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Kottis T, Soursos N, Govatsi K, Sygellou L, Vakros J, Manariotis ID, Mantzavinos D, Lianos P. Biochar from olive tree twigs and spent malt rootlets as electrodes in Zn-air batteries. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 665:10-18. [PMID: 38513404 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.03.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Biochars, i.e. porous carbons obtained by pyrolysis of biomass, can act as electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution and oxygen reduction reaction. In the present work, two biochars have been prepared by using materials of completely different biomass origin: olive-tree twigs and spent malt rootlets (brewery wastes). Both biomass species were subjected to pyrolysis under limited oxygen supply and then they were activated by mixing with KOH and pyrolysis again. The obtained biochars were characterized by several techniques in order to determine their structural characteristics and the composition of their active components. Despite their different origin, the two biochars demonstrated similar structural and compositional characteristics thus highlighting the importance of the pyrolysis and activation procedure. Both biochars were used as electrocatalysts in the operation of rechargeable Zn-air batteries, where they also demonstrated similar electrocatalytic capacities with only a small advantage gained by olive-tree-twigs biochar. Compared to bare nanoparticulate carbon (carbon black), both biochars demonstrated a marked advantage towards oxygen evolution reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros Kottis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Soursos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Katerina Govatsi
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras 26500 Greece
| | - Lamprini Sygellou
- Foundation of Research and Technology - Institute of Chemical Engineering Science (FORTH/ICE-HT), Stadiou Str. Platani, P.O. Box 1414, Patras 26500, Greece
| | - John Vakros
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
| | - Ioannis D Manariotis
- Department of Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, University of Patras, University Campus 26500 Patras, Greece
| | | | - Panagiotis Lianos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
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2
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Zhang R, Lin Z, Chen J, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Ma Y, Zhang Z, Sun Y. Mechanistic insights into δ-MnO 2/biochar-activated persulfate-treated wastewater containing antibiotics and heavy metals: Nonradical pathway and pivotal role of Cu(Ⅱ) at low temperature. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142715. [PMID: 38945221 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we present a high efficiency system based on biochar loaded with layered manganese dioxide to remove tetracycline and heavy metals from livestock wastewater. Under the optimal conditions, the degradation efficiencies of TC in the δ-MnO2/BC/PS system were 85.5% at 25 °C and 38.5% at 5 °C. Radical quenching experiments revealed that radical reactions in the δ-MnO2/BC/PS system were weak under 15 °C. Adsorption degradation experiments showed that the system maintained good adsorption performance at 5 °C. Galvanic cell experiments and cyclic voltammetry showed that the δ-MnO2/BC material had good electrochemical activity and high stability in response to temperature, indicating that TC was degraded by a nonradical pathway that was not limited by temperature, such as electron transfer. Copper ion was important coadsorbent and coactivator of the reaction system. Furthermore, FTIR, XPS, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses showed that Cu(II) in the system was involved in changing the manganese valence state in the δ-MnO2/BC material and increasing the -OH content of BC. Comparison of the different products generated during metabolic testing revealed that the reaction pathway of the system at low temperature (5 °C) differed from that at normal temperature (25 °C). The δ-MnO2/BC material demonstrated good removal ability for antibiotics and heavy metals at normal and low temperatures in actual biogas slurry. The study provides insight for improving the efficiency of environmentally friendly treatments of aquaculture wastewater in cold regions, which is of great significance for resource utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhaoye Lin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Junhao Chen
- PowerChina Huadong Engineering Co.Ltd, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- PowerChina Huadong Engineering Co.Ltd, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Central & Southern China Municipal Engineering Design and Research Institute Co.Ltd, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Yanwen Ma
- Central & Southern China Municipal Engineering Design and Research Institute Co.Ltd, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Zishuai Zhang
- Central & Southern China Municipal Engineering Design and Research Institute Co.Ltd, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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3
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UV and Zero-Valent Iron (ZVI) Activated Continuous Flow Persulfate Oxidation of Municipal Wastewater. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13010025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, sulfate-radical-based advanced oxidation processes are promising candidates to become viable post-treatment processes for wastewater purification. In this work, a continuous flow UV light/persulfate (PS)/zero-valent iron (ZVI) system has been applied for wastewater treatment for the first time. The influence of certain photo-Fenton-like process parameters, such as space time, PS concentration, and PS to ZVI molar ratio, on the removal of total organic carbon (TOC), was examined using the Box–Behnken design. First, synthetic municipal wastewater was used for the experiments, and the polynomial regression model was constructed utilizing the real data by using the response surface methodology (RSM). The adequacy of the RSM model was assessed by analysis of variance, which showed that the model was reliable and could be applied to improve the process parameters for TOC removal. Moreover, both synthetic and real municipal wastewater were spiked with carbamazepine (CBZ), which is commonly prescribed as an antiepileptic drug, to investigate its fate in the UV/PS/ZVI system. With a space time of 60 min, PS concentration of 60 mM, and PS to ZVI molar ratio of 15, it was possible to remove 71% of TOC and completely remove CBZ from the synthetic municipal wastewater, whereas a 60% TOC removal and complete removal of CBZ were achieved at a space time of 50 min, PS concentration of 50 mM, and PS/ZVI molar ratio of 15 for the real municipal wastewater. This difference in TOC removal could possibly be linked to the complex matrix of the real wastewater and the presence of radical scavenging agents.
