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Liu H, Yin G, Kohlhepp MS, Schumacher F, Hundertmark J, Hassan MIA, Heymann F, Puengel T, Kleuser B, Mosig AS, Tacke F, Guillot A. Dissecting Acute Drug-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Therapeutic Responses of Steatotic Liver Disease Using Primary Mouse Liver and Blood Cells in a Liver-On-A-Chip Model. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2403516. [PMID: 38868948 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202403516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is hallmarked by hepatic steatosis, cell injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. This study elaborates on a multicellular biochip-based liver sinusoid model to mimic MASLD pathomechanisms and investigate the therapeutic effects of drug candidates lanifibranor and resmetirom. Mouse liver primary hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells, Kupffer cells, and endothelial cells are seeded in a dual-chamber biocompatible liver-on-a-chip (LoC). The LoC is then perfused with circulating immune cells (CICs). Acetaminophen (APAP) and free fatty acids (FFAs) treatment recapitulate acute drug-induced liver injury and MASLD, respectively. As a benchmark for the LoC, multiplex immunofluorescence on livers from APAP-injected and dietary MASLD-induced mice reveals characteristic changes on parenchymal and immune cell populations. APAP exposure induces cell death in the LoC, and increased inflammatory cytokine levels in the circulating perfusate. Under FFA stimulation, lipid accumulation, cellular damage, inflammatory secretome, and fibrogenesis are increased in the LoC, reflecting MASLD. Both injury conditions potentiate CIC migration from the perfusate to the LoC cellular layers. Lanifibranor prevents the onset of inflammation, while resmetirom decreases lipid accumulation in hepatocytes and increases the generation of FFA metabolites in the LoC. This study demonstrates the LoC potential for functional and molecular evaluation of liver disease drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyang Liu
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guo Yin
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marlene Sophia Kohlhepp
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Hundertmark
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mohamed I Abdelwahab Hassan
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Felix Heymann
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Puengel
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Sandy Mosig
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adrien Guillot
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353, Berlin, Germany
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2
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Gupta B, Yang G, Key M. Novel Chromogens for Immunohistochemistry in Spatial Biology. Cells 2024; 13:936. [PMID: 38891068 PMCID: PMC11171645 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Spatial relations between tumor cells and host-infiltrating cells are increasingly important in both basic science and clinical research. In this study, we have tested the feasibility of using standard methods of immunohistochemistry (IHC) in a multiplex staining system using a newly developed set of chromogenic substrates for the peroxidase and alkaline phosphatase enzymes. Using this approach, we have developed a set of chromogens characterized by (1) providing fine cellular detail, (2) non-overlapping spectral profiles, (3) an absence of interactions between chromogens, (4) stability when stored, and (5) compatibility with current standard immunohistochemistry practices. When viewed microscopically under brightfield illumination, the chromogens yielded the following colors: red, black, blue, yellow, brown, and green. By selecting compatible color combinations, we have shown feasibility for four-color multiplex staining. Depending on the particular type of analysis being performed, visual analysis, without the aid of computer-assisted image analysis, was sufficient to differentiate up to four different markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bipin Gupta
- Diagnostic BioSystems, Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA;
| | - George Yang
- Diagnostic BioSystems, Pleasanton, CA 94588, USA;
| | - Marc Key
- Key Biomedical Services, Ojai, CA 93023, USA;
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Feng D, Hwang S, Guillot A, Wang Y, Guan Y, Chen C, Maccioni L, Gao B. Inflammation in Alcohol-Associated Hepatitis: Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Targets. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024; 18:101352. [PMID: 38697358 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2024.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Alcohol-associated hepatitis (AH) is an acute-on-chronic liver injury that occurs in patients with chronic alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD). Patients with severe AH have high short-term mortality and lack effective pharmacologic therapies. Inflammation is believed to be one of the key factors promoting AH progression and has been actively investigated as therapeutic targets over the last several decades, but no effective inflammatory targets have been identified so far. In this review, we discuss how inflammatory cells and the inflammatory mediators produced by these cells contribute to the development and progression of AH, with focus on neutrophils and macrophages. The crosstalk between inflammatory cells and liver nonparenchymal cells in the pathogenesis of AH is elaborated. We also deliberate the application of recent cutting-edge technologies in characterizing liver inflammation in AH. Finally, the potential therapeutic targets of inflammatory mediators for AH are briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Seonghwan Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Adrien Guillot
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yang Wang
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Yukun Guan
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Cheng Chen
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Luca Maccioni
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
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4
