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Wu X, Zhu Y, Guo R, Huang J, Jin H, Zhou L. 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole-derived vulcanization accelerators in urine samples from Chinese adults. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 955:176815. [PMID: 39393704 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2024] [Revised: 10/06/2024] [Accepted: 10/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/13/2024]
Abstract
Studies have discovered wide presence of 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (2-MBT) and 2-MBT-derived vulcanization accelerators (MVAs) in household dust samples, suggesting that these chemicals may have been pervasive in the environment. However, despite the potential for human exposure, the presence of MVAs in human urine, a common matrix used for assessing exposure to environmental chemicals, has not been thoroughly investigated. The current study comprehensively analyzed 11 kinds of MVAs in urine samples from the recruited general population (n = 197) living in Taizhou city, China. Five kinds of MVAs were detectable in >50 % of human urine samples. This indicates the widespread exposure to these vulcanization accelerators among the general population. The predominant target analytes in human urine were 2-MBT and 2,2'-dithiobisbenzothiazole (MBTS), with the mean urinary concentrations of 2.7 ng/mL (range
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wu
- Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, PR China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, PR China
| | - Ruyue Guo
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Juxiu Huang
- Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, PR China
| | - Hangbiao Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310032, PR China
| | - Lisha Zhou
- Taizhou Central Hospital (Taizhou University Hospital), School of Medicine, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, PR China.
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2
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Aswathy T, Mohan S, Kalaivendhan T, Adhil AM. Evaluating the efficiency of functionalized zinc oxide based curing system for polychloroprene composites and analyzing its effect on curing, physical, and morphological properties for the application in specialty power transmission belts. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33275. [PMID: 39035515 PMCID: PMC11259838 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Polychloroprene rubber (CR) is one of the most abundantly used elastomer in power transmission belt section due to its excellent oil resistance, weather resistance, antistatic and dynamic properties. However, due to the negative impact of Zinc Oxide (ZnO) used with CR rubber towards marine environment, it is necessary to minimize the use of ZnO in CR based rubber compounds. Functionalized-ZnO(F-ZnO) being emerged as a suitable replacement for regular ZnO in rubber compounding, the effect of F-ZnO on the curing, mechanical and morphological properties of polychloroprene (CR) based composites to use in power transmission belt applications are evaluated in this work. The curing properties of F-ZnO based composites were characterized using various techniques and results were reported as a comparison with the properties of conventional ZnO (C- ZnO) based CR composites. Properties of various ZnO were analyzed using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis and Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) studies. The replacement of C-ZnO with F-ZnO help to reduce 80 % of Zn content from the end products without effecting the cure time and cross-link density of the same. 5 PHR of C- ZnO from regular compound is replaced with 1 and 3 Phr of F-ZnO and its effect on power transmission belt properties were analyzed thoroughly.
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Affiliation(s)
- T.R. Aswathy
- JK Fenner (India) Limited, Kochadai, Madurai, 625016, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S. Mohan
- JK Fenner (India) Limited, Kochadai, Madurai, 625016, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - T. Kalaivendhan
- JK Fenner (India) Limited, Kochadai, Madurai, 625016, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A. Mohammed Adhil
- JK Fenner (India) Limited, Kochadai, Madurai, 625016, Tamil Nadu, India
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3
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Suchat S, Boonrasri S. Advancement of an Environmentally Friendly and Innovative Sustainable Rubber Wrap Film with Superior Sealing Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1499. [PMID: 38891446 PMCID: PMC11174811 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Common kitchen wraps like plastic and aluminum foil create significant environmental burdens. Plastic wrap, typically made from non-renewable fossil fuels, often ends up in landfills for centuries, breaking down into harmful microplastics. Aluminum foil, while effective, requires a large amount of energy to produce, and recycling it at home can be impractical due to food residue. A promising new alternative, low-nitrosamine rubber wrap film, aims to reduce waste by offering a reusable option compared to traditional single-use plastic wrap. The film is environmentally friendly, durable, and effective in sealing containers and keeping food fresh or crispy. The raw materials used to make the product were studied, namely fresh and concentrated natural rubber latex. No nitrosamines were found in either the fresh or concentrated latex, which is important as nitrosamines are known to be carcinogenic. The absence of nitrosamines in the raw materials suggests that the universal rubber wrap film is safe for use. In this study, the rubber formulation and properties of rubber used to make rubber wrap film were studied. The content of additives affecting the rubber properties was varied to find the optimum rubber formulation for making rubber wrap films. The rubber formulation with the least amount of chemicals that met the following criteria was selected: tensile strength of at least 15 MPa, elongation at break of at least 600%, and nitrosamine content below 6 ppm. It was found experimentally that the optimum rubber formulation for making a translucent rubber film had 0.7 phr zinc oxide and 1.0 phr sulfur. Performance tests revealed the rubber wrap film's superior sealing capabilities. Its elasticity allows for a tighter fit on containers, effectively conforming to various shapes and creating an optimal seal compared to plastic wrap and aluminum foil. The results of this study provide valuable information for developing a universal rubber wrap film that is safe with low nitrosamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunisa Suchat
- Faculty of Science and Industrial Technology, Prince of Songkla University Surat Thani Campus, Surat Thani 84000, Thailand
| | - Siwarote Boonrasri
- Faculty of Engineering and Agro-Industry, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand
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Alam MN, Kumar V, Jeong SU, Park SS. Enhancing Rubber Vulcanization Cure Kinetics: Lowering Vulcanization Temperature by Addition of MgO as Co-Cure Activator in ZnO-Based Cure Activator Systems. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:876. [PMID: 38611134 PMCID: PMC11013655 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Vulcanization is a chemical modification of rubber that requires a considerable amount of thermal energy. To save thermal energy, the kinetics of rubber vulcanization should be improved. In this article, the curing properties of rubber vulcanization are thoroughly investigated using the moving die rheometer (MDR) technique. To enhance the kinetics in different stages of ZnO-based sulfur vulcanization systems, small amounts of MgO were added. The results revealed that the small amount of 1 to 2 phr (per hundred grams of rubber) of MgO in the controlled 5 phr ZnO-based curing systems can significantly improve the curing kinetics. For example, the optimum curing time of 1 phr MgO added to the 5 phr ZnO-containing semi-efficient vulcanization system at different temperatures was more than half that of the controlled 5 phr ZnO-only compound. While maintaining a similar rate of vulcanization, the vulcanization temperature can be reduced by up to 20 °C by using MgO as a co-cure activator, which exhibits similar or better rheometric mechanical properties compared to the controlled compounds. With the addition of MgO as a co-cure activator, the vulcanization reactions become very fast, enabling vulcanization to be completed, even at the boiling point of water (100 °C) with an affordable curing time (<1 h). By reducing the vulcanization temperature, the scorch safety time can be enhanced in the ZnO/MgO-based binary cure activator-containing vulcanizates. Overall, MgO could be a potential candidate as a co-cure activator with ZnO for the vulcanization of rubber, offering better economical and eco-friendly methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Najib Alam
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea; (M.N.A.); (V.K.)
| | - Vineet Kumar
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea; (M.N.A.); (V.K.)
| | - Seok U Jeong
- Graduate School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea;
| | - Sang-Shin Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280, Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea; (M.N.A.); (V.K.)
