application of cisplatin and NLG-919 in NPC treatment. In vitro biological studies on cisplatin-resistant and cisplatin-sensitive NPC cells were taken to imply that the combination of NLG-919 and cisplatin got a stronger impact on the induction of cell apoptosis and the inhibition of cell migration, exploring superior effect of antitumor over single drug. We proved that the mechanism of the combined therapy could inhibit the activity of IDO1, blocking amino acid tryptophan conversion to kynurenine through the kynurenine pathway, which further inhibited the aryl hydrocarbon receptor expression. Our study underscored the combination of cisplatin and NLG-919 as a potent therapeutic way for the reversal of cisplatin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Zou
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Deming Zhao
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Xin Wen
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
| | - Feihong Chen
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, PR China
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9
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Tarin M, Babaie M, Eshghi H, Matin MM, Saljooghi AS. Elesclomol, a copper-transporting therapeutic agent targeting mitochondria: from discovery to its novel applications. J Transl Med 2023; 21:745. [PMID: 37864163 PMCID: PMC10589935 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04533-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper (Cu) is an essential element that is involved in a variety of biochemical processes. Both deficiency and accumulation of Cu are associated with various diseases; and a high amount of accumulated Cu in cells can be fatal. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative stress, and cuproptosis are among the proposed mechanisms of copper toxicity at high concentrations. Elesclomol (ELC) is a mitochondrion-targeting agent discovered for the treatment of solid tumors. In this review, we summarize the synthesis of this drug, its mechanisms of action, and the current status of its applications in the treatment of various diseases such as cancer, tuberculosis, SARS-CoV-2 infection, and other copper-associated disorders. We also provide some detailed information about future directions to improve its clinical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Tarin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Babaie
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Eshghi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam M. Matin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Novel Diagnostics and Therapeutics Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Sh. Saljooghi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
- Novel Diagnostics and Therapeutics Research Group, Institute of Biotechnology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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10
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Guo J, Sun Y, Liu G. The mechanism of copper transporters in ovarian cancer cells and the prospect of cuproptosis. J Inorg Biochem 2023; 247:112324. [PMID: 37481825 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2023.112324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Copper transporters can not only carry copper (Cu) to maintain the homeostasis of Cu in cells but also transport platinum-based chemotherapy drugs. The effect of copper transporters on chemosensitivity has been demonstrated in a variety of malignancies. In addition, recent studies have reported that copper transporters can act as vectors to induce cuproptosis. Therefore, copper transporters can act on cells through different mechanisms to achieve different purposes. This review mainly describes the current research progress of the intracellular transport mechanism of copper transporters and cuproptosis, and prospects for the application of them in the treatment of ovarian cancer (OC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahuan Guo
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Guoyan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy of Tianjin, Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China.
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11
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Polónia B, Xavier CPR, Kopecka J, Riganti C, Vasconcelos MH. The role of Extracellular Vesicles in glycolytic and lipid metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells: Consequences for drug resistance. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 73:150-162. [PMID: 37225643 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In order to adapt to a higher proliferative rate and an increased demand for energy sources, cancer cells rewire their metabolic pathways, a process currently recognized as a hallmark of cancer. Even though the metabolism of glucose is perhaps the most discussed metabolic shift in cancer, lipid metabolic alterations have been recently recognized as relevant players in the growth and proliferation of cancer cells. Importantly, some of these metabolic alterations are reported to induce a drug resistant phenotype in cancer cells. The acquisition of drug resistance traits severely hinders cancer treatment, being currently considered one of the major challenges of the oncological field. Evidence suggests that Extracellular Vesicles (EVs), which play a crucial role in intercellular communication, may act as facilitators of tumour progression, survival and drug resistance by modulating several aspects involved in the metabolism of cancer cells. This review aims to gather and discuss relevant data regarding metabolic reprograming in cancer, particularly involving the glycolytic and lipid alterations, focusing on its influence on drug resistance and highlighting the relevance of EVs as intercellular mediators of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Polónia
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Portugal, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Department of Biological Sciences, FFUP - Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristina P R Xavier
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Portugal, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joanna Kopecka
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy; Interdepartmental Research Center for Molecular Biotechnology "G. Tarone", University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy
| | - M Helena Vasconcelos
- i3S - Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Cancer Drug Resistance Group, IPATIMUP - Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology, University of Porto, Portugal, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Department of Biological Sciences, FFUP - Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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12
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Wang F, Lan Y, Zuo Y. Polysiloxane-Based Molecular Logic Gate for Dual-Channel Visualizing Mitochondrial pH and Sulphite Changes during Cuproptosis. Anal Chem 2023; 95:14484-14493. [PMID: 37713336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular Cu-induced regulated cell death, characterized by the aggregation of lipidizing mitochondrial enzymes, is called cuproptosis. Mitochondria play a vital role in the metabolic regulation of cell injury and stressful immune responses. The pH levels and sulfur dioxide (SO2) content in mitochondria have important indicative roles in the regulation of cuproptosis. However, fluorescent probes that simultaneously detect changes in pH and SO2 in mitochondria during cuprotosis have not been reported. To fill this blank, in this study, we dexterously used functional polysiloxane as a fluorescent platform to propose a molecular logic gate probe P0-pH-SO2 for detecting changes in intramitochondrial pH and SO2 content through a dual-channel mode. In addition, we defined a new function to reflect the cellular state of the elesclomol-induced cuproptosis process based on the input and output of the relevant logic relationship. This new fluorescent molecular logic gate probe P0-pH-SO2 can be rapidly activated by mitochondrial sulfites to induce green fluorescence, while the red fluorescence is quenched with the proton in the mitochondria. Overall, this study developed a novel logic-gated molecular probe that provided a versatile strategy for monitoring the role played by intramitochondrial sulfites and H+ in cuproptosis. This work will open the way to broaden the applications of molecular logic gates and fluorescent polysiloxanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfan Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P.R. China
| | - Ying Lan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P.R. China
| | - Yujing Zuo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, P.R. China
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13
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Du A, Yang Q, Luo X. Cuproptosis-related lncRNAs as potential biomarkers of AML prognosis and the role of lncRNA HAGLR/miR-326/CDKN2A regulatory axis in AML. Am J Cancer Res 2023; 13:3921-3940. [PMID: 37818049 PMCID: PMC10560936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) is the most prevalent form of AML in adults. Despite the availability of various treatment options, including radiotherapy and chemotherapy, many patients fail to respond to treatment or relapse. Copper is a necessary cofactor for all organisms; however, it turns toxic when concentrations reach a certain threshold maintained by homeostatic systems that have been conserved through evolution. However, the mechanism through which excess copper triggers cell death remains unknown. In this study, data on long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) related to cuproptosis were retrieved from publicly available databases. LASSO and univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to establish an lncRNA model associated with cuproptosis specific to AML. To investigate the risk model, the Kaplan-Meier curve, principal component analysis, functional enrichment analysis, and nomographs were employed. The underlying clinicopathological characteristics were determined, and drug sensitivity predictions against the model were identified. Six cuproptosis-related lncRNA-based risk models were identified as the independent prognostic factors. By regrouping patients using a model-based method, we were able to more accurately differentiate patients according to their responses to immunotherapy. In addition, prospective compounds targeting AML subtypes have been identified. Using qRT-PCR, we examined the expression levels of six cuproptosis-associated lncRNAs in 30 clinical specimens. The cuproptosis-associated lncRNA risk-scoring model developed herein has implications in monitoring AML prognosis and in the clinical prediction of the response to immunotherapy. Furthermore, we identified and verified the ceRNA of the cuproptosis-related lncRNA HAGLR/miR-326/CDKN2A regulatory axis using bioinformatic tools. HAGLR is highly expressed in AML and AML cell lines. HAGLR inhibition significantly reduced the proliferation of AML cells and promoted apoptosis. Elesclomol promotes the degradation of CDKN2A and inhibits the proliferation of AML cells. Elesclomol combined with si-HAGLR inhibited the AML progression of AML both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashuai Du
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People’s HospitalGuiyang 550002, Guizhou, China
| | - Qinglong Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People’s HospitalGuiyang 550002, Guizhou, China
| | - Xinhua Luo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Guizhou Provincial People’s HospitalGuiyang 550002, Guizhou, China
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Zhou C, Yang J, Liu T, Jia R, Yang L, Sun P, Zhao W. Copper metabolism and hepatocellular carcinoma: current insights. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1186659. [PMID: 37476384 PMCID: PMC10355993 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1186659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper is an essential trace element that acts as a cofactor in various enzyme active sites in the human body. It participates in numerous life activities, including lipid metabolism, energy metabolism, and neurotransmitter synthesis. The proposal of "Cuproptosis" has made copper metabolism-related pathways a research hotspot in the field of tumor therapy, which has attracted great attention. This review discusses the biological processes of copper uptake, transport, and storage in human cells. It highlights the mechanisms by which copper metabolism affects hepatocellular carcinogenesis and metastasis, including autophagy, apoptosis, vascular invasion, cuproptosis, and ferroptosis. Additionally, it summarizes the current clinical applications of copper metabolism-related drugs in antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhou
- The First College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinqiu Yang
- The First College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tong Liu
- The First College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ran Jia
- The First College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xianyang Central Hospital Affiliated to Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, China
| | - Pengfei Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenxia Zhao
- The First College of Clinical Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
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15
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Tang X, Yan Z, Miao Y, Ha W, Li Z, Yang L, Mi D. Copper in cancer: from limiting nutrient to therapeutic target. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1209156. [PMID: 37427098 PMCID: PMC10327296 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1209156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
As an essential nutrient, copper's redox properties are both beneficial and toxic to cells. Therefore, leveraging the characteristics of copper-dependent diseases or using copper toxicity to treat copper-sensitive diseases may offer new strategies for specific disease treatments. In particular, copper concentration is typically higher in cancer cells, making copper a critical limiting nutrient for cancer cell growth and proliferation. Hence, intervening in copper metabolism specific to cancer cells may become a potential tumor treatment strategy, directly impacting tumor growth and metastasis. In this review, we discuss the metabolism of copper in the body and summarize research progress on the role of copper in promoting tumor cell growth or inducing programmed cell death in tumor cells. Additionally, we elucidate the role of copper-related drugs in cancer treatment, intending to provide new perspectives for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Tang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- The Second Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Zaihua Yan
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- The Second Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, China
| | - Yandong Miao
- Department of Oncology, Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University, The Second Clinical Medical College of Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Wuhua Ha
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Division of Thoracic Tumor Multimodality Treatment and Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lixia Yang
- Gansu Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Denghai Mi
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- Gansu Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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16
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Gao F, Yuan Y, Ding Y, Li PY, Chang Y, He XX. DLAT as a Cuproptosis Promoter and a Molecular Target of Elesclomol in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Curr Med Sci 2023:10.1007/s11596-023-2755-0. [PMID: 37286711 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-023-2755-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cuproptosis is a novel cell death pathway that was newly discovered in early 2022. However, cuproptosis is still in its infancy in many respects and warrants further research in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to analyze the mechanism of cuprptosis in HCC. METHODS Herein, the tumor microenvironment infiltration landscape of molecular subtypes was illustrated using GSVA, ssGSEA, TIMER, CIBERSORT, and ESTIMATE algorithms based on the expression profile of cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs) from TCGA and GEO databases. Then, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression method was applied to construct a cuproptosis signature to quantify the cuproptosis profile of HCC. Further, we explored the expression of three hub CRGs in cell lines and clinical patient tissues of HCC by Western blotting, qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Finally, we examined the function of dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (DLAT) in cuproptosis in HCC by loss-of-function strategy, Western blotting and CCK8 assay. RESULTS Three distinct molecular subtypes were identified. Cluster 2 had the greatest infiltration of immune cells with best prognosis. The cuproptosis signature was indicative of tumor subtype, immunity, and prognosis for HCC, and specifically, a low cuproptosis score foreshadowed good prognosis. DLAT was highly expressed in liver cancer cell lines and HCC tissues and positively correlated with clinical stage and grade. We also found that potent copper ionophore elesclomol could induce cuproptosis in a copper-dependent manner. Selective Cu++ chelator ammonium tetrathiomolybdate and downregulating DLAT expression by siRNA could effectively inhibit cuproptosis. CONCLUSION Cuproptosis and DLAT as a promising biomarker could help to determine the prognosis of HCC and may offer novel insights for effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yang Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Pei-Yuan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ying Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Xing-Xing He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Wei C, Fu Q. Cell death mediated by nanotechnology via the cuproptosis pathway: A novel horizon for cancer therapy. VIEW 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/viw.20230001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
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18
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Zhang B, Wang Q, Zhang T, Zheng Z, Lin Z, Zhou S, Zheng D, Chen Z, Zheng S, Zhang Y, Lin X, Dong R, Chen J, Qian H, Hu X, Zhuang Y, Zhang Q, Jin Z, Jiang S, Ma Y. Identification and validation of a novel cuproptosis-related gene signature in multiple myeloma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1159355. [PMID: 37152283 PMCID: PMC10157051 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1159355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cuproptosis is a newly identified unique copper-triggered modality of mitochondrial cell death, distinct from known death mechanisms such as necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis. Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematologic neoplasm characterized by the malignant proliferation of plasma cells. In the development of MM, almost all patients undergo a relatively benign course from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) to smoldering myeloma (SMM), which further progresses to active myeloma. However, the prognostic value of cuproptosis in MM remains unknown. Method: In this study, we systematically investigated the genetic variants, expression patterns, and prognostic value of cuproptosis-related genes (CRGs) in MM. CRG scores derived from the prognostic model were used to perform the risk stratification of MM patients. We then explored their differences in clinical characteristics and immune patterns and assessed their value in prognosis prediction and treatment response. Nomograms were also developed to improve predictive accuracy and clinical applicability. Finally, we collected MM cell lines and patient samples to validate marker gene expression by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Results: The evolution from MGUS and SMM to MM was also accompanied by differences in the CRG expression profile. Then, a well-performing cuproptosis-related risk model was developed to predict prognosis in MM and was validated in two external cohorts. The high-risk group exhibited higher clinical risk indicators. Cox regression analyses showed that the model was an independent prognostic predictor in MM. Patients in the high-risk group had significantly lower survival rates than those in the low-risk group (p < 0.001). Meanwhile, CRG scores were significantly correlated with immune infiltration, stemness index and immunotherapy sensitivity. We further revealed the close association between CRG scores and mitochondrial metabolism. Subsequently, the prediction nomogram showed good predictive power and calibration. Finally, the prognostic CRGs were further validated by qRT-PCR in vitro. Conclusion: CRGs were closely related to the immune pattern and self-renewal biology of cancer cells in MM. This prognostic model provided a new perspective for the risk stratification and treatment response prediction of MM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxin Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Quanqiang Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ziwei Zheng
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhili Lin
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shujuan Zhou
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dong Zheng
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zixing Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sisi Zheng
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xuanru Lin
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rujiao Dong
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingjing Chen
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Honglan Qian
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xudong Hu
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Zhuang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qianying Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhouxiang Jin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhouxiang Jin, ; Songfu Jiang, ; Yongyong Ma,
| | - Songfu Jiang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhouxiang Jin, ; Songfu Jiang, ; Yongyong Ma,
| | - Yongyong Ma
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Treatment and Life Support for Critical Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Zhejiang Engineering Research Center for Hospital Emergency and Process Digitization, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- *Correspondence: Zhouxiang Jin, ; Songfu Jiang, ; Yongyong Ma,
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Zheng P, Zhou C, Lu L, Liu B, Ding Y. Elesclomol: a copper ionophore targeting mitochondrial metabolism for cancer therapy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2022; 41:271. [PMID: 36089608 PMCID: PMC9465867 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02485-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Elesclomol is an anticancer drug that targets mitochondrial metabolism. In the past, elesclomol was recognized as an inducer of oxidative stress, but now it has also been found to suppress cancer by inducing cuproptosis. Elesclomol’s anticancer activity is determined by the dependence of cancer on mitochondrial metabolism. The mitochondrial metabolism of cancer stem cells, cancer cells resistant to platinum drugs, proteasome inhibitors, molecularly targeted drugs, and cancer cells with inhibited glycolysis was significantly enhanced. Elesclomol exhibited tremendous toxicity to all three kinds of cells. Elesclomol's toxicity to cells is highly dependent on its transport of extracellular copper ions, a process involved in cuproptosis. The discovery of cuproptosis has perfected the specific cancer suppressor mechanism of elesclomol. For some time, elesclomol failed to yield favorable results in oncology clinical trials, but its safety in clinical application was confirmed. Research progress on the relationship between elesclomol, mitochondrial metabolism and cuproptosis provides a possibility to explore the reapplication of elesclomol in the clinic. New clinical trials should selectively target cancer types with high mitochondrial metabolism and attempt to combine elesclomol with platinum, proteasome inhibitors, molecularly targeted drugs, or glycolysis inhibitors. Herein, the particular anticancer mechanism of elesclomol and its relationship with mitochondrial metabolism and cuproptosis will be presented, which may shed light on the better application of elesclomol in clinical tumor treatment.
