EGCG Mediated Targeting of Deregulated Signaling Pathways and Non-Coding RNAs in Different Cancers: Focus on JAK/STAT, Wnt/β-Catenin, TGF/SMAD, NOTCH, SHH/GLI, and TRAIL Mediated Signaling Pathways

A Comprehensive Insight into Apoptosis: Molecular Mechanisms, Signaling Pathways, and Modulating Therapeutics

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a fundamental biological process essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis. Dysregulation of apoptosis is implicated in a variety of diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and autoimmune conditions. This review provides an in-depth insight into the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that regulate apoptosis, highlighting both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Additionally, the review explains the tumor microenvironment's influence on apoptosis and its implications for cancer therapy resistance. Understanding the complex interplay between apoptotic signaling and cellular responses is crucial for developing targeted therapies that can effectively manage diseases associated with apoptosis dysregulation. The effects of conventional therapeutics and alternative substances with natural sources such as herbal compounds, alongside vitamins, minerals, and trace elements on cellular homeostasis and disease pathogenesis have been thoroughly investigated. Moreover, recent advances in therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating apoptosis are discussed, with a focus on novel interventions such as nutrition bio shield dietary supplement. These emerging approaches offer potential benefits beyond conventional treatments by selectively targeting apoptotic pathways to inhibit cancer progression and metastasis. By integrating insights from recent studies, this review aims to enhance our understanding of apoptosis and guide future research in developing innovative therapeutic approaches.

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate therapeutic potential in human diseases: molecular mechanisms and clinical studies

Green tea has garnered increasing attention across age groups due to its numerous health benefits, largely attributed to Epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG), its key polyphenol. EGCG exhibits a wide spectrum of biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticancer, and neuroprotective properties, as well as benefits for cardiovascular and oral health. This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent findings on the therapeutic potential of EGCG in various human diseases. Neuroprotective effects of EGCG include safeguarding neurons from damage and enhancing cognitive function, primarily through its antioxidant capacity to reduce reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during physiological stress. Additionally, EGCG modulates key signaling pathways such as JAK/STAT, Delta-Notch, and TNF, all of which play critical roles in neuronal survival, growth, and function. Furthermore, EGCG is involved in regulating apoptosis and cell cycle progression, making it a promising candidate for the treatment of metabolic diseases, including cancer and diabetes. Despite its promising therapeutic potential, further clinical trials are essential to validate the efficacy and safety of EGCG and to optimize its delivery to target tissues. While many reviews have addressed the anticancer properties of EGCG, this review focuses on the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways by which EGCG used in specific human diseases, particularly cancer, neurodegenerative and metabolic diseases. It serves as a valuable resource for researchers, clinicians, and healthcare professionals, revealing the potential of EGCG in managing neurodegenerative disorders, cancer, and metabolic diseases and highlighting its broader therapeutic values.

Role of PD-1/PD-L1 signaling axis in oncogenesis and its targeting by bioactive natural compounds for cancer immunotherapy

Cancer is a global health problem and one of the leading causes of mortality. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized the field of oncology, emerging as a powerful treatment strategy. A key pathway that has garnered considerable attention is programmed cell death-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1). The interaction between PD-L1 expressed on tumor cells and PD-1 reduces the innate immune response and thus compromises the capability of the body's immune system. Furthermore, it controls the phenotype and functionality of innate and adaptive immune components. A range of monoclonal antibodies, including avelumab, atezolizumab, camrelizumab, dostarlimab, durvalumab, sinitilimab, toripalimab, and zimberelimab, have been developed for targeting the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1. These agents can induce a broad spectrum of autoimmune-like complications that may affect any organ system. Recent studies have focused on the effect of various natural compounds that inhibit immune checkpoints. This could contribute to the existing arsenal of anticancer drugs. Several bioactive natural agents have been shown to affect the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling axis, promoting tumor cell apoptosis, influencing cell proliferation, and eventually leading to tumor cell death and inhibiting cancer progression. However, there is a substantial knowledge gap regarding the role of different natural compounds targeting PD-1 in the context of cancer. Hence, this review aims to provide a common connection between PD-1/PD-L1 blockade and the anticancer effects of distinct natural molecules. Moreover, the primary focus will be on the underlying mechanism of action as well as the clinical efficacy of bioactive molecules. Current challenges along with the scope of future research directions targeting PD-1/PD-L1 interactions through natural substances are also discussed.

Enhancing the bioavailability and activity of natural antioxidants with nanobubbles and nanoparticles

KEY POLICY HIGHLIGHTSNanobubbles and nanoparticles may enhance the polyphenols' bioavailabilityNanobubbles may stimulate the activation of Nrf2 and detox enzymesArmoured oxygen nanobubbles may enhance radiotherapy or chemotherapy effects.