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Wei YC, Zhu D, Zhang J, Wang HR, Zhou MZ, Liao S. Octylamine regulating the mechanical robustness of natural rubber by involving in the construction of crosslinking network. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 250:126202. [PMID: 37573916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The formation of three dimensional network structure is critical in determining mechanical properties of natural rubber (NR). Consequently, it is vital to regulate crosslinking network of NR by controlling vulcanization process. Inspired by our previous studies on contribution of non-rubber components (NRCs) to the excellent properties of NR, we find octylamine in NRCs decreases the activation energy (Ea) of vulcanization from 82.73 kJ/mol to 44.34 kJ/mol, thereby reducing vulcanization time from 18.67 min to 2.71 min. From microscopic perspective, octylamine tends to coordinate with zinc ions to improve dispersion of ZnO in NR. And octylamine promotes ring-opening reaction of S8 to favor formation of polysulfide intermediates. Therefore, the incorporation of octylamine remarkably improves vulcanization efficiency, which contributes to the formation of a more homogeneous network with higher crosslinking density, enhancing remarkably the strength and toughness of NR. As a result, the tensile strength and fracture energy of samples are as high as 31.15 MPa and 68.88 kJ/m2, respectively. In addition, even with a 60 % reduction in ZnO content, the NR samples still maintain high vulcanization efficiency and excellent mechanical properties after the addition of octylamine, which provides a green and feasible way to alleviate the environmental pollution caused by ZnO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Chan Wei
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Ding Zhu
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Hao-Ran Wang
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Meng-Zhen Zhou
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Shuangquan Liao
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province & Ministry of Education of PRC, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China.
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Boonrasri S, Thipchai P, Sae-Oui P, Thanakkasaranee S, Jantanasakulwong K, Rachtanapun P. Property Improvements of Silica-Filled Styrene Butadiene Rubber/Butadiene Rubber Blend Incorporated with Fatty-Acid-Containing Palm Oil. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3429. [PMID: 37631486 PMCID: PMC10458070 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Using vegetable oils as a plasticizer or processing aid in green rubber products is becoming popular due to environmental concerns. However, differences in vegetable oil processing result in varying amounts of low-molecular-weight (low-MW) free fatty acids (FFAs) in their composition, which range from 2% to 30%. This research investigated how the properties of silica-filled styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and butadiene rubber (BR) blends were affected by the presence of FFAs in palm oil (PO). The rubber compounds containing a 70/30 SBR/BR blend, 30 phr of silica, and 2 phr of bis-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl) tetrasulfide (TESPT), and the vulcanizing agents were prepared and tested. The PO content was kept constant at 20 phr, while the number of FFAs, i.e., lauric acid (LA), palmitic acid (PA), and oleic acid (OA), in PO varied from 10-30%. The viscosity, dynamic mechanical properties, morphology, cure characteristics, and mechanical properties of the rubber blend were then measured. Regardless of the FFA types, increasing FFA content in PO decreased scorch time, cure time, minimum torque, and viscosity. As the FFA content increased, the torque difference and crosslink density also increased, which led to higher hardness, modulus, tensile strength, and abrasion resistance. The FFA types had a slight effect on the vulcanizate properties, even though LA showed slightly better mechanical properties than PA and OA. The results reveal that FFAs in PO not only improve processability but also function as a co-activator in silica-filled sulfur-vulcanized SBR/BR blend compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siwarote Boonrasri
- Faculty of Engineering and Agro-Industry, Maejo University, Chiang Mai 50290, Thailand
| | - Parichat Thipchai
- Philosophy Program in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (International Program/Interdisciplinary), Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Pongdhorn Sae-Oui
- MTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Sarinthip Thanakkasaranee
- Division of Packaging Technology, School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (S.T.); (K.J.)
- Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kittisak Jantanasakulwong
- Division of Packaging Technology, School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (S.T.); (K.J.)
- Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Pornchai Rachtanapun
- Division of Packaging Technology, School of Agro-Industry, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand; (S.T.); (K.J.)
- Center of Excellence in Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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7
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O'Loughlin DP, Haugen MJ, Day J, Brown AS, Braysher EC, Molden N, Willis AE, MacFarlane M, Boies AM. Multi-element analysis of tyre rubber for metal tracers. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 178:108047. [PMID: 37419058 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify a characteristic elemental tyre fingerprint that can be utilised in atmospheric source apportionment calculations. Currently zinc is widely used as a single element tracer to quantify tyre wear, however several authors have highlighted issues with this approach. To overcome this, tyre rubber tread was digested and has been analysed for 25 elements by ICP-MS to generate a multielement profile. Additionally, to estimate the percentage of the tyre made up of inert fillers, thermogravimetric analysis was performed on a subset. Comparisons were made between passenger car and heavy goods vehicle tyre composition, and a subset of tyres had both tread and sidewall sampled for further comparison. 19 of the 25 elements were detected in the analysis. The mean mass fraction of zinc detected was 11.17 g/kg, consistent with previous estimates of 1% of the tyre mass. Aluminium, iron, and magnesium were found to be the next most abundant elements. Only one source profile for tyre wear exists in both the US and EU air pollution species profile databases, highlighting the need for more recent data with better coverage of tyre makes and models. This study provides data on new tyres which are currently operating on-road in Europe and is therefore relevant for ongoing atmospheric studies assessing the levels of tyre wear particles in urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P O'Loughlin
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom; MRC Toxicology Unit, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
| | - Molly J Haugen
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
| | - Jason Day
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew S Brown
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Emma C Braysher
- National Physical Laboratory, Hampton Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LW, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Molden
- Emissions Analytics, Unit 2 CR Bates Industrial Estate, Stokenchurch, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire HP14 3PD, United Kingdom
| | - Anne E Willis
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, United Kingdom
| | - Marion MacFarlane
- MRC Toxicology Unit, Gleeson Building, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, United Kingdom.
| | - Adam M Boies
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom.