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Giannakopoulos S, Vakros J, Manariotis ID, Mantzavinos D, Lianos P. Study of the Functionalities of a Biochar Electrode Combined with a Photoelectrochemical Cell. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 16:43. [PMID: 36614381 PMCID: PMC9821603 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biochar has been obtained by pyrolysis of spent malt rootlets under limited oxygen supply and further activated by mixing with KOH and pyrolyzed again at high temperature. The total specific surface area of such activated biochar was 1148 m2 g-1, while that of micropores was 690 m2 g-1. This biochar was used to make a functional electrode by deposition on carbon cloth and was combined with a photoelectrochemical cell. The biochar electrode functioned as a supercapacitor in combination with the electrolyte of the cell, reaching a specific capacity of 98 Fg-1, and it was capable of storing charges generated by the cell, proving current flow both under illumination and in the dark. The same electrode could be used as an air-cathode providing oxygen reduction functionality and thus demonstrating interesting electrocatalyst properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Vakros
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
- School of Sciences and Engineering, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus
| | - Ioannis D. Manariotis
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Patras, University Campus, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | | | - Panagiotis Lianos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
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5
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Tailoring the Biochar Physicochemical Properties Using a Friendly Eco-Method and Its Application on the Oxidation of the Drug Losartan through Persulfate Activation. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12101245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, spent malt rootlet-derived biochar was modified by a friendly eco-method using a low temperature (100 °C) and dilute acid, base, or water. The modification significantly enhanced the surface area from 100 to 308–428 m2g−1 and changed the morphology and the carbon phase. In addition, the mineral’s percentage and zero-point charge were significantly affected. Among the examined materials, the acid-treated biochar exhibited higher degradation of the drug losartan in the presence of persulfate. Interestingly, the biochar acted as an adsorbent at pH 3, whereas at pH = 5.6 and 10, the apparent kinetic constant’s ratio koxidation/kadsorption was 3.73 ± 0.03, demonstrating losartan oxidation. Scavenging experiments indirectly demonstrated that the role of the non-radical mechanism (singlet oxygen) was crucial; however, sulfate and hydroxyl radicals also significantly participated in the oxidation of losartan. Experiments in secondary effluent resulted in decreased efficiency in comparison to pure water; this is ascribed to the competition between the actual water matrix constituents and the target compound for the active biochar sites and reactive species.
