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Alpdağtaş S, Jankowski N, Urlacher VB, Koschorreck K. Identification of redox activators for continuous reactivation of glyoxal oxidase from Trametes versicolor in a two-enzyme reaction cascade. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5932. [PMID: 38467766 PMCID: PMC10928124 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-56429-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Glyoxal oxidases, belonging to the group of copper radical oxidases (CROs), oxidize aldehydes to carboxylic acids, while reducing O2 to H2O2. Their activity on furan derivatives like 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) makes these enzymes promising biocatalysts for the environmentally friendly synthesis of the bioplastics precursor 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). However, glyoxal oxidases suffer from inactivation, which requires the identification of suitable redox activators for efficient substrate conversion. Furthermore, only a few glyoxal oxidases have been expressed and characterized so far. Here, we report on a new glyoxal oxidase from Trametes versicolor (TvGLOX) that was expressed at high levels in Pichia pastoris (reclassified as Komagataella phaffii). TvGLOX was found to catalyze the oxidation of aldehyde groups in glyoxylic acid, methyl glyoxal, HMF, 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) and 5-formyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (FFCA), but barely accepted alcohol groups as in 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic acid (HMFCA), preventing formation of FDCA from HMF. Various redox activators were tested for TvGLOX reactivation during catalyzed reactions. Among them, a combination of horseradish peroxidase and its substrate 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline sulfonic acid) (ABTS) most efficiently reactivated TvGLOX. Through continuous reactivation of TvGLOX in a two-enzyme system employing a recombinant Moesziomyces antarcticus aryl-alcohol oxidase (MaAAO) almost complete conversion of 8 mM HMF to FDCA was achieved within 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saadet Alpdağtaş
- Department of Biology, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, 65080, Turkey
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nina Jankowski
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Vlada B Urlacher
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Katja Koschorreck
- Institute of Biochemistry, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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2
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Copper radical oxidases: galactose oxidase, glyoxal oxidase, and beyond! Essays Biochem 2022; 67:597-613. [PMID: 36562172 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20220124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The copper radical oxidases (CROs) are an evolutionary and functionally diverse group of enzymes established by the historically significant galactose 6-oxidase and glyoxal oxidase from fungi. Inducted in 2013, CROs now constitute Auxiliary Activity Family 5 (AA5) in the Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes (CAZy) classification. CROs catalyse the two-electron oxidation of their substrates using oxygen as the final electron acceptor and are particularly distinguished by a cross-linked tyrosine-cysteine co-factor that is integral to radical stabilization. Recently, there has been a significant increase in the biochemically and structurally characterized CROs, which has revealed an expanded natural diversity of catalytic activities in the family. This review provides a brief historical introduction to CRO biochemistry and structural biology as a foundation for an update on current advances in CRO enzymology, biotechnology, and biology across kingdoms of life.
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3
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Rehman JU, Joe EN, Yoon HY, Kwon S, Oh MS, Son EJ, Jang KS, Jeon JR. Lignin Metabolism by Selected Fungi and Microbial Consortia for Plant Stimulation: Implications for Biologically Active Humus Genesis. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0263722. [PMID: 36314978 PMCID: PMC9769858 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02637-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant lignin is regarded as an important source for soil humic substances (HSs). Nonetheless, it remains unclear whether microbial metabolism on lignin is related to the genesis of unique HS biological activities (e.g., direct plant stimulation). Here, selected white-rot fungi (i.e., Ganoderma lucidum and Irpex lacteus) and plant litter- or mountain soil-derived microbial consortia were exploited to structurally modify lignin, followed by assessing the plant-stimulatory activity of the lignin-derived products. Parts solubilized by microbial metabolism on lignin were proven to exhibit organic moieties of phenol, carboxylic acid, and aliphatic groups and the enhancement of chromogenic features (i.e., absorbance at 450 nm), total phenolic contents, and radical-scavenging capacities with the cultivation times. In addition, high-resolution mass spectrometry