Orbea variegata (L.) Haw in skin carcinogenesis: insights from an in vivo male Swiss mouse model study

Skin cancer is the most widespread type of malignant tumor representing a major public health concern. Considering the numerous side effects associated with conventional treatments, phytotherapy may be regarded as a viable medicinal alternative. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic potential of Orbea variegata (L.) Haw, an ornamental plant, in treating skin cancer using an animal model induced by a combination of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation and sulfuric acid treatment. The hydroethanolic extract of Orbea variegata underwent phytochemical characterization, identifying the presence of reducing sugars, coumarins, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and saponins through qualitative screening. Quantitative analysis demonstrated significant amounts of phenolic compounds (29.435 ± 0.571 mg GAE/g of dry extract), flavonoids (6.711 ± 0.272 mg QE/g of dry extract), and tannins (274.037 ± 11.3 mg CE/g of dry extract). The administration the hydroethanolic extract in two concentrations (1 or 2 g/kg) to male Swiss mice exhibited no marked adverse effects, as evidenced by serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzyme activity levels. In addition, the extract significantly reduced skin hyperplasia and inflammation induced by UV/sulfuric acid treatment as noted in tissue analyses and decreased protein expression of nuclear proliferation marker (Ki-67). This improvement was associated with a marked decrease in oxidative stress, as indicated by diminished lipid peroxidation levels, and restoration of the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT) to control levels. Our findings demonstrated the potential of Orbea variegata hydroethanolic extract to be considered as a treatment for skin cancer, exhibiting its apparent safety and efficacy in reducing inflammation and carcinogenesis in a UV/sulfuric acid-induced Swiss mouse model, attributed to its phytochemical content and associated antioxidant activities.

Marine-derived antimicrobial peptide piscidin-1 triggers extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma through reactive oxygen species production and inhibits angiogenesis

Cancer of the head and neck encompasses a wide range of cancers, including oral and oropharyngeal cancers. Oral cancer is often diagnosed at advanced stages and has a dismal prognosis. Piscidin-1, a marine antimicrobial peptide (AMP) containing approximately 22 amino acids, also exhibits significant anticancer properties. We investigated the possible anti-oral cancer effects of piscidin-1 and clarified the mechanisms underlying these effects. We treated the oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines OC2 and SCC4 with piscidin-1. Cell viability and the expression of different hallmark apoptotic molecules, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), were tested using the appropriate MTT assay, flow cytometry and western blotting assays, and human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) wound healing, migration, and tube formation (angiogenesis) assays. Piscidin-1 increases cleaved caspase 3 levels to induce apoptosis. Piscidin-1 also increases ROS levels and intensifies oxidative stress in the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, causing mitochondrial dysfunction. Additionally, it decreases the oxygen consumption rates and activity of mitochondrial complexes I-V. As expected, the antioxidants MitoTEMPOL and N-acetylcysteine reduce piscidin-1-induced ROS generation and intracellular calcium accumulation. Piscidin-1 also inhibits matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2/-9 expression in HUVECs, affecting migration and tube formation angiogenesis. We demonstrated that piscidin-1 can promote apoptosis via both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways and findings indicate that piscidin-1 has anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic properties in oral cancer treatment. Our study on piscidin-1 thus provides a basis for future translational anti-oral cancer drug research and a new theoretical approach for anti-oral cancer clinical research.

Evaluating the effects of curcumin nano-chitosan on miR-221 and miR-222 expression and Wnt/β-catenin pathways in MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and SKBR3 cell lines

BACKGROUND

Breast cancer is one of the most common diseases worldwide that affects women of reproductive age. miR-221 and miR-222 are two highly homogeneous microRNAs that play pivotal roles in many cellular processes and regulate the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Curcumin (CUR), a yellow polyphenolic compound, targets numerous signaling pathways relevant to cancer therapy. The main aim of this study was to compare the ability of chitosan curcumin nanoparticle (CC-CUR) formulation with the curcumin in modulating miR-221 and miR-222 expression through Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in MCF-7, MDA-MB-231 and SK-BR-3 breast cancer cell lines.

METHOD

Chitosan-cyclodextrin-tripolyphosphate containing curcumin nanoparticles (CC-CUR) were prepared. Cytotoxicity of the CUR and CC-CUR was evaluated. Experimental groups including CC-CUR, CUR and negative control were designed. The expression of miR-221 and miR-222 and Wnt/β-catenin pathway genes was measured.

RESULTS

The level of miR-221 and miR-222 and β-catenin genes decreased in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells and WIF1 gene increased in all cells in CC-CUR group. However, the results in SK-BR-3 cell line were unexpected; since miRs and WIF1 gene expressions were increased following CC-CUR administration and β-catenin decreased by administration of CUR.

CONCLUSION

Although the composite form of curcumin decreased the expression of miR-221 and miR-222 in MCF-7 and MDA cells, with significant decreasing of β-catenin and increasing of WIF1 gene in almost all three cell lines, we can conclude than this formulation exerts its effect mainly through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. These preliminary findings may pave the way for the use of curcumin nanoparticles in the treatment of some known cancers.

The roles of epigallocatechin gallate in the tumor microenvironment, metabolic reprogramming, and immunotherapy

Cancer, a disease that modern medicine has not fully understood and conquered, with its high incidence and mortality, deprives countless patients of health and even life. According to global cancer statistics, there were an estimated 19.3 million new cancer cases and nearly 10 million cancer deaths in 2020, with the age-standardized incidence and mortality rates of 201.0 and 100.7 per 100,000, respectively. Although remarkable advancements have been made in therapeutic strategies recently, the overall prognosis of cancer patients remains not optimistic. Consequently, there are still many severe challenges to be faced and difficult problems to be solved in cancer therapy today. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a natural polyphenol extracted from tea leaves, has received much attention for its antitumor effects. Accumulating investigations have confirmed that EGCG can inhibit tumorigenesis and progression by triggering apoptosis, suppressing proliferation, invasion, and migration, altering tumor epigenetic modification, and overcoming chemotherapy resistance. Nevertheless, its regulatory roles and biomolecular mechanisms in the immune microenvironment, metabolic microenvironment, and immunotherapy remain obscure. In this article, we summarized the most recent updates about the effects of EGCG on tumor microenvironment (TME), metabolic reprogramming, and anti-cancer immunotherapy. The results demonstrated EGCG can promote the anti-cancer immune response of cytotoxic lymphocytes and dendritic cells (DCs), attenuate the immunosuppression of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs), and inhibit the tumor-promoting functions of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs), and various stromal cells including cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), endothelial cells (ECs), stellate cells, and mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). Additionally, EGCG can suppress multiple metabolic reprogramming pathways, including glucose uptake, aerobic glycolysis, glutamine metabolism, fatty acid anabolism, and nucleotide synthesis. Finally, EGCG, as an immunomodulator and immune checkpoint blockade, can enhance immunotherapeutic efficacy and may be a promising candidate for antitumor immunotherapy. In conclusion, EGCG plays versatile regulatory roles in TME and metabolic reprogramming, which provides novel insights and combined therapeutic strategies for cancer immunotherapy.