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8
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Sattar MA, Patnaik A. Phosphonium Ionic Liquid-Activated Sulfur Vulcanization: A Way Forward to Reduce Zinc Oxide Levels in Industrial Rubber Formulations. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202202309. [PMID: 36756929 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Extensive use of zinc oxide and accelerators such as diphenyl guanidine (DPG) in the vulcanization of rubber composites entail potential environmental risks. These are pervasive contaminants of roadway runoff originating from tire wear particles (TWPs). Herein, the effect of phosphonium ionic liquids (PILs) in styrene-butadiene rubber compounds was demonstrated with reduced ZnO loading and no DPG to minimize the environmental footprint of the vulcanization process. The structure and chemistry of PILs were found to be the influencing parameters impelling the cross-linking kinetics, enabling shorter induction times. The generation of active Zn2+ sites by PILs was examined through FTIR spectroscopy, calorimetry, and molecular dynamics simulations. From a tire application perspective, the PILs not only enhanced the cure kinetics but also improved the dynamic-mechanical behavior of the rubber composites. Consequently, the harm caused by TWPs to the atmosphere, fuel intake, and CO2 emissions was minimal, thereby confirming the potential use of PILs in the tire industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abdul Sattar
- Colloid and Interface Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
- R&D Centre, MRF Limited, Chennai, 600019, India
| | - Archita Patnaik
- Colloid and Interface Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
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Moreno T, Balasch A, Bartrolí R, Eljarrat E. A new look at rubber recycling and recreational surfaces: The inorganic and OPE chemistry of vulcanised elastomers used in playgrounds and sports facilities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 868:161648. [PMID: 36669664 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We revisit current understanding of the chemical complexity of different kinds of particulate vulcanised elastomers widely used in playgrounds and sports fields, adding new data on trace element and organophosphate ester contents of used tyre and EDPM crumb rubber. Enrichments in elements such as Zn, S, Co, Bi and Nd relate to the vulcanised mixtures created during manufacture. Zinc concentrations vary across an order of magnitude, being highest in our used tyre particulate samples (up to 2.4 %). In contrast, other trace element variations are due to coloured pigments causing increases in Cu and Zr (blue), Cr (green), and Fe and Sn (red and yellow) concentrations. The use of pale fillers such as CaCO3 and clay minerals (rather than carbon black) strongly influences Ca and Al concentrations, which are much higher in the coloured EPDM than in black used tyre crumb rubber. Representatives from all three of the main organophosphate ester (OPE) groups, namely chlorinated (e.g. TCEP, TCIPP, TDCPP), alkyl (e.g. TEHP, TEP, TNBP, TBOEP) and aryl (e.g. TPHP, EHDPP, TCP) were identified, confirming how these chemicals are commonly used in modern rubber compounding as flame retardants and plasticisers. Elevated concentrations of TEHP (up to 117 μg/g) in coloured-coated used tyre turf infill crumb rubbers were traced to the coating rather than the crumb rubber itself. The presence and weathering behaviour of OPEs in recreational crumb rubber materials deserve closer investigation. The ecological "onehealth" impact of potentially toxic substances present in recreational crumb rubbers will depend on if and how they are released during play and sports activities, maintenance procedures, and natural weathering. We argue that detailed chemical data on these materials should be available to buyers, as manufacturers strive to reduce ecotoxin content as part of the quest towards sustainable use and recycling of vulcanised elastomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Moreno
- Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Studies (IDAEA), CSIC, 18-26 Jordi Girona, Barcelona 08034, Spain.
| | - Aleix Balasch
- Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Studies (IDAEA), CSIC, 18-26 Jordi Girona, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Rafael Bartrolí
- Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Studies (IDAEA), CSIC, 18-26 Jordi Girona, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Institute for Environmental Assessment and Water Studies (IDAEA), CSIC, 18-26 Jordi Girona, Barcelona 08034, Spain
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10
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Eco-friendly and facile production of antibacterial zinc oxide nanoparticles from Grewia flavescens (G. flavescens) leaf extract for biomedical applications. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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11
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Bragato C, Mostoni S, D’Abramo C, Gualtieri M, Pomilla FR, Scotti R, Mantecca P. On the In Vitro and In Vivo Hazard Assessment of a Novel Nanomaterial to Reduce the Use of Zinc Oxide in the Rubber Vulcanization Process. TOXICS 2022; 10:781. [PMID: 36548614 PMCID: PMC9787408 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is the most efficient curing activator employed in the industrial rubber production. However, ZnO and Zn(II) ions are largely recognized as an environmental hazard being toxic to aquatic organisms, especially considering Zn(II) release during tire lifecycle. In this context, aiming at reducing the amount of microcrystalline ZnO, a novel activator was recently synthetized, constituted by ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) anchored to silica NPs (ZnO-NP@SiO2-NP). The objective of this work is to define the possible hazards deriving from the use of ZnO-NP@SiO2-NP compared to ZnO and SiO2 NPs traditionally used in the tire industry. The safety of the novel activators was assessed by in vitro testing, using human lung epithelial (A549) and immune (THP-1) cells, and by the in vivo model zebrafish (Danio rerio). The novel manufactured nanomaterial was characterized morphologically and structurally, and its effects evaluated in vitro by the measurement of the cell viability and the release of inflammatory mediators, while in vivo by the Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity (FET) test. Resulting data demonstrated that ZnO-NP@SiO2-NP, despite presenting some subtoxic events, exhibits the lack of acute effects both in vitro and in vivo, supporting the safe-by-design development of this novel material for the rubber industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Bragato
- POLARIS Research Center, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Mostoni
- Department of Materials Science (INSTM), University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Christian D’Abramo
- POLARIS Research Center, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Gualtieri
- POLARIS Research Center, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Rita Pomilla
- Department of Materials Science (INSTM), University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Scotti
- Department of Materials Science (INSTM), University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milan, Italy
| | - Paride Mantecca
- POLARIS Research Center, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126 Milan, Italy
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12
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Advances in Rubber Compounds Using ZnO and MgO as Co-Cure Activators. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235289. [PMID: 36501682 PMCID: PMC9737580 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc oxide performs as the best cure activator in sulfur-based vulcanization of rubber, but it is regarded as a highly toxic material for aquatic organisms. Hence, the toxic cure activator should be replaced by a non-toxic one. Still, there is no suitable alternative industrially. However, binary activators combining ZnO and another metal oxide such as MgO can largely reduce the level of ZnO with some improved benefits in the vulcanization of rubber as investigated in this research. Curing, mechanical, and thermal characteristics were investigated to find out the suitability of MgO in the vulcanization of rubber. Curing studies reveal that significant reductions in the optimum curing times are found by using MgO as a co-cure activator. Especially, the rate of vulcanization with conventional 5 phr (per hundred grams) ZnO can be enhanced by more than double, going from 0.3 Nm/min to 0.85 Nm/min by the use of a 3:2 ratio of MgO to ZnO cure activator system that should have high industrial importance. Mechanical and thermal properties investigations suggest that MgO as a co-cure activator used at 60% can provide 7.5% higher M100 (modulus at 100% strain) (0.58 MPa from 0.54 MPa), 20% higher tensile strength (23.7 MPa from 19.5 MPa), 15% higher elongation at break (1455% from 1270%), 68% higher fracture toughness (126 MJ/m3 from 75 MJ/m3), and comparable thermal stability than conventionally using 100 % ZnO. Especially, MgO as a co-cure activator could be very useful for improving the fracture toughness in rubber compounds compared to ZnO as a single-site curing activator. The significant improvements in the curing and mechanical properties suggest that MgO and ZnO undergo chemical interactions during vulcanization. Such rubber compounds can be useful in advanced tough and stretchable applications.