revealed the shift of lignin-like molecules toward those showing either more molar oxygen-to-carbon or more hydrogen-to-carbon ratios. These results support the findings that the microbes involved, solubilize lignin by fragmentation, oxygenation, and/or benzene ring opening. This notion was also substantiated by the detection of related exoenzymes (i.e., peroxidases, copper radical oxidases, and hydrolases) in the selected fungal cultures, while the consortia treated with antibacterial agents showed that the fungal community is a sufficient condition to induce the lignin biotransformation. Major families of fungi (e.g., Nectriaceae, Hypocreaceae, and Saccharomycodaceae) and bacteria (e.g., Burkholderiaceae) were identified in the lignin-enriched cultures. All the microbially solubilized lignin products were likely to stimulate plant root elongation in the order selected white-rot fungi > microbial consortia > antibacterial agent-treated microbial consortia. Overall, this study supports the idea that microbial transformation of lignin can contribute to the formation of biologically active organic matter. IMPORTANCE Structurally stable humic substances (HSs) in soils are tightly associated with soil fertility, and it is thus important to understand how soil HSs are naturally formed. It is believed that microbial metabolism on plant matter contributes to natural humification, but detailed microbial species and their metabolisms inducing humic functionality (e.g., direct plant stimulation) need to be further investigated. Our findings clearly support that microbial metabolites of lignin could contribute to the formation of biologically active humus. This research direction appears to be meaningful not only for figuring out the natural processes, but also for confirming natural microbial resources useful for artificial humification that can be linked to the development of high-quality soil amendments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalil Ur Rehman
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Nam Joe
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Young Yoon
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Kwon
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seung Oh
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Son
- Bio-Chemical Analysis Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Soon Jang
- Bio-Chemical Analysis Team, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Jong-Rok Jeon
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21Plus), Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science & Technology, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
- IALS, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, Republic of Korea
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4
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Zhou Y, Lv S, Li H, Wu Q, Chen T, Liu S, Li W, Yang W, Chen Z. MIL-47(V)-derived carbon-doped vanadium oxide for selective oxidation of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to 2,5-diformylfuran. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:18473-18479. [PMID: 36421021 DOI: 10.1039/d2dt03338k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The development and transformation of biomass-derived platform compounds is a sustainable way to deal with the fossil fuel crisis. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) can be reduced or oxidized to produce many high-value compounds; however, it is challenging to effectively produce 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) due to overoxidation. In this work, a carbon-doped V2O5 (C-V2O5) material was obtained through pyrolysis of MIL-47(V) nanorods, a typical metal-organic framework material. The X-ray diffraction patterns and X-ray photoelectron spectra showed that the graphitized carbon species were incorporated in C-V2O5. High-efficiency HMF oxidation, high specific selectivity for DFF and excellent recycling could be achieved with the C-V2O5 catalyst. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculation revealed that graphitized carbon weakens the VO bond and promotes the formation of oxygen vacancies in C-V2O5, thus improving the catalytic activity in the oxidation of furfuryl alcohols. The V4+ induced by oxygen vacancies will be oxidized by O2 to form V5+, so that the cycle can be realized. It exhibits remarkable selectivity in the oxidation of different alcohols produced from biomass based on the relatively constant active sites in C-V2O5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Functional, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China.
| | - Shanshan Lv
- Key Laboratory of Functional, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China.
| | - Han Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China.
| | - Qikang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China.
| | - Taiyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China.
| | - Shaohuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China.
| | - Wanying Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China.
| | - Wenjuan Yang
- Julong College, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China.
| | - Zheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, 241002, China.
