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Moeckli B, Delaune V, Gilbert B, Peloso A, Oldani G, El Hajji S, Slits F, Ribeiro JR, Mercier R, Gleyzolle A, Rubbia-Brandt L, Gex Q, Lacotte S, Toso C. Maternal obesity increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma through the transmission of an altered gut microbiome. JHEP Rep 2024; 6:101056. [PMID: 38681863 PMCID: PMC11046215 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2024.101056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims Emerging evidence suggests that maternal obesity negatively impacts the health of offspring. Additionally, obesity is a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our study aims to investigate the impact of maternal obesity on the risk for HCC development in offspring and elucidate the underlying transmission mechanisms. Methods Female mice were fed either a high-fat diet (HFD) or a normal diet (ND). All offspring received a ND after weaning. We studied liver histology and tumor load in a N-diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced HCC mouse model. Results Maternal obesity induced a distinguishable shift in gut microbial composition. At 40 weeks, female offspring of HFD-fed mothers (HFD offspring) were more likely to develop steatosis (9.43% vs. 3.09%, p = 0.0023) and fibrosis (3.75% vs. 2.70%, p = 0.039), as well as exhibiting an increased number of inflammatory infiltrates (4.8 vs. 1.0, p = 0.018) and higher expression of genes involved in fibrosis and inflammation, compared to offspring of ND-fed mothers (ND offspring). A higher proportion of HFD offspring developed liver tumors after DEN induction (79.8% vs. 37.5%, p = 0.0084) with a higher mean tumor volume (234 vs. 3 μm3, p = 0.0041). HFD offspring had a significantly less diverse microbiota than ND offspring (Shannon index 2.56 vs. 2.92, p = 0.0089), which was rescued through co-housing. In the principal component analysis, the microbiota profile of co-housed animals clustered together, regardless of maternal diet. Co-housing of HFD offspring with ND offspring normalized their tumor load. Conclusions Maternal obesity increases female offspring's susceptibility to HCC. The transmission of an altered gut microbiome plays an important role in this predisposition. Impact and implications The worldwide incidence of obesity is constantly rising, with more and more children born to obese mothers. In this study, we investigate the impact of maternal diet on gut microbiome composition and its role in liver cancer development in offspring. We found that mice born to mothers with a high-fat diet inherited a less diverse gut microbiome, presented chronic liver injury and an increased risk of developing liver cancer. Co-housing offspring from normal diet- and high-fat diet-fed mothers restored the gut microbiome and, remarkably, normalized the risk of developing liver cancer. The implementation of microbial screening and restoration of microbial diversity holds promise in helping to identify and treat individuals at risk to prevent harm for future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Moeckli
- Hepatology and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Vaihere Delaune
- Hepatology and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Benoît Gilbert
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Geneva University Hospitals, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
- Geneva Centre for Inflammation Research (GCIR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Peloso
- Department of Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Graziano Oldani
- Hepatology and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Surgery, Division of General Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Sofia El Hajji
- Hepatology and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Florence Slits
- Hepatology and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joana Rodrigues Ribeiro
- Department of Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ruben Mercier
- Hepatology and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Adrien Gleyzolle
- Department of Diagnostics, Division of Radiology, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laura Rubbia-Brandt
- Department of Diagnostics Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Quentin Gex
- Hepatology and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Lacotte
- Hepatology and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christian Toso
- Hepatology and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1206 Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Surgery, Division of Visceral Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
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Dosh L, Ghazi M, Haddad K, El Masri J, Hawi J, Leone A, Basset C, Geagea AG, Jurjus R, Jurjus A. Probiotics, gut microbiome, and cardiovascular diseases: An update. Transpl Immunol 2024; 83:102000. [PMID: 38262540 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2024.102000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are one of the most challenging diseases and many factors have been demonstrated to affect their pathogenesis. One of the major factors that affect CVDs, especially atherosclerosis, is the gut microbiota (GM). Genetics play a key role in linking CVDs with GM, in addition to some environmental factors which can be either beneficial or harmful. The interplay between GM and CVDs is complex due to the numerous mechanisms through which microbial components and their metabolites can influence CVDs. Within this interplay, the immune system plays a major role, mainly based on the immunomodulatory effects of microbial dysbiosis and its resulting metabolites. The resulting modulation of chronic inflammatory processes was found to reduce the severity of CVDs and to maintain cardiovascular health. To better understand the specific roles of GM-related metabolites in this interplay, this review presents an updated perspective on gut metabolites related effects on the cardiovascular system, highlighting the possible benefits of probiotics in therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dosh
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Maya Ghazi
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Karim Haddad
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Jad El Masri
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Faculty of Medical Sciences, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Jihad Hawi
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon; Faculty of Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of Balamand, Al Kurah, Lebanon.