Current status and future trends of reconstructing a vascularized tissue-engineered trachea

Alternative treatment of long tracheal defects remains one of the challenges faced by thoracic surgeons. Tissue engineering has shown great potential in addressing this regenerative medicine conundrum and the technology to make tracheal grafts using this technique is rapidly maturing, leading to unique therapeutic approaches. However, the clinical application of tissue-engineered tracheal implants is limited by insufficient revascularization. Among them, realizing the vascularization of a tissue-engineered trachea is the most challenging problem to overcome. To achieve long-term survival after tracheal transplantation, an effective blood supply must be formed to support the metabolism of seeded cells and promote tissue healing and regeneration. Otherwise, repeated infection, tissue necrosis, lumen stenosis lack of effective epithelialization, need for repeated bronchoscopy after surgery, and other complications will be inevitable and lead to graft failure and a poor outcome. Here we review and analyze various tissue engineering studies promoting angiogenesis in recent years. The general situation of reconstructing a vascularized tissue-engineered trachea, including current problems and future development trends, is elaborated from the perspectives of seed cells, scaffold materials, growth factors and signaling pathways, surgical interventions in animal models and clinical applications. This review also provides ideas and methods for the further development of better biocompatible tracheal substitutes in the future.

Flavonoids on the Frontline against Cancer Metastasis

Metastasis is the leading cause of death in cancer patients [...].

Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Therapeutic Potential in Cancer: Mechanism of Action and Clinical Implications

Cellular signaling pathways involved in the maintenance of the equilibrium between cell proliferation and apoptosis have emerged as rational targets that can be exploited in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the most abundant phenolic compound found in green tea. It has been shown to regulate multiple crucial cellular signaling pathways, including those mediated by EGFR, JAK-STAT, MAPKs, NF-κB, PI3K-AKT-mTOR, and others. Deregulation of the abovementioned pathways is involved in the pathophysiology of cancer. It has been demonstrated that EGCG may exert anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, and apoptosis-inducing effects or induce epigenetic changes. Furthermore, preclinical and clinical studies suggest that EGCG may be used in the treatment of numerous disorders, including cancer. This review aims to summarize the existing knowledge regarding the biological properties of EGCG, especially in the context of cancer treatment and prophylaxis.

The critical role of the phytosterols in modulating tumor microenvironment via multiple signaling: A comprehensive molecular approach

Cancer is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, and its cases are rapidly increasing every year. Several factors contribute to the development of tumorigenesis. including radiation, dietary lifestyle, smoking, environmental, and genetic factors. The cell cycle is regulated by a variety of molecular signaling proteins. However, when the proteins involved in the cell cycle regulation are altered, cellular growth and proliferation are significantly affected. Natural products provide an important source of new drug development for a variety of ailments. including cancer. Phytosterols (PSs) are an important class of natural compounds reported for numerous pharmacological activities, including cancer. Various PSs, such as ergosterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol, withaferin A, etc., have been reported for their anti-cancer activities against a variety of cancer by modulating the tumor microenvironment via molecular signaling pathways discussed within the article. These signaling pathways are associated with the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, growth factors, chemokines, and pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes. These mediators and their upstream signaling are very active within the variety of tumors and by modulating these signalings, thus PS exhibits promising anti-cancer activities. However, further high-quality studies are needed to firmly establish the clinical efficacy as well the safety of the phytosterols.

(-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate Directly Binds Cyclophilin D: A Potential Mechanism for Mitochondrial Protection

(1) Background: (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has been reported to improve mitochondrial function in cell models, while the underlying mechanism is not clear. Cyclophilin D (CypD) is a key protein that regulates mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening. (2) Methods: In this study, we found that EGCG directly binds to CypD and this interaction was investigated by surface plasmon resonance (SPR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation. (3) Results: SPR showed an affinity of 2.7 × 10^-5 M. The binding sites of EGCG on CypD were mapped to three regions by 2D NMR titration, which are Region 1 (E23-V29), Region 2 (T89-G104) and Region 3 (G124-I133). Molecular docking showed binding interface consistent with 2D NMR titration. MD simulations revealed that at least two conformations of EGCG-CypD complex exist, one with E23, D27, L90 and V93 as the most contributed residues and E23, L5 and I133 for the other. The major driven force for EGCG-CypD binding are Van der Waals and electrostatic interactions. (4) Conclusions: These results provide the structural basis for EGCG-CypD interaction, which might be a potential mechanism of how EGCG protects mitochondrial functions.