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Mathieu Y, Cleveland ME, Brumer H. Active-Site Engineering Switches Carbohydrate Regiospecificity in a Fungal Copper Radical Oxidase. ACS Catal 2022; 12:10264-10275. [PMID: 36033369 PMCID: PMC9397409 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c01956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Copper radical oxidases (CROs) from Auxiliary Activity Family 5, Subfamily 2 (AA5_2), are organic cofactor-free biocatalysts for the selective oxidation of alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes. AA5_2 CROs comprise canonical galactose-6-oxidases as well as the more recently discovered general alcohol oxidases and aryl alcohol oxidases. Guided by primary and tertiary protein structural analyses, we targeted a distinct extended loop in the active site of a Colletotrichum graminicola aryl alcohol oxidase (CgrAAO) to explore its effect on catalysis in the broader context of AA5_2. Deletion of this loop, which is bracketed by a conserved disulfide bridge, significantly reduced the inherent activity of the enzyme toward extended galacto-oligosaccharides, as anticipated from molecular modeling. Unexpectedly, kinetic and product analysis on a range of monosaccharides and disaccharides revealed that an altered carbohydrate specificity in CgrAAO-Δloop was accompanied by a complete change in regiospecificity from C-6 to C-1 oxidation, thereby generating aldonic acids. C-1 regiospecificity is unprecedented in AA5 enzymes and is classically associated with flavin-dependent carbohydrate oxidases of Auxiliary Activity Family 3. Thus, this work further highlights the catalytic adaptability of the unique mononuclear copper radical active site and provides a basis for the design of improved biocatalysts for diverse potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Mathieu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- BioProducts Institute, University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Maria E. Cleveland
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
- BioProducts Institute, University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Harry Brumer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
- BioProducts Institute, University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3200 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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6
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Li N, Zong MH. (Chemo)biocatalytic Upgrading of Biobased Furanic Platforms to Chemicals, Fuels, and Materials: A Comprehensive Review. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c02912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Min-Hua Zong
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, 381 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510640, China
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7
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Aragaw TA, Bogale FM, Gessesse A. Adaptive Response of Thermophiles to Redox Stress and Their Role in the Process of dye Degradation From Textile Industry Wastewater. Front Physiol 2022; 13:908370. [PMID: 35795652 PMCID: PMC9251311 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.908370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Release of dye-containing textile wastewater into the environment causes severe pollution with serious consequences on aquatic life. Bioremediation of dyes using thermophilic microorganisms has recently attracted attention over conventional treatment techniques. Thermophiles have the natural ability to survive under extreme environmental conditions, including high dye concentration, because they possess stress response adaptation and regulation mechanisms. Therefore, dye detoxification by thermophiles could offer enormous opportunities for bioremediation at elevated temperatures. In addition, the processes of degradation generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subject cells to oxidative stress. However, thermophiles exhibit better adaptation to resist the effects of oxidative stress. Some of the major adaptation mechanisms of thermophiles include macromolecule repair system; enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase; and non-enzymatic antioxidants like extracellular polymeric substance (EPSs), polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), etc. In addition, different bacteria also possess enzymes that are directly involved in dye degradation such as azoreductase, laccase, and peroxidase. Therefore, through these processes, dyes are first degraded into smaller intermediate products finally releasing products that are non-toxic or of low toxicity. In this review, we discuss the sources of oxidative stress in thermophiles, the adaptive response of thermophiles to redox stress and their roles in dye removal, and the regulation and crosstalk between responses to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadele Assefa Aragaw
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
- Institute of Biotechnology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- *Correspondence: Tadele Assefa Aragaw,
| | - Fekadu Mazengiaw Bogale
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Engineering, Bahir Dar Institute of Technology, Bahir Dar University, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Amare Gessesse
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Botswana International University of Science and Technology, Palapye, Botswana
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8
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Cleveland ME, Mathieu Y, Ribeaucourt D, Haon M, Mulyk P, Hein JE, Lafond M, Berrin JG, Brumer H. A survey of substrate specificity among Auxiliary Activity Family 5 copper radical oxidases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:8187-8208. [PMID: 34738149 PMCID: PMC11072238 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03981-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is significant contemporary interest in the application of enzymes to replace or augment chemical reagents toward the development of more environmentally sound and sustainable processes. In particular, copper radical oxidases (CRO) from Auxiliary Activity Family 5 Subfamily 2 (AA5_2) are attractive, organic cofactor-free catalysts for the chemoselective oxidation of alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes. These enzymes were first defined by the archetypal galactose-6-oxidase (GalOx, EC 1.1.3.13) from the fungus Fusarium graminearum. The recent discovery of specific alcohol oxidases (EC 1.1.3.7) and aryl alcohol oxidases (EC 1.1.3.47) within AA5_2 has indicated a potentially broad substrate scope among fungal CROs. However, only