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Dhawle R, Vakros J, Dracopoulos V, Manariotis ID, Mantzavinos D, Lianos P. Enhancement of the photoelectrochemical production of hydrogen peroxide under intermittent light supply in the presence of an optimized biochar supercapacitor. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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7
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Cheng Z, Tao H, Zhang J, Wang S, Yang Y, Li J, Wu D, Ma Z. KBH4 Modification of Fe3O4 Core Shell Carbon Microspheres Promoted Persulfate Activation for Organic Contaminants degradation: Factors and Mechanism. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-022-04143-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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8
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Wang B, Wang Y. A comprehensive review on persulfate activation treatment of wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 831:154906. [PMID: 35364155 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
With increasingly serious environmental pollution and the production of various wastewater, water pollutants have posed a serious threat to human health and the ecological environment. The advanced oxidation process (AOP), represented by the persulfate (PS) oxidation process, has attracted increasing attention because of its economic, practical, safety and stability characteristics, opening up new ideas in the fields of wastewater treatment and environmental protection. However, PS does not easily react with organic pollutants and usually needs to be activated to produce oxidizing active substances such as sulfate radicals (SO4-) and hydroxyl radicals (OH) to degrade them. This paper summarizes the research progress of PS activation methods in the field of wastewater treatment, such as physical activation (e.g., thermal, ultrasonic, hydrodynamic cavitation, electromagnetic radiation activation and discharge plasma), chemical activation (e.g., alkaline, electrochemistry and catalyst) and the combination of the different methods, putting forward the advantages, disadvantages and influencing factors of various activation methods, discussing the possible activation mechanisms, and pointing out future development directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baowei Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, China
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9
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Giannakopoulos S, Frontistis Z, Vakros J, Poulopoulos SG, Manariotis ID, Mantzavinos D. Combined activation of persulfate by biochars and artificial light for the degradation of sulfamethoxazole in aqueous matrices. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2022.104440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Luo J, Yi Y, Ying G, Fang Z, Zhang Y. Activation of persulfate for highly efficient degradation of metronidazole using Fe(II)-rich potassium doped magnetic biochar. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 819:152089. [PMID: 34856267 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The content of active components in magnetic biochar, especially Fe(II), is closely related to its activation performance. Therefore, improving Fe(II) content in magnetic biochar is an ideal strategy to enhance the activation performance of magnetic biochar. In this study, the potassium-doped magnetic biochar was prepared and employed to activate persulfate for degradation of metronidazole. The degradation efficiency of metronidazole in potassium-doped magnetic biochar/persulfate system was 98.4%, which was 13.1 times higher than that in magnetic biochar/persulfate system. Free radicals quenching experiments and electron spin resonance analyses confirmed that surface-bound free radicals were responsible for metronidazole degradation followed the order of 1O2 > ·OH > SO4·- > O2·-. The doping of magnetic biochar with potassium increased its Fe(II) content, approximately 3.1 times higher than that of pristine magnetic biochar. The differences in Fe(II) content between potassium-doped magnetic biochar and magnetic biochar were the key reasons for the activation performance differences. Based on the ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography-quadrupole tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometer, the primary degradation intermediates of metronidazole were identified, and possible degrading pathways were proposed. Overall, this work provides an effective strategy to improve the activation performance of magnetic biochar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayi Luo
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Ecological Management and Remediation of Water System, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution & Environmental Safety, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yunqiang Yi
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Ecological Management and Remediation of Water System, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution & Environmental Safety, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Guangguo Ying
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Ecological Management and Remediation of Water System, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution & Environmental Safety, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhanqiang Fang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Ecological Management and Remediation of Water System, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution & Environmental Safety, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yifeng Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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11
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Guo Z, Zhang Y, Gan S, He H, Cai N, Xu J, Guo P, Chen B, Pan X. Effective degradation of COVID-19 related drugs by biochar-supported red mud catalyst activated persulfate process: Mechanism and pathway. JOURNAL OF CLEANER PRODUCTION 2022; 340:130753. [PMID: 36032562 PMCID: PMC9396784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
With the global spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, the water pollution caused by extensive production and application of COVID-19 related drugs has aroused growing attention. Herein, a novel biochar-supported red mud catalyst (RM-BC) containing abundant free hydroxyl groups was synthesized. The RM-BC activated persulfate process was firstly put forward to degrade COVID-19 related drugs, including arbidol (ARB), chloroquine phosphate, hydroxychloroquine sulfate, and acyclovir. Highly effective removal of these pharmaceuticals was achieved and even 100% of ARB was removed within 12 min at optimum conditions. Mechanism study indicated that SO4 •- and HO• were the predominant radicals, and these radicals were responsible for the formation of DMPOX in electron spin resonance experiments. Fe species (Fe0 and Fe3O4) and oxygen-containing functional groups in RM-BC played crucial roles in the elimination of ARB. Effects of degradation conditions and several common water matrices were also investigated. Finally, the degradation products of ARB were identified by Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR-MS) and possible degradation pathways were proposed. This study demonstrated that RM-BC/PS system would have great potential for the removal of COVID-19 related drug residues in water by the catalyst synthesized from the solid waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 51000, China
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 51000, China
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Shuchai Gan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 51000, China
| | - Huan He
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Nan Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 51000, China
| | - Jingwei Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 51000, China
| | - Pengran Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, 51000, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xuejun Pan
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
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12
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Kumar A, Singh E, Mishra R, Kumar S. Biochar as environmental armour and its diverse role towards protecting soil, water and air. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150444. [PMID: 34571227 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Biochar has been of considerable importance for various environmental applications in recent years. It has exhibited substantial advantages like favourable structural and surface properties, easy process of preparation and widely available feedstocks. These set of exceptional properties make it an efficient, cost-effective and environment friendly source for diversified elimination of pollutants. The heterogeneity of physico-chemical properties offers a possibility for biochar to optimize its efficacy for targeted applications. This review aims to highlight the critical role that biochar plays in various environmental applications, be it in soil, water or air. In particular the article offers a comprehensive review of the recent research findings and updates related to the diversified role of biochar. Also, the interaction of pollutants with biochar functional groups and the impact of variation of parameters on biochar attribute relevant to specific pollutant removal, modifications, mechanisms involved and competence for such removal has been discussed. Different technologies for production of biochar have also been summarized with an emphasis on post treatment of biochar, such as modification and doping. In addition to this, the underlying gaps in the studies carried out so far and recommendations for future research areas in biochar have also been deliberated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Kumar
- CSIR-National Environmental and Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur 440 020, India
| | - Ekta Singh
- CSIR-National Environmental and Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur 440 020, India
| | - Rahul Mishra
- CSIR-National Environmental and Engineering Research Institute (CSIR-NEERI), Nagpur 440 020, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- United Nations University, Institute for Integrated Management of Material Fluxes and of Resources (UNUFLORES) Ammonstrasse 74, 01067, Dresden, Germany.