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Kaminska J, Soczewka P, Rzepnikowska W, Zoladek T. Yeast as a Model to Find New Drugs and Drug Targets for VPS13-Dependent Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095106. [PMID: 35563497 PMCID: PMC9104724 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in human VPS13A-D genes result in rare neurological diseases, including chorea-acanthocytosis. The pathogenesis of these diseases is poorly understood, and no effective treatment is available. As VPS13 genes are evolutionarily conserved, the effects of the pathogenic mutations could be studied in model organisms, including yeast, where one VPS13 gene is present. In this review, we summarize advancements obtained using yeast. In recent studies, vps13Δ and vps13-I2749 yeast mutants, which are models of chorea-acanthocytosis, were used to screen for multicopy and chemical suppressors. Two of the suppressors, a fragment of the MYO3 and RCN2 genes, act by downregulating calcineurin activity. In addition, vps13Δ suppression was achieved by using calcineurin inhibitors. The other group of multicopy suppressors were genes: FET4, encoding iron transporter, and CTR1, CTR3 and CCC2, encoding copper transporters. Mechanisms of their suppression rely on causing an increase in the intracellular iron content. Moreover, among the identified chemical suppressors were copper ionophores, which require a functional iron uptake system for activity, and flavonoids, which bind iron. These findings point at areas for further investigation in a higher eukaryotic model of VPS13-related diseases and to new therapeutic targets: calcium signalling and copper and iron homeostasis. Furthermore, the identified drugs are interesting candidates for drug repurposing for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kaminska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Piotr Soczewka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Weronika Rzepnikowska
- Neuromuscular Unit, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Teresa Zoladek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (J.K.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence:
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21
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Oliveri V. Selective Targeting of Cancer Cells by Copper Ionophores: An Overview. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:841814. [PMID: 35309510 PMCID: PMC8931543 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.841814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional cancer therapies suffer from severe off-target effects because most of them target critical facets of cells that are generally shared by all rapidly proliferating cells. The development of new therapeutic agents should aim to increase selectivity and therefore reduce side effects. In addition, these agents should overcome cancer cell resistance and target cancer stem cells. Some copper ionophores have shown promise in this direction thanks to an intrinsic selectivity in preferentially inducing cuproptosis of cancer cells compared to normal cells. Here, Cu ionophores are discussed with a focus on selectivity towards cancer cells and on the mechanisms responsible for this selectivity. The proposed strategies, to further improve the targeting of cancer cells by copper ionophores, are also reported.
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22
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Gao W, Huang Z, Duan J, Nice EC, Lin J, Huang C. Elesclomol induces copper-dependent ferroptosis in colorectal cancer cells via degradation of ATP7A. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:3527-3544. [PMID: 34390123 PMCID: PMC8637554 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells reprogram their copper metabolism to adapt to adverse microenvironments, such as oxidative stress. The copper chelator elesclomol has been reported to have considerable anticancer efficacy, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we found that elesclomol-mediated copper overload inhibits colorectal cancer (CRC) both in vitro and in vivo. Elesclomol alone promotes the degradation of the copper transporter copper-transporting ATPase 1 (ATP7A), which retards the proliferation of CRC cells. This property distinguishes it from several other copper chelators. Combinational treatment of elesclomol and copper leads to copper retention within mitochondria due to ATP7A loss, leading to reactive oxygen species accumulation, which in turn promotes the degradation of SLC7A11, thus further enhancing oxidative stress and consequent ferroptosis in CRC cells. This effect accounts for the robust antitumour activity of elesclomol against CRC, which can be reversed by the administration of antioxidants and ferroptosis inhibitors, as well as the overexpression of ATP7A. In summary, our findings indicate that elesclomol-induced copper chelation inhibits CRC by targeting ATP7A and regulating ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalWest China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic MedicineSichuan UniversityCollaborative Innovation Center for BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Zhao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalWest China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic MedicineSichuan UniversityCollaborative Innovation Center for BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Jiufei Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalWest China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic MedicineSichuan UniversityCollaborative Innovation Center for BiotherapyChengduChina
| | - Edouard C. Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMonash UniversityClaytonAustralia
| | - Jie Lin
- Department of Medical OncologyThe Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical UniversityKunmingChina
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer CenterWest China HospitalWest China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic MedicineSichuan UniversityCollaborative Innovation Center for BiotherapyChengduChina
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Wangpaichitr M, Theodoropoulos G, Nguyen DJM, Wu C, Spector SA, Feun LG, Savaraj N. Cisplatin Resistance and Redox-Metabolic Vulnerability: A Second Alteration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147379. [PMID: 34298999 PMCID: PMC8304747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of drug resistance in tumors is a major obstacle to effective cancer chemotherapy and represents one of the most significant complications to improving long-term patient outcomes. Despite early positive responsiveness to platinum-based chemotherapy, the majority of lung cancer patients develop resistance. The development of a new combination therapy targeting cisplatin-resistant (CR) tumors may mark a major improvement as salvage therapy in these patients. The recent resurgence in research into cellular metabolism has again confirmed that cancer cells utilize aerobic glycolysis ("the Warburg effect") to produce energy. Hence, this observation still remains a characteristic hallmark of altered metabolism in certain cancer cells. However, recent evidence promotes another concept wherein some tumors that acquire resistance to cisplatin undergo further metabolic alterations that increase tumor reliance on oxidative metabolism (OXMET) instead of glycolysis. Our review focuses on molecular changes that occur in tumors due to the relationship between metabolic demands and the importance of NAD+ in redox (ROS) metabolism and the crosstalk between PARP-1 (Poly (ADP ribose) polymerase-1) and SIRTs (sirtuins) in CR tumors. Finally, we discuss a role for the tumor metabolites of the kynurenine pathway (tryptophan catabolism) as effectors of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment during acquisition of resistance in CR cells. Understanding these concepts will form the basis for future targeting of CR cells by exploiting redox-metabolic changes and their consequences on immune cells in the tumor microenvironment as a new approach to improve overall therapeutic outcomes and survival in patients who fail cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medhi Wangpaichitr
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Research Service (151), Miami, FL 33125, USA; (G.T.); (D.J.M.N.); (C.W.); (S.A.S.)