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Wilken S, Thevathasan T, Kamali C, Guillot A, Ihlow J, Fehrenbach U, Danyel M, Pratschke J, Tacke F, Krenzien F. Patient with a novel syndrome with multiple benign hepatic lesions and extrahepatic neoplasms. Clin J Gastroenterol 2024; 17:300-306. [PMID: 38133737 PMCID: PMC10960739 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-023-01899-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous occurrence of benign hepatic lesions of different types is a sporadic phenomenon. To the best of our knowledge, we report the first clinical case of a syndrome with simultaneous manifestations of three different entities of benign liver tumors (hepatocellular adenoma, focal nodular hyperplasia and hemangioma) with a novel mutation detected in the liver adenoma and in the presence of a number of further extrahepatic organ neoplasms. Furthermore, we describe for the first time the presence of liver epithelial cells of hepatocytic phenotype expressing cytokeratin 7 (CK7) at the border of the adenoma. These findings may be important for explaining pathogenesis of benign as well as malignant tumors based on genetic and histopathological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Wilken
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tharusan Thevathasan
- Department of Cardiology, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Can Kamali
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adrien Guillot
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Ihlow
- Institute of Pathology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uli Fehrenbach
- Clinic for Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Magdalena Danyel
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Human Genetics, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johann Pratschke
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Krenzien
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
- Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Biomedical Innovation Academy, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité- Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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5
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Mackowiak B, Fu Y, Maccioni L, Gao B. Alcohol-associated liver disease. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e176345. [PMID: 38299591 PMCID: PMC10836812 DOI: 10.1172/jci176345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a major cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, and comprises a spectrum of several different disorders, including simple steatosis, steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and superimposed hepatocellular carcinoma. Although tremendous progress has been made in the field of ALD over the last 20 years, the pathogenesis of ALD remains obscure, and there are currently no FDA-approved drugs for the treatment of ALD. In this Review, we discuss new insights into the pathogenesis and therapeutic targets of ALD, utilizing the study of multiomics and other cutting-edge approaches. The potential translation of these studies into clinical practice and therapy is deliberated. We also discuss preclinical models of ALD, interplay of ALD and metabolic dysfunction, alcohol-associated liver cancer, the heterogeneity of ALD, and some potential translational research prospects for ALD.
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Ahmadi AR, Song G, Gao T, Ma J, Han X, Hu MW, Cameron AM, Wesson RN, Philosophe B, Ottmann S, King E, Gurakar A, Qi L, Peiffer B, Burdick J, Anders R, Zhou Z, Lu H, Feng D, Chen CS, Qian J, Gao B, Zhu H, Sun Z. Discovery and characterization of cross-reactive intrahepatic antibodies in severe alcoholic hepatitis. eLife 2023; 12:RP86678. [PMID: 38055614 PMCID: PMC10699809 DOI: 10.7554/elife.86678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of antibodies in severe alcoholic hepatitis (SAH) remains unknown. We analyzed immunoglobulins (Ig) in explanted livers from SAH patients (n=45) undergoing liver transplantation and tissues from corresponding healthy donors (HD, n=10) and found massive deposition of IgG and IgA isotype antibodies associated with complement fragment C3d and C4d staining in ballooned hepatocytes in SAH livers. Ig extracted from SAH livers, but not patient serum exhibited hepatocyte killing efficacy. Employing human and Escherichia coli K12 proteome arrays, we profiled the antibodies extracted from explanted SAH, livers with other diseases, and HD livers. Compared with their counterparts extracted from livers with other diseases and HD, antibodies of IgG and IgA isotypes were highly accumulated in SAH and recognized a unique set of human proteins and E. coli antigens. Further, both Ig- and E. coli-captured Ig from SAH livers recognized common autoantigens enriched in several cellular components including cytosol and cytoplasm (IgG and IgA), nucleus, mitochondrion, and focal adhesion (IgG). Except IgM from primary biliary cholangitis livers, no common autoantigen was recognized by Ig- and E. coli-captured Ig from livers with other diseases. These findings demonstrate the presence of cross-reacting anti-bacterial IgG and IgA autoantibodies in SAH livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Reza Ahmadi
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Guang Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Tianshun Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Jing Ma
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH)BaltimoreUnited States
| | - Xiaomei Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Ming-Wen Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Andrew M Cameron
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Russell N Wesson
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Benjamin Philosophe
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Shane Ottmann
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Elizabeth King
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Ahmet Gurakar
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Le Qi
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Brandon Peiffer
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - James Burdick
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Robert Anders
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Zhanxiang Zhou
- Center for Translational Biomedical Research and Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, North Carolina Research CampusKannapolisUnited States
| | - Hongkun Lu
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH)BaltimoreUnited States
| | - Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH)BaltimoreUnited States
| | - Chien-Sheng Chen
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, National Cheng Kung UniversityTainanTaiwan
| | - Jiang Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH)BaltimoreUnited States
| | - Heng Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
| | - Zhaoli Sun
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreUnited States