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13
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Replacement of ZnO by ecofriendly synthesized MgO in the NBR vulcanization. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03921-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Zhu D, Ge C, Sun H, Wang J, He L. Bioremediation of tetramethyl thiuram disulfide and resource utilization of natural rubber wastewater by WR-2 Bacillus-dominated microbial community. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:63182-63192. [PMID: 35449336 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20267-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tetramethyl thiuram disulfide (TMTD), an emerging pollutant with ecotoxicity and accumulation in rubber wastewater, is directly discharged by factories into the surrounding soil to save costs, and this disrupts the nearby ecosystem. In this study, an efficient bioremediation microbial community (WR-2) dominated by Bacillus was acclimatized and isolated from soil contaminated by rubber wastewater. After passing through the metabolic process of WR-2, the ecotoxic TMTD decomposes within 14 days. In the pot experiment, WR-2 not only completed the bioremediation of contaminated soil but also significantly improved the crop growth conditions and the product quality. These results show that WR-2 has broad application prospects in the bioremediation of soil contaminated by rubber wastewater. It also provides a theoretical framework for the resource utilization of the effluent at the end of the initial rubber processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayu Zhu
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Chengjun Ge
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Forestry Environmental Processes and Ecological Regulation of Hainan Province, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Hongfei Sun
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Liujing He
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
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15
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Crapanzano R, Villa I, Mostoni S, D'Arienzo M, Di Credico B, Fasoli M, Lorenzi R, Scotti R, Vedda A. Photo- and radio-luminescence of porphyrin functionalized ZnO/SiO 2 nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:21198-21209. [PMID: 36040124 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00884j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of hybrid nanoscintillators is hunted for the implementation of modern detection technologies, like in high energy physics, homeland security, radioactive gas sensing, and medical imaging, as well as of the established therapies in radiation oncology, such as in X-ray activated photodynamic therapy. Engineering of the physico-chemical properties of nanoparticles (NPs) enables the manufacture of hybrids in which the conjugation of inorganic/organic components leads to increased multifunctionality and performance. However, the optimization of the properties of nanoparticles in combination with the use of ionizing radiation is not trivial: a complete knowledge on the structure, composition, physico-chemical features, and scintillation property relationships in hybrid nanomaterials is pivotal for any applications exploiting X-rays. In this paper, the design of hybrid nanoscintillators based on ZnO grown onto porous SiO2 substrates (ZnO/SiO2) has been performed in the view to create nanosystems potentially suitable in X-ray activated photodynamic therapy. Indeed, cytotoxic porphyrin dyes with increasing concentrations have been anchored on ZnO/SiO2 nanoparticles through amino-silane moieties. Chemical and structural analyses correlated with photoluminescence reveal that radiative energy transfer between ZnO and porphyrins is the principal mechanism prompting the excitation of photosensitizers. The use of soft X-ray excitation results in a further sensitization of the porphyrin emission, due to augmented energy deposition promoted by ZnO in the surroundings of the chemically bound porphyrin. This finding unveils the cruciality of the design of hybrid nanoparticles in ruling the efficacy of the interaction between ionizing radiation and inorganic/organic moieties, and thus of the final nanomaterial performances towards the foreseen application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Crapanzano
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, I-20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Irene Villa
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences (FZU), Cukrovarnická 10/112, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Silvia Mostoni
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, I-20125, Milano, Italy.,INSTM, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, I-20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimiliano D'Arienzo
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, I-20125, Milano, Italy.,INSTM, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, I-20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Barbara Di Credico
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, I-20125, Milano, Italy.,INSTM, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, I-20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Mauro Fasoli
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, I-20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Lorenzi
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, I-20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Scotti
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, I-20125, Milano, Italy.,INSTM, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, I-20125, Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Vedda
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano - Bicocca, Via Cozzi 55, I-20125, Milano, Italy
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16
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Zou C, Ren Y, Li S, Hu H, Cao C, Tang H, Li X, Yao H. Effects of molten salt thermal treatment on the properties improvement of waste tire pyrolytic char. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 149:53-59. [PMID: 35714436 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis is a technical means for waste tires recycling, which can promote the enrichment of carbon black and facilitate the subsequent recovery. However, carbon black particles aggregated and the inorganic impurities tended to be enriched in pyrolytic char during the waste tire pyrolysis process, which is not conducive to the substitution of commercial carbon black by pyrolytic char. In the present study, a novel method using molten salts thermal treatment was proposed for the impurities removal from pyrolytic chars with different characteristics. In addition, the proper thermal treatment conditions were further estimated to obtain better performance for the physical-chemical properties improvement of pyrolytic char. Six kinds of char samples were chosen to conduct molten salts thermal treatment (MSTT) experiments at 350, 400, and 450 °C. The experimental results show that MSTT can effectively remove the impurities of different pyrolytic chars, and the most optimum reaction conditions are at 400 °C, 2 h of reaction time, and molten salt/char ratio of 10:1. In addition, after MSTT, the pyrolytic char was depolymerized, and the average particle size reduced from 36.63 μm to 19.08 μm, the specific surface area increased from 49 m2/g to 73 m2/g. At the same time, the graphite carbon content of the pyrolytic char increased from 24.41% to 70.90%, and the hydroxyl content on the pyrolytic char surface increased significantly. In summary, the physical-chemical properties of waste tire pyrolytic char were improved by MSTT, which is close to the carbon black N550 level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Research Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Songgeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex Systems, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Hongyun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Research Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518000, China.