- Department of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-305-575-7000 (ext. 14496); Fax: +1-305-575-7275
| | - George Theodoropoulos
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Research Service (151), Miami, FL 33125, USA; (G.T.); (D.J.M.N.); (C.W.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Dan J. M. Nguyen
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Research Service (151), Miami, FL 33125, USA; (G.T.); (D.J.M.N.); (C.W.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Chunjing Wu
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Research Service (151), Miami, FL 33125, USA; (G.T.); (D.J.M.N.); (C.W.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Sydney A. Spector
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Research Service (151), Miami, FL 33125, USA; (G.T.); (D.J.M.N.); (C.W.); (S.A.S.)
| | - Lynn G. Feun
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (L.G.F.); (N.S.)
| | - Niramol Savaraj
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA; (L.G.F.); (N.S.)
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Hematology/Oncology, 1201 NW 16 Street, Room D1010, Miami, FL 33125, USA
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Mirzaei S, Hushmandi K, Zabolian A, Saleki H, Torabi SMR, Ranjbar A, SeyedSaleh S, Sharifzadeh SO, Khan H, Ashrafizadeh M, Zarrabi A, Ahn KS. Elucidating Role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Cisplatin Chemotherapy: A Focus on Molecular Pathways and Possible Therapeutic Strategies. Molecules 2021; 26:2382. [PMID: 33921908 PMCID: PMC8073650 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The failure of chemotherapy is a major challenge nowadays, and in order to ensure effective treatment of cancer patients, it is of great importance to reveal the molecular pathways and mechanisms involved in chemoresistance. Cisplatin (CP) is a platinum-containing drug with anti-tumor activity against different cancers in both pre-clinical and clinical studies. However, drug resistance has restricted its potential in the treatment of cancer patients. CP can promote levels of free radicals, particularly reactive oxygen species (ROS) to induce cell death. Due to the double-edged sword role of ROS in cancer as a pro-survival or pro-death mechanism, ROS can result in CP resistance. In the present review, association of ROS with CP sensitivity/resistance is discussed, and in particular, how molecular pathways, both upstream and downstream targets, can affect the response of cancer cells to CP chemotherapy. Furthermore, anti-tumor compounds, such as curcumin, emodin, chloroquine that regulate ROS and related molecular pathways in increasing CP sensitivity are described. Nanoparticles can provide co-delivery of CP with anti-tumor agents and by mediating photodynamic therapy, and induce ROS overgeneration to trigger CP sensitivity. Genetic tools, such as small interfering RNA (siRNA) can down-regulate molecular pathways such as HIF-1α and Nrf2 to promote ROS levels, leading to CP sensitivity. Considering the relationship between ROS and CP chemotherapy, and translating these findings to clinic can pave the way for effective treatment of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Mirzaei
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran 1477893855, Iran
| | - Kiavash Hushmandi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Division of Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran 1417466191, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Zabolian
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran
| | - Hossein Saleki
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Reza Torabi
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran
| | - Adnan Ranjbar
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran
| | - SeyedHesam SeyedSaleh
- Student Research Committee, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Seyed Omid Sharifzadeh
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 1477893855, Iran
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan 23200, Pakistan
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle, Üniversite Caddesi No. 27, Orhanlı, Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey
| | - Kwang-Seok Ahn
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea
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25
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Soczewka P, Tribouillard-Tanvier D, di Rago JP, Zoladek T, Kaminska J. Targeting Copper Homeostasis Improves Functioning of vps13Δ Yeast Mutant Cells, a Model of VPS13-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2248. [PMID: 33668157 PMCID: PMC7956333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ion homeostasis is crucial for organism functioning, and its alterations may cause diseases. For example, copper insufficiency and overload are associated with Menkes and Wilson's diseases, respectively, and iron imbalance is observed in Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. To better understand human diseases, Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast are used as a model organism. In our studies, we used the vps13Δ yeast strain as a model of rare neurological diseases caused by mutations in VPS13A-D genes. In this work, we show that overexpression of genes encoding copper transporters, CTR1, CTR3, and CCC2, or the addition of copper salt to the medium, improved functioning of the vps13Δ mutant. We show that their mechanism of action, at least partially, depends on increasing iron content in the cells by the copper-dependent iron uptake system. Finally, we present that treatment with copper ionophores, disulfiram, elesclomol, and sodium pyrithione, also resulted in alleviation of the defects observed in vps13Δ cells. Our study points at copper and iron homeostasis as a potential therapeutic target for further investigation in higher eukaryotic models of VPS13-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Soczewka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Déborah Tribouillard-Tanvier
- IBGC, UMR 5095, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (D.T.-T.); (J.-P.d.R.)
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), F-33077 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Paul di Rago
- IBGC, UMR 5095, CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, F-33000 Bordeaux, France; (D.T.-T.); (J.-P.d.R.)
| | - Teresa Zoladek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Joanna Kaminska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
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26
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Ling A, Huang RS. Computationally predicting clinical drug combination efficacy with cancer cell line screens and independent drug action. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5848. [PMID: 33203866 PMCID: PMC7673995 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19563-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence has recently emerged that many clinical cancer drug combinations may derive their efficacy from independent drug action (IDA), where patients only receive benefit from the single most effective drug in a drug combination. Here we present IDACombo, an IDA based method to predict the efficacy of drug combinations using monotherapy data from high-throughput cancer cell line screens. We show that IDACombo predictions closely agree with measured drug combination efficacies both in vitro (Pearson's correlation = 0.93 when comparing predicted efficacies to measured efficacies for >5000 combinations) and in a systematically selected set of clinical trials (accuracy > 84% for predicting statistically significant improvements in patient outcomes for 26 first line therapy trials). Finally, we demonstrate how IDACombo can be used to systematically prioritize combinations for development in specific cancer settings, providing a framework for quickly translating existing monotherapy cell line data into clinically meaningful predictions of drug combination efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ling
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Committee on Cancer Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - R Stephanie Huang
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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27
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Lee JH, Cho YS, Jung KH, Park JW, Lee KH. Genipin enhances the antitumor effect of elesclomol in A549 lung cancer cells by blocking uncoupling protein-2 and stimulating reactive oxygen species production. Oncol Lett 2020; 20:374. [PMID: 33154772 PMCID: PMC7608048 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The uncoupling protein-2 (UCP2) serves a role in tumor aggressiveness and anticancer resistance, which is considered to be associated with its ability to attenuate reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. We hypothesized that UCP2 may protect cancer cells from elesclomol-induced cytotoxicity, and that this may be overcome by blocking UCP2 function with genipin. In A549 lung cancer cells that exhibited high UCP2 expression, treatment with elesclomol alone induced limited changes in glucose uptake, ROS production and cell survival. By contrast, both UCP2 knockdown and genipin treatment mildly reduced glucose uptake, increased ROS production and decreased cell survival. Combining genipin and elesclomol further reduced glucose uptake and increased cellular and mitochondrial ROS production. Moreover, co-treatment with genipin and elesclomol reduced the colony forming capacity to 50.6±7.4% and the cell survival to 42.0±3.4% of that in the control cells (both P<0.001). Suppression of cell survival by treatment with elesclomol and genipin was enhanced in the presence of an exogenous ROS inducer and attenuated by a ROS scavenger. The cytotoxic effects of combining genipin and elesclomol were accompanied by reduced mitochondrial membrane potential and occurred through apoptosis as demonstrated by Annexin V assay and increased protein cleavage of PARP and caspase-3. Finally, in an A549 ×enograft mouse model, tumor growth was only modestly retarded by treatment with elesclomol or genipin alone, but was markedly suppressed by combining the two drugs compared with that in the control group (P=0.008). Therefore, high UCP2 expression may limit the antitumor effect of elesclomol by attenuating ROS responses, and this may be overcome by co-treatment with genipin; combining elesclomol and genipin may be an effective strategy for treating cancers with high UCP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Seok Cho
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ho Jung
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Won Park
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Han Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea.,Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute of Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
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28
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29
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Zhang C, Cui T, Cai R, Wangpaichitr M, Mirsaeidi M, Schally AV, Jackson RM. Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone in Lung Physiology and Pulmonary Disease. Cells 2020; 9:E2331. [PMID: 33096674 PMCID: PMC7589146 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) is secreted primarily from the hypothalamus, but other tissues, including the lungs, produce it locally. GHRH stimulates the release and secretion of growth hormone (GH) by the pituitary and regulates the production of GH and hepatic insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Pituitary-type GHRH-receptors (GHRH-R) are expressed in human lungs, indicating that GHRH or GH could participate in lung development, growth, and repair. GHRH-R antagonists (i.e., synthetic peptides), which we have tested in various models, exert growth-inhibitory effects in lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo in addition to having anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and pro-apoptotic effects. One antagonist of the GHRH-R used in recent studies reviewed here, MIA-602, lessens both inflammation and fibrosis in a mouse model of bleomycin lung injury. GHRH and its peptide agonists regulate the proliferation of fibroblasts through the modulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt pathways. In addition to downregulating GH and IGF-1, GHRH-R antagonist MIA-602 inhibits signaling pathways relevant to inflammation, including p21-activated kinase 1-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3/nuclear factor-kappa B (PAK1-STAT3/NF-κB and ERK). MIA-602 induces fibroblast apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, which is an effect that is likely important in antifibrotic actions. Taken together, the novel data reviewed here show that GHRH is an important peptide that participates in lung homeostasis, inflammation, wound healing, and cancer; and GHRH-R antagonists may have therapeutic potential in lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongxu Zhang
- Research Service, Miami VAHS, Miami, FL 33125, USA; (C.Z.); (T.C.); (R.C.); (M.W.); (M.M.); (A.V.S.)