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Bai Q, Li R, He X, Hong X, Yan Y, Zhao Z, Lin H, Tacke F, Engelmann C, Hu T. Single-cell landscape of immune cells during the progression from HBV infection to HBV cirrhosis and HBV-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1320414. [PMID: 38116005 PMCID: PMC10729758 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1320414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Immune cells play crucial roles in the development of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, leading to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, their functions at different disease stages are not fully understood. Methods In this study, we used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to characterize the human liver immune microenvironment at different disease stages. We analyzed scRNA-seq data from 118,455 immune cells obtained from livers of six healthy individuals, four patients with HBV infection, five patients with HBV cirrhosis, and three patients with HBV-associated HCC. Results Our results showed an accumulation of scar-associated macrophages during disease progression, and we identified two relevant immune subsets, Macrophage-CD9/IL18 and macrophage-CD9/IFI6. Macrophage-CD9/IL18 expanded from HBV infection to cirrhosis, while macrophage-CD9/IFI6 expanded from cirrhosis to HCC. We verified the existence of Macrophage-CD9/IFI6 using multiplex immunofluorescence staining. We also found an increase in cytotoxic NK Cell-GNLY during progression from cirrhosis to HCC. Additionally, the proportion of CD4 T cell-TNFAIP3, CD8 T cell-TNF (effector CD8 T cells), and CD8 T cell-CD53 increased, while the proportion of Treg cells decreased from HBV infection to cirrhosis. The proportion of Treg and CD8 T cell-LAG3 (Exhausted CD8 T cell) enhanced, while the proportion of CD8 T cell-TNF (effector CD8 T cells) decreased from cirrhosis to HCC. Furthermore, GSEA enrichment analyses revealed that MAPK, ERBB, and P53 signaling pathways in myeloid cells were gradually inhibited from HBV infection to cirrhosis and HCC. Discussion Our study provides important insights into changes in the hepatic immune environment during the progression of HBV-related liver disease, which may help improve the management of HBV-infected liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingquan Bai
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Runyang Li
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiao He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoting Hong
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ying Yan
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhengyang Zhao
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Han Lin
- Department of Hepatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelius Engelmann
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health - Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tianhui Hu
- Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, China
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8
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Cai X, Tacke F, Guillot A, Liu H. Cholangiokines: undervalued modulators in the hepatic microenvironment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1192840. [PMID: 37261338 PMCID: PMC10229055 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1192840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The biliary epithelial cells, also known as cholangiocytes, line the intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts, forming a barrier between intra- and extra-ductal environments. Cholangiocytes are mostly known to modulate bile composition and transportation. In hepatobiliary diseases, bile duct injury leads to drastic alterations in cholangiocyte phenotypes and their release of soluble mediators, which can vary depending on the original insult and cellular states (quiescence, senescence, or proliferation). The cholangiocyte-secreted cytokines (also termed cholangiokines) drive ductular cell proliferation, portal inflammation and fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. Hence, despite the previous consensus that cholangiocytes are bystanders in liver diseases, their diverse secretome plays critical roles in modulating the intrahepatic microenvironment. This review summarizes recent insights into the cholangiokines under both physiological and pathological conditions, especially as they occur during liver injury-regeneration, inflammation, fibrosis and malignant transformation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiurong Cai
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Tumor Immunology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adrien Guillot
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hanyang Liu
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
- Center of Gastrointestinal Diseases, Changzhou Second People's Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
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Bariatric Surgery Associates with Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis/Hepatocellular Carcinoma Amelioration via SPP1 Suppression. Metabolites 2022; 13:metabo13010011. [PMID: 36676937 PMCID: PMC9867453 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases worldwide and no effective drugs or treatments have been approved for disease management. Recently, bariatric surgery (BS) is considered to be a novel disease-modifying therapy for NASH and liver metabolic diseases, according to clinical follow-up studies. Despite the revealment of physiopathological alterations, underlying mechanisms and key factors remain indeterminate. This study included multiple bulk RNA-sequencing datasets to investigate transcriptome variation in one-year follow-up BS and diet management (Diet) NASH patients' liver biopsies. Liver functions, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis were predicted in liver samples via hallmark-based function enrichment analysis. Key factors generated from multi-dataset comparison were further assessed with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression and prognosis. BS leads to active gene expression alterations in NASH liver in comparison to diet management (Diet). Both approaches reduce cell stress and immune response, whereas BS contributes to higher metabolic levels and lower apoptosis levels. The macrophage infiltration, adipose accumulation, and fibroblast activation were revealed to be lower in post-BS NASH livers, further demonstrating positive correlations mutually. Seven key genes (MNDA, ALOX5AP, PECAM1, SPP1, CD86, FGF21, CSTA) were screened out as potential macrophage-associated and carcinogenetic factors suppressed by BS. SPP1 was identified as a crucial factor participating in BS intervened NASH-HCC progression. This study determined that BS exerts potentially superior protective functions in NASH livers compared to diet management. SPP1 may serve as a novel factor to study the functionalities of BS on NASH patients.