| | - Angelo Leone
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Charbel Basset
- Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostic, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Alice Gerges Geagea
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rosalyn Jurjus
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Abdo Jurjus
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Kim HN, Cheong HS, Kim B, Sohn W, Cho YK, Kwon MJ, Kim J, Song Y, Joo EJ. Human gut microbiota from hepatitis B virus-infected individuals is associated with reduced triglyceride level in mice: faecal transplantation study. Microbes Infect 2024; 26:105281. [PMID: 38128750 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2023.105281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is associated with a reduced risk of dyslipidaemia. Using a human faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), we compared changes in gut microbiota and lipid profiles in mice transplanted with human faeces from HBV-infected and non-infected individuals. APPROACH AND RESULTS A total of 19 mice received human FMT from four HBV-infected individuals and were categorised into the HBV-positive mice group, while 20 mice received FMT from four HBV-non-infected individuals into the HBV-negative one. In the analysis of gut microbiota in FMT mice, we observed a robust increase in alpha diversity and abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila in HBV-positive mice, compared to that in HBV-negative. Functional inference analysis revealed that the pathways involved in glycerolipid metabolism were more enriched in HBV-positive mice. At 5 weeks of FMT, the reduced triglyceride (TG) level was predominantly observed in HBV-positive mice. CONCLUSIONS Altered gut microbiota accompanied by HBV infection was associated with a robust increase in alpha diversity and butyrate producers, which resulted in a reduced level of TG at 5 weeks post-FMT. This indicates that the reduced risk of dyslipidaemia in chronic HBV infection may be due to the altered gut microbiota accompanied by HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Na Kim
- Department of Clinical Research Design and Evaluation, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, 115 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06355, Republic of Korea; Biomedical Statistics Center, Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Suk Cheong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 29 Saemunan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea
| | - Bomi Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 29 Saemunan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sohn
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 29 Saemunan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Kyun Cho
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 29 Saemunan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kwon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 29 Saemunan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhee Kim
- Medical Research Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 29 Saemunan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngmi Song
- Medical Research Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 29 Saemunan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun-Jeong Joo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 29 Saemunan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03181, Republic of Korea.
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Joyce SA, Clarke DJ. Microbial metabolites as modulators of host physiology. Adv Microb Physiol 2024; 84:83-133. [PMID: 38821635 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2023.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is increasingly recognised as a key player in influencing human health and changes in the gut microbiota have been strongly linked with many non-communicable conditions in humans such as type 2 diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular disease. However, characterising the molecular mechanisms that underpin these associations remains an important challenge for researchers. The gut microbiota is a complex microbial community that acts as a metabolic interface to transform ingested food (and other xenobiotics) into metabolites that are detected in the host faeces, urine and blood. Many of these metabolites are only produced by microbes and there is accumulating evidence to suggest that these microbe-specific metabolites do act as effectors to influence human physiology. For example, the gut microbiota can digest dietary complex polysaccharides (such as fibre) into short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) such as acetate, propionate and butyrate that have a pervasive role in host physiology from nutrition to immune function. In this review we will outline our current understanding of the role of some key microbial metabolites, such as SCFA, indole and bile acids, in human health. Whilst many studies linking microbial metabolites with human health are correlative we will try to highlight examples where genetic evidence is available to support a specific role for a microbial metabolite in host health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Joyce
- School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - David J Clarke
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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5