| | - Tengjiao Cui
- Research Service, Miami VAHS, Miami, FL 33125, USA; (C.Z.); (T.C.); (R.C.); (M.W.); (M.M.); (A.V.S.)
| | - Renzhi Cai
- Research Service, Miami VAHS, Miami, FL 33125, USA; (C.Z.); (T.C.); (R.C.); (M.W.); (M.M.); (A.V.S.)
| | - Medhi Wangpaichitr
- Research Service, Miami VAHS, Miami, FL 33125, USA; (C.Z.); (T.C.); (R.C.); (M.W.); (M.M.); (A.V.S.)
| | - Mehdi Mirsaeidi
- Research Service, Miami VAHS, Miami, FL 33125, USA; (C.Z.); (T.C.); (R.C.); (M.W.); (M.M.); (A.V.S.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Andrew V. Schally
- Research Service, Miami VAHS, Miami, FL 33125, USA; (C.Z.); (T.C.); (R.C.); (M.W.); (M.M.); (A.V.S.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
- Department of Pathology and Sylvester Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
| | - Robert M. Jackson
- Research Service, Miami VAHS, Miami, FL 33125, USA; (C.Z.); (T.C.); (R.C.); (M.W.); (M.M.); (A.V.S.)
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33101, USA
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30
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Liu L, Cui H, Xu Y. Quantitative Estimation of Oxidative Stress in Cancer Tissue Cells Through Gene Expression Data Analyses. Front Genet 2020; 11:494. [PMID: 32528526 PMCID: PMC7263278 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative assessment of the intracellular oxidative stress level is a very important problem since it is the basis for elucidation of the fundamental causes of metabolic changes in diseased human cells, particularly cancer. However, the problem proves to be very challenging to solve in vivo because of the complex nature of the problem. Here a computational method is presented for predicting the quantitative level of the intracellular oxidative stress in cancer tissue cells. The basic premise of the predictor is that the genomic mutation level is strongly associated with the intracellular oxidative stress level. Based on this, a statistical analysis is conducted to identify a set of enzyme-encoding genes, whose combined expression levels can well explain the mutation rates in individual cancer tissues in the TCGA database. We have assessed the validity of the predictor by assessing it against genes that are known to have anti-oxidative functions for specific types of oxidative stressors. Then the applications of the predictor are conducted to illustrate its utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Liu
- College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Bioinformatics, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Haining Cui
- College of Physics, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Bioinformatics, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Cancer Systems Biology Center, The China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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31
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Metabolic Remodelling: An Accomplice for New Therapeutic Strategies to Fight Lung Cancer. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:antiox8120603. [PMID: 31795465 PMCID: PMC6943435 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8120603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic remodelling is a hallmark of cancer, however little has been unravelled in its role in chemoresistance, which is a major hurdle to cancer control. Lung cancer is a leading cause of death by cancer, mainly due to the diagnosis at an advanced stage and to the development of resistance to therapy. Targeted therapeutic agents combined with comprehensive drugs are commonly used to treat lung cancer. However, resistance mechanisms are difficult to avoid. In this review, we will address some of those therapeutic regimens, resistance mechanisms that are eventually developed by lung cancer cells, metabolic alterations that have already been described in lung cancer and putative new therapeutic strategies, and the integration of conventional drugs and genetic and metabolic-targeted therapies. The oxidative stress is pivotal in this whole network. A better understanding of cancer cell metabolism and molecular adaptations underlying resistance mechanisms will provide clues to design new therapeutic strategies, including the combination of chemotherapeutic and targeted agents, considering metabolic intervenients. As cancer cells undergo a constant metabolic adaptive drift, therapeutic regimens must constantly adapt.
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32
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Nguyen DJM, Theodoropoulos G, Li YY, Wu C, Sha W, Feun LG, Lampidis TJ, Savaraj N, Wangpaichitr M. Targeting the Kynurenine Pathway for the Treatment of Cisplatin-Resistant Lung Cancer. Mol Cancer Res 2019; 18:105-117. [PMID: 31628200 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-19-0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin resistance is a major barrier in the effective treatment of lung cancer. Cisplatin-resistant (CR) lung cancer cells do not primarily use glucose but rather consume amino acids such as glutamine and tryptophan (Trp) for survival. CR cells activate the kynurenine (KYN) pathway (KP) to cope with excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and maintain homeostasis for growth and proliferation. Consequently, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1) becomes an essential enzyme for CR cells' survival because it initiates and regulates the first step in the KP. Increased IDO1 activities and ROS levels are found in CR cells versus cisplatin-sensitive lung cancer. Importantly, significantly greater KYN/Trp ratio (P = 0.005) is detected in serum of patients who fail cisplatin when compared with naïve treatment. Knocking down IDO1 using shRNA or IDO1 inhibitors heightens ROS levels and results in a significant growth inhibitory effect only on CR cells and not on cisplatin-sensitive cells. Exposing CR cells to antioxidant (TIRON) results in suppression of IDO1 activity and confers resistance to IDO1 inhibition, indicating an interrelationship between ROS and IDO1. Because KYN plays a critical role in reprogramming naïve T cells to the immune-suppressive regulatory T-cell (T-reg) phenotype, we observed higher expression of TGFβ, FoxP3, and CD4+CD25+ in mice bearing CR tumors compared with tumors from cisplatin-sensitive counterparts. IMPLICATIONS: Findings suggest that the enzyme-inhibitory activity and antitumor efficacy of IDO1 inhibitors rely in part on ROS levels, arguing that IDO1 expression alone may be insufficient to determine the clinical benefits for this class of experimental cancer drugs. Importantly, IDO1 inhibitors may be more suitable to treat patients with lung cancer who failed cisplatin therapy than naïve treatment patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan J M Nguyen
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Research Service, Miami, Florida
| | - George Theodoropoulos
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Research Service, Miami, Florida
| | - Ying-Ying Li
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Research Service, Miami, Florida
| | - Chunjing Wu
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Research Service, Miami, Florida
| | - Wei Sha
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Research Service, Miami, Florida
| | - Lynn G Feun
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Theodore J Lampidis
- Department of Cell Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Niramol Savaraj
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Research Service, Miami, Florida. .,Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Medhi Wangpaichitr
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Miami VA Healthcare System, Research Service, Miami, Florida. .,Department of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
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33
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The Anticancer Agent Elesclomol Has Direct Effects on Mitochondrial Bioenergetic Function in Isolated Mammalian Mitochondria. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9080298. [PMID: 31344923 PMCID: PMC6724019 DOI: 10.3390/biom9080298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Elesclomol ((N-malonyl-bis(N′-methyl-N′-thiobenzoylhydrazide)); formerly STA-4783) is a mitochondria-targeted chemotherapeutic agent that has demonstrated efficacy in selective cancer cell killing in pre-clinical and clinical testing. The biologically active form of elesclomol is a deprotonated copper chelate (elesclomol:copper; E:C), which has been shown to enhance reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and induce a transcriptional gene profile characteristic of an oxidative stress response in vitro. Previous studies suggest that E:C interacts with the electron transport chain (ETC) to generate high levels of ROS within the organelle and ultimately induce cell death. The purpose of this study was to further explore the mechanism of cellular and mitochondrial toxicity of E:C by examining its direct effect on mitochondrial bioenergetic function. The results obtained indicate that E:C treatment in whole cells of non-tumorigenic origin at high concentrations (40 μM and higher) induces a rapid and substantial increase in mitochondrial superoxide levels and dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, similar higher concentrations of E:C act as a direct uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation and generalized inhibitor of electron transport activity in isolated, intact mitochondria, and induce a dose-dependent inhibition of mitochondrial NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase activity in freeze-thawed mitochondrial preparations. The results of this study are important in that they are the first to demonstrate a direct effect of the E:C chelate on bioenergetic function in isolated mammalian mitochondria, and suggest the possibility that the increase in ROS production and cytotoxicity induced by E:C may in part be due to uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and/or inhibition of electron transport activity. These results also provide important information about the mechanisms of mitochondrial and cellular toxicity induced by E:C and will ultimately contribute to a better understanding of the therapeutic potential of elesclomol as an anticancer compound.