Fermented Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) Supplementation in the Prevention of HPV-Induced Cervical Cancer: From Mechanisms to Clinical Outcomes

Simple Summary

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is connected with virtually all cases of cervical cancer. The viral infection-associated chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and alterations in apoptosis have been considered as leading risk factors for carcinogenesis in humans. In an observational clinical study, we identified oxidative markers and the cervical/circulating ligands of TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis involved in HPV-associated cervical carcinogenesis. In the following clinical trial, 250 females infected with high-cancer-risk HPV16/18 (healthy and pre-cancerous) were recruited into a placebo-controlled clinical study of supplementation with fermented mangosteen (FM, 28g/day, daily) for three months. Our findings indicate that FM, and not a placebo, in combination with routine anti-viral therapy, could prevent, slow down, or even interrupt HPV-associated cervical carcinogenesis, mainly through the suppression of leukocyte recruitment into infected tissue, through anti-inflammatory effects, and through the restoration of nitric oxide metabolite-initiated TRAIL-dependent apoptosis.

Abstract

In the observational clinical study, we identified the oxidative markers of HPV-associated cervical carcinogenesis and the local/circulating ligands of TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis. Cervical biopsies of 196 females infected with low-cancer-risk HPV10/13 or high-cancer-risk HPV16/18 (healthy, pre-cancerous CIN I and CIN II, and CIN III carcinoma) were analysed for OH radical scavenging, catalase, GSH-peroxidase, myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitrate/nitrite, nitrotyrosine, and isoprostane. Ligands of TNF-alpha-dependent apoptosis (TNF-alpha, TRAIL, IL-2, and sFAS) were determined in cervical fluid, biopsies, and serum. Cervical MPO was highly enhanced, while nitrotyrosine decreased in CIN III. Local/circulating TRAIL was remarkably decreased, and higher-than-control serum TNF-alpha and IL-2 levels were found in the CIN I and CIN III groups. Then, 250 females infected with HPV16/18 (healthy and with CIN I and CIN II) were recruited into a placebo-controlled clinical study of supplementation with fermented mangosteen (FM, 28g/day, daily) for three months. Post-trial colposcopy revealed normal patterns in 100% of the FM group versus 62% of the placebo group. Inflammatory cells in cervical fluid were found in 21% of the FM group versus 40% of the placebo group. Locally, FM drastically diminished MPO and NO₂/NO₃, while it remarkably increased TRAIL. Additionally, FM supplementation normalised serum TRAIL, TNF-alpha, and IL-2.

Lichen Planopilaris Responsive to a Novel Phytoactive Botanical Treatment: A Case Series

INTRODUCTION

Lichen planopilaris (LPP) is characterized by chronic scarring alopecia that is progressive and typically refractory to therapy. Current drug treatments are suboptimal and not applicable for long-term use because of the high potential for adverse effects, warranting safer and more effective treatment alternatives.

METHODS

Based on our previous success in treating a patient with central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia using a topical botanical formulation (Gashee), we reviewed records of four patients with biopsy-proven LPP treated with the topical formulation alone or in combination with its oral preparation. Three patients had failed previous treatment with intralesional steroid injections, topical minoxidil, tacrolimus, and clobetasol. Physical examination and photographic documentation were also used as outcome measures. Treatment duration with the botanical formulations ranged from 6 weeks to 9.5 months.

RESULTS

All patients showed overall improvement in surrogate indicators of LPP activity as evidenced by the disappearance of symptoms (pruritus, tenderness, scalp irritation, and hair shedding), improvement in hair growth, and reduction in redness. All reported a high satisfaction level and no adverse effects.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with treatment-refractory LPP responded to a novel botanical treatment. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first published report of LPP responding to a plant-based natural treatment. Further evaluation of this treatment in a controlled trial with a larger number of patients is warranted.

Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) for Parkinson's Disease

In the last couple of decades, we have experienced increased use of nutraceuticals worldwide with a demand for organic foods, which has been elevated to an extent probably unmatched with other periods of our civilization. One of the nutraceuticals that gained attention is epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a polyphenol in green tea. It has been suggested that diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) can benefit from consuming some antioxidants, despite current results showing little evidence for their use in preventing and treating these diseases. ECGC may be beneficial in delaying the neurodegeneration of the substantia nigra (SN) regardless of the origin of Parkinson's disease (PD). This review covers the effect of EGCG on vitro and animal models of PD, the potential mechanisms of neuroprotection involved and summaries recent clinical trials in human PD. This review also aims to provide an investigative analysis of the current knowledge in this field and identify putative crucial issues. Environmental factors such as dietary habits, drug use, and social interaction are all factors that influence the evolution of neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, the use of nutraceuticals requires further investigation. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Co-Culture of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Regulates the Fibrotic Response of Endometrial Stromal Cells

This study explored the protective effects and mechanisms of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on the fibrotic response of endometrial stromal cells. The endometrial cells were isolated from intrauterine adhesions (IUA) patients and assigned into control group, TGF-β1 group, BMSC group which was co-cultured with BMSCs in presence of TGF-β1; Exo group (treated with BMSCs-originated exosomes); Exo-inhibitor group (treated with exosome-specific inhibitors) followed by analysis of α-SMA and Vimentin level, cell viability and expression of TGFBR2, TGFβ-1, Fibronectin (FN), α-SMA, Collagen 1α1 (Col1a1), Smad2/3 and p-Smad2/3. After TGF-β1 treatment, cells exhibited higher expression of p-Smad2/3, TGFBR2, FN, TGF-SMA and COL1A1 along with reduced cell proliferation. However, BMSCs-originated exosomes or co-culture with BMSCs reversed these changes which could be inverted by exosome-specific inhibitors. In conclusion, BMSCs-originated exosomes and BMSCs exerted an anti-fibrosis effect, which was possibly through regulation of TGFβ1/Smad2/Smad3 signalling pathway in endometrial stromal cells.