| | - Chengyang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Research Institute of Huazhong University of Science and Technology in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Hua Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Combustion, School of Energy and Power Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
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17
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Tapangnoi P, Sae-Oui P, Naebpetch W, Siriwong C. Preparation of purified spent coffee ground and its reinforcement in natural rubber composite. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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18
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Lindemann N, Schawe JEK, Lacayo-Pineda J. Kinetics of the Glass Transition of Silica-Filled Styrene-Butadiene Rubber: The Effect of Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132626. [PMID: 35808677 PMCID: PMC9269213 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Resins are important for enhancing both the processability and performance of rubber. Their efficient utilization requires knowledge about their influence on the dynamic glass transition and their miscibility behavior in the specific rubber compound. The resins investigated, poly-(α-methylstyrene) (AMS) and indene-coumarone (IC), differ in molecular rigidity but have a similar aromaticity degree and glass transition temperature. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations show an accumulation of IC around the silanized silica in styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) at high contents, while AMS does not show this effect. This higher affinity between IC and the silica surface leads to an increased compactness of the filler network, as determined by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The influence of the resin content on the glass transition of the rubber compounds is evaluated in the sense of the Gordon–Taylor equation and suggests a rigid amorphous fraction for the accumulated IC. Broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) and fast differential scanning calorimetry (FDSC) are applied for the characterization of the dielectric and thermal relaxations as well as for the corresponding vitrification kinetics. The cooling rate dependence of the vitrification process is combined with the thermal and dielectric relaxation time by one single Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann–Hesse equation, showing an increased fragility of the rubber containing AMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niclas Lindemann
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 3A, 30167 Hanover, Germany
- Continental Reifen Deutschland GmbH, Jädekamp 30, 30419 Hanover, Germany;
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Jorge Lacayo-Pineda
- Continental Reifen Deutschland GmbH, Jädekamp 30, 30419 Hanover, Germany;
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 9, 30167 Hanover, Germany
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19
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The influence of ammonium and phosphonium salts on natural rubber vulcanization with experimental and commercial accelerators. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04236-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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20
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Zainol MH, Ariff ZM, Omar MF, Ping TM, Shuib RK. Self‐healable
and recyclable nitrile rubber based on thermoreversible ionic crosslink network. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Hafiz Zainol
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Pulau Pinang Malaysia
| | - Zulkifli Mohamad Ariff
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Pulau Pinang Malaysia
| | - Mohd Firdaus Omar
- Fakulti Teknologi Kejuruteraan Kimia Universiti Malaysia Perlis Arau Perlis Malaysia
| | - Tan Mei Ping
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Pulau Pinang Malaysia
| | - Raa Khimi Shuib
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Pulau Pinang Malaysia
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21
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Strachowski T, Grzanka E, Mizeracki J, Chlanda A, Baran M, Małek M, Onyszko K, Januszewski B, Przybysz M. Luminescence Properties of Nano Zinc Oxide Doped with Al(III) Ions Obtained in Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:1403. [PMID: 35207950 PMCID: PMC8877556 DOI: 10.3390/ma15041403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The hydrothermal method of obtaining nano zinc oxide doped with different contents of aluminum ions (III) was presented and discussed in this paper. Aqueous solution of Zn(NO3)2*6H2O and Al(NO3)3*9H2O salts mixture were used as the synthesis precursor. In order to reduce the process time all reactions were performed in a microwave reactor. The influence of process parameters and the content of impurity ions on the properties of synthesized nano zinc oxide were analyzed. In addition to zinc oxide doped with Al(III) ions, an additional spinel phase (ZnAl2O4) was obtained. The luminescent properties of nano zinc oxide as a function of the dopant ions were also discussed. Based on the luminescence measurements results, it was found that the luminescence intensity decreases with the increasing dopant content. The obtained materials are aimed to be implemented as luminescent materials in optoelectronic and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Strachowski
- Research Group of Graphene and Composites, Łukasiewicz Research Network–Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics IMiF, Al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland; (A.C.); (M.B.)
| | - Ewa Grzanka
- Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS “Unipress”, Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland; (E.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Jan Mizeracki
- Institute of High Pressure Physics PAS “Unipress”, Sokolowska 29/37, 01-142 Warsaw, Poland; (E.G.); (J.M.)
| | - Adrian Chlanda
- Research Group of Graphene and Composites, Łukasiewicz Research Network–Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics IMiF, Al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland; (A.C.); (M.B.)
| | - Magdalena Baran
- Research Group of Graphene and Composites, Łukasiewicz Research Network–Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics IMiF, Al. Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland; (A.C.); (M.B.)
| | - Marcin Małek
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Military University of Technology, ul. Gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; (M.M.); (K.O.); (B.J.)
| | - Klaudia Onyszko
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Military University of Technology, ul. Gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; (M.M.); (K.O.); (B.J.)
| | - Bartosz Januszewski
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geodesy, Military University of Technology, ul. Gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland; (M.M.); (K.O.); (B.J.)
| | - Mirosław Przybysz
- Institute of Robots Machine Design, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Military University of Technology, ul. Gen. Sylwestra Kaliskiego 2, 00-908 Warsaw, Poland;
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22
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Tarasova N, Krivoborodov E, Zanin A, Toropygin I, Pascal E, Dyatlov V, Mezhuev Y. Anionic Polymerization of Ethyl 2-Cyanoacrylate Initiated by 1,3-Dimethylimidazolium (phosphonooxy-)oligosulfanide. Macromol Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-021-9104-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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23
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Boopasiri S, Sae‐Oui P, Siriwong C. Fabrication of microcrystalline cellulose/zinc oxide hybrid composite by hydrothermal synthesis and its application in rubber compounding. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Supparoek Boopasiri
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Pongdhorn Sae‐Oui
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC) National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA) Pathum Thani Thailand
| | - Chomsri Siriwong
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science Khon Kaen University Khon Kaen Thailand
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24
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The use of 1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one (BIT) in preparation of low-ammonia and zinc-free natural rubber latex concentrate. J RUBBER RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s42464-021-00135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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25
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Mostoni S, D’Arienzo M, Di Credico B, Armelao L, Rancan M, Dirè S, Callone E, Donetti R, Susanna A, Scotti R. Design of a Zn Single-Site Curing Activator for a More Sustainable Sulfur Cross-Link Formation in Rubber. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021; 60:10180-10192. [PMID: 34483477 PMCID: PMC8411846 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c01580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