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34
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Liu X, Wang W, Yin Y, Li M, Li H, Xiang H, Xu A, Mei X, Hong B, Lin W. A high-throughput drug screen identifies auranofin as a potential sensitizer of cisplatin in small cell lung cancer. Invest New Drugs 2019; 37:1166-1176. [PMID: 30825105 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-019-00750-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a highly lethal malignancy with the 5-year survival rate of less than 7%. Chemotherapy-resistance is a major challenge for SCLC treatment in clinic. In the study, we developed a high-throughput drug screen strategy to identify new drugs that can enhance the sensitivity of chemo-drug cisplatin in SCLC. This screen identified auranofin, a US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drug used therapeutically for rheumatoid arthritis, as a sensitizer of cisplatin. Further study validated that auranofin synergistically enhanced the anti-tumor activity of cisplatin in chemo-resistant SCLC cells, which was accompanied by the enhanced induction of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. The synergistic action of auranofin and cisplatin was through ROS overproduction, thereby leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and DNA damage. Furthermore, in vivo study demonstrated that the combination treatment of auranofin and cisplatin dramatically inhibited tumor growth in SCLC. Therefore, our study provides a rational basis for further clinical study to test whether auranofin could enhance the sensitivity of cisplatin-based therapy in SCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Liu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanping Yin
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Li
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Li
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Xiang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230036, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Ao Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Mei
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Hong
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenchu Lin
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of High Magnetic Field and Ion Beam Physical Biology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People's Republic of China.
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Albayrak G, Korkmaz FD, Tozcu D, Dogan Turacli I. The outcomes of an impaired powerhouse in KRAS mutant lung adenocarcinoma cells by Elesclomol. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:10564-10571. [PMID: 30628735 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lung cancer stands out as the most common cancer type worldwide. The most common genetic alteration detected in adenocarcinoma patients is KRAS. KRAS mutated patients still cannot get benefit from precision medicine approaches and lack a targeted therapy. Elesclomol is an investigational agent for melanoma and other malignancies. In this study, we evaluated its effect on cellular apoptosis, survival, and metastasis mechanisms on KRAS mutant A549 and Calu-1 cell lines. METHODS The cytotoxic effects of Elesclomol on A549 and Calu-1 cells were determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) cell viability test. Cells were treated with IC50 concentration and then apoptosis-related (Casp-3, Casp-9, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL), survival-related (Akt, p-Akt, Erk, and p-Erk), and metastasis-related (E-cadherin, Vimentin, MMP-2, and MMP-9) protein expressions were determined by Western blot analysis. Elesclomol's effect on cell migration was evaluated by wound healing. Total oxidant, malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione (GSH) levels after Elesclomol treatment were assessed. RESULTS Elesclomol not only induced apoptotic proteins but also inhibited metastatic protein expressions and migration in both cells. Also, p-Erk activity was diminished by Elesclomol treatment as a reflection of decreased proliferation. However, p-Akt was enhanced as a cellular survival mechanism. Although Elesclomol's effects on oxidative stress parameters were puzzling, it induced total oxidant status (TOS), and MDA in Calu-1 cells. CONCLUSION Elesclomol might provide an alternative treatment approach for patients with KRAS mutant lung adenocarcinoma and other solid tumor malignancies that harbor KRAS mutations. This would enable the development of biomarker-driven targeted therapy for KRAS mutant adenocarcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulsah Albayrak
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ufuk University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Funda Demirtas Korkmaz
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Duygu Tozcu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ufuk University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Irem Dogan Turacli
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Ufuk University, Ankara, Turkey
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Zaal EA, Berkers CR. The Influence of Metabolism on Drug Response in Cancer. Front Oncol 2018; 8:500. [PMID: 30456204 PMCID: PMC6230982 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to therapeutic agents, either intrinsic or acquired, is currently a major problem in the treatment of cancers and occurs in virtually every type of anti-cancer therapy. Therefore, understanding how resistance can be prevented, targeted and predicted becomes increasingly important to improve cancer therapy. In the last decade, it has become apparent that alterations in cellular metabolism are a hallmark of cancer cells and that a rewired metabolism is essential for rapid tumor growth and proliferation. Recently, metabolic alterations have been shown to play a role in the sensitivity of cancer cells to widely-used first-line chemotherapeutics. This suggests that metabolic pathways are important mediators of resistance toward anticancer agents. In this review, we highlight the metabolic alterations associated with resistance toward different anticancer agents and discuss how metabolism may be exploited to overcome drug resistance to classical chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther A. Zaal
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Celia R. Berkers
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Exploiting ROS and metabolic differences to kill cisplatin resistant lung cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 8:49275-49292. [PMID: 28525376 PMCID: PMC5564767 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin resistance remains a major problem in the treatment of lung cancer. We have discovered that cisplatin resistant (CR) lung cancer cells, regardless of the signaling pathway status, share the common parameter which is an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and undergo metabolic reprogramming. CR cells were no longer addicted to the glycolytic pathway, but rather relied on oxidative metabolism. They took up twice as much glutamine and were highly sensitive to glutamine deprivation. Glutamine is hydrolyzed to glutamate for glutathione synthesis, an essential factor to abrogate high ROS via xCT antiporter. Thus, blocking glutamate flux using riluzole (an amyotropic lateral sclerosis approved drug) can selectively kill CR cells in vitro and in vivo. However, we discovered here that glutathione suppression is not the primary pathway in eradicating the CR cells. Riluzole can lead to further decrease in NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and lactate dehydrogenase-A (LDHA) expressions which in turn further heightened oxidative stress in CR cells. LDHA knocked-down cells became hypersensitive to riluzole treatments and possessed increased levels of ROS. Addition of NAD+ re-stabilized LDHA and reversed riluzole induced cell death. Thus far, no drugs are available which could overcome cisplatin resistance or kill cisplatin resistant cells. CR cells possess high levels of ROS and undergo metabolic reprogramming. These metabolic adaptations can be exploited and targeted by riluzole. Riluzole may serve as a dual-targeting agent by suppression LDHA and blocking xCT antiporter. Repurposing of riluzole should be considered for future treatment of cisplatin resistant lung cancer patients.