Molecular basis of acute coronary syndrome

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) comprise of various heart and blood vessels-related diseases. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is one of them. Basic researchers and cardiologists have witnessed landmark developments related to ACS and despite rapid refinement in our understanding; scientists are seeking answers for more questions. Scientists have mapped wide ranging proteins and intricate protein networks which play central role in the pathogenesis in ACS. In this review, we have attempted to summarize underlying causes of ACS. Better understanding of the disease pathology will enable us to get a step closer to an effective clinical management.

Chemico-biological aspects of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) to improve its stability, bioavailability and membrane permeability: Current status and future prospects

Natural products have been a bedrock for drug discovery for decades. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is one of the widely studied natural polyphenolic compounds derived from green tea. It is the key component believed to be responsible for the medicinal value of green tea. Significant studies implemented in in vitro, in cellulo, and in vivo models have suggested its anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, neuroprotective activities etc. Despite having such a wide array of therapeutic potential and promising results in preclinical studies, its applicability to humans has encountered with rather limited success largely due to the poor bioavailability, poor membrane permeability, rapid metabolic clearance and lack of stability of EGCG. Therefore, novel techniques are warranted to address those limitations so that EGCG or its modified analogs can be used in the clinical setup. This review comprehensively covers different strategies such as structural modifications, nano-carriers as efficient drug delivery systems, synergistic studies with other bioactivities to improve the chemico-biological aspects (e.g., stability, bioavailability, permeability, etc.) of EGCG for its enhanced pharmacokinetics and pharmacological properties, eventually enhancing its therapeutic potentials. We think this review article will serve as a strong platform with comprehensive literature on the development of novel techniques to improve the bioavailability of EGCG so that it can be translated to the clinical applications.

Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate Delivery in Lipid-Based Nanoparticles: Potentiality and Perspectives for Future Applications in Cancer Chemoprevention and Therapy

Chemoprevention is a strategy aimed to not only reduce the risk but also delay the development or recurrence of cancer. An ideal chemopreventive agent is not dangerous and ought not to result in side effects or damage to human health. In this context, epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is considered a suitable chemopreventive agent, but its clinical use is limited by many factors, namely, the difference in source, administration, individual metabolism, absorption, and distribution. Genetic and dietary differences greatly cause this variability, which has limited the rational use of EGCG in chemoprevention and, particularly, the definition of a safe and efficient concentration. In the present mini review, the main limitations to a complete understanding of the use of EGCG as a chemopreventive agent will be briefly illustrated. This review also indicates the introduction and trialing of lipid-based nanoparticles (NPs) as a proper strategy to deliver EGCG at a well-defined concentration for better investigation of the chemopreventive activity. Finally, some examples of cancers that might benefit from EGCG treatment in different stages of the disease are proposed.

Targeting transforming growth factor-β signalling for cancer prevention and intervention: Recent advances in developing small molecules of natural origin

BACKGROUND

Cancer is the world's second leading cause of death, but a significant advancement in cancer treatment has been achieved within the last few decades. However, major adverse effects and drug resistance associated with standard chemotherapy have led towards targeted treatment options.

OBJECTIVES

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling plays a key role in cell proliferation, differentiation, morphogenesis, regeneration, and tissue homeostasis. The prime objective of this review is to decipher the role of TGF-β in oncogenesis and to evaluate the potential of various natural and synthetic agents to target this dysregulated pathway to confer cancer preventive and anticancer therapeutic effects.

METHODS

Various authentic and scholarly databases were explored to search and obtain primary literature for this study. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) criteria was followed for the review.

RESULTS

Here we provide a comprehensive and critical review of recent advances on our understanding of the effect of various bioactive natural molecules on the TGF-β signaling pathway to evaluate their full potential for cancer prevention and therapy.

CONCLUSION

Based on emerging evidence as presented in this work, TGF-β-targeting bioactive compounds from natural sources can serve as potential therapeutic agents for prevention and treatment of various human malignancies.

Tea combats circadian rhythm disorder syndrome via the gut-liver-brain axis: potential mechanisms speculated

Circadian rhythm is an intrinsic mechanism developed by organisms to adapt to external environmental signals. Nowadays, owing to the job and after-work entertainment, staying up late - Circadian rhythm disorders (CRD) are common. CRD is linked to the development of fatty liver, type 2 diabetes, and chronic gastroenteritis, which affecting the body's metabolic and inflammatory responses via multi-organ crosstalk (gut-liver-brain axis, etc.). However, studies on the mechanisms of multi-organ interactions by CRD are still weak. Current studies on therapeutic agents for CRD remain inadequate, and phytochemicals have been shown to alleviate CRD-induced syndromes that may be used for CRD-therapy in the future. Tea, a popular phytochemical-rich beverage, reduces glucolipid metabolism and inflammation. But it is immature and unclear in the mechanisms of alleviation of CRD-mediated syndrome. Here, we have analyzed the threat of CRD to hosts and their offspring' health from the perspective of the "gut-liver-brain" axis. The potential mechanisms of tea in alleviating CRD were further explored. It might be by interfering with bile acid metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, and G protein-coupled receptors, with FXR, AHR, and GPCR as potential targets. We hope to provide new perspectives on the role of tea in the prevention and mitigation of CRD.HighlightsThe review highlights the health challenges of CRD via the gut-liver-brain axis.CRD research should focus on the health effects on healthy models and its offspring.Tea may prevent CRD by regulating bile acid, tryptophan, and GPCR.Potential targets for tea prevention and mitigation of CRD include FXR, AHR and GPCR.A comprehensive assessment mechanism for tea in improving CRD should be established.