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Papatheodorou G, Ntzoufra P, Hapeshi E, Vakros J, Mantzavinos D. Hybrid Biochar/Ceria Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Characterization and Activity Assessment for the Persulfate-Induced Degradation of Antibiotic Sulfamethoxazole. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:194. [PMID: 35055213 PMCID: PMC8778396 DOI: 10.3390/nano12020194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Biochar from spent malt rootlets was employed as the template to synthesize hybrid biochar-ceria materials through a wet impregnation method. The materials were tested for the activation of persulfate (SPS) and subsequent degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), a representative antibiotic, in various matrices. Different calcination temperatures in the range 300-500 °C were employed and the resulting materials were characterized by means of N2 adsorption and potentiometric mass titration as well as TGA, XRD, SEM, FTIR, DRS, and Raman spectroscopy. Calcination temperature affects the biochar content and the physicochemical properties of the hybrid materials, which were tested for the degradation of 500 μg L-1 SMX with SPS (in the range 200-500 mg L-1) in various matrices including ultrapure water (UPW), bottled water, wastewater, and UPW spiked with bicarbonate, chloride, or humic acid. Materials calcined at 300-350 °C, with a surface area of ca. 120 m2 g-1, were the most active, yielding ca. 65% SMX degradation after 120 min of reaction in UPW; materials calcined at higher temperatures as well as bare biochar were less active. Degradation decreased with increasing matrix complexity due to the interactions amongst the surface, the contaminant, and the oxidant. Experiments in the presence of scavengers (i.e., methanol, t-butanol, and sodium azide) revealed that sulfate and hydroxyl radicals as well as singlet oxygen were the main oxidative species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golfo Papatheodorou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Caratheodory 1, University Campus, GR-26504 Patras, Greece; (G.P.); (P.N.)
| | - Paraskevi Ntzoufra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Caratheodory 1, University Campus, GR-26504 Patras, Greece; (G.P.); (P.N.)
| | - Evroula Hapeshi
- Department of Life and Health Sciences, School of Sciences and Engineering, University of Nicosia, Nicosia 2417, Cyprus;
| | - John Vakros
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Caratheodory 1, University Campus, GR-26504 Patras, Greece; (G.P.); (P.N.)
| | - Dionissios Mantzavinos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Caratheodory 1, University Campus, GR-26504 Patras, Greece; (G.P.); (P.N.)
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14
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Tokarčíková M, Motyka O, Peikertová P, Gabor R, Seidlerová J. Magnetically Modified Biosorbent for Rapid Beryllium Elimination from the Aqueous Environment. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14216610. [PMID: 34772136 PMCID: PMC8585364 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although both beryllium and its compounds display high toxicity, little attention has been focused on the removal of beryllium from wastewaters. In this research, magnetically modified biochar obtained from poor-quality wheat with two distinct FexOy contents was studied as a sorbent for the elimination of beryllium from an aqueous solution. The determined elimination efficiency was higher than 80% in both prepared composites, and the presence of FexOy did not affect the sorption properties. The experimental qmax values were determined to be 1.44 mg/g for original biochar and biochar with lower content of iron and 1.45 mg/g for the biochar with higher iron content. The optimum pH values favorable for sorption were determined to be 6. After the sorption procedure, the sorbent was still magnetically active enough to be removed from the solution by a magnet. Using magnetically modified sorbents proved to be an easy to apply, low-cost, and effective technique.