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Bosisio FM, Van Herck Y, Messiaen J, Bolognesi MM, Marcelis L, Van Haele M, Cattoretti G, Antoranz A, De Smet F. Next-Generation Pathology Using Multiplexed Immunohistochemistry: Mapping Tissue Architecture at Single-Cell Level. Front Oncol 2022; 12:918900. [PMID: 35992810 PMCID: PMC9389457 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.918900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-cell omics aim at charting the different types and properties of all cells in the human body in health and disease. Over the past years, myriads of cellular phenotypes have been defined by methods that mostly required cells to be dissociated and removed from their original microenvironment, thus destroying valuable information about their location and interactions. Growing insights, however, are showing that such information is crucial to understand complex disease states. For decades, pathologists have interpreted cells in the context of their tissue using low-plex antibody- and morphology-based methods. Novel technologies for multiplexed immunohistochemistry are now rendering it possible to perform extended single-cell expression profiling using dozens of protein markers in the spatial context of a single tissue section. The combination of these novel technologies with extended data analysis tools allows us now to study cell-cell interactions, define cellular sociology, and describe detailed aberrations in tissue architecture, as such gaining much deeper insights in disease states. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the available technologies for multiplexed immunohistochemistry, their advantages and challenges. We also provide the principles on how to interpret high-dimensional data in a spatial context. Similar to the fact that no one can just “read” a genome, pathological assessments are in dire need of extended digital data repositories to bring diagnostics and tissue interpretation to the next level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Maria Bosisio
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Frederik De Smet, ; Francesca Maria Bosisio,
| | | | - Julie Messiaen
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- The Laboratory for Precision Cancer Medicine, Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maddalena Maria Bolognesi
- Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- Department of Pathology, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Monza, Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Lukas Marcelis
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthias Van Haele
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Giorgio Cattoretti
- Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Università di Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
- Department of Pathology, Azienda Socio Sanitaria Territoriale (ASST) Monza, Ospedale San Gerardo, Monza, Italy
| | - Asier Antoranz
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- The Laboratory for Precision Cancer Medicine, Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frederik De Smet
- Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- The Laboratory for Precision Cancer Medicine, Translational Cell and Tissue Research Unit, Department of Imaging and Pathology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Frederik De Smet, ; Francesca Maria Bosisio,
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11
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Ma J, Guillot A, Yang Z, Mackowiak B, Hwang S, Park O, Peiffer BJ, Ahmadi AR, Melo L, Kusumanchi P, Huda N, Saxena R, He Y, Guan Y, Feng D, Sancho-Bru P, Zang M, Cameron AM, Bataller R, Tacke F, Sun Z, Liangpunsakul S, Gao B. Distinct histopathological phenotypes of severe alcoholic hepatitis suggest different mechanisms driving liver injury and failure. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:157780. [PMID: 35838051 PMCID: PMC9282929 DOI: 10.1172/jci157780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrahepatic neutrophil infiltration has been implicated in severe alcoholic hepatitis (SAH) pathogenesis; however, the mechanism underlying neutrophil-induced injury in SAH remains obscure. This translational study aims to describe the patterns of intrahepatic neutrophil infiltration and its involvement in SAH pathogenesis. Immunohistochemistry analyses of explanted livers identified two SAH phenotypes despite a similar clinical presentation, one with high intrahepatic neutrophils (Neuhi), but low levels of CD8+ T cells, and vice versa. RNA-Seq analyses demonstrated that neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 (NCF1), a key factor in controlling neutrophilic ROS production, was upregulated and correlated with hepatic inflammation and disease progression. To study specifically the mechanisms related to Neuhi in AH patients and liver injury, we used the mouse model of chronic-plus-binge ethanol feeding and found that myeloid-specific deletion of the Ncf1 gene abolished ethanol-induced hepatic inflammation and steatosis. RNA-Seq analysis and the data from experimental models revealed that neutrophilic NCF1-dependent ROS promoted alcoholic hepatitis (AH) by inhibiting AMP-activated protein kinase (a key regulator of lipid metabolism) and microRNA-223 (a key antiinflammatory and antifibrotic microRNA). In conclusion, two distinct histopathological phenotypes based on liver immune phenotyping are observed in SAH patients, suggesting a separate mechanism driving liver injury and/or failure in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ma
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Adrien Guillot
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhihong Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Bryan Mackowiak
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Seonghwan Hwang
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ogyi Park
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Brandon J Peiffer
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ali Reza Ahmadi
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Luma Melo
- Center for Liver Diseases, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Praveen Kusumanchi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Nazmul Huda
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Romil Saxena
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yong He
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yukun Guan
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pau Sancho-Bru
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), University of Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mengwei Zang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | - Ramon Bataller