Insight into Potential Anticancer Activity of Algal Flavonoids: Current Status and Challenges

Flavonoids are some of the most precious phytochemicals, believed to be found largely in terrestrial plants. With the advancement of phytochemical research and marine bioprospecting, flavonoids have also been reported by the research of microalgae and macroalgae. High growth rate with minimal nutritional and growth requirement, saving arable land and rich metabolic profile make microalgae an excellent repertoire of novel anticancer compounds, such as flavonoids. In addition, marine algae, especially seaweeds contain different types of flavonoids which are assumed to have unique chemical structures and bioactivities than their terrestrial counterparts. Flavonoids are not only good antioxidants but also have the abilities to kill cancer cells by inducing apoptosis and autophagy. However, the study of the anticancer properties of flavonoids is largely limited to terrestrial plants. This review offers an insight into the distribution of different classes of flavonoids in eukaryotic microalgae, cyanobacteria and seaweeds with their possible anticancer activities. In addition, extraction and purification methods of these flavonoids have been highlighted. Finally, prospects and challenges to use algal flavonoids as anticancer agents have been discussed.

Oxidative damage-induced hyperactive ribosome biogenesis participates in tumorigenesis of offspring by cross-interacting with the Wnt and TGF-β1 pathways in IVF embryos

In vitro fertilization (IVF) increases the risk of tumorigenesis in offspring. The increased oxidative damage during IVF may be involved in tumor formation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain largely unclear. Using a well-established model of oxidatively damaged IVF mouse embryos, we applied the iTRAQ method to identify proteins differentially expressed between control and oxidatively damaged zygotes and explored the possible tumorigenic mechanisms, especially with regard to the effects of oxidative damage on ribosome biogenesis closely related to tumorigenesis. The iTRAQ results revealed that ribosomal proteins were upregulated by oxidative stress through the Nucleolin/β-Catenin/n-Myc pathway, which stimulated ribosomes to synthesize an abundance of repair proteins to correct the damaged DNA/chromosomes in IVF-derived embryos. However, the increased percentages of γH2AX-positive cells and apoptotic cells in the blastocyst suggested that DNA repair was insufficient, resulting in aberrant ribosome biogenesis. Overexpression of ribosomal proteins, particularly Rpl15, which gradually increased from the 1-cell to 8-cell stages, indicated persistent hyperactivation of ribosome biogenesis, which promoted tumorigenesis in offspring derived from oxidatively damaged IVF embryos by selectively enhancing the translation of β-Catenin and TGF-β1. The antioxidant epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) was added to the in vitro culture medium to protect embryos from oxidative damage, and the expression of ribosome-/tumor-related proteins returned to normal after EGCG treatment. This study suggests that regulation of ribosome biogenesis by EGCG may be a means of preventing tumor formation in human IVF-derived offspring, providing a scientific basis for optimizing in vitro culture conditions and improving human-assisted reproductive technology.

Research progress of phenolic compounds regulating IL-6 to exert antitumor effects

Cytokine therapy, which activates the host immune system, has become an important and novel therapeutic approach to treat various cancers. Recent studies have shown that IL-6 is an important cytokine that regulates the homeostasis in vivo. However, excessive IL-6 plays a pathological role in a variety of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, especially in cancer. IL-6 can transmit signals through JAK/STAT, RAS /MAPK, PI3K/ Akt, NF-κB, and other pathways to promote cancer progression. Phenolic compounds can effectively regulate the level of IL-6 in tumor cells and improve the tumor microenvironment. This article focuses on the phenolic compounds through the regulation of IL-6, participate in the prevention of cancer, inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells, reduce angiogenesis, improve therapeutic efficacy, and reduce side effects and other aspects. This will help to further advance research on cytokine therapy to reduce the burden of cancer and improve patient prognosis. However, current studies are mostly limited to animal and cellular experiments, and high-quality clinical studies are needed to further determine their antitumor efficacy in humans.

EGCG inhibits growth of tumoral lesions on lip and tongue of K-Ras transgenic mice through the Notch pathway

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the main active ingredient of green tea, exhibits low toxic side effect and versatile bioactivities, and its anti-cancer effect has been extensively studied. Most of the studies used cancer cell lines and xenograft models. However, whether EGCG can prevent tumor onset after cancer-associated mutations occur is still controversial. In the present study, Krt14-cre/ERT-Kras transgenic mice were developed and the expression of K-RasG12D was induced by tamoxifen. Two weeks after induction, the K-Ras mutant mice developed exophytic tumoral lesions on the lips and tongues, with significant activation of Notch signaling pathway. Administration of EGCG effectively delayed the time of appearance, decreased the size and weight of tumoral lesions, relieved heterotypic hyperplasia of tumoral lesions, and prolonged the life of the mice. The Notch signaling pathway was significantly inhibited by EGCG in the tumoral lesions. Furthermore, EGCG significantly induced cell apoptosis and inhibited the proliferation of tongue cancer cells by blocking the activation of Notch signaling pathway. Taken together, these results indicate EGCG as an effective chemotherapeutic agent for tongue cancer by targeting Notch pathway.