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15
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On the Performance of a Sustainable Rice Husk Biochar for the Activation of Persulfate and the Degradation of Antibiotics. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11111303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfate-radical-based advanced oxidation processes are highly effective in the degradation of antibiotics in water and wastewater. The activation of sulfate radicals occurs with the use of biochar, a low-cost carbon material. In this work, the preparation of biochar from rice husk for the degradation of various antibiotics was studied, and the biochar was compared with another biochar prepared at a different pyrolysis temperature. The biochar was prepared at 700 °C under limited O2. It had a high specific surface area of 231 m2 g−1 with micropores, a point of zero charge equal to 7.4 and a high silica content. The effect of different operating conditions on the degradation of organic compounds was studied. Increases in biochar dosage and sodium persulfate concentration were found to be beneficial for the degradation. In contrast, an increase in antibiotic concentration, the complexity of the water matrix and the existence of radical scavengers all had a detrimental effect on the activity. The comparison of the results with those from a biochar prepared at a higher temperature (850 °C) revealed that the preparation conditions affect the performance. The biochar pyrolyzed at 700 °C exhibited different behavior from that prepared at 850 °C, demonstrating the importance of the preparation route. The studied reaction was surface-sensitive and followed radical and non-radical pathways. The adsorption of the organic contaminant also played a significant role. The carbon phase characteristics determined the dominant pathway, which was radical formation, in contrast with the biochar prepared at higher temperature, where the degradation followed mainly non-radical pathways.
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16
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Degradation of cephalexin by persulfate activated with magnetic loofah biochar: Performance and mechanism. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Abstract
One of the most recent applications studied in recent years is the use of biochar as a catalyst for the conversion of oils into biodiesel. The scope of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of biochars as heterogeneous catalysts for the conversion of Scenedesmus rubescens lipids into biodiesel. Biochar from different materials were employed, namely, malt spent rootlets (MSR), coffee spent grounds (CSG), and olive kernels (OK). Materials were charred at two temperatures (400 and 850 °C) in order to examine the effect of pyrolysis temperature. Homogeneous catalysts such as sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide were also employed for comparison purposes. In order to explain the different performance of biochar as catalyst, we conducted detailed characterization of these materials. The results of this study showed that homogeneous catalysts (H2SO4 and NaOH) had similar results to the CSG biochar at 400 °C, which was the most productive tested biochar. The pyrolysis temperatures affected the FAMEs recovery of OK and CSG biochar.
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18
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Abstract
In the present study, biochars from rice husk were synthesized via pyrolysis at 400, 550, 700 and 850 °C for 1 h under a limited O2 atmosphere, characterized with a various techniques of and used as catalysts to activate persulfate and to degrade sulfamethoxazole (SMX). After physicochemical characterization of biochars. SMX degradation tests were performed using different water matrices, persulfate biochar and SMX concentrations and different initial pH solutions. Also, spiked solutions with bicarbonate, chloride, calcium nitrate, humic acid or alcohols were tested. It was found that catalytic reactivity rises with the pyrolysis temperature. Biochar is crucial for the oxidation of SMX and it can be described with a pseudo first–order kinetic model. Real matrices hinder the oxidation process, in waste water the SMX removal is 41% in 90 min, comparable with the inhibition obtained with spiked with bicarbonates solution (52% removal within 90 min) while complete removal can be achieved in ultrapure water matrices. The presence of alcohol slightly inhibits degradation contrary to the addition of sodium azide which causes significant inhibition, this is an evidence that degradation either under electron transfer/singlet oxygen control or dominated by surface-bound radicals.
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Biochar from Spent Malt Rootlets and Its Application to an Energy Conversion and Storage Device. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9030057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Activated carbon obtained from biomass wastes was presently studied in order to evaluate its applicability in an energy storage device. Biochar was obtained by the carbonization of spent malt rootlets and was further processed by mild treatment in NaOH. The final product had a specific surface of 362 m2 g−1 and carried Na, P and a few mineral sites. This material was first characterized by several techniques. Then it was used to make a supercapacitor electrode, which reached a specific capacitance of 156 F g−1. The supercapacitor electrode was combined with a photocatalytic fuel cell, making a simple three-electrode device functioning with a single alkaline electrolyte. This device allows solar energy conversion and storage at the same time, promoting the use of biomass wastes for energy applications.