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Guo P, Tong Y, Yang R, Zhang M, Lin Q, Lin S, Wang C. Effects of hydrolyzed gallotannin on intestinal physical barrier, immune function, and microbiota structure of yellow-feather broilers. Poult Sci 2023; 102:103010. [PMID: 37633080 PMCID: PMC10474494 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was performed to explore the effects of dietary supplementation of hydrolyzed gallotannin (HGT) on intestinal physical barrier, immune function and microbiota structure in yellow-feather broilers. A total of 288 male yellow-feather broilers were randomly allocated to 4 diet treatments: the basal diet (CON) and 3 diets supplemented with 150, 300, and 450 mg/kg HGT for 63 d, respectively, with 6 replicates per treatment and 12 birds per replicate. The findings demonstrated that 300 or 450 mg/kg HGT addition enhanced the expression of duodenal occludin (OCLN) and tight junction protein1 (TJP-1) genes of birds at 21 d of age, and the expression of duodenal and ileal OCLN gene in 63-day-old broilers was upregulated due to 450 mg/kg HGT treatment (P < 0.05). The dietary supplementation of 150 mg/kg HGT strengthened the expression of duodenal IL-6 and IL-4 genes and ileal IL-4 gene of 21-day-old broilers, whereas the expression of jejunal IL1B and IL-6 genes in birds at 63 d of age weakened because of 300 or 450 mg/kg HGT addition (P < 0.05). As for microbial community, the HGT addition altered the cecal microbiota structure of birds at 21 d of age based on analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) test and 450 mg/kg HGT treatment increased the relative abundance of norank Eubacterium coprostanoligenes group at 21 d of age and unclassified Lachnospiraceae at 63 d of age (P < 0.05). In short, diet supplemented with 300 to 450 mg/kg HGT may be the optimal for yellow-feather broilers to enhance intestinal barrier function. Altogether, our study clarified the regulatory role of HGT in broiler intestinal health in earnest, but the underlying mechanism is still unclear. Hence, more research is needed to carry out until the application of HGT as a new functional additive in broiler production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingting Guo
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yuxin Tong
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Rui Yang
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qingjie Lin
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shiying Lin
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Changkang Wang
- College of Animal Science (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Ghosh D, Donselaar ME. Predictive geospatial model for arsenic accumulation in Holocene aquifers based on interactions of oxbow-lake biogeochemistry and alluvial geomorphology. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:158952. [PMID: 36150597 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The identification of arsenic-contamination hotspots in alluvial aquifers is a global-scale challenge. The collection and inventory of arsenic concentration datasets in the shallow-aquifer domain of affected alluvial basins is a tedious and slow process, given the magnitude of the problem. Recent research demonstrates that oxbow-lake biogeochemistry in alluvial plains, mobilization of geogenic arsenic, and accumulation in geomorphologically well-defined areas are interacting processes that determine arsenic-contamination locations. This awareness provides a tool to identify potential arsenic-hotspots based on geomorphological similarity, and thus contribute to a more robust and targeted arsenic mitigation approach. In the present study, a conceptual predictive geospatial model is proposed for the accumulation of dissolved arsenic as a function of interaction of oxbow-lake biogeochemistry and alluvial geomorphology. A comprehensive sampling campaign in and around two oxbow lakes in the Jamuna River Basin, West Bengal (India) provided water samples of the oxbow-lake water column for analysis of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and microbial communities, and groundwater samples from tube wells in point bars and fluvial levees bordering the oxbow lakes for analysis of the geospatial distribution of arsenic in the aquifer. Results show that abundant natural and anthropogenic (faecal-derived) recalcitrant organic matter like coprostanols and sterols in clay-plug sediment favours microbial (heterotrophs, enteric pathogens) metabolism and arsenic mobilization. Arsenic concentrations in the study area are highest (averaging 505 μg/L) in point-bar aquifers geomorphologically enclosed by partially sediment-filled oxbow lakes, and much lower (averaging 121 μg/L) in wells of levee sands beyond the oxbow-lake confinement. The differences reflect variations in groundwater recharge efficiency as result of the porosity and permeability anisotropy in the alluvial geomorphological elements, where arsenic-rich groundwater is trapped in point-bars enclosed by oxbow-lake clays and, by contrast, levee ridges are not confined on all sides, resulting in a more efficient aquifer flushing and decrease of arsenic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devanita Ghosh
- Sanitary Engineering Section, Water Management Department, Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Biogeochem-mystery, Centre for Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.