ZnO is a worldwide used activator for a rubber vulcanization process, which promotes fast curing kinetics and high cross-linking densities of rubber nanocomposites (NCs). However, its extended use together with leaching phenomena occurring during the production and life cycle of rubber products, especially tires, entails potential environmental risks, as ecotoxicity toward aquatic organisms. Pushed by this issue, a novel activator was developed, which introduces highly dispersed and active zinc species in the vulcanization process, reducing the amount of employed ZnO and keeping high the curing efficiency. The activator is constituted by Zn(II) single sites, anchored on the surface of SiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) through the coordination with functionalizing amino silane groups. It behaves as a double-function material, acting at the same time as a rubber reinforcing filler and a curing activator. The higher availability and reactivity of the single-site Zn(II) centers toward curative agents impart faster kinetics and higher efficiency to the vulcanization process of silica/isoprene NCs, compared to conventionally used ZnO activators. Moreover, the NCs show a high cross-linking degree and improved dynamic mechanical properties, despite the remarkably lower amount of zinc employed than that normally used for rubber composites in tires. Finally, the structural stability of Zn(II) single sites during the curing reactions and in the final materials may represent a turning point toward the elimination of zinc leaching phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Mostoni
- Department
of Materials Science, INSTM, University
of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, Milano 20125, Italy
| | - Massimiliano D’Arienzo
- Department
of Materials Science, INSTM, University
of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, Milano 20125, Italy
| | - Barbara Di Credico
- Department
of Materials Science, INSTM, University
of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, Milano 20125, Italy
| | - Lidia Armelao
- Institute
of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy, National Research Council of Italy, ICMATE-CNR, via Marzolo 1, Padua 35131, Italy
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Marzolo 1, Padua 35131, Italy
- Department
of Chemical Sciences and Materials Technologies, National Research Council of Italy, DSCTM-CNR, Piazzale A. Moro 7, Rome 00185, Italy
| | - Marzio Rancan
- Institute
of Condensed Matter Chemistry and Technologies for Energy, National Research Council of Italy, ICMATE-CNR, via Marzolo 1, Padua 35131, Italy
| | - Sandra Dirè
- “Klaus
Müller” Magnetic Resonance Lab., Dept. of Industrial
Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, Trento 38123, Italy
| | - Emanuela Callone
- “Klaus
Müller” Magnetic Resonance Lab., Dept. of Industrial
Engineering, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, Trento 38123, Italy
| | | | | | - Roberto Scotti
- Department
of Materials Science, INSTM, University
of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, Milano 20125, Italy
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26
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Lei W, Yang X, Wang M, Yang H, Liu J, Wei ZY, Shi D, Wang R, Zhang L. Green processing strategy to fabricate silica-filled biobased elastomers with excellent heat oil resistance. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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27
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Mirizzi L, Carnevale M, D’Arienzo M, Milanese C, Di Credico B, Mostoni S, Scotti R. Tailoring the Thermal Conductivity of Rubber Nanocomposites by Inorganic Systems: Opportunities and Challenges for Their Application in Tires Formulation. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123555. [PMID: 34200899 PMCID: PMC8230438 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of effective thermally conductive rubber nanocomposites for heat management represents a tricky point for several modern technologies, ranging from electronic devices to the tire industry. Since rubber materials generally exhibit poor thermal transfer, the addition of high loadings of different carbon-based or inorganic thermally conductive fillers is mandatory to achieve satisfactory heat dissipation performance. However, this dramatically alters the mechanical behavior of the final materials, representing a real limitation to their application. Moreover, upon fillers’ incorporation into the polymer matrix, interfacial thermal resistance arises due to differences between the phonon spectra and scattering at the hybrid interface between the phases. Thus, a suitable filler functionalization is required to avoid discontinuities in the thermal transfer. In this challenging scenario, the present review aims at summarizing the most recent efforts to improve the thermal conductivity of rubber nanocomposites by exploiting, in particular, inorganic and hybrid filler systems, focusing on those that may guarantee a viable transfer of lab-scale formulations to technological applicable solutions. The intrinsic relationship among the filler’s loading, structure, morphology, and interfacial features and the heat transfer in the rubber matrix will be explored in depth, with the ambition of providing some methodological tools for a more profitable design of thermally conductive rubber nanocomposites, especially those for the formulation of tires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Mirizzi
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, INSTM, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy; (L.M.); (M.C.); (B.D.C.); (S.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Mattia Carnevale
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, INSTM, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy; (L.M.); (M.C.); (B.D.C.); (S.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Massimiliano D’Arienzo
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, INSTM, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy; (L.M.); (M.C.); (B.D.C.); (S.M.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-026-448-5023
| | - Chiara Milanese
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Barbara Di Credico
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, INSTM, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy; (L.M.); (M.C.); (B.D.C.); (S.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Silvia Mostoni
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, INSTM, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy; (L.M.); (M.C.); (B.D.C.); (S.M.); (R.S.)
| | - Roberto Scotti
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, INSTM, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy; (L.M.); (M.C.); (B.D.C.); (S.M.); (R.S.)
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Kumar N, Singh KP, Giri A, Singh SP. Transport mechanism and diffusion kinetics of kerosene through polynorbornene rubber/natural rubber blends. Polym Bull (Berl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03770-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bieliński DM, Klajn K, Gozdek T, Kruszyński R, Świątkowski M. Influence of n-ZnO Morphology on Sulfur Crosslinking and Properties of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber Vulcanizates. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13071040. [PMID: 33810457 PMCID: PMC8037054 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper examines the influence of the morphology of zinc oxide nanoparticles (n-ZnO) on the activation energy, vulcanization parameters, crosslink density, crosslink structure, and mechanical properties in the extension of the sulfur vulcanizates of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). Scanning electron microscopy was used to determine the particle size distribution and morphology, whereas the specific surface area (SSA) and squalene wettability of the n-ZnO nanoparticles were adequately evaluated using the Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) equation and tensiometry. The n-ZnO were then added to the SBR in conventional (CV) or efficient (EV) vulcanization systems. The vulcametric curves were plotted, from which the cure rate index (CRI) rate of the vulcanization and the activation energy were calculated. The influence on the mechanical properties of the SBR vulcanizates was stronger in the case of the EV curing system than when the CV curing system was used. Of the vulcanizates produced in the EV curing system, the best performance was detected for n-ZnO particles with a hybrid morphology (flat-ended rod-like particles on a “cauliflower” base) and high SSA. Vulcanizates produced using the CV curing system showed slightly better mechanical properties after the addition of nanoparticles with a “cauliflower” morphology than when the rod-like type were used, irrespective of their SSA. In general, nanoparticles with a rod-like structure reduced the activation energy and increased the speed of vulcanization, whereas the cauliflower type slowed the rate of the process and the vulcanizates required a higher activation energy, especially when using the EV system. The crosslink structures were also more clearly modified, as manifested by a reduction in the polysulfidic crosslink content, especially when n-ZnO activators with a rod-like morphology were applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariusz M. Bieliński
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (K.K.); (T.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-661220261
| | - Katarzyna Klajn
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (K.K.); (T.G.)
| | - Tomasz Gozdek
- Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (K.K.); (T.G.)
| | - Rafał Kruszyński
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (R.K.); (M.Ś.)
| | - Marcin Świątkowski
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (R.K.); (M.Ś.)