relatively few AA5_2 members have been characterized to date. Guided by sequence similarity network and phylogenetic analysis, twelve AA5_2 homologs have been recombinantly produced and biochemically characterized in the present study. As defined by their predominant activities, these comprise four galactose 6-oxidases, two raffinose oxidases, four broad-specificity primary alcohol oxidases, and two non-carbohydrate alcohol oxidases. Of particular relevance to applications in biomass valorization, detailed product analysis revealed that two CROs produce the bioplastics monomer furan-2,5-dicarboxylic acid (FDCA) directly from 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF). Furthermore, several CROs could desymmetrize glycerol (a by-product of the biodiesel industry) to D- or L-glyceraldehyde. This study furthers our understanding of CROs by doubling the number of characterized AA5_2 members, which may find future applications as biocatalysts in diverse processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Cleveland
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
- BioProducts Institute, University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yann Mathieu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- BioProducts Institute, University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - David Ribeaucourt
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR 1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009, Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
- V. Mane Fils, 620 route de Grasse, 06620, Le Bar sur Loup, France
| | - Mireille Haon
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR 1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Paul Mulyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jason E Hein
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Mickael Lafond
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR 1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Harry Brumer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
- BioProducts Institute, University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3200 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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9
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Cleveland M, Lafond M, Xia FR, Chung R, Mulyk P, Hein JE, Brumer H. Two Fusarium copper radical oxidases with high activity on aryl alcohols. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:138. [PMID: 34134727 PMCID: PMC8207647 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01984-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biomass valorization has been suggested as a sustainable alternative to petroleum-based energy and commodities. In this context, the copper radical oxidases (CROs) from Auxiliary Activity Family 5/Subfamily 2 (AA5_2) are attractive biocatalysts for the selective oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes. Originally defined by the archetypal galactose 6-oxidase from Fusarium graminearum, fungal AA5_2 members have recently been shown to comprise a wide range of specificities for aromatic, aliphatic and furan-based alcohols. This suggests a broader substrate scope of native CROs for applications. However, only 10% of the annotated AA5_2 members have been characterized to date. RESULTS Here, we define two homologues from the filamentous fungi Fusarium graminearum and F. oxysporum as predominant aryl alcohol oxidases (AAOs) through recombinant production in Pichia pastoris, detailed kinetic characterization, and enzyme product analysis. Despite possessing generally similar active-site architectures to the archetypal FgrGalOx, FgrAAO and FoxAAO have weak activity on carbohydrates, but instead efficiently oxidize specific aryl alcohols. Notably, both FgrAAO and FoxAAO oxidize hydroxymethyl furfural (HMF) directly to 5-formyl-2-furoic acid (FFCA), and desymmetrize the bioproduct glycerol to the uncommon L-isomer of glyceraldehyde. CONCLUSIONS This work expands understanding of the catalytic diversity of CRO from AA5_2 to include unique representatives from Fusarium species that depart from the well-known galactose 6-oxidase activity of this family. Detailed enzymological analysis highlights the potential biotechnological applications of these orthologs in the production of renewable plastic polymer precursors and other chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cleveland
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
- BioProducts Institute, University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Mickael Lafond
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Fan Roderick Xia
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
- BioProducts Institute, University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ryan Chung
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Paul Mulyk
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Jason E Hein
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Harry Brumer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
- BioProducts Institute, University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3200 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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10
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Wohlschlager L, Kracher D, Scheiblbrandner S, Csarman F, Ludwig R. Spectroelectrochemical investigation of the glyoxal oxidase activation mechanism. Bioelectrochemistry 2021; 141:107845. [PMID: 34147826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2021.107845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glyoxal oxidase (GLOX) is an extracellular source of H2O2 in white-rot secretomes, where it acts in concert with peroxidases to degrade lignin. It has been reported that GLOX requires activation prior to catalytic turnover and that a peroxidase system can fulfill this task. In this study, we verify that an oxidation product of horseradish peroxidase, the radical cation of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), is an activator for GLOX. A spectroelectrochemical cell was used to generate the activating radical species, to continuously measure its concentration, and to simultaneously measure the catalytic activity of GLOX based on its O2 consumption. The results show that GLOX can undergo multiple catalytic turnovers upon activation and that activity increases with the activator concentration. However, we also found that the ABTS cation radical can serve as an electron acceptor which becomes visible in the absence of O2. Furthermore, GLOX activity is highly restrained by the naturally occurring, low O2 concentration. We conclude that GLOX is indeed an auxiliary enzyme for H2O2 production in white-rot secretomes. Its turnover rate is strongly regulated by the availability of O2 and the radical generating activity of peroxidases present in the secretome, which acts as a feedback loop for GLOX activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Wohlschlager