- Center for Liver Diseases, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum and Campus Charité Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zhaoli Sun
- Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Suthat Liangpunsakul
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,Roudebush Veterans Administration Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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12
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Lin S, Araujo C, Hall A, Kumar R, Phillips A, Hassan M, Engelmann C, Quaglia A, Jalan R. Prognostic Role of Liver Biopsy in Patients With Severe Indeterminate Acute Hepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022; 20:1130-1141.e7. [PMID: 34389485 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Severe indeterminate acute hepatitis (sIAH) is a poorly understood rare disease with no specific therapy. This study aims to define the clinicopathological characteristics of sIAH and the role of liver biopsy in determining prognosis. METHODS Patients with sIAH admitted to a single center between 2010 and 2019 were included. Histopathological patterns of liver biopsies were reviewed by 2 histopathologists, and key findings further were specified by multiplex immunofluorescence. Patients that died or underwent liver transplantation were analyzed as nonsurvivors. RESULTS Of 294 patients with acute hepatitis, 43 with sIAH were included. Seventeen (39.5%) underwent liver transplantation and 7 (16.2%) died within 3 months. Multilobular necrosis was the predominant histopathological feature, being significantly more frequent in nonsurvivors (62.5% vs 21.1%; P = .016). Necrotic areas showed low HNF4α and Ki67 expression but high expression of CK19 and cell death markers identifying areas of severe tissue injury and inadequate regenerative response. Patients with multilobular necrosis had higher international normalized ratio, Model for End-Stage Liver Disease, and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease-Sodium scores compared with those without (P values for all markers <.05). Multivariate Cox analysis revealed that multilobular necrosis (hazard ratio, 3.675; 95% confidence interval, 1.322-10.211) and lower body mass index (hazard ratio, 0.916; 95% confidence interval, 0.848-0.991) independently predicted death or transplantation. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study provide novel insights into the important role of liver biopsy in sIAH patients, suggesting that the presence of multilobular necrosis is an early indicator of poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Lin
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, University College London Medical School, London, United Kingdom; Hepatology Research Institute, Department of Hepatology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Catarina Araujo
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Anatomical-Pathology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andrew Hall
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, University College London Medical School, London, United Kingdom; Department of Cellular Pathology, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom; Sheila Sherlock Liver Center, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, University College London Medical School, London, United Kingdom; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre, Changi General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Alexandra Phillips
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, University College London Medical School, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mohsin Hassan
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelius Engelmann
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, University College London Medical School, London, United Kingdom; Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Section of Hepatology, Clinic for Gastroenterology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alberto Quaglia
- Department of Cellular Pathology, UCL Cancer Institute, Royal Free Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rajiv Jalan
- Liver Failure Group, Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Division of Medicine, Royal Free Hospital, University College London Medical School, London, United Kingdom; European Foundation for the Study of Chronic Liver Failure, Barcelona, Spain.
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13
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Günes Günsel G, Conlon TM, Jeridi A, Kim R, Ertüz Z, Lang NJ, Ansari M, Novikova M, Jiang D, Strunz M, Gaianova M, Hollauer C, Gabriel C, Angelidis I, Doll S, Pestoni JC, Edelmann SL, Kohlhepp MS, Guillot A, Bassler K, Van Eeckhoutte HP, Kayalar Ö, Konyalilar N, Kanashova T, Rodius S, Ballester-López C, Genes Robles CM, Smirnova N, Rehberg M, Agarwal C, Krikki I, Piavaux B, Verleden SE, Vanaudenaerde B, Königshoff M, Dittmar G, Bracke KR, Schultze JL, Watz H, Eickelberg O, Stoeger T, Burgstaller G, Tacke F, Heissmeyer V, Rinkevich Y, Bayram H, Schiller HB, Conrad M, Schneider R, Yildirim AÖ. The arginine methyltransferase PRMT7 promotes extravasation of monocytes resulting in tissue injury in COPD. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1303. [PMID: 35288557 PMCID: PMC8921220 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28809-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extravasation of monocytes into tissue and to the site of injury is a fundamental immunological process, which requires rapid responses via post translational modifications (PTM) of proteins. Protein arginine methyltransferase 7 (PRMT7) is an epigenetic factor that has the capacity to mono-methylate histones on arginine residues. Here we show that in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, PRMT7 expression is elevated in the lung tissue and localized to the macrophages. In mouse models of COPD, lung fibrosis and skin injury, reduced expression of PRMT7 associates with decreased recruitment of monocytes to the site of injury and hence less severe symptoms. Mechanistically, activation of NF-κB/RelA in monocytes induces PRMT7 transcription and consequential mono-methylation of histones at the regulatory elements of RAP1A, which leads to increased transcription of this gene that is responsible for adhesion and migration of monocytes. Persistent monocyte-derived macrophage accumulation leads to ALOX5 over-expression and accumulation of its metabolite LTB4, which triggers expression of ACSL4 a ferroptosis promoting gene in lung epithelial cells. Conclusively, inhibition of arginine mono-methylation might offer targeted intervention in monocyte-driven inflammatory conditions that lead to extensive tissue damage if left untreated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Günes Günsel