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20
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Pan X, Gu Z, Chen W, Li Q. Preparation of biochar and biochar composites and their application in a Fenton-like process for wastewater decontamination: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142104. [PMID: 33254921 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Biochar is a carbon-rich material that can be obtained from pyrolysis of solid waste (e.g., agricultural solid waste and sludge from wastewater treatment plants). Biochar features low cost, large specific surface area, and strong adsorption capacity. New biochar composites can be produced via modification and loading of nano particles onto biochar. Biochar can contribute to the dispersion and stabilization of nano particles. In addition, nano particles can increase the number of surface-active sites, which improves the physicochemical properties of the material. Biochar and biochar composites have been applied widely in wastewater treatment, and have significantly enhanced the treatment performance of Fenton-like processes (activation of hydrogen peroxide and persulfate) as an advanced oxidation process for organics removal and wastewater decontamination. This paper reviews the preparation methods for biochar and biochar composites to systematically analyze the influential factors on the preparation process. The paper also comprehensively reviews the mechanisms by which biochar removes different organic pollutants. However, due to the vast number of different biochar feedstocks and their preparation methods, it is difficult to compare the properties of one biochar to another. Guidance if provided for the application of biochar and biochar composites for wastewater decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuqin Pan
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Zhepei Gu
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Weiming Chen
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Qibin Li
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China.
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21
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Pereira Lopes R, Astruc D. Biochar as a support for nanocatalysts and other reagents: Recent advances and applications. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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22
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Andrade TS, Vakros J, Mantzavinos D, Lianos P. Biochar obtained by carbonization of spent coffee grounds and its application in the construction of an energy storage device. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2020.100061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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23
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Lanthanum Nickel Oxide: An Effective Heterogeneous Activator of Sodium Persulfate for Antibiotics Elimination. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10121373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the presence of pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in surface waters and wastewaters has b the effectiveness of conventional water treatment methods. Towards this direction, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for the complete elimination of micro pollutants in waters have become an emerging area of research. The present study reports the heterogeneous activation of sodium persulfate (SPS) by LaNiO3 (LNO) perovskite oxide for the degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), an antibiotic agent. LNO was prepared according to a combustion method, and its physicochemical characteristics were identified by means of XRD, BET, TEM, and SEM/EDS. SMX degradation results showed the great efficiency of LNO for SPS activation. Increasing LNO and SPS dosage up to 250 mg/L enhanced the SMX degradation. In contrast, increasing SMX concentration resulted in longer time periods for its degradation. Considering the pH effect, SMX removal was obstructed under basic conditions, while the efficiency was enhanced at near-neutral conditions. The present system’s activity was also tested for piroxicam (PIR) and methylparaben (MeP) degradation, showing promising results. Unfortunately, experiments conducted in real water matrices such as bottled water (BW) and wastewater (WW), showed that SMX removal was limited to less than 25% in both cases. The hindering effects were mainly attributed to bicarbonate ions and organic matter present in aqueous media. The results obtained using suitable radical scavengers revealed the contribution of both hydroxyl and sulfate radicals in degradation reactions. Finally, LNO exhibited good stability under consecutive experimental runs.
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Lykoudi A, Frontistis Z, Vakros J, Manariotis ID, Mantzavinos D. Degradation of sulfamethoxazole with persulfate using spent coffee grounds biochar as activator. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 271:111022. [PMID: 32778303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, biochar from spent coffee grounds was synthesized via pyrolysis at 850 °C for 1 h, characterized and employed as catalyst for the degradation of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) by persulfate activation. A variety of techniques, such as physisorption of N2, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, and potentiometric mass titration, were employed for biochar characterization. The biochar has a surface area of 492 m2/g, its point of zero charge is 6.9, while mineral deposits are limited. SMX degradation experiments were performed mainly in ultrapure water (UPW) at persulfate concentrations between 100 and 1000 mg/L, biochar concentrations between 50 and 200 mg/L, SMX concentrations between 500 and 2000 μg/L and initial solution pH between 3 and 10. Real matrices, besides UPW, were also tested, namely bottled water (BW) and treated wastewater (WW), while synthetic solutions were prepared spiking UPW with bicarbonate, chloride, humic acid or alcohols. Almost complete removal of SMX can be achieved using 200 mg/L biochar and 1000 mg/L sodium persulfate (SPS) within 75 min. The presence of biochar is important for the degradation process, while the activity of the biochar increases linearly with SPS concentration. Degradation follows a pseudo-order kinetic model and the rate increases with increasing biochar concentration and decreasing SMX concentration. Although SMX adsorption onto the biochar surface is favored at acidic conditions, degradation proceeds equally fast regardless of the initial solution pH. Reactions in either real matrix are slower, resulting in 55% SMX removal in 60 min for WW. Bicarbonate causes severe inhibition as only 45% of SMX can be removed within 75 min in UPW. The addition of alcohol slightly inhibits degradation suggesting that the reaction pathway is either under electron transfer control or due to the generation of surface oxygen radicals with higher oxidation potential than the homogeneously produced radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aspasia Lykoudi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Caratheodory 1, University Campus, GR-26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Zacharias Frontistis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, GR-50100, Kozani, Greece
| | - John Vakros
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Caratheodory 1, University Campus, GR-26504, Patras, Greece; INVALOR: Research Infrastructure for Waste Valorization and Sustainable Management, Caratheodory 1, University Campus, GR-26504, Patras, Greece
| | - Ioannis D Manariotis
- Department of Civil Engineering, Environmental Engineering Laboratory, University of Patras, University Campus, GR-26504, Patras, Greece.