Long non-coding RNAs regulated NF-κB signaling in cancer metastasis: Micromanaging by not so small non-coding RNAs

Cancer metastasis is a major reason for the cancer-associated deaths and a role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in cancer metastasis is increasingly being realized. Among the many oncogenic pathways, NF-κB signalling's involvement in cancer metastasis as a key inflammation-regulatory transcription factor has been a subject of interest for long time. Accumulating data from in vitro as well as in vivo studies along with analysis of clinical cancer tissues points to regulation of NF-κB signalling by lncRNAs with implications toward the onset of cancer metastasis. LncRNAs FOXD2-AS1, KRT19P3 and the NF-κB interacting lncRNA (NKILA) associate with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis of individual cancers. The role of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in cancer metastasis is well known. EMT is regulated by NF-κB and regulation of NF-κB/EMT-induced metastasis by lncRNAs remains a hot topic of research with indications for such roles of lncRNAs MALAT1, SNHG15, CRNDE and AC007271.3. Among the many lncRNAs, NKILA stands out as the most investigated lncRNA for its regulation of NF-κB. This tumor suppressive lncRNA has been reported downregulated in clinical samples representing different human cancers. Mechanistically, NKILA has been consistently shown to inhibit NF-κB activation via inhibition of IκBα phosphorylation and the resulting suppression of EMT. NKILA is also a target of natural anticancer compounds. Given the importance of NF-κB as a master regulatory transcription factor, lncRNAs, as the modulators of NF-κB signaling, can provide alternate targets for metastatic cancers with constitutively active NF-κB.

Andrographolide and its derivatives: Current achievements and future perspectives

Natural product andrographolide isolated from the plant Andrographis paniculata shows a plethora of biological activities, including anti-tumor, anti-bacterial, anti-inflammation, anti-virus, anti-fibrosis, anti-obesity, immunomodulatory and hypoglycemic activities. Based on extensive chemical structural modifications, a series of andrographolide derivatives with improved bioavailability and druggability has been developed. Moreover, greater understanding of their mechanisms of action at the molecular and cellular level has been thoroughly investigated. In this review, we give an outlook for the therapeutical potential of andrographolide and its derivatives in diverse diseases and highlighted the drug design, pharmacokinetic and mechanistic studies for the past ten years, together with a brief overview of the pharmacological effects. Notably, we focused to provide a critical enlightenment of the area of andrographolide and its derivatives with the intent of indicating the future perspectives, challenges and limitations. We believe that this review paper will benefit drug discovery where andrographolide was used as a template, shed light on the identification of drug targets for andrographolide and its analogs, as well as increase our knowledge for using them for therapeutic application, including the treatment for various forms of cancers.

Wnt/β-catenin Antagonists: Exploring New Avenues to Trigger Old Drugs in Alleviating Glioblastoma Multiforme

BACKGROUND

Glioblastoma multiforme is one of the most heterogenous primary brain tumor with high mortality. Nevertheless, of the current therapeutic approaches, survival rate remains poor with 12 to 15 months following preliminary diagnosis, this warrants the need for effective treatment modality. Wnt/β-catenin pathway is presumably the most noteworthy pathway up-regulated in almost 80% GBM cases contributing to tumor-initiation, progression and survival. Therefore, therapeutic strategies targeting key components of Wnt/β-catenin cascade using established genotoxic agents like temozolomide and pharmacological inhibitors would be an effective approach to modulate Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Recently, drug repurposing by means of effective combination therapy has gained importance in various solid tumors including GBM, by targeting two or more proteins in a single pathway, thereby possessing the ability to overcome the hurdle implicated by chemo-resistance in GBM.

OBJECTIVE

In this context, by employing computational tools, an attempt has been carried out to speculate the novel combinations against Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.

METHODS

We have explored the binding interactions of three conventional drugs namely temozolomide, metformin, chloroquine along with three natural compounds viz., epigallocatechin gallate, naringenin and phloroglucinol on the major receptors of Wnt/β-catenin signaling.

RESULTS

It was noted that all the experimental compounds possessed profound interaction with the two major receptors of Wnt/β-catenin pathway.

CONCLUSION

To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first of its kind to characterize the combined interactions of the afore-mentioned drugs on Wnt/β-catenin signaling in silico and this will putatively open up new avenues for combination therapies in GBM treatment.

EGCG Inhibits Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Differentiation into Adipocytes and Prevents a STAT3-Mediated Paracrine Oncogenic Control of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Invasive Phenotype

Obese subjects have an increased risk of developing triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), in part associated with the chronic low-grade inflammation state. On the other hand, epidemiological data indicates that increased consumption of polyphenol-rich fruits and vegetables plays a key role in reducing incidence of some cancer types. Here, we tested whether green tea-derived epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) could alter adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell differentiation into adipocytes, and how this impacts the secretome profile and paracrine regulation of the TNBC invasive phenotype. Here, cell differentiation was performed and conditioned media (CM) from preadipocytes and mature adipocytes harvested. Human TNBC-derived MDA-MB-231 real-time cell migration was performed using the exCELLigence system. Differential gene arrays and RT-qPCR were used to assess gene expression levels. Western blotting was used to assess protein expression and phosphorylation status levels. In vitro vasculogenic mimicry (VM) was assessed with Matrigel. EGCG was found to inhibit the induction of key adipogenic biomarkers, including lipoprotein lipase, adiponectin, leptin, fatty acid synthase, and fatty acid binding protein 4. Increased TNBC-derived MDA-MB-231 cell chemotaxis and vasculogenic mimicry were observed in response to mature adipocytes secretome, and this was correlated with increased STAT3 phosphorylation status. This invasive phenotype was prevented by EGCG, the JAK/STAT inhibitors Tofacitinib and AG490, as well as upon STAT3 gene silencing. In conclusion, dietary catechin-mediated interventions could, in part through the inhibition of adipogenesis and modulation of adipocytes secretome profile, prevent the onset of an obesogenic environment that favors TNBC development.