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 85764, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas M Conlon
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 85764, Munich, Germany
| | - Aicha Jeridi
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 85764, Munich, Germany
| | - Rinho Kim
- Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Helmholtz Munich, 85764, Munich, Germany
| | - Zeynep Ertüz
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 85764, Munich, Germany
| | - Niklas J Lang
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 85764, Munich, Germany
| | - Meshal Ansari
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 85764, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Munich, 85764, Munich, Germany
| | - Mariia Novikova
- Institute of Metabolism and Cell Death, Helmholtz Munich, 85764, Munich, Germany
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Ostrovityanova 1, Moscow, 117997, Russia
- Federal Center of Brain Research and Neurotechnologies, Federal Medical Biological Agency, Ostrovityanova1 bldg 10, 117997, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dongsheng Jiang
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 85764, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Strunz
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 85764, Munich, Germany
| | - Mariia Gaianova
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 85764, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Hollauer
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 85764, Munich, Germany
| | - Christina Gabriel
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 85764, Munich, Germany
| | - Ilias Angelidis
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 85764, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Doll
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Munich, 85764, Munich, Germany
| | - Jeanine C Pestoni
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 85764, Munich, Germany
| | - Stephanie L Edelmann
- Research Unit Molecular Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Marlene Sophia Kohlhepp
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum (CVK) and Campus Charité Mitte (CCM), 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adrien Guillot
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum (CVK) and Campus Charité Mitte (CCM), 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kevin Bassler
- Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
- aimed analytics, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hannelore P Van Eeckhoutte
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Özgecan Kayalar
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), 34010, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nur Konyalilar
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), 34010, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Tamara Kanashova
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Rodius
- Proteomics of cellular signalling, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1272, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Carolina Ballester-López
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 85764, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Natalia Smirnova
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 85764, Munich, Germany
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Markus Rehberg
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 85764, Munich, Germany
| | - Charu Agarwal
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 85764, Munich, Germany
| | - Ioanna Krikki
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 85764, Munich, Germany
| | - Benoit Piavaux
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 25242, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Stijn E Verleden
- Division of Pneumology, KU Leuven, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
- Antwerp Surgical Training, Anatomy and Research Centre, University of Antwerp, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | | | - Melanie Königshoff
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Gunnar Dittmar
- Proteomics of cellular signalling, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1272, Strassen, Luxembourg
- Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4365, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Ken R Bracke
- Laboratory for Translational Research in Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Ghent University, University Hospital Ghent, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joachim L Schultze
- Department for Genomics & Immunoregulation, LIMES-Institute, University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE) e.V., PRECISE Platform for Single Cell Genomics and Epigenomics at DZNE and the University of Bonn, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Henrik Watz
- Pulmonary Research Institute at LungenClinic Grosshansdorf, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 22927, Grosshansdorf, Germany
| | - Oliver Eickelberg
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Tobias Stoeger
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 85764, Munich, Germany
| | - Gerald Burgstaller
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 85764, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow-Klinikum (CVK) and Campus Charité Mitte (CCM), 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vigo Heissmeyer
- Research Unit Molecular Immune Regulation, Helmholtz Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
- Institute for Immunology, Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich, 82152, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Yuval Rinkevich
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 85764, Munich, Germany
| | - Hasan Bayram
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), 34010, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Herbert B Schiller
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 85764, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcus Conrad
- Institute of Metabolism and Cell Death, Helmholtz Munich, 85764, Munich, Germany
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Ostrovityanova 1, Moscow, 117997, Russia
| | - Robert Schneider
- Institute of Functional Epigenetics, Helmholtz Munich, 85764, Munich, Germany
| | - Ali Önder Yildirim
- Institute of Lung Health and Immunity (LHI), Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), Helmholtz Munich, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 85764, Munich, Germany.
- Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), 34010, Istanbul, Turkey.