| | - Marinus Eric Donselaar
- Department of Geoscience and Engineering, Delft Univ. of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, the Netherlands; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Division of Geology, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200E, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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7
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Jia B, Zou Y, Han X, Bae JW, Jeon CO. Gut microbiome-mediated mechanisms for reducing cholesterol levels: implications for ameliorating cardiovascular disease. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:76-91. [PMID: 36008191 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a health problem worldwide, and elevated cholesterol levels are a key risk factor for the disease. Dysbiotic gut microbiota has been shown to be associated with CVD development. However, the beneficial effects of healthy microbiota in decreasing cholesterol levels have not been summarized. Herein, we begin by discussing the potential mechanisms by which the gut microbiota reduces cholesterol levels. We further sketch the application of probiotics from the genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in reducing cholesterol levels in clinical studies. Finally, we present the cholesterol-lowering function of beneficial commensal microbes, such as Akkermansia and Bacteroides spp., as these microbes have potential to be the next-generation probiotics (NGPs). The information reviewed in this paper will help people to understand how the gut microbiome might alter cholesterol metabolism and enable the development of NGPs to prevent and treat CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baolei Jia
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
| | | | - Xiao Han
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jin-Woo Bae
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Che Ok Jeon
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
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Keleszade E, Kolida S, Costabile A. The cholesterol lowering efficacy of Lactobacillus plantarum ECGC 13110402 in hypercholesterolemic adults: a double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled, pilot human intervention study. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.104939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Kim M, Huda MN, Bennett BJ. Sequence meets function-microbiota and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Res 2022; 118:399-412. [PMID: 33537709 PMCID: PMC8803075 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery that gut-microbiota plays a profound role in human health has opened a new avenue of basic and clinical research. Application of ecological approaches where the bacterial 16S rRNA gene is queried has provided a number of candidate bacteria associated with coronary artery disease and hypertension. We examine the associations between gut microbiota and a variety of cardiovascular disease (CVD) including atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, and blood pressure. These approaches are associative in nature and there is now increasing interest in identifying the mechanisms underlying these associations. We discuss three potential mechanisms including: gut permeability and endotoxemia, increased immune system activation, and microbial derived metabolites. In addition to discussing these potential mechanisms we highlight current studies manipulating the gut microbiota or microbial metabolites to move beyond sequence-based association studies. The goal of these mechanistic studies is to determine the mode of action by which the gut microbiota may affect disease susceptibility and severity. Importantly, the gut microbiota appears to have a significant effect on host metabolism and CVD by producing metabolites entering the host circulatory system such as short-chain fatty acids and trimethylamine N-Oxide. Therefore, the intersection of metabolomics and microbiota research may yield novel targets to reduce disease susceptibility. Finally, we discuss approaches to demonstrate causality such as specific diet changes, inhibition of microbial pathways, and fecal microbiota transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myungsuk Kim
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Md Nazmul Huda
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Brian J Bennett
- Obesity and Metabolism Research Unit, USDA, ARS, Western Human Nutrition Research Center, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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10
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Aguirre AM, Sorg JA. Gut associated metabolites and their roles in Clostridioides difficile pathogenesis. Gut Microbes 2022; 14:2094672. [PMID: 35793402 PMCID: PMC9450991 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2022.2094672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The nosocomial pathogen Clostridioides difficile is a burden to the healthcare system. Gut microbiome disruption, most commonly by broad-spectrum antibiotic treatment, is well established to generate a state that is susceptible to CDI. A variety of metabolites produced by the host and/or gut microbiota have been shown to interact with C. difficile. Certain bile acids promote/inhibit germination while other cholesterol-derived compounds and amino acids used in the Stickland metabolic pathway affect growth and CDI colonization. Short chain fatty acids maintain intestinal barrier integrity and a myriad of other metabolic compounds are used as nutritional sources or used by C. difficile to inhibit or outcompete other bacteria in the gut. As the move toward non-antibiotic CDI treatment takes place, a deeper understanding of interactions between C. difficile and the host's gut microbiome and metabolites becomes more relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph A. Sorg
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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Joo EJ, Cheong HS, Kwon MJ, Sohn W, Kim HN, Cho YK. Relationship between gut microbiome diversity and hepatitis B viral load in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gut Pathog 2021; 13:65. [PMID: 34717727 PMCID: PMC8557478 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-021-00461-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is associated with a reduced risk of developing dyslipidemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. Given that the gut microbiota plays a significant role in cholesterol metabolism, we compared the differences in gut microbial diversity and composition between HBV-infected and uninfected subjects. Results A prospective case–control study was designed comprising healthy controls (group A) and HBV-infected individuals (group B) in a 1:1 ratio (57 participants each; total = 114). The patients in group B were divided into two subgroups according to their HBV DNA loads: B1 < 2000 IU/mL (N = 40) and B2 ≥ 2000 IU/mL (N = 17). In a pairwise comparison of HBV-infected individuals and controls, higher alpha diversity was noted in group B, and the difference was significant only in patients in group B1. Alloprevotella and Eubacterium coprostanoligenes were predominant in group B1 compared to the control, whereas the abundance of Bacteroides fragilis and Prevotella 2 was lower. Conclusions The gut microbiome in HBV-infected individuals with a low viral load is highly diverse and is dominated by specific taxa involved in fatty acid and lipid metabolism. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a correlation between the presence of certain bacterial taxa and chronic HBV infection depending on the load of HBV DNA. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13099-021-00461-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jeong Joo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Suk Cheong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Jung Kwon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Sohn
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Na Kim
- Medical Research Institute, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 29 Saemunan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03181, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Clinical Research Design & Evaluation, SAIHST, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Kyun Cho
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 29 Saemunan-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03181, Republic of Korea.