Opportunities and challenges for the nanodelivery of green tea catechins in functional foods

Green tea, the least processed tea product, is scientifically known for its rich antioxidant content originating from polyphenols, especially catechins. The most potent green tea catechin is epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), which is responsible for a wide range of health benefits including anticancer, antidiabetics, and anti-inflammatory properties. However, green tea catechins (GTCs) are very labile under both environmental and gastrointestinal conditions; their chemical stability and bioavailability primarily depend on the processing and formulation conditions. Nanocarriers can protect GTCs against such conditions, and consequently, can be applicable for designing nanodelivery systems suitable for GTCs. In this review, the latest findings about both opportunities and limitations for the nanodelivery of GTCs and their incorporation into various functional food products are discussed. The scientific findings so far confirm that nanodelivery of GTCs can be an efficient approach towards the enhancement of their health-promoting effects with a minimal dose, controlled and targeted release, lessening the dose-related toxicity, and the efficient incorporation into functional foods. However, further investigation is yet needed to fully explain the cellular mechanisms of action of GTCs on human health and to elucidate the effect of encapsulation on their bioefficacy using well-designed, systematic, long-term, and large-scale clinical interventions. There also exists a substantial concern regarding the safety of the manufactured nanoparticles, their absorption, and the associated release mechanisms.

miRNA signature associated with R-CHOP refractoriness in patients diagnosed with diffuse large B cell lymphoma

Refractoriness remains as one of the challenges in patients with lymphoma under chemotherapy, and among biological regulators in cells driving this type of response are microRNAs (miRNAs). Different genes are constantly turned on or off according to the miRNAs expression profiles affecting the drug response in patients and their stability in serum and plasma makes them potential prognostic biomarkers in several diseases. Here we described a profile of miRNAs in plasma of diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients. miRNA expression arrays were carried using pre-treatment plasma samples of sixteen patients, followed by a comparison between the responder and the non-responders. After six cycles of R–CHOP treatment, twelve out of sixteen patients were clinically diagnosed with complete response while in four patients no clinical response was observed. Between these groups, a signature of fifteen differential expressed miRNAs was found. The circulating miRNAs in plasma of patients with no response were related to the drug resistance in other types of cancer, by targeting genes involved in cell proliferation and apoptosis, among other cell processes.

Role of Natural Bioactive Compounds in the Rise and Fall of Cancers

Recent years have seen the idea of a close association between nutrition and the modulation of cancer development/progression reinforced [...].

Detection of antitumoral effects of quercetin through protein synthesis associated with argyrophilic nucleolar-regulating region

Quercetin is a natural flavonoid with potential anticancer properties without significant cytotoxicity in normal tissues. However, the effects of quercetin on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) have not yet been clarified. The study aimed to show the antitumoral effect of quercetin through argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) protein synthesis in mice carrying EAC. Thirty mice were used in the experiment (negative control (n = 6), tumor control (n = 8), quercetin 50 mg/kg (n = 8), and quercetin 100 mg/kg (n = 8) intravenously). The animals were euthanized on the 14th day, and the solid tumors were removed. Then, the total AgNOR area/nuclear area (TAA/NA) and average AgNOR number were calculated for each mice and the immunoreactivity of the factor VIII protein in tumor was evaluated. Tumor volumes and animal weights were statistically significant compared to the tumor control group (p < 0.05). Statistically significant differences were observed between the groups in terms of TAA/NA ratio (p < 0.05). Factor VIII expressions decreased in quercetin groups compared to control tumor tissue (p < 0.05). The current study showed that quercetin has an important function against cancer development.

Protective Effect of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate (EGCG) in Diseases with Uncontrolled Immune Activation: Could Such a Scenario Be Helpful to Counteract COVID-19?

Some coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients develop acute pneumonia which can result in a cytokine storm syndrome in response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The most effective anti-inflammatory drugs employed so far in severe COVID-19 belong to the cytokine-directed biological agents, widely used in the management of many autoimmune diseases. In this paper we analyze the efficacy of epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG), the most abundant ingredient in green tea leaves and a well-known antioxidant, in counteracting autoimmune diseases, which are dominated by a massive cytokines production. Indeed, many studies registered that EGCG inhibits signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1/3 and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) transcription factors, whose activities are crucial in a multiplicity of downstream pro-inflammatory signaling pathways. Importantly, the safety of EGCG/green tea extract supplementation is well documented in many clinical trials, as discussed in this review. Since EGCG can restore the natural immunological homeostasis in many different autoimmune diseases, we propose here a supplementation therapy with EGCG in COVID-19 patients. Besides some antiviral and anti-sepsis actions, the major EGCG benefits lie in its anti-fibrotic effect and in the ability to simultaneously downregulate expression and signaling of many inflammatory mediators. In conclusion, EGCG can be considered a potential safe natural supplement to counteract hyper-inflammation growing in COVID-19.