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14
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Juanola O, Hassan M, Kumar P, Yilmaz B, Keller I, Simillion C, Engelmann C, Tacke F, Dufour JF, De Gottardi A, Moghadamrad S. Intestinal microbiota drives cholestasis-induced specific hepatic gene expression patterns. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1-20. [PMID: 33847205 PMCID: PMC8049203 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1911534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal microbiota regulates multiple host metabolic and immunological processes. Consequently, any difference in its qualitative and quantitative composition is susceptible to exert significant effects, in particular along the gut-liver axis. Indeed, recent findings suggest that such changes modulate the severity and the evolution of a wide spectrum of hepatobiliary disorders. However, the mechanisms linking intestinal microbiota and the pathogenesis of liver disease remain largely unknown. In this work, we investigated how a distinct composition of the intestinal microbiota, in comparison with germ-free conditions, may lead to different outcomes in an experimental model of acute cholestasis. Acute cholestasis was induced in germ-free (GF) and altered Schaedler's flora (ASF) colonized mice by common bile duct ligation (BDL). Studies were performed 5 days after BDL and hepatic histology, gene expression, inflammation, lipids metabolism, and mitochondrial functioning were evaluated in normal and cholestatic mice. Differences in plasma concentration of bile acids (BA) were evaluated by UHPLC-HRMS. The absence of intestinal microbiota was associated with significant aggravation of hepatic bile infarcts after BDL. At baseline, we found the absence of gut microbiota induced altered expression of genes involved in the metabolism of fatty and amino acids. In contrast, acute cholestasis induced altered expression of genes associated with extracellular matrix, cell cycle, autophagy, activation of MAPK, inflammation, metabolism of lipids, and mitochondrial functioning pathways. Ductular reactions, cell proliferation, deposition of collagen 1 and autophagy were increased in the presence of microbiota after BDL whereas GF mice were more susceptible to hepatic inflammation as evidenced by increased gene expression levels of osteopontin, interleukin (IL)-1β and activation of the ERK/MAPK pathway as compared to ASF colonized mice. Additonally, we found that the presence of microbiota provided partial protection to the mitochondrial functioning and impairment in the fatty acid metabolism after BDL. The concentration of the majority of BA markedly increased after BDL in both groups without remarkable differences according to the hygiene status of the mice. In conclusion, acute cholestasis induced more severe liver injury in GF mice compared to mice with limited intestinal bacterial colonization. This protective effect was associated with different hepatic gene expression profiles mostly related to tissue repair, metabolic and immune functions. Our findings suggest that microbial-induced differences may impact the course of cholestasis and modulate liver injury, offering a background for novel therapies based on the modulation of the intestinal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Juanola
- Translational Research Laboratory, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Università Della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Mohsin Hassan
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pavitra Kumar
- Hepatology, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bahtiyar Yilmaz
- Gastroenterology, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Irene Keller
- Department for Biomedical Research and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cédric Simillion
- Department for Biomedical Research and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Cornelius Engelmann
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany,Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology & Gastroenterology, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-François Dufour
- Hepatology, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea De Gottardi
- Translational Research Laboratory, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Università Della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland,Hepatology, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sheida Moghadamrad
- Translational Research Laboratory, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Università Della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland,Hepatology, Department for Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,University Clinic of Visceral Surgery and Medicine, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland,CONTACT Sheida Moghadamrad Translational Research Laboratory, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Università Della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
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15
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Guillot A, Guerri L, Feng D, Kim SJ, Ahmed YA, Paloczi J, He Y, Schuebel K, Dai S, Liu F, Pacher P, Kisseleva T, Qin X, Goldman D, Tacke F, Gao B. Bile acid-activated macrophages promote biliary epithelial cell proliferation through integrin αvβ6 upregulation following liver injury. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:132305. [PMID: 33724957 DOI: 10.1172/jci132305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiopathies caused by biliary epithelial cell (BEC) injury represent a leading cause of liver failure. No effective pharmacologic therapies exist, and the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. We aimed to explore the mechanisms of bile duct repair after targeted BEC injury. Injection of intermedilysin into BEC-specific human CD59 (hCD59) transgenic mice induced acute and specific BEC death, representing a model to study the early signals that drive bile duct repair. Acute BEC injury induced cholestasis followed by CCR2+ monocyte recruitment and BEC proliferation. Using microdissection and next-generation RNA-Seq, we identified 5 genes, including Mapk8ip2, Cdkn1a, Itgb6, Rgs4, and Ccl2, that were most upregulated in proliferating BECs after acute injury. Immunohistochemical analyses confirmed robust upregulation of integrin αvβ6 (ITGβ6) expression in this BEC injury model, after bile duct ligation, and in patients with chronic cholangiopathies. Deletion of the Itgb6 gene attenuated BEC proliferation after acute bile duct injury. Macrophage depletion or Ccr2 deficiency impaired ITGβ6 expression and BEC proliferation. In vitro experiments revealed that bile acid-activated monocytes promoted BEC proliferation through ITGβ6. Our data suggest that BEC injury induces cholestasis, monocyte recruitment, and induction of ITGβ6, which work together to promote BEC proliferation and therefore represent potential therapeutic targets for cholangiopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Guillot
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.,Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Dechun Feng
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Seung-Jin Kim
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yeni Ait Ahmed
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Janos Paloczi
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yong He
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Shen Dai
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Fengming Liu
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | - Pal Pacher
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury, NIAAA, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Xuebin Qin
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bin Gao
- Laboratory of Liver Diseases, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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16
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Pavlović N, Kopsida M, Gerwins P, Heindryckx F. Inhibiting P2Y12 in Macrophages Induces Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Promotes an Anti-Tumoral Phenotype. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218177. [PMID: 33142937 PMCID: PMC7672568 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2Y12 receptor is an adenosine diphosphate responsive G protein-coupled receptor expressed on the surface of platelets and is the pharmacologic target of several anti-thrombotic agents. In this study, we use liver samples from mice with cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma to show that P2Y12 is expressed by macrophages in the liver. Using in vitro methods, we show that inhibition of P2Y12 with ticagrelor enhances tumor cell phagocytosis by macrophages and induces an anti-tumoral phenotype. Treatment with ticagrelor also increases the expression of several actors of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways, suggesting activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). Inhibiting the UPR with tauroursodeoxycholic acid (Tudca) diminishes the pro-phagocytotic effect of ticagrelor, thereby indicating that P2Y12 mediates macrophage function through activation of ER stress pathways. This could be relevant in the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease and cancer, as macrophages are considered key players in these inflammation-driven pathologies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cholagogues and Choleretics/pharmacology
- Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress/drug effects
- Humans
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/metabolism
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/pathology
- Liver Cirrhosis, Experimental/prevention & control
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Purinergic P2Y Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Receptors, Purinergic P2Y12/chemistry
- Receptors, Purinergic P2Y12/metabolism
- Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid/pharmacology
- Ticagrelor/pharmacology
- Unfolded Protein Response/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Pavlović
- Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden; (N.P.); (M.K.); (P.G.)
| | - Maria Kopsida
- Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden; (N.P.); (M.K.); (P.G.)
| | - Pär Gerwins
- Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden; (N.P.); (M.K.); (P.G.)
- Radiology, Uppsala University Hospital, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Femke Heindryckx
- Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, 75123 Uppsala, Sweden; (N.P.); (M.K.); (P.G.)
- Correspondence:
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17
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Gomez-Gomez A, Sabbaghi M, Haro N, Albanell J, Menéndez S, González M, Gil-Gómez G, Rovira A, Pozo OJ. Targeted metabolomics in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue specimens: Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determination of acidic metabolites in cancer research. Talanta 2020; 223:121740. [PMID: 33298266 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues play an irreplaceable role in cancer research. Although extensive research has been conducted for the detection of DNA, RNA and proteins in FFPE samples, literature dealing with the FFPE determination of small molecules is scarce. In this study, we aimed to explore the potential of targeted metabolomics in FFPE specimens. For that purpose, we developed a LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of acidic metabolites in FFPE samples. The method involves trimming tissue slices from FFPE blocks, deparaffinization, lysis of the tissue, o-benzyl hydroxylamine derivatization and LC-MS/MS detection. Deparaffinization and lysis steps were optimized to maximize the analytes extraction and to minimize the effect of the ubiquitous presence of some metabolites in the paraffin. Two validation approaches were applied: (i) using blank paraffin as matrix and (ii) using actual human FFPE tissue samples by standard additions. The method quantified 40 metabolites with appropriate accuracy (commonly 80-120%) and precision (CV 2-19%) in both validation approaches. LLOQs ranging 0.88-2001 pg mg-1 with low-moderate matrix effects (commonly 85-115%) were obtained. FFPE samples from 15 patients with colorectal cancer were analyzed and metabolites concentrations in tumor vs matched normal FFPE tissues were compared. Results show that tumor tissues have a well-established fingerprint including an increase in ketogenesis, a decrease in lipogenesis and an imbalance in the tricarboxylic acid cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Gomez-Gomez
- Integrative Pharmacology & Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Carrer Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF), Carrer Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - MohammadA Sabbaghi
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Carrer Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noemí Haro
- Integrative Pharmacology & Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Carrer Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Albanell
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (CEXS-UPF), Carrer Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain; Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Carrer Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain; Medical Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Passeig Marítim de la Barcelona, 25-29, 08003, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERONC, Hospital del Mar, Passeig Marítim de la Barcelona, 25-29, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Menéndez
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Carrer Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica González
- Department of Pathology, Hospital del Mar, Passeig Marítim de la Barcelona, 25-29, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gabriel Gil-Gómez
- Gastroesophageal Carcinogenesis Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Carrer Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Rovira
- Cancer Research Program, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Carrer Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain; Medical Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar, Passeig Marítim de la Barcelona, 25-29, 08003, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERONC, Hospital del Mar, Passeig Marítim de la Barcelona, 25-29, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar J Pozo
- Integrative Pharmacology & Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute), Carrer Doctor Aiguader 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.
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