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Wangpaichitr M, Kandemir H, Li YY, Wu C, Nguyen DJM, Feun LG, Kuo MT, Savaraj N. Relationship of Metabolic Alterations and PD-L1 Expression in Cisplatin Resistant Lung Cancer. CELL & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 6:183. [PMID: 28819582 PMCID: PMC5557290 DOI: 10.4172/2168-9296.1000183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite numerous reports on immune checkpoint inhibitor for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the response rate remains low but durable. Thus cisplatin still plays a major role in the treatment of NSCLC. While there are many mechanisms involved in cisplatin resistance, alteration in metabolic phenotypes with elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are found in several cisplatin resistant tumors. These resistant cells become more reliant on mitochondria oxidative metabolism instead of glucose. Consequently, high ROS and metabolic alteration contributed to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Importantly, recent findings indicated that EMT has a crucial role in upregulating PD-L1 expression in cancer cells. Thus, it is very likely that cisplatin resistance will lead to high expression of PD-L1/PD-1 which makes them vulnerable to anti PD-1 or anti PD-L1 antibody treatment. An understanding of the interactions between cancer cells metabolic reprogramming and immune checkpoints is critical for combining metabolism targeted therapies with immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wangpaichitr
- Miami VA Healthcare System, Research Service, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Surgery, Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - H Kandemir
- School of Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - YY Li
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - C Wu
- Miami VA Healthcare System, Research Service, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - DJM Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - LG Feun
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - MT Kuo
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, Texas MD Anderson, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - N Savaraj
- Miami VA Healthcare System, Research Service, Miami, Florida, USA
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
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Hambright HG, Ghosh R. Autophagy: In the cROSshairs of cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 126:13-22. [PMID: 27789215 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Two prominent features of tumors that contribute to oncogenic survival signaling are redox disruption, or oxidative stress phenotype, and high autophagy signaling, making both phenomena ideal therapeutic targets. However, the relationship between redox disruption and autophagy signaling is not well characterized and the clinical impact of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating chemotherapeutics on autophagy merits immediate attention as autophagy largely contributes to chemotherapeutic resistance. In this commentary we focus on melanoma, using it as an example to provide clarity to current literature regarding the roles of autophagy and redox signaling which can be applicable to initiation and maintenance of most tumor types. Further, we address the crosstalk between ROS and autophagy signaling during pharmacological intervention and cell fate decisions. We attempt to elucidate the role of autophagy in regulating cell fate following treatment with ROS-generating agents in preclinical and clinical settings and discuss the emerging role of autophagy in cell fate decisions and as a cell death mechanism. We also address technical aspects of redox and autophagy evaluation in experimental design and data interpretation. Lastly, we present a provocative view of the clinical relevance, emerging challenges in dual targeting of redox and autophagy pathways for therapy, and the future directions to be addressed in order to advance both basic and translational aspects of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Graham Hambright
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, South Texas Research Facility Campus, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, South Texas Research Facility Campus, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | - Rita Ghosh
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, South Texas Research Facility Campus, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, South Texas Research Facility Campus, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, South Texas Research Facility Campus, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, South Texas Research Facility Campus, 8403 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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Zhang P, Wang W, Wei Z, Xu LI, Yang X, DU Y. xCT expression modulates cisplatin resistance in Tca8113 tongue carcinoma cells. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:307-314. [PMID: 27347143 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC), which is a subtype of head and neck cancer, is the most common type of oral cancer. Due to its high recurrence rate and chemoresistance, the average survival rate for patients with TSCC remains unsatisfactory. At present, cisplatin (CDDP) is utilized as the first-line treatment for numerous solid neoplasms, including TSCC. CDDP resistance develops in the majority of patients; however, the mechanism of such resistance remains unknown. Therefore, the present study aimed to clarify the mechanism of CDDP resistance and attempted to reduce chemoresistance. The results indicated that CDDP significantly increased expression of xCT, which is the light chain and functional subunit of the glutamate/cysteine transporter system xc-, and a subsequent increase in glutathione (GSH) levels was observed. The present study demonstrated that the upregulation of xCT expression and intercellular GSH levels contributed to CDDP resistance in TSCC cells. Furthermore, xCT suppression, induced by small interfering RNA or pharmacological inhibitors, sensitized TSCC cells to CDDP treatment. In conclusion, the present study revealed that CDDP-induced xCT expression promotes CDDP chemoresistance, and xCT inhibition sensitizes TSCC cells to CDDP treatment. These results provide a novel insight into the molecular mechanisms involved in TSCC cell chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, No. 463 Hospital of Chinese PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning 110042, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Stomatology, No. 463 Hospital of Chinese PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning 110042, P.R. China
| | - Zhenhui Wei
- Department of Stomatology, No. 463 Hospital of Chinese PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning 110042, P.R. China
| | - L I Xu
- Department of Stomatology, No. 463 Hospital of Chinese PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning 110042, P.R. China
| | - Xuanning Yang
- Department of Stomatology, No. 463 Hospital of Chinese PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning 110042, P.R. China
| | - Yuanhong DU
- Department of Stomatology, No. 463 Hospital of Chinese PLA, Shenyang, Liaoning 110042, P.R. China
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Meng Q, Sun W, Li M, Zhao Y, Chen X, Sun L, Cai L. Increased Expression of Eps15 Homology Domain 1 is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Resected Small Cell Lung Cancer. J Cancer 2015; 6:990-5. [PMID: 26366212 PMCID: PMC4565848 DOI: 10.7150/jca.11650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the great challenges of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) treatment is identifying patients at high risk for recurrence after surgical resection and chemotherapy. We examined Eps15 homology domain 1 (EHD1) protein expression in paraffin sections of 85 resected SCLC tissues, metastatic lymph nodes and normal bronchial epithelial tissues using immunohistochemistry to study the correlation between EHD1 expression and patient clinicopathological features. Within these variables, disease free survival (DFS) analyzed by the log-rank test was constructed using the multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model and Kaplan-Meier analysis. Immunohistochemistry results showed that EHD1 protein was significantly increased in SCLC tissues compared with normal tissues (P < 0.001). Moreover, EHD1 expression was positively correlated with tumor size (P = 0.019). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model analysis showed that EHD1 expression (P = 0.047; HR, 1.869; 95% CI, 1.008-3.466) and American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) status (P < 0.001; HR, 1.412; 95% CI, 1.165-1.711) were independent prognostic indicators of DFS. In conclusion, these data demonstrated a remarkable correlation between the cytoplasmic expression of EHD1 protein and adverse prognosis in patients receiving early-stage cisplatin treatment for resected SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingwei Meng
- 1. The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Weiling Sun
- 2. The Department of Endoscopy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Man Li
- 2. The Department of Endoscopy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Yanbin Zhao
- 1. The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Xuesong Chen
- 1. The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Lichun Sun
- 1. The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Li Cai
- 1. The Fourth Department of Medical Oncology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