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Tarasova NP, Zanin AA, Krivoborodov EG, Mezhuev YO. Elemental sulphur in the synthesis of sulphur-containing polymers: reaction mechanisms and green prospects. RSC Adv 2021; 11:9008-9020. [PMID: 35423353 PMCID: PMC8695231 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10507d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of polymers using elemental sulphur as a chemical agent has been studied in relation to the worldwide overproduction of cyclo-octasulphur. Herein, the mechanisms of the processes leading to the inclusion of elemental sulphur into macromolecules have been reviewed and the main methods for reduction of the reaction temperature required for the S8 ring opening have been shown. Approaches to the activation of cyclo-octasulphur in the synthesis and macromolecule cross-linking reactions were discussed in the context of finding the chemical agents and conditions that satisfy the principles of green chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia P Tarasova
- Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia Miusskaya Sq. 9 Moscow 125047 Russia
| | - Alexey A Zanin
- Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia Miusskaya Sq. 9 Moscow 125047 Russia
| | - Efrem G Krivoborodov
- Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia Miusskaya Sq. 9 Moscow 125047 Russia
| | - Yaroslav O Mezhuev
- Dmitry Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia Miusskaya Sq. 9 Moscow 125047 Russia
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31
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Manganese and Nickel Acetylacetonates as Curatives for Chloroprene Rubber Based on Heck's Reaction. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14040807. [PMID: 33567669 PMCID: PMC7915935 DOI: 10.3390/ma14040807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The commonly used curing system for chloroprene rubber (CR) is a combination of two metal oxides, such as magnesium oxide (MgO) and zinc oxide (ZnO). Application of MgO and ZnO enables to obtain a good balance between processability of rubber compounds and mechanical properties of the vulcanizates. Despite high activity in crosslinking reactions, ZnO is classified as ecotoxic to aquatic organisms, thus environmental legislation requires its quantity in technology to be limited. In our studies more environmentally friendly curing systems were applied, which enabled eliminating ZnO from CR compounds. These curing systems consisted of manganese acetylacetonate (Mn(acac)) or nickel acetylacetonate (Ni(acac)) and triethanolamine (TEOA) used as a base necessary to perform Heck’s reaction. Both metal acetylacetonates exhibited high activity in crosslinking reactions, which was confirmed by a great torque increment during rheometric measurements and high degree of elastomer crosslinking. The type of metal acetylacetonate and the amount of TEOA seemed to have less influence on the efficiency of the curing system than the filler used. Rubber compounds filled with carbon black (CB) were characterized by definitely shorter optimal vulcanization times and higher degree of crosslinking compared to CR composites filled with nanosized SiO2. Moreover, application of the proposed curing systems allowed to obtain CR vulcanizates with mechanical properties comparable with the benchmarks cured with metal oxides.
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Halle LL, Palmqvist A, Kampmann K, Jensen A, Hansen T, Khan FR. Tire wear particle and leachate exposures from a pristine and road-worn tire to Hyalella azteca: Comparison of chemical content and biological effects. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 232:105769. [PMID: 33561741 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Tire emissions have emerged as an environmental contaminant of concern. To fully understand their effects to biota, research is needed from different stages of a tire's lifecycle. In this study we exposed freshwater Hyalella azteca to tire wear particles (TWPs) as particle suspensions or their respective chemical leachates (the chemicals released from tire particles into water) from a pristine (P-TWP) and worn (W-TWP) tire of same make and model. Acute and long-term toxicity experiments on H. azteca showed that P-TWP suspensions were more toxic than W-TWP suspensions with estimated LC50 values of 364 ± 64 particles (0.19 ± 0.03 g L-1) and 3073 ± 211 particles (0.91 ± 0.06 g L-1), respectively. However, leachates from W- and P-TWPs appeared equally toxic, but did not conform to a sigmoidal dose-response pattern and LC50 values could not be derived. In long-term tests (21 d) P-TWP suspensions showed no significant effects on H. azteca mortality (p = 0.970) or reproduction (p = 0.123), but growth was significantly reduced (p = 0.003) at the highest concentration tested (250 particles mL-1 or 0.127 g L-1). Chemical analysis of both particle types and their leachates showed that four compounds, benzothiazole, 1-indanone, aluminum and zinc, consistently leached from TWPs into water. Analysis of the two TWPs showed a difference in the concentration of the various compounds. Specifically, P-TWPs contained significantly more 1-octanethiol, phenanthrene, anthracene and aluminum than W-TWPs, suggesting that they are possible candidates for the increased toxicity observed following P-TWP exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise L Halle
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, PO Box 260, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Dansk Miljøanalyse (Danish Environmental Analysis), Skelstedet 5, Trørød, 2950 Vedbæk, Denmark.
| | - Annemette Palmqvist
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, PO Box 260, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
| | - Kristoffer Kampmann
- Dansk Miljøanalyse (Danish Environmental Analysis), Skelstedet 5, Trørød, 2950 Vedbæk, Denmark.
| | - Anders Jensen
- Dansk Miljøanalyse (Danish Environmental Analysis), Skelstedet 5, Trørød, 2950 Vedbæk, Denmark.
| | - Tobias Hansen
- Dansk Miljøanalyse (Danish Environmental Analysis), Skelstedet 5, Trørød, 2950 Vedbæk, Denmark.
| | - Farhan R Khan
- Department of Science and Environment, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, PO Box 260, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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Yeh CY, Kuo CY, Li KH, Tsiang RCC, Chang JR. Effects of Substituting Polyisoprenyl Carbanions for Ethoxyl Groups of Bis-[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl] Tetrasulfide on the Properties of Carbon Black and Silica-Reinforced NR/SSBR. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:2800-2812. [PMID: 33553898 PMCID: PMC7860081 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c05133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The coupling agent TESPT (bis-[3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl] tetrasulfide) was modified by substituting polyisoprenyl (PI) carbanions for the ethoxyl groups on silicon for increasing the interaction of rubber with its fillers. The modification was carried out by the reaction of TESPT with polyisoprenyllithium, which had been previously prepared by anionic polymerization of isoprene using butyllithium. The success of the substitution was confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and the molecular weight of the modified TESPT (PI-TESPT) was determined from gel permeation chromatography measurements. The effects of tethered PI, as well as of its chain length, on the mechanical and dynamic properties of rubber compounds were examined using a universal testing machine and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). In rubber sample preparation, the amount of PI3-TESPT (PI of 2900 g/mol) used in rubber compounding is equal to that of the reference sample with TESPT (S TESPT). For S PI-TESPT samples, the amounts of PI6-TESPT (PI of 5500 g/mol) and PI14-TESPT (PI of 13,700 g/mol) used were calculated as molar ethoxyl groups which are nearly equivalent to those of PI3-TESPT. At the same wt % (parts per hundred, phr) of elemental sulfur in rubber compounds, despite the order of cross-linking density being S TESPT (sample prepared with TESPT) > S PI3-TESPT > S PI6-TESPT > S PI14-TESPT, the exhibited tensile strength is of the order of S PI3-TESPT > S PI6-TESPT > S TESPT ≈ S PI14-TESPT. The better mechanical properties of S PI3-TESPT, as opposed to those of S TESPT, could be attributed to the extra reinforcement from the PI-rubber chain linkage and better silica dispersion, as suggested by the mixing torque and Payne effect (ΔG') measurements. While the dynamic properties of S PI3-TESPT are inferior to those of S TESPT, these properties can be improved by adding more elemental sulfur to increase the cross-linking density.