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Zwartjes MSZ, Gerdes VEA, Nieuwdorp M. The Role of Gut Microbiota and Its Produced Metabolites in Obesity, Dyslipidemia, Adipocyte Dysfunction, and Its Interventions. Metabolites 2021; 11:531. [PMID: 34436472 PMCID: PMC8398981 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is becoming an increasing problem worldwide and is often, but not invariably, associated with dyslipidemia. The gut microbiota is increasingly linked to cardiovascular disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, relatively little focus has been attributed to the role of gut-microbiota-derived metabolites in the development of dyslipidemia and alterations in lipid metabolism. In this review, we discuss current data involved in these processes and point out the therapeutic potentials. We cover the ability of gut microbiota metabolites to alter lipoprotein lipase action, VLDL secretion, and plasma triglyceride levels, and its effects on reverse cholesterol transport, adipocyte dysfunction, and adipose tissue inflammation. Finally, the current intervention strategies for treatment of obesity and dyslipidemia is addressed with emphasis on the role of gut microbiota metabolites and its ability to predict treatment efficacies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max S. Z. Zwartjes
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (V.E.A.G.); (M.N.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Spaarne Gasthuis, Spaarnepoort 1, 2134 TM Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
| | - Victor E. A. Gerdes
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (V.E.A.G.); (M.N.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Spaarne Gasthuis, Spaarnepoort 1, 2134 TM Hoofddorp, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (V.E.A.G.); (M.N.)
- Department of Internal and Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, Amsterdam University Medical Center, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
This article presents new data on Bifidobacterium longum MC-42—a strain that has been actively used for the preparation of commercial dairy products in Russia for almost 40 years. It was demonstrated that this strain possesses high activities of β-galactosidase, α-glucosidase, and leucine arylaminidase; inhibits the growth of pathogens such as Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli; and can efficiently remove cholesterol from the cultural medium. The resistance of B. longum MC-42 determined for 15 commonly used antibiotics was in agreement with those previously reported for Bifidobacterium spp. The absence of frequently transmittable antibiotic resistance genes in the genome and the lack of undesirable activity of β-glucuronidase proved the safe use of B. longum МС-42 as a probiotic and starter culture. Additionally, the impact of two growth-promoting additives—yeast extract or milk protein hydrolysate containing supplementation—on the B. longum MC-42 fermentation profile was assessed. The introduction of these additives increases the maximum attainable viable cell count by orders of magnitude, significantly changed the profile of aminopeptidase activities in extracellular extracts, and influenced the antioxidant and antihypertensive properties of the obtained fermented products.