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Liu Z, Liu J, Li L, Nie D, Tao Q, Wu J, Fan J, Lin C, Zhao S, Ju D. Inhibition of Autophagy Potentiated the Antitumor Effect of Nedaplatin in Cisplatin-Resistant Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135236. [PMID: 26288183 PMCID: PMC4543554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nedaplatin, a cisplatin analog, was developed to reduce the toxicity of cisplatin, whereas it can be cross-resistant with cisplatin in some circumstances. This study aimed to investigate the role of autophagy in nedaplatin induced cell death in cisplatin-resistant nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Here, we showed that HNE1/DDP and CNE2/DDP cells were resistant to nedaplatin-induced cell death with reduced apoptotic activity. Nedaplatin treatment resulted in autophagosome accumulation and increased expression of LC3-II, indicating the induction of autophagy by nedaplatin in HNE1/DDP and CNE2/DDP cells. Inhibition of autophagy by Bafilomycin A1 (Baf A1) and 3-Methyladenine (3-MA) remarkably enhanced the antitumor efficacy of nedaplatin in HNE1/DDP and CNE2/DDP cells, suggesting that the resistance to nedaplatin-induced cell death was caused by enhanced autophagy in nedaplatin-resistant NPC cells. Additionally, Baf A1 enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and apoptosis induced by nedaplatin in HNE1/DDP cells. Mechanistically, nedaplatin treatment caused activation of ERK1/2 and suppression of Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. While inhibition of ERK1/2 by MEK1/2 inhibitor, U0126, could reduce the expression of LC3-II in nedaplatin-resistant NPC cells. Furthermore, suppression of ROS could inhibit nedaplatin-induced ERK activation in HNE1/DDP cells, indicating that ROS and ERK were involved in nedaplatin-induced autophagy. Together, these findings suggested that autophagy played a cytoprotective role in nedaplatin-induced cytotoxicity of HNE1/DDP and CNE2/DDP cells. Furthermore, our results highlighted a potential approach to restore the sensitivity of cisplatin-resistant nasopharyngeal cancer cells to nedaplatin in combination with autophagy inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyu Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Li Li
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Nie
- Department of Otolaryngology, Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qilei Tao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiajun Fan
- Department of Biosynthesis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Lin
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuwei Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (DJ); (SZ)
| | - Dianwen Ju
- Department of Biosynthesis, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (DJ); (SZ)
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XIA HUI, ZHANG WEN, LI YINGJIE, YU CHANGHAI. High performance liquid chromatography: Tandem mass spectrometric determination of cisplatin levels in different visceral pleura layers of rats. Oncol Lett 2015; 9:2388-2392. [PMID: 26137076 PMCID: PMC4467358 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.2989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the concentration of cisplatin in different layers of the visceral pleura in rats, following drug administration. In this study, a sensitive and specific liquid chromatography method coupled with electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry was established to investigate the disposition of cisplatin in different layers of the visceral pleura in rats. Methodological data, including specificity, linearity, accuracy, recovery, precision and lower limits of quantification, confirmed that this novel method may be used to efficiently quantify the cisplatin concentrations in visceral pleura of rats following administration of the drug. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the desired drug concentration was not achieved in the outer or inner elastic layers of the visceral pleura following injection with cisplatin through various administration methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- HUI XIA
- Department of Thoracic-Cardio Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - WEN ZHANG
- Department of Thoracic-Cardio Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - YINGJIE LI
- Department of Thoracic-Cardio Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
| | - CHANGHAI YU
- Department of Thoracic-Cardio Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, P.R. China
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Wangpaichitr M, Theodoropoulos G, Wu C, You M, Feun LG, Kuo MT, Savaraj N. The relationship of thioredoxin-1 and cisplatin resistance: its impact on ROS and oxidative metabolism in lung cancer cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:604-15. [PMID: 22248473 PMCID: PMC3326609 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Elimination of cisplatin-resistant lung cancer cells remains a major obstacle. We have shown that cisplatin-resistant tumors have higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and can be exploited for targeted therapy. Here, we show that increased secretion of the antioxidant thioredoxin-1 (TRX1) resulted in lowered intracellular TRX1 and contributed to higher ROS in cisplatin-resistant tumors in vivo and in vitro. By reconstituting TRX1 protein in cisplatin-resistant cells, we increased sensitivity to cisplatin but decreased sensitivity to elesclomol (ROS inducer). Conversely, decreased TRX1 protein in parental cells reduced the sensitivity to cisplatin but increased sensitivity to elesclomol. Cisplatin-resistant cells had increased endogenous oxygen consumption and mitochondrial activity but decreased lactic acid production. They also exhibited higher levels of argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) and fumarase mRNA, which contributed to oxidative metabolism (OXMET) when compared with parental cells. Restoring intracellular TRX1 protein in cisplatin-resistant cells resulted in lowering ASS and fumarase mRNAs, which in turn sensitized them to arginine deprivation. Interestingly, cisplatin-resistant cells also had significantly higher basal levels of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS). Overexpressing TRX1 lowered ACC and FAS proteins expressions in cisplatin-resistant cells. Chemical inhibition and short interfering RNA of ACC resulted in significant cell death in cisplatin-resistant compared with parental cells. Conversely, TRX1 overexpressed cisplatin-resistant cells resisted 5-(tetradecyloxy)-2-furoic acid (TOFA)-induced death. Collectively, lowering TRX1 expression through increased secretion leads cisplatin-resistant cells to higher ROS production and increased dependency on OXMET. These changes raise an intriguing therapeutic potential for future therapy in cisplatin-resistant lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chunjing Wu
- Department of Veterans Affairs, South Florida VA Foundation, Miami, FL
| | - Min You
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Lynn G. Feun
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
| | - Macus T. Kuo
- Department of Molecular Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Niramol Savaraj
- Department of Veterans Affairs, South Florida VA Foundation, Miami, FL
- Department of Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
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Role of thioredoxin in lung disease. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2012; 25:154-62. [PMID: 22293327 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2012.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Thioredoxin system is a ubiquitous thiol oxidoreductase system that regulates cellular reduction/oxidation (redox) status. It includes thioredoxin (Trx), thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), and NADPH. Trx plays an essential role in cell function by limiting oxidative stress directly via antioxidant effects and indirectly by proteins interaction with key signal transduction molecules. A variety of signaling molecules have been implicated in the cytoprotection conferred by Trx, such as autophagic proteins, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, nuclear factor-κB, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Recent studies indicated that Trx may contribute to the pathogenesis of COPD, asthma and lung injury. Enhanced Trx expression or application of recombinant Trx afforded protection in preclinical models of pulmonary tissue injury, which suggested Trx may be used in future therapeutic applications. The focus of this review is on the significance of Trx in various pulmonary diseases, which as a potential therapeutic strategy to protect against oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Yang JC, Lu MC, Lee CL, Chen GY, Lin YY, Chang FR, Wu YC. Selective targeting of breast cancer cells through ROS-mediated mechanisms potentiates the lethality of paclitaxel by a novel diterpene, gelomulide K. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:641-57. [PMID: 21641992 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Defects in apoptotic pathways confer resistance to tubulin-binding agents via downregulation of caspases or overexpression of antiapoptotic factors, urging the need for novel agents acting on an alternative pathway. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether induction of ROS can induce caspase-independent cell death in breast cancer cells and thereby enhance the activity of paclitaxel. Here, we report that gelomulide K acts as a caspase-independent cell death-inducing agent that synergizes with paclitaxel in breast cancer cells and has low toxicity in normal cells. Treatment with gelomulide K induced PARP-1 hyperactivation, AIF nuclear translocation, and cytoprotective autophagy. These effects were associated with increased ROS production and a decrease in cellular GSH levels in cancer cells. Furthermore, pretreatment with NAC, a precursor of intracellular GSH, effectively abrogated gelomulide K-induced caspase-independent cell death and autophagy, suggesting that ROS-mediated downstream signaling is essential to the anticancer effects of gelomulide K. Additionally, in a xenograft model, gelomulide K induced PARP-1 activation and reduced tumor growth. In terms of structure-activity relationships, analysis not only showed a correlation between ROS levels and drug activity but also highlighted the importance of the 8,14-epoxy group. Taken together, our results show that enhancement of paclitaxel activity can be achieved with gelomulide K and that the structurally relevant pharmacophore provides important insight into the development of new caspase-independent cell death-inducing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Cheng Yang
- Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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Li G, Bell T, Merino EJ. Oxidatively Activated DNA-Modifying Agents for Selective Cytotoxicity. ChemMedChem 2011; 6:869-75. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2011] [Revised: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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