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Yang Z, Huang Y, Xiong Y. A functional modified graphene oxide/nanodiamond/nano zinc oxide composite for excellent vulcanization properties of natural rubber. RSC Adv 2020; 10:41857-41870. [PMID: 35516552 PMCID: PMC9057914 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07404g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A modified graphene oxide/nanodiamond/nanozinc oxide (MGO/ND/nanoZnO) functional hybrid filler is designed and prepared to improve the vulcanization efficiency of a rubber composite and to reduce the use of ZnO. ND was grafted onto graphite oxide with the aid of 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI). NanoZnO, with high surface activity, was then loaded onto the MGO/ND complex through the wet chemical method, in order to synthesize the MGO/ND/nanoZnO functional hybrid filler. Rubber composites were prepared using the rubber latex composite method and their vulcanization behaviors were investigated. Our results show that the MGO/ND/nanoZnO functional hybrid filler can remarkably improve the vulcanization behaviors of the rubber composite. Compared with that of pure natural rubber (NR), the vulcanization activation energy of the rubber composite was reduced by approximately 16%. Moreover, the vulcanization efficiency can be improved by 63% (i.e., the optimum cure time is shortened from the original 405 s to 150 s) after the same amount of traditional ZnO was replaced by the functional hybrid filler loaded with 1 wt% nanoZnO. The prepared MGO/ND/nanoZnO functional hybrid filler thus provides a promising alternative to improve the vulcanization efficiency of rubber composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yang
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Yan Huang
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 China
| | - Yuzhu Xiong
- College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University Guiyang 550025 China .,Guizhou Provincial Rubber Composite Material Engineering Laboratory China
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35
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Crapanzano R, Villa I, Mostoni S, D’Arienzo M, Di Credico B, Fasoli M, Scotti R, Vedda A. Morphology Related Defectiveness in ZnO Luminescence: From Bulk to Nano-Size. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10101983. [PMID: 33036427 PMCID: PMC7601266 DOI: 10.3390/nano10101983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
This study addresses the relationship between material morphology (size, growth parameters and interfaces) and optical emissions in ZnO through an experimental approach, including the effect of different material dimensions from bulk to nano-size, and different excitations, from optical sources to ionizing radiation. Silica supported ZnO nanoparticles and ligand capped ZnO nanoparticles are synthesized through a sol–gel process and hot injection method, respectively. Their optical properties are investigated by radioluminescence, steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence, and compared to those of commercial micrometric powders and of a bulk single crystal. The Gaussian spectral reconstruction of all emission spectra highlights the occurrence of the same emission bands for all samples, comprising one ultraviolet excitonic peak and four visible defect-related components, whose relative intensities and time dynamics vary with the material parameters and the measurement conditions. The results demonstrate that a wide range of color outputs can be obtained by tuning synthesis conditions and size of pure ZnO nanoparticles, with favorable consequences for the engineering of optical devices based on this material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Crapanzano
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (R.C.); (M.F.); (A.V.)
| | - Irene Villa
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (R.C.); (M.F.); (A.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-6448-5169
| | - Silvia Mostoni
- Department of Materials Science, INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (S.M.); (M.D.); (B.D.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Massimiliano D’Arienzo
- Department of Materials Science, INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (S.M.); (M.D.); (B.D.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Barbara Di Credico
- Department of Materials Science, INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (S.M.); (M.D.); (B.D.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Mauro Fasoli
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (R.C.); (M.F.); (A.V.)
| | - Roberto Scotti
- Department of Materials Science, INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (S.M.); (M.D.); (B.D.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Anna Vedda
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (R.C.); (M.F.); (A.V.)
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Alves CA, Vicente ED, Vicente AMP, Rienda IC, Tomé M, Querol X, Amato F. Loadings, chemical patterns and risks of inhalable road dust particles in an Atlantic city in the north of Portugal. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 737:139596. [PMID: 32531513 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Road dust resuspension has a significant contribution to the atmospheric particulate matter levels in urban areas, but loadings, emission factors, and chemical source profiles vary geographically, hampering the accuracy of emission inventories and source contribution estimates. Given the dearth of studies on the variability of road dust, in the present study, an in-situ resuspension chamber was used to collect PM10 samples from seven representative streets in Viana do Castelo, the northernmost coastal city in Portugal. PM10 samples were analysed for organic and elemental carbon by a thermo-optical technique, elemental composition by ICP-MS and ICP-AES, and organic constituents by GC-MS. Emission factors were estimated to be, on average, 340 and 41.2 mg veh-1 km-1 for cobbled and asphalt pavements, respectively. Organic carbon accounted for 5.56 ± 1.24% of the PM10 mass. Very low concentrations of PAHs and their alkylated congeners were detected, denoting a slight predominance of petrogenic compounds. Si, Al, Fe, Ca and K were the most abundant elements. The calculation of various geochemical indices (enrichment factor, geoaccumulation index, pollution index and potential ecological risk) showed that road dust was extremely enriched and contaminated by elements from tyre and brake wear (e.g. Sb, Sn, Cu, Bi and Zn), while lithophile elements showed no enrichment. For As, the geochemical and pollution indices reached their maximum in the street most influenced by agricultural activities. Sb, Cd, Cu and As can pose a very high ecological risk. Sb can be regarded as the pollutant of highest concern, since it represented 57% of the total ecological risk. Hazard indices higher than 1 for some anthropogenic elements indicate that non-carcinogenic effects may occur. Except for a street with more severe braking, the total carcinogenic risks can be considered insignificant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia A Alves
- Department of Environment, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Estela D Vicente
- Department of Environment, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana M P Vicente
- Department of Environment, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ismael Casotti Rienda
- Department of Environment, Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM), University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mário Tomé
- PROMETHEUS, School of Technology and Management (ESTG), Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Avenida do Atlântico n° 644, 4900-348 Viana do Castelo, Portugal
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Research Council, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fulvio Amato
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Research Council, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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