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14
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Blanco-Morales V, Garcia-Llatas G, Yebra MJ, Sentandreu V, Alegría A. In vitro colonic fermentation of a plant sterol-enriched beverage in a dynamic-colonic gastrointestinal digester. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.111273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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15
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Abdulaziz Abbod Abdo A, Zhang C, Lin Y, Liang X, Kaddour B, Wu Q, Li X, Fan G, Yang R, Teng C, Xu Y, Li W. Xylo-oligosaccharides ameliorate high cholesterol diet induced hypercholesterolemia and modulate sterol excretion and gut microbiota in hamsters. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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16
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Almada CN, Almada-Érix CN, Costa WKA, Graça JS, Cabral L, Noronha MF, Gonçalves AESS, Santos AD, Lollo PC, Magnani M, Sant'Ana AS. Wheat-durum pasta added of inactivated Bifidobacterium animalis decreases glucose and total cholesterol levels and modulates gut microbiota in healthy rats. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2021; 72:781-793. [PMID: 33487082 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2021.1877261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of consumption of wheat-durum pasta added of Bifidobacterium animalis inactivated by gamma-irradiation (paraprobiotic) on health and gut microbiota of rats. Twenty-one male rats were divided into three groups as follow: control (Control) receiving standard diet; pasta control (PC) receiving diet containing pasta, and paraprobiotic pasta Bifidobacterium-irradiated (PPBI), receiving paraprobiotic pasta. The serum levels of glucose and total cholesterol were reduced (p < 0.05) in PPBI when compared to the Control (p < 0.05). PPBI showed high abundance (p ˂ 0.05) of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria and a lower abundance of Bacteriodes compared to Control and PC. Besides, the PPBI showed high abundance (p ˂ 0.05) of Clostridiales, Lactobacillales; Bifidobacteriales, Bacillales, and Coriobacteriales in comparison to Control. Specific genera such as Bifibacterium, Lactobacillus, Ruminococcus, Allobaculum, and Blautia were more related to PPBI. Findings reveal wheat-durum pasta as a potential vehicle for delivering paraprobiotics B. animalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline N Almada
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Carine N Almada-Érix
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Whyara K A Costa
- Department of Food Engineering, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Juliana S Graça
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Lucélia Cabral
- Institute of Biosciences, Department of General and Applied Biology, Sa˜o Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Melline F Noronha
- Research Informatics Core, Research Resource Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Any Elisa S S Gonçalves
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Andrey Dos Santos
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Pablo C Lollo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Great Dourados, Dourados, Brazil
| | - Marciane Magnani
- Department of Food Engineering, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Anderson S Sant'Ana
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Food Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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17
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Mukherjee A, Lordan C, Ross RP, Cotter PD. Gut microbes from the phylogenetically diverse genus Eubacterium and their various contributions to gut health. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1802866. [PMID: 32835590 PMCID: PMC7524325 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1802866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last two decades our understanding of the gut microbiota and its contribution to health and disease has been transformed. Among a new 'generation' of potentially beneficial microbes to have been recognized are members of the genus Eubacterium, who form a part of the core human gut microbiome. The genus consists of phylogenetically, and quite frequently phenotypically, diverse species, making Eubacterium a taxonomically unique and challenging genus. Several members of the genus produce butyrate, which plays a critical role in energy homeostasis, colonic motility, immunomodulation and suppression of inflammation in the gut. Eubacterium spp. also carry out bile acid and cholesterol transformations in the gut, thereby contributing to their homeostasis. Gut dysbiosis and a consequently modified representation of Eubacterium spp. in the gut, have been linked with various human disease states. This review provides an overview of Eubacterium species from a phylogenetic perspective, describes how they alter with diet and age and summarizes its association with the human gut and various health conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arghya Mukherjee
- Department of Food Biosciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - Cathy Lordan
- Department of Food Biosciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - R. Paul Ross
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Paul D. Cotter
- Department of Food Biosciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Ireland
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Abstract
Vertebrates synthesize a diverse set of steroids and bile acids that undergo bacterial biotransformations. The endocrine literature has principally focused on the biochemistry and molecular biology of host synthesis and tissue-specific metabolism of steroids. Host-associated microbiota possess a coevolved set of steroid and bile acid modifying enzymes that match the majority of host peripheral biotransformations in addition to unique capabilities. The set of host-associated microbial genes encoding enzymes involved in steroid transformations is known as the sterolbiome. This review focuses on the current knowledge of the sterolbiome as well as its importance in medicine and agriculture.
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Kreit J. Aerobic catabolism of sterols by microorganisms: key enzymes that open the 3-ketosteroid nucleus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 366:5544764. [PMID: 31390014 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Aerobic degradation of the sterol tetracyclic nucleus by microorganisms comprises the catabolism of A/B-rings, followed by that of C/D-rings. B-ring rupture at the C9,10-position is a key step involving 3-ketosteroid Δ1-dehydrogenase (KstD) and 3-ketosteroid 9α-hydroxylase (KstH). Their activities lead to the aromatization of C4,5-en-containing A-ring causing the rupture of B-ring. C4,5α-hydrogenated 3-ketosteroid could be produced by the growing microorganism containing a 5α-reductase. In this case, the microorganism synthesizes, in addition to KstD and KstH, a 3-ketosteroid Δ4-(5α)-dehydrogenase (Kst4D) in order to produce the A-ring aromatization, and consequently B-ring rupture. KstD and Kst4D are FAD-dependent oxidoreductases. KstH is composed of a reductase and a monooxygenase. This last component is the catalytic unit; it contains a Rieske-[2Fe-2S] center with a non-haem mononuclear iron in the active site. Published data regarding these enzymes are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Kreit
- Mohammed V University, Laboratory of Biology of Human Pathologies, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn-Batouta Avenue, P.O. Box 1014, Rabat, Morocco
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20
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Nakakuni M, Yamasaki Y, Yoshitake N, Takehara K, Yamamoto S. Methyl Ether-Derivatized Sterols and Coprostanol Produced via Thermochemolysis Using Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide (TMAH). Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224040. [PMID: 31703423 PMCID: PMC6928973 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterols are widely distributed in nature from lipids in organisms to sediments. As a conventional method, extraction and derivatization with TMS have been applied for sterol analysis, requiring a long preparation time for gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. In this study, for sterol analysis, thermochemolysis using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) was applied. This method performs hydrolysis and methylation simultaneously; thus, free and ether-bonding sterols can be analyzed as sterol methyl ethers in a relatively short time period. A sediment sample from a tideland (the Yatsu tideland, Japan) was analyzed using the TMAH method, and we detected more than 10 sterols, which include cholest-5-en-3β-ol (cholesterol), 24-ethylcholest-5-en-3β-ol (sitosterol), 24-methylcholesta-5,22E-3β-ol (brassicasterol), 24-ethylcholesta-5,24(28)Z-dien-3β-ol (isofucosterol), 4α,23,24-trimethyl-5α(H)-cholest-22E-en-3β- ol (dinosterol), and 5β(H)-cholestan-3β-ol (coprostanol). The detection of the various sterols can be attributed to multiple natural and artificial sources around the Yatsu tideland. In this paper, the mass spectra of these sterols are provided together with an interpretation of their fragmentation patterns. Additionally, the fecal pollution in the Yatsu tideland is discussed in the context of the detection of coprostanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Nakakuni
- Department of Science and Technology, Soka University, 1-236 Tangi-machi, Hachioji City, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Yoshimi Yamasaki
- Department of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangicho, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan; (Y.Y.); (N.Y.); (K.T.); (S.Y.)
| | - Nonoka Yoshitake
- Department of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangicho, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan; (Y.Y.); (N.Y.); (K.T.); (S.Y.)
| | - Keiko Takehara
- Department of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangicho, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan; (Y.Y.); (N.Y.); (K.T.); (S.Y.)
| | - Shuichi Yamamoto
- Department of Environmental Engineering for Symbiosis, Graduate School of Engineering, Soka University, 1-236 Tangicho, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan; (Y.Y.); (N.Y.); (K.T.); (S.Y.)
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21
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Abstract
Biocatalysis is the term used to describe the application of any type of biocatalyst (enzymes, as isolated preparations of wild-type or genetically modified variants, or whole cells, either as native cells or as recombinant expressed proteins inside host cells) in a given synthetic schedule [...]
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Hao W, He Z, Zhu H, Liu J, Kwek E, Zhao Y, Ma KY, He WS, Chen ZY. Sea buckthorn seed oil reduces blood cholesterol and modulates gut microbiota. Food Funct 2019; 10:5669-5681. [DOI: 10.1039/c9fo01232j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Sea buckthorn seed oil favorably decreases plasma cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangjun Hao
- School of Life Sciences
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
| | - Zouyan He
- School of Life Sciences
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
| | - Hanyue Zhu
- School of Life Sciences
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
| | - Jianhui Liu
- School of Life Sciences
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
| | - Erika Kwek
- School of Life Sciences
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
| | - Yimin Zhao
- School of Life Sciences
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
| | - Ka Ying Ma
- School of Life Sciences
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
| | - Wen-Sen He
- School of Life Sciences
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering
| | - Zhen-Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Shatin
- China
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