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Daniel Kracher
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Stefan Scheiblbrandner
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Florian Csarman
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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11
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Liu E, Segato F, Wilkins MR. Fed-batch production of Thermothelomyces thermophilus lignin peroxidase using a recombinant Aspergillus nidulans strain in stirred-tank bioreactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 325:124700. [PMID: 33461124 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic lignin depolymerization is considered a favorable approach to utilize lignin due to the higher selectivity and less energy requirement when compared to thermochemical lignin valorization. Lignin peroxidase (LiP) is one of the key enzymes involved in lignin degradation and possesses high redox potential to oxidize non-phenolic structures and phenolic compounds in lignin. However, the production of LiP is mainly from white-rot fungi at small scales. It is critical to discover new LiP from other microorganisms and produce LiP at large scales. This study aims to produce a novel LiP originally from Thermothelomyces thermophiles using a recombinant Aspergillus nidulans strain. The LiP production medium was optimized, and different fed-batch strategies for LiP production were investigated to improve LiP activity, yield, and productivity. Results demonstrated that LiP production was enhanced by using multi-pulse fed-batch fermentation. A maximum LiP activity of 1,645 mU/L with a protein concentration of 0.26 g/L was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enshi Liu
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Fernando Segato
- Department of Biotechnology, University of São Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Mark R Wilkins
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; Industrial Agricultural Products Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA.
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12
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Wohlschlager L, Csarman F, Zrilić M, Seiboth B, Ludwig R. Comparative characterization of glyoxal oxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium expressed at high levels in Pichia pastoris and Trichoderma reesei. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 145:109748. [PMID: 33750543 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the secretome of Phanerochaete chrysosporium, a white-rot fungus serving as a model organism to elucidate lignocellulose deconstruction, the copper containing metalloprotein glyoxal oxidase (GLOX) is potentially involved in the crucial production of hydrogen peroxide to fuel and initiate oxidative biomass degradation by lignin-degrading peroxidases. Its ability to oxidize a variety of aldehydes and α-hydroxy carbonyls with the concomitant reduction of dioxygen to hydrogen peroxide has attracted attention for its application as green biocatalyst in different industrial fields. Here we report and compare two efficient processes for the heterologous production of GLOX from P. chrysosporium using the well-established methanolytic yeast Pichia pastoris and the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei as expression hosts with subsequent purification by anion exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Both processes were shown to be suitable for the production of the target protein at high levels. GLOX produced in T. reesei carries mainly Man5 glycosylation while the enzyme produced in P. pastoris exhibits the typical high-mannose type N-glycosylation. The enzyme expressed in P. pastoris showed slightly higher specific activities which correlates with the higher copper loading of 65.5 % compared to 51.9 % for the protein from T. reesei. The pH optimum for both recombinant proteins was 6.0, however, GLOX activity was found to be highly affected by different buffer species. Both enzymes showed very similar substrate affinities and turnover numbers with the highest catalytic efficiency observed for methylglyoxal. GLOX from both expression hosts is therefore a suitable enzyme for further mechanistic characterization and application studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Wohlschlager
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Florian Csarman
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Matea Zrilić
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Bernhard Seiboth
- Research Division Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/166, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
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13
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Mathieu Y, Offen WA, Forget SM, Ciano L, Viborg AH, Blagova E, Henrissat B, Walton PH, Davies GJ, Brumer H. Discovery of a Fungal Copper Radical Oxidase with High Catalytic Efficiency toward 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural and Benzyl Alcohols for Bioprocessing. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yann Mathieu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Wendy A. Offen
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD, York, U.K
| | - Stephanie M. Forget
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Luisa Ciano
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD, York, U.K
| | - Alexander Holm Viborg
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Elena Blagova
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD, York, U.K
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), CNRS, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, 13288, France
- INRA, USC1408 Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), Marseille, 13288, France
| | - Paul H. Walton
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD, York, U.K
| | - Gideon J. Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5DD, York, U.K
| | - Harry Brumer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3200 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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14
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Abstract
The use of biocatalysts, including enzymes and metabolically engineered cells, has attracted a great deal of attention in chemical and bio-industry, because biocatalytic reactions can be conducted under environmentally-benign conditions and in more sustainable ways [...]