| | - Dionissios Mantzavinos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Caratheodory 1, University Campus, GR-26504, Patras, Greece; INVALOR: Research Infrastructure for Waste Valorization and Sustainable Management, Caratheodory 1, University Campus, GR-26504, Patras, Greece
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25
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Zhang R, Li Y, Wang Z, Tong Y, Sun P. Biochar-activated peroxydisulfate as an effective process to eliminate pharmaceutical and metabolite in hydrolyzed urine. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 177:115809. [PMID: 32311579 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Eliminating pharmaceutical active compounds from source-separated urine is essential for nutrient recovery and reducing the contaminant load to wastewater treatment plants. However, limited oxidation treatment processes have shown satisfactory performance due to strong scavenging effect of urine components. This study proposed a heterogeneous catalytic system by combining biochar with peroxydisulfate (PDS), which effectively removed sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and its major human metabolite, N4-acetyl-sulfamethoxazole (NSMX) in urine. The performance of biochar/PDS was investigated in both a complete-mixing reactor and a biochar-packed column. Interestingly, urine components slightly inhibited the degradation of sulfonamides in biochar suspension but significantly improved their removal in biochar-packed column. Further investigation elucidated the PDS activation process and the effects of the main urine components, which explained the different results in biochar suspension and biochar-packed column. The biochar/PDS system mainly produced ·OH radical, singlet oxygen and surface-bound radicals (SBR), which transformed SMX to products of no apprarent antimicrobial properities. A cost-effective two-stage process was designed utilizing SBR as the major reactive species. This study may help to improve the understanding of the catalytic role of biochar and provide cost-effective treatment options for urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruochun Zhang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072 China
| | - Yaxiu Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zijian Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yindong Tong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Peizhe Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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Zanias A, Frontistis Z, Vakros J, Arvaniti OS, Ribeiro RS, Silva AMT, Faria JL, Gomes HT, Mantzavinos D. Degradation of methylparaben by sonocatalysis using a Co-Fe magnetic carbon xerogel. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 64:105045. [PMID: 32120238 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2020.105045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of methylparaben (MP) through 20 kHz ultrasound coupled with a bimetallic Co-Fe carbon xerogel (CX/CoFe) was investigated in this work. Experiments were performed at actual power densities of 25 and 52 W/L, catalyst loadings of 12.5 and 25 mg/L, MP concentrations between 1 and 4.2 mg/L and initial pH values between 3 and 10 in ultrapure water (UPW). Matrix effects were studied in bottled water (BW) and secondary treated wastewater (WW), as well as in UPW spiked with bicarbonate, chloride or humic acid. The pseudo-first order kinetics of MP degradation increase with power and catalyst loading and decrease with MP concentration and matrix complexity; moreover, the reaction is also favored at near-neutral conditions and in the presence of dissolved oxygen. The contribution of the catalyst is synergistic to the sonochemical degradation of MP and the extent of synergy is quantified to be >45%. This effect was ascribed to the ability of CX/CoFe to catalyze the dissociation of hydrogen peroxide, formed through water sonolysis, to hydroxyl radicals. Experiments in UPW spiked with an excess of tert-butanol (radical scavenger), sodium dodecyl sulfate or sodium acetate (surfactants) led to substantially decreased rates (i.e. by about 8 times), thus implying that the liquid bulk and the gas-liquid interface are major reaction sites. The stability of CX/CoFe was shown by performing reusability cycles employing magnetic separation of the catalyst after the treatment stage. It was found that the CX/CoFe catalyst can be reused in up to four successive cycles without noteworthy variation of the overall performance of the sonocatalytic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Zanias
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Caratheodory 1, University Campus, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Zacharias Frontistis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, GR-50100 Kozani, Greece
| | - John Vakros
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Caratheodory 1, University Campus, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Olga S Arvaniti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Caratheodory 1, University Campus, GR-26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Rui S Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Adrián M T Silva
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joaquim L Faria
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Helder T Gomes
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Dionissios Mantzavinos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, Caratheodory 1, University Campus, GR-26504 Patras, Greece.
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Surface-Modified Sewage Sludge-Derived Carbonaceous Catalyst as a Persulfate Activator for Phenol Degradation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17093286. [PMID: 32397257 PMCID: PMC7246733 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17093286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a catalytic persulfate oxidation process comprising sodium persulfate (PS) and modified sewage sludge-derived carbonaceous catalysts was tested for the degradation of phenol. Sludge-based biochar was modified by high-temperature treatment combined with hydrochloric acid oxidation. The surface properties of carbonaceous catalysts before and after modification were characterized by elemental analysis, N2 isothermal adsorption-desorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The effects of reaction parameters including catalyst dosage, PS/phenol molar ratio, initial pH and reaction temperature on the degradation rate of phenol were investigated. The kinetics of phenol transformation was explored and the reaction rate appeared pseudo first-order kinetics. In SS-600-HCl/PS system, 91% phenol could be efficiently degraded under certain reaction conditions ([phenol]0 = 100 mg/L, catalyst dosage = 0.8 g/L, PS/phenol molar ratio = 3/1, pH = 7, 25 °C) in 180 min. Thus, the results showed that the modified sewage sludge-derived carbonaceous catalyst had a better ability to activate PS for phenol degradation.
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28
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The Influence of Preparation Method on the Physicochemical Characteristics and Catalytic Activity of Co/TiO2 Catalysts. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10010088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Two Co/TiO2 catalysts with 7% CoO/g loading were prepared using equilibrium deposition filtration and the dry impregnation method. The two catalysts were characterized with various physicochemical techniques and tested for the degradation of sulfamethaxazole (SMX) using sodium persulfate (SPS) as the oxidant. It was found that the two catalysts exhibit different physicochemical characteristics. The equilibrium deposition filtration (EDF) catalyst had a higher dispersion of cobalt phase, more easily reduced Co(III) species, and a higher ratio of Co(III)/Co(II) species. The interactions between Co-deposited species and the titania surface were monitored with diffuse reflectance spectroscopy in all the preparation steps, and it was found that they increased during drying and calcination, while EDF favored the formation of surface species with strong interactions with the support. Finally, the EDF catalyst was more active for the degradation of sulfamethaxazole due to its better physicochemical characteristics.
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Biochar-Supported FeS/Fe3O4 Composite for Catalyzed Fenton-Type Degradation of Ciprofloxacin. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9121062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fenton-type oxidation catalyzed by iron minerals is a cost-efficient and environment-friendly technology for the degradation of organic pollutants in water, but their catalytic activity needs to be enhanced. In this work, a novel biochar-supported composite containing both iron sulfide and iron oxide was prepared, and used for catalytic degradation of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin through Fenton-type reactions. Dispersion of FeS/Fe3O4 nanoparticles was observed with scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Formation of ferrous sulfide (FeS) and magnetite (Fe3O4) in the composite was validated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Ciprofloxacin (initial concentration = 20 mg/L) was completely degraded within 45 min in the system catalyzed by this biochar-supported magnetic composite at a dosage of 1.0 g/L. Hydroxyl radicals (·OH) were proved to be the major reactive species contributing to the degradation reaction. The biochar increased the production of ·OH, but decreased the consumption of H2O2, and helped transform Fe3+ into Fe2+, according to the comparison studies using the unsupported FeS/Fe3O4 as the catalyst. All the three biochars prepared by pyrolysis at different temperatures (400, 500 and 600 °C) were capable for enhancing the reactivity of the iron compound catalyst.
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30
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Editorial Catalysts: Special Issue on Trends in Catalytic Wet Peroxide Oxidation Processes. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9110918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalytic wet peroxide oxidation (CWPO) process is an advanced oxidation technology that has shown great potential for the decontamination of wastewater [...]
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