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15
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Daou M, Yassine B, Wikee S, Record E, Duprat F, Bertrand E, Faulds CB. Pycnoporus cinnabarinus glyoxal oxidases display differential catalytic efficiencies on 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and its oxidized derivatives. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2019; 6:4. [PMID: 30984409 PMCID: PMC6442418 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-019-0067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), a major residual component of a lignocellulosic bio-refinery process, can be transformed into fundamental building blocks for green chemistry via oxidation. While chemical methods are well established, interest is also being directed into the enzymatic oxidation of HMF into the bio-plastic precursor 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). Results We demonstrate that three glyoxal oxidases (PciGLOX) isoenzymes from the Basidiomycete fungus Pycnoporus cinnabarinus were able to oxidize HMF, with PciGLOX2 and PciGLOX3 being the most efficient. The major reaction product obtained with the three isoenzymes was 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furancarboxylic (HMFCA), a precursor in polyesters and pharmaceuticals production, and very little subsequent conversion of this compound was observed. However, small concentrations of FDCA, a substitute for terephthalic acid in the production of polyesters, were also obtained. The oxidation of HMF was significantly boosted in the presence of catalase for PciGLOX2, leading to 70% HMFCA yield. The highest conversion percentages were observed on 2,5-furandicarboxaldehyde (DFF), a minor product from the reaction of PciGLOX on HMF. To bypass HMFCA accumulation and exploit the efficiency of PciGLOX in oxidizing DFF and 5-formyl-2-furan carboxylic acid (FFCA) towards FDCA production, HMF was oxidized in a cascade reaction with an aryl alcohol oxidase (UmaAAO). After 2 h of reaction, UmaAAO completely oxidized HMF to DFF and further to FFCA, with FDCA only being detected when PciGLOX3 was added to the reaction. The maximum yield of 16% FDCA was obtained 24 h after the addition of PciGLOX3 in the presence of catalase. Conclusions At least two conversion pathways for HMF oxidation can be considered for PciGLOX; however, the highest selectivity was seen towards the production of the valuable polyester precursor HMFCA. The three isoenzymes showed differences in their catalytic efficiencies and substrate specificities when reacted with HMF derivatives. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s40694-019-0067-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Daou
- 1INRA, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques (BBF), Aix Marseille Université, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Bassem Yassine
- 1INRA, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques (BBF), Aix Marseille Université, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Saowanee Wikee
- 1INRA, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques (BBF), Aix Marseille Université, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Eric Record
- 1INRA, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques (BBF), Aix Marseille Université, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Françoise Duprat
- 2CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Aix-Marseille Université, M2P2, Marseille, France
| | - Emmanuel Bertrand
- 1INRA, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques (BBF), Aix Marseille Université, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Craig B Faulds
- 1INRA, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques (BBF), Aix Marseille Université, 13009 